US1663526A - Press timer - Google Patents

Description

March zo, 192s. I 1,663,526

, H. A. STODDARD PRESS TIMER Filed May l?, 1924 3 Sheets-Sheet 1- Har/"f SM5/dard V March zo, 192s. 1,663,526 H. A. STODDARD PRESS TIMER Filed May 17. 1924 3 Sheets-Sheet. 2

INVENTOR @/MRNEYS March 2o, 192s. 1,663,526

H. STODDARD PRESS TIMER Filed May 17, 19241 petsheet 3 INVENTOR Hari /IL Sina/dard Patented Mar. 20, 1928..

UNITED STATES PATENT ori-"ICE,

HART A. STODDARD, 0F SA'UGATUCK, CONNECTICUT, ASSIGNOR, BY MESNE ASSIGN- MENTS, TO THE PROSPERITY COMPANY, INC., 0F SYRACUSE, NEW'YORK, A COB.-

PORATION OF NEW YORK,

PRESS TIMER.

Application inea may 17, 1924. lserial No. 714,130.

This invention relates to presses and more particularly to improvements therein designed to control the duration of pressure imposed by a pressing machine; and While l have chosen a conventional type garment presser with which to disclose the principle of my invention, it is to be understood how my press timer improvements may be used on other types of pressing and work treating machines.

Purpose.

Broadly speaking an object of my invention is to increase the eiliciency of pressing maclnnes, as for example hot jiaw machinesy used in pressing and ironing the Work; andv the adoption of this invention renders it practical to increase the working temperature ot' the pressing members whereby the work is more quickly dried and ironed; and such increased high temperature pressing jaws are not permitted to injure the work as by o'ver heating for the reason that the timer mechanism constituting this invention cuts short the pressure and contact period by causingthe press to automatically open at a time predetermined as most eicient for work of a given character. Since this improved machine is capable offsafely applying greaterheat to the garment, it follows that the work is pressed more rapidly and the. production of the machine is increased.

In somefcases it may be undesirable to raise the temperature of the pressing members and in such event this press timer has its most important uses in that the human element and guess work a-re removed because an operator using present day inachinesmay himself open the press too soon one time and leave it closed longerA than really necessarv the next time thereby not working his machine to the best advantage'and what is more failing to produce uniform work. In this connection the timer is set to open at exactly the desired elapsed pressing period so no time is lost in over pressing and the quality of the work is not lowered due to under pressing.

In addition to the above it may be said that. another object is to produce press timer control means `highly adapted to garment presses andlaundry ironers; and further-l more my improved machine incorporates the timer element as va. unitary structure therewi th and not as a separate unit. Besides this in'iprovement and distinction, my press timer is itself driven by the press operating mechanism, as by an electric motor used to produce final pressure, and so separate driving means is not necessary for the press driving means is used to drive my power timed tripping mechanism.

Drawings.

lhe accompanying drawings illustrate the principle, and in many instances the construction, of my invention.` Some parts thereof are shown diagrammatically and some parts necessary in commercial machines are omitted for clearn'ess in disclosure. Changes in construction and mode of operation may be made without departing from the scope of the invention.

Figure 1 shows a front view of a pressing machine embodying the improved features constituting the invention; and Figure 2 shows a side view thereof.

Figure 3 illustrates a plan view in the form of a section removing the Vupper portion of the press to expose the parts constituting the invention.

Figure 4 Shows a perspective View of the vpower drive mechanism employed to produce high pressure in the press as well as to drive the press timer and power tripping mechanism. n

Figure 5 is a diagram of a multi-stage gear reduction transmission' by which high spe'ed rotation of a power means, as for example an electricmotor, is reduced to a practically low speed rectilinear motion for operating a graduated trip or release bar.

i Synopsis of the invention.

upon the particular type of mac ine at.

hand. In the present instance I have chosen a power press of the motor driven type adapted to be closed by hand and the final y pressure imposed by motor, and a continuously running motor is employed which conveniently provides a driving means for the timer and automatic press opening device constituting the principal feature of this invention.

A synopsis of the invention will be given and reference is made to Figure 5 for the purpose of explaining how the continuously running motor means is employed to slowly drive a graduated trip member employed to operate a clutch, a switch, or any other suitable appliance by which the press is caused to automatically open. A main drive shaft 10 is continuously driven by the motor means and carries a worm pinion 11 meshing with a worin wheel 12 which is fixed to and drives a spur gear 13 meshing with a large gear 14. The result of -this gear train, of one, two, three or more reductions, is to very slowly drive the final spur gear 65. A gear rack 16 meshes with the last driven gear 65 and travels vertically or horizontally, as the case may be. The gear rack is provided with a ratchet bar 17 carrying a slider 18 which travels with this trip member 16-17. Slider 18 is provided with a spring pressed releasable dog 19 whereby it is adjustably fixed to the ratchet teeth of the bar and since the bar 17 is graduated, this slider may be set in predetermined indicated position von the trip member and caused to impinge a lever arm 2U to oscillate the shaft 21 at the lapse of a short or long period of time depending whether the slider 18 is set toward the front end as at 15 or the rear end as at 60 on the graduated bar. For example should the trip member or slider 18 be set near the top of the bar as at 15, it will reach engagement with the control lever 20 much earlier and thereby cause a much shorter pressing duration than when the trip member' is placed for example at the lower end of the bar. It is to be understood that the shaft 21 is subjected to partial rotation when the trip member 18 is forcibly driven thereagainst to cause the press opening mechanism, described elsewhere, to function; and the arm 2O may be employed to open an electric switch to stop a motor, or actuate a clutch to disconnect rotating parts.

Having given in brief a plan of the invention, a typical pressing machine will now be described; thereafter an explanation will be given as to how the press timing and automatic opening device is combined with the press to take the opening function of the pressing machineout of the hands of the operator to improve the character of the work and speed the output.

A typical garment prees.

A press frame 24 supports a press buck 25 and a head 26 raises and lowers in relation to the buck to produce pressure on the work between the pressing members or jaws.

A press lever or oke 27 is pivotally mounted at 28 on the rame 24. The rear end of the press lever is provided with a swing link 29 which is pivotally connected to the lever as at 30. The lower end of the link 29 is provided with pin 31 disposed in the bottom end of a slot 32 made in the upper extremity of a support link 33 which is itself pivotally connected at 34 to a power lever 39 fulcrume'd on the frame as at 37.

An overbalancing arm or swing link 35 has its upper end pivotally connected at 3G with the link 29 and its lower end pivoted in the frame at 37. against, so to speak, the connected links 29 and 33 and the heavy weight of the link 35 imposes an overbalancing factor against the straightened links 29 and 33 to such an extent that said links 29 and 33 are caused to move outwardly when the operator removes his hand from a press closing handle 38 provided for manually closing the press. The slot- 32 permits the weight of the link 35 to move the pin 31 outwardly to the top of the slot 32 by the time the link 33 has folded down into a horizontal position to cause the press head 26 to open high above the buck under the infiuence of a counterbalance weight 48. lVhen the -front end of the power lever is thrust downwardly by power means to be hereinafter described the straightened links 29 and 33 thrust upwardly under great force and thus impose high compression between the pressing jaws 25 and 26.

Any suitable motor means for forcibly operating the power lever 39 may be einployed and in the present instance there is shown an electric motor 41 driving through a fiy wheel 42 and continuously rotating a main drive shaft 10, which has a .worm wheel 43 fixed on the shaft and meshing with a worm wheel 44 carried in a gear housing 45. The motor continuously drives the worm wheel 44 which is freely journaled on a cam shaft 4G on the outer end of which is anchored a cam 47 .engaging the aforesaid power lever 39. The power lever 39 has an up and down throwi equivalent to the throw of the cam and the cam is driven downwardly and stops to hold the press under high compression and thereafter rotates 18() degrees to its uppermost position tofpermit the rear end of the lever 39 to drop downwardly with its pin 34 loosening up and removing compression from the pressing members to such an extent that the link 35 overbalances the straightened condition of the links 29 and 33 thereby causing them to move outwardly to permit the head 2G to lift high above the buck. Any suitable form of periodic driving means may be employed to rotate the cam 47 to its two extreme positions, up and down, and stop the cam at each point for it is understood how a pressing The link 35 leanslever 39 up.-

In some instances a stop and start motor may be employed whereupon a switch is necessary for making and breaking the circuit supplying current to the motor, and my invention contemplates the use of either a continuously running motor or a stop and start motor. In the present application I have illustrateda` continuously running motor as aforesaid and therefore have incorporated a stop and start clutch of any approved design whereby the motor is perl mitted to run continuously and the clutch is caused to automatically start and stop the cam 47 when the press is to be opened and closed under high pressure. I have illustrated in Figure 1 one suitable formA of clutch mechanism 4interposed between the periodically driven cam shaft 46 and continuously driven motor shaft\10 but it is understood how any other character of clutch may be used. The clutch illustrated may comprise a disc 49 slidably lixed on the cam shaft 46 anda hub 50 normally lies in contact with an arm 51-iXed on a shaft 52. A clutch control lever 53 is fixed to the sl1aft`52vand so arranged that the arm 51 is moved towards the hub 50 to engage the clutch when the lever 53 is swung outwardly.

The disc -49 carries-driving pins 54 which engages the continuously running wheel 44 to piek up the disc 49 and cam shaft 46 to cause rotation of the cam 47; and a spring and trip mechanism 55 acts to throw the disc 49 with the pins 54 outwardly thereby disengaging the clutch disc 49 from the continuously running worm wheel 44 to permit the cam shaft 46 and cam 47 to stop after they have been driven one-half revolution.

A manualcontrol means is provided at the front of the pressing machine for controlling the action of the lever 53 to impose the final pressure under the control of the operator, and such means consists of a handle 56 carried on a shaft 57 and a shaft is provided with a pendulum bob 58 which acts to hold the handle 56 inl its normally upwardly limited position 'and therefore after the operatori has thrust the handle-downwardly, it automatically returns to the position shown in Figure 1 due to the weight of the bobmember 58. The member 58 coopcrates with the clutch lever 53 to cause engagement of the clutch to produce a half revolution of the cam 47 and to this end adog 59 is pivoted in the bob and forcibly thrust against the upper end of the clutch lever 53 when the bob 58 swings outwardly under the influence of the manual downward movement of the handle 56, but the dog 59 pivots upwardly and swings past the clutch lever 53 on the back return movement of the bob 58 and again cornes to rest in the position shown in Figure 1 ready to actuate the clutch lever when the clutch is to be engaged for imposing or removing high pressure. The foregoing description covers in general a motor driven high press-ure pressing machine of one suitable type with which to combine my invention. A description will now be given of principles of timer mechanism employed to automatically operatethe handle 56 and shaft 57 for engagement of the clutch to rotate the cam 47 to upward position to automatically open the press. By employing my invention, the operator engages the clutch for the purpose only of imposing pressure and thereafter the press timer operates the shaft 57 to engage the clutch to cause the cam 47 to move upwardly to remove high pressure. Therefore the operator and press timer take time about, so to speak, in engaging the clutch.

The prese time?" mechanism.

i The timer mechanism supplies a means for automatically engaging the clutch mechanism at. a predetermined time whereby the press is-caused to automatically open and the mechanism necessarily requires driving means which is supplied from the main drive shaft 10 as-aforesaid, and to this end the worm 11 is fixed on the main drive shaft 10 and continuously drives a gear 12, or train embodying several stages of gear reductions, for the purpose of producing a substantially slow motion at the end of the train as here inbefore described in the synopsis of the invention but for the purpose of illustrating the principles involved without complicating the disclosure with unnecessary parts,

as uby duplication of gears, I have diagrammatically illustrated the principal features of the timer in Figure 4 where one gear 12 takes the place of a multi-stage gear train reduction seen in Figure 5; and this gear 12 for all practical purposes is sufficient for an understanding of the invention; However, reference is made to Figure 5 for illustrating the engineering principles involved, for those skilled in the art will appreciate that a single gear reduction as shown in Figure 4 is not suiicient for producing the required slow motion trip action.

A commercial machine manufactured in accordance with the principles of my invention requires a multi-stage gear reduction set by which thehigh speed rotary means is resolved to a very substantially slow speed motion, and these parts are all incorporated Within a comparatively small size gear housing but the housing is dispensed with in describing my invention in order to expose the parts for examination. i

llO

The continuously running power shaft 10 continuously drives the gear 12, or gear train 12-14,` to very slowly rotate a shaft 61. One end of the shaft 61 is shown as being splined as at 62 and a clutch member 63 is confined on the splined end to slide back and forth and engage a clutch part 64 which is made integral with a spur gear 65 freely journaled on the shaft 61 and not subject to being driven by the said shaft 61-62 until suchtime as the said clutch 63-64 is thrown into engagement by means'hereinafter described. The spur gear 65 remains stationary during the continuous' rotation of the gear 12, shaft 61, and clutch member 63 during the time the head 26 and front endof the power lever 39 is up under the influence of the spring 40.

Automatic means are provided for shifting the clutchmember 63 backv and forth on the splined end 62 of the continuously runningv shaft 61' for stopping and starting the spur gearv 65, for it is this small slow speed spur gear 65 which is employed to drive a graduated trip member employed to automatically open the press at the end of the fixed and predetermined pressing period.

A clutch fork 67 is made a part of a lever 68 which is pivoted at 69 to some suitable part of the pressing machinevframe 24; and the rear end of this lever 68 may be made with a slot 70 in which the upper end 71 of a timer control lever 72 is designed to slide back and forth to pivot the lever 68 about its fulcrum point 69 to4 engage the clutch 63-64 and disengage it automatically under the control of the combined motor means and timer mechanism. The lower end of the lever 72 is provided with a slot 7 3 which is confined on a pin 74 anchored to the lower lever already described. The lever 72 is fulcrumed as at 75 upon some suitable fixed part or bracket of the machine frame 24.

It is to be noted how an up and down mo` tion of the power lever 39 swings the timer control lever 72 about its fulcrum point 75 for similarly swinging the clutch fork 67 in and out to engage the two clutch member 63 and 64. When the power lever 39 goes down under the influencent the cam 47, the clutch 63-64 is engaged thereby causing the 'spur gear 65 to start rotation and it continueslto be driven in fixed engagei'nent with the gear 12, or gear train 12-14, until an upward travel of the cam 47 permits the power lever 39 to rise whereupon the two levers 72 and 68 undergo a reverse movement to that already described thereby disengaging the clutch 63,64, causing the said spur gear 65 to cease revolving.

The gear ruck, or other suitable slow movement part, is held in engagement with the periodically driven spur gear 65 by any suitable guide means designed to confine a gear rack in operative position as will be understood by those conversant with the art, but such guide is omitted from the present disclosure to clarify the illustrations and description. The timed tripping bar 16, when mounted in horizontal position, as in Figure 4, is provided with a spring 76 or other suitable means for returning it to its normally inactive position after it has performed the function of engaging the clutch to initiate the press opening movement. However, when the timed trip bar is mounted in a vertical plane, as in Figure 5, it returns to its lowermost normally inactive position by its own Weight.

A control lever 20 is -pivoted on the frame 24 and has an arm 77 projecting through a slot 78 made in a control arm 79 anchored to the motor clutch control shaft 57 already described. Motion of the arm 20 oscillates the shaft 57.

Uomplete operation.

It is now understood how a mechanically operated arm 79 is anchored to the motor clutch control shaft 57 to oscillate that shaft by power means for the purpose of working the clutch lever 53. The shaft 57 is oscillated one time by the operator to produce final pressure and the next time by the machine to release final pressure.

The work is spread upon the press buck and the operator pulls the head 26 down by the handle 38 which causes the links 29 and 33 to straighten up into the position shown in Figure 2. The operator holds the head 26 down by one hand and quickly thrusts the main control handle 56 down with the other hand which engages the motor clutch 44--49 thereby causing the cam 47 to move downwardly with great force upon the lever 39 to impose high compression between the press ]aws. Y

.When the power lever 39 goes down, the pin 74 carried thereby swings the lever 72 which in turn swings the clutch fork lever 67 to engage the timer clutch 63- 64 which picks up the spur gear 65 and sets the timer in operation by imparting movement to the gear rack 16 driving its adjustable slider member 18 straight ahead toward the press opening trip lever arm 20; and it is noted that the. motor 41 continues to run while the press stands still under pressure. When the trip slide 18 reaches and impinges thel arm 2() there follows an oscillatin motion of the shaft 57 to again engage t e power clutch 44-49 which causes a 180 degree upward movement of the cam 47 permitting the power lever 89 to travel upwardly under the tension of the spring 4() which again swings the timer control lever 72 to disengage the clutch 63u64 thereby disconnecting the spur gear 65 from the gear 12, or from the gear train 12-14. the result of which is to permit the spring 76 to quickly return 20vjustalole means on the graduated member to ing means a connection established bet-Ween the mechanism and the press opening means whereby the press opening means is set in operation when the press goes under high compression, a graduated member driven by the motor means after the press closes, ad-

actuate the press opening means, whereby the press is caused to automatically open at any selected predetermined time, and means vcooperating' with the graduated member vfor initiating the operation of the press opening means. y

2. A pressing machine comprising in combination, relatively movable pressing members, manual press closing means carried with one member, motor power final'pressure creating means, a manual control lever. to start the final pressure means, a mechanical means for actuating the manual control lever, and mechanismforming part of the motor means to operate the mechanical means for the purpose of automatically opening the pres at the end of an elapsed pressing perio 3. A pressing machine comprising in combination, relatively movable pressing members, manual press closing means, motor power linal'pressure creating means, a manual control lever to start the final pressure means, a mechanical means connected with the motor for actuatin the manual control level', mechanism forming part of the motor means to operate the mechanical means for the purpose ofV automatically opening the press at the end of an elapsed pressing period, means permitting the control lever to be operated by the operator independently of the mechanical actuating means, and means permitting the said mechanical means to be operated independently of the manual` control lever.

4. A garment pressing machine comprising in combination, pressing members between which the work is treated, operating means connected with a member to close the press, motor means connecting with the operating means to produce compression, a timer control lever connected wit-li and actuated by the motor means, a clutch driven by the motor means and actuated by the timer lever, a driver member operated by the clutch, a trip bar operated by the driver tween which 'the work is treated, closing means therefor, apower unit including means connecting it with the pressing members by which compression is produced in the work, a power clutch connected with the powerunit by which the power unit is connected and"disconnected with the pressing members to impose and remove compression, an automatic trip means operatively connected with the power unit to open the press, a timer clutch connected with the power unit to set the trip means in operation, a trip bar forming part of the trip means and caused to travel forward to actuate the trip means to open the press after elapsed time when the timer clutch is engaged. y

6. A garment pressing machine comprising in combination, pressing members between which the. work is treated, closing means therefor, a power unit including means connectingit with the pressing member by which compression is produced in the work, apower clutch connected with the power unit by which the power unit is connected to and disconnected from the pressing members to impose and remove compression, an automatic trip means to open the press, a timer clutch connected with the power unit to set the trip means in operation, a trip bar forming part of the trip means and caused to travel forward to actuate the trip means to open the press after elapsed'time when the timer clutch is engaged, and means causingy the' trip means to return to normal position when the press opens.

ing means, a power unit connecte with the pressing members delivering high pressure onto the work, a power clutch operatively connected with the power unit for starting and stopping the high pressure period, a manual control lever connected with the clutch to engage the power clutch, a mechanically operated element connected with the clutch to engage the power clutch alternately with the manual control lever, the arrangement being such that the operator only engages the clutch'every other time it functions, and a timer unit connected with the power unit to automatically operate the ele ment to engage the clutch to open the press.

8. Apressing machine comprising in coinbination, cooperating pressing members between which the work is treated, press closing means, a power unit connected with the power unit delivering high pressure onto the world a power clutch connected with the power unit vl'or starting and stopping the high pressure period, a manual control lever connected with the clutch to engage the power clutch, a mechanically operated element connected with the clutch to engage the power clutch alternately with the manual control lever, the arrangement being such that the operator only engages the clutch every other time it functions, a gear reduction connected with and driven by the power unit and designed to have the final gear thereof slowly revolved, and means driven by the slowly revolving final gear to operate the element to engage the clutch alternately by power as aforesaid.

9. A pressing machine comprising in combination, cooperating pressing members between which the work is treated, press closing means, a power unit connected with the pressing members delivering high pressure onto the work. a power clutch connected with the power` unit for starting and stopping the high pressure period, a manual control lever connected with the clutch to engage the power clutch, a mechanically operated element connected with the clutch to engage the power clutch alternately with the manual control lever, the arrangement being such that the operator only engages the clutch every other time it functions, a gear reduction driven by the power unit and designed to have the nal gear thereof slowly revolved, a graduated trip gear rack driven by the final gear, and adjustable means movable on the rack adapted to be set to actuate the mechanically actuated element.

10. A pressing machine comprising in combination, cooperating pressing members between which the work is treated, press closing means, motor means connected with the pressing members, a power clutch operatively connected with the motor means for starting and stopping the high pressure period, a manual control lever connected with the clutch to engage the power clutch, a mechanically operated element connected with`v the clutch to engage the power clutch alternately .with the manual control lever, the arrangement being such that the operator only engages the clutch every other time it functions, a gear reduction driven by the motor means to slowly revolve a final gear, a graduated trip gear rack driven by the final gear, adjustable means on the rack adapted to be set to actuate the mechanically actuated element, avtimer clutch connected with the press closing means by which the trip gear rack is set in motion, and means for returning the gear rack to normally inactive position. y

1l. A pressing machine comprising 1n combination, cooperating pressing members between which the work is treated. press closing and motor means connected with the pressing members, a power clutch connected with the motor means, a manual control lever connected witihthe clutch to engage the power clutch, a mechanically operated element connected with the clutch to engage the power clutch alternately with the manual control lever, the arrangen'ient being such that the operator only engages the clutch every other time it functions, a gear reduction driven by the motor means including a final gear slowly revolved, a graduated trip gear rack driven by the final gear, adjustable means movable on the rack adapted to be set for a predetermined time to actuate the mechanically actuated element, a timer clutch connected with the motor means by which the trip gear rack is set in motion, means for returning the gear rack to normally inactive position, and means for automatically disengaging the timer clutch at the end of the pressing period.

l2. A pressing machine comprising in combination, cooperating pressing members, closing means therefor, a power transmission to produce final high pressure, a continuously running motor driving the transmission, a power clutch of the automatically disengaging type including means to connect anddisconnect the transmission to and from the motor, a clutch lever arranged to engage the clutch, manual control means to permit the operator to work the clutch lever to cause the motor means to impose high pressure, power releasing means designed to similarly work the clutch lever but to release said final pressure independently of the operator, a multi-stage gear reduction set driven continuously by the motor and having a final gear thereof slowly operated, a gear driven trip lmember having delayed movement operated by the slow gear adapted to cooperate with the aforesaid power releasing means to work said clutch lever, and means arranged to automatically start the movement ofthe gear driven trip member at the instant the closing means functions.

13. A pressing machine comprising in combination, cooperating pressing members, closing means therefor, power means adapted to produce final high pressure, a contimiously running motor driving the power means, a power clutch of the automatically dlsengaging type to connect and disconnect the power means to and from the motor, a clutch lever arranged to engage the clutch, manual control means designed to permit the machine operator to work the clutch lever to cause the motor means to impose high pressure, power releasing means designed. to similarly work the clutch lever but to release said final pressure independently of the operator, a multi-stage gear reduction set driven continuously by the motor and having a final gear thereof slowly operated, a gear driven trip member having delayed movement operated by the slow gear 3" the clutch, 'a timer clutch connected with adapted to cooperate with the aforesaid' power releasing means to work said clutch Aoperatively connected with the pressing members adapted to produce final high pressure, a continuously running motor driving the power means, a power clutch of the automatically disengagmg type interposed 4loetween motor and power means to connect and disconnect the power means to and from the motor, a clutch lever. connected withthe clutch, manual control-means connected with the clutch, power/releasing ,means connected with the clutch, a multi-stage gear 'reduction set driven continuously by the motor and having a final gear thereof slowly operated, a gear. driven trip .member having delayed movement operatedby the slow gear lo cooperate with the aforesaid powerl releasing means to automatically disengage 'the power means to start movement of the trip and stop movement thereof, and means operating in conjunction with the aforesaid press closing means 'to operate the timer clutch.

15. A timer for motor means operated presses including a. manually operated jaw closing handle and including a .manually operated lever to control the motor means and initiate a final pressure operation, cornprising: a trip member, a slow motion drive to move the trip member to tripping posi.

tion, and means, including aclutch, operated from Vthe motor of the press to run the slow motion drive; a motion transmitting means in line with and actuated by the trip member including means adapted to be connected with the manually operated lever of the press; and clutch control means connected with the clutch,l and adapted to be operatively connected with a moving part of the press including means to engage the clutch when the jaw closing handle is moved to close the press, and including means to disengage the clutch when the trip member actuates the motion transmitting means.

In testimony whereof I ailixA my signs, ture.

HART A. STODDARD.

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