US1228849A - System of electrical regulation. - Google Patents

Description

W. A. TURBAYNE.

SYSTEM OF ELECTRICAL REGULATION.

APPLICATION FILED JUNE 2, 1913.

1 ,228,849. Patented June 5, 1917.

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SYSTEM OF ELECTRICAL REGULATION.

APPLICATION FILED JUNEZ, 1913- 1,228,849. Patented June 5,1917.

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SYSTEM OF ELECTRRCAL REGULATION.

APPLICATION FILED JUNE 2.1913.

1,228,849. Emma June 5, 1917.

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W. A. TURBAYNE.

SYSTEM OF ELECTRICAL REGULATION.

APPLICATION FILED JUNE 2, 1913.

1 228,849. Patented June 1917.

4 SHEETS-SHEET 4.

Fig/5 UNIT ED sTArEs PATENT OFFICE.

WILLIAM A. TUBBAYNE, OF NIAGARA FALLS, NEW YORK, ASSIGNOR, BY MESNE ASSIGNMENTS, TO U. S. LIGHT & HEAT CORPORATION, OF NIAGARA FALLS, NEW YORK, A CORPORATION OF NEW YORK.

SYSTEM OF ELECTRICAL REGULATION.

Specification of Letters Patent.

Patented J une 5, 191 *7.

Application filed June 2, 1913. Serial No. 771,193.

To all whom it may concern:

Be it known that I, WILLIAM A. TUR- BAYNE, a citizen of the United States, .residing at Niagara Falls, in the county of Niagara and State of New York, have in vented new and useful Improvements in Systems of Electrical Regulation, of which the following is a full, clear, concise, and exact description, reference being; had to the accompanying drawing, forming a part of this specification.

This invention relates to an improved system of electrical regulation.

In generating plants or. converter substations storage batteries and boosters are frequently employed to regulate the load supplied by the generators so as to maintain the generator load at a substantially constant value. The regulation is such that the storage batteries are caused to discharge into the system at periods of load demand greater than that desired to be held on the genera-- tors while conversely the batteries are caused to charge when the external demand falls below the desired normal generator load.

In certain three-wire systems the batteries are caused not only to keep the generator load constant but also to maintain a balanced condition on the system regardless of the load demanded by each half of the system. In such systems it has been customary heretofore to employ two complete booster equipments, one located in each half of the system.

An object of the present invention is to provide an improved regulating system for use in connection with three-wire systems of distribution in which a single booster unit is employed to maintain a predetermined constant load on the generator and at the same time to maintain a balanced condition of load on the external circuit.

Another object of the invention is to provide an improved booster for use in threewire systems of distribution.

A preferred embodiment of the invention is illustrated in the accompanying drawings, in which:

Figure 1 illustrates diagrammatically a three-wire distribution system including the improved regulating booster.

Fig. 2 illustrates diagrammatically the field circuits for the improved booster when the system is operating with an exactly balanced external load.

Fig. 3 illustrates diagrammatically the brush polarity with a balanced load on the external circuit which is above the normal generator load.

Fig. 4 illustrates diagrammatically the brush polarity with a balanced load on the external circuit which is below the normal generator load.

Figs. 5, 6 and 7 are vector diagrams representing current and flux conditions when the iysfiem is operating with a balanced external Fig. 8 is a diagrammatic illustration similar to Fig. 2 representing the circuit conditions when the external load on the upper half of the system, Fig. 1, exceeds the load on the lower half.

Fig. 9 illustrates diagrammatically the brush polarity under the conditions illustrated in Fig. 8.

Fig. 10 illustrates diagrammatically the brush polarity when the lower half of the system, as illustrated in Fig. 1, is more heavily loaded than the upper half.

Figs. 11 and 12 are vector diagrams representing the current and flux conditions when the external load is unbalanced.

Fig. 13 is a developed diagram illustrating the armature windings and circuit conditions therein when the booster is operating under the conditions illustrated in Fig. 2.

Fig. 14 represents diagrammatically the resultant flux axis when the booster is operating under the conditions illustrated in Figs. 2 and 5.

Fig. 15 illustrates diagrammatically the resultant flux axis when the booster is operating under the conditions illustrated in Figs. 8 and 11.

Fig. 16 is a developed diagram illustrating the armature windings and circuit conditions therein when the booster is operating under the conditions illustrated in 8.

Fig. 1 illustrates two generators, 1 and 2, of any preferred type, supplying a threewire distribution system through positive lead 3, negative lead 4 and neutral wire 5 in the usual manner. A variable load 6, here illustrated as a lamp load, is connected across the lead 3 and neutral wire 5, and a variable load 7 is connected across the neutral wire 5 and lead 41. Regulating batteries 8 and 9 are connected one across each half of the system.

The regulating booster is provided with a single armature 10,-a commutator 11 and three sets of brushes 12, 13 and 14 spaced substantially one hundred and twenty degrees apart. The brush 13 is connected directly to the generators through the neutral wire 5. Brushes 12 and 14 are connected re spectively to the negative terminal of battery 8 and the positive terminal of battery 9.

Three sets of poles 15, 16 and 17 are so arranged that their magnetizing axes are substantially one hundred and twenty electrical degrees apart. The windings for these poles may be arranged on polar projections, as indicated in the drawing, or may be suitably disposed on a uniformly slotted magnet structure similar to that employed on certain A. C. motors and generators.

The field pole 15 is provided with a single winding 18 of comparatively high resistance connected across the positive and negative leads 3 and 1 through an adjusting rheostat 19. The winding 18 will set up a flux in line With brush 13 which will tend to develop an E. M. F. across brushes 12 and 11 in a direction to cause both batteries to receive a charge from the generators.

Coils 20 and 21, contributing to the flux in poles 1G and 17 respectively, are each connected in one of the outer leads of the system, either directly or, as illustrated, across adjustable shunts 22 and 23 respectively. Current through these coils will set up lines of flux which tend to develop an E. M. F. across brushes l2 and 14 in a direction in opposition. to the E. M. F. set up by coil 18.

Coils 20 and 21 may be caused to respond to the total load fluctuations existing upon the system or may be caused to respond only to the variations in load permitted upon the generators consequent upon a predetermined closeness of regulation. Thus, if the leads from the batteries are connected to the extreme left of the shunts 22 and 23, Fig, 1, coils 20 and 21 will be subjected to the total load fluctuations or any proportion determined by the shunts, while if the battery leads are connected to the extreme right of the shunts, the coils will be subjected only to such variations of current as are permitted to reach the generator by the predetermined closeness of regulation.

Coils 24 and 25 contributing respectively to the flux in poles 16 and 17 are connected between brush 13 and the neutral conductor of the load circuits and will, therefore, receive current depending in magnitude upon the unbalanced condition in the system and depending in direction on whether load 6 or load 7 demands the greater current. Coils 24 and 25 may be connected in series in the neutral conductor or in parallel with each other as illustrated.

Fig. 2 represents diagran'unaticall y the field conditions for the booster when the system is operating with an exactly balanced load. The direction of current in the various windings is represented by crosses and dots, the cross indicating that the current flows downward in the conductor, away from the observer, and the dot indicating that the current flows upward, toward the observer. As the external loads are assumed to be exactly balanced in Fig. 2, no current will flow in the neutral conductor 5 and the value of current in coils 20 and 21 will be equal. The poles 1G and 17 will, therefore, each contribute one-half of the total ell'ective flux passing through pole 15. The armature winding arrangement is such that under this condition the voltage developed in the conductors embraced between brushes 12 and 1-1 will be just equal to the arithmetical sum of the voltages developed in the conductors embraced between brushes 1213 and 13 14 and these conductors grouped in this manner will each carry substantially half of the current flowing in the booster.

Since the efl'ect of coil 18 connected across the outer leads is to develop a booster voltage across brushes 12 and 14 in a direction to charge the batteries and the effect of coils 20 and 21 is to develop a booster voltage across these brushes in the opposite direction, it is evident that at a predetermined load, which is the load to be held upon the generators, the effect of coils 20 and 21 will exactly neutralize the effect of coil 18. Under such conditions no voltage will be de veloped across brushes 12 and 14 and the 1 batteries will float across the system, neither charging nor discharging. Such a condition is represented by the vector diagram Fig. 5.

In Fig. 5 the magneto motive force of coil 18 may be represented in direction and magnitude by the vector ()A, that of coil 20 by OB, displaced one hundred and twenty degrees, and that of coil 21 by ()C, displaced one hundred and twenty degrees from OA and CB. Assuming an exactly balanced load, the current through the neutral. conductor 5 will be zero and the coils 24 and 25 will consequently be inactive. Vectors OB and O-C may be resolved into the horizontal vector OD in direction and magnitude exactly opposite to O-A, showing that the effects of the three coils represented absolutely cancel out so that no voltage will exist across brushes 12 and 14.

Should the current in the external circuit increase above the value desired to be held on the generator, coils 20 and 21 will exert a magnetizing effect preponderating over that exerted by coil 18. This condition may 12 and 14 at right angles to this flux axis,

which may be represented by vector D-F. The polarity of the booster brushes under the conditions assumed in Fig. 6 is represented in Fig. 3. As illustrated, brush .12 is positive and brush 14 is negative, giving a booster voltage in a direction to discharge the batteries into the system. Under these conditions the batteries will carry the over load existing on the work circuits, thereby preventing the overload from reaching the generators Should the current demand in the external circuit fall below the normal value desired to be held on the generator, the efiect of windings 20 and 21 will be reduced, permitting the magnetizing effect'of coil 18 to preponderate. This condition may be illustrated by the vector diagram, Fig. 7 Vector OA representing the constant magnetizing effect of coil 18 will be the same in direction and magnitude as in Figs. 5 and 6. O--B and OG will, however, be less than O-B and OC in Fig. 5 and will resolve into the vector OD which is less than the 1 vector OA. The preponderating magnetizing effect of coil 18 may thus be represented in direction and magnitude by the vector A-G having'a horizontal symmetry axis, and an E. M. F. will be developed across brushes 12 and 14 at right angles to this flux axis which may be represented by the vector AH.

The polarity of the booster brushes, under the conditions assumed in Fig. 7, is represented in Fig. 4. As illustrated, brush 12 is negative and brush 14 is positive, giving a booster voltage in a direction to cause the battery to receive a charge represented in value by the decrease in load on the external circuits below the value desired to be held on the generators, thereby maintaining the generator load at the desired constant value.

Fig. 8 represents diagrammatically the field condition for the booster when the load 6 exceeds the predetermined normal value and load 7 falls below this normal value. Extreme conditions of unbalancing on the load circuits are assumed in the discussion which follows. Under this condition current will flow in the neutral conductor 5 toward the generator. The current in coil 20 will decidedly increase, and, in addition,

current in a similar direction will flow in jcoil 24 connected in the neutral conductor.

On the other hand, current in coil 21 will materially decrease, while current traversing coil 25 connected in the neutral conductor will exert an effect in opposition to the effect of coil 21. This condition is represented by the vector diagram, Fig. 11.

In Fig. 11 the vector OA will remain constant as in Figs. 5, 6 and 7. O-B will now represent the combined magnetizing effectof coils 20-and 24 and O-C theresultant magnetizing effect of the opposed coils 21 and 25. These three vectors resolve into vector 1C which represents in direction and magnitude the efiective magneticflux. Vector IC represents the symmetry axis of the magnetic flux from poles 15 and 16, which flux returns through the south pole 17. Of the total effective flux, pole 16 contributes the greater portion and pole 15 the lesser. An E. M. F. will now be developed in the armature conductors across brushes 13 and 14 ina direction represented by the vector C -J at right angles to the vector IC The E. M. F. developed across brushes 13 and 12 will be represented by vector KC displaced one hundred and twenty degrees from C J, while an E. M. F. will be developed across brushes 12 and 14 represented by the vector LC displaced one hundred and twenty degrees from KC the E. M. F.s across brushes 1312 and 1214 being proportionate to the components of flux active through the poles embracing the armature conductors opposite them. 1

The polarity of the booster brushes under the conditions assumed in Fig. 11 is repre sented in Fig. 9. As illustrated, brush 12 is positive to brush 13 and brush 14 is positive to brush 13, giving a booster voltage in the proper direction to discharge battery 8 into the heavily loaded side of the system and to charge battery 9 from the less heavily loaded side.

Should there be an overload on circuit 7 and an underload on circuit 6, the coils 21 and 25 on pole 17, Fig. 8, will act accumulatively while the coils 20 and 24 on pole 16 will act differentially. This condition" is represented by the vector diagram, Fig. 12. In Fig. 12 vector O-A represents the magnetizing effect of coil 18 as before. OB"= will represent the resultant magnetizing effect of the differentially acting coils 20 and 24, while OC will represent the combined magnetizing effect of coils 21 and 25. These three vectors will resolve into the vector MB which represents in direction and magnitude the effective magnetic flux. Following the explanation in connection with Fig. 11, it will be readily seen that in Fig. 12 the effective voltages in direction and magnitude across brushes 12-13, 1314 and 1214.arc represented respectively by the vectors B N, P-B and Q,B*.

The polarity of the booster brushes under the conditions assumed in Fig. 12 is represented in Fig. 10. As illustrated, brush 13 is positive to both brushes 12 and 11, giving a booster voltage in the proper direction to charge battery 8 from the less heavily loaded side of the system and to discharge battery 9 into the heavily loaded side.

By employing an armature winding, such as illustrated in Figs. 13 and 1G, in which the coil spans about one hundred and twenty degrees of the armature periphery and with the brushes placed midway be tween the polar axes, the armature current will exert a compounding eii'ect as indicated in Figs. 1-1 and 15.

Figs. 13 and 1 1 illustrate the conditions when the booster is causing the batteries to discharge into the line to meet an overload as described in connection with the vector diagram Fig. 6. Under these conditions the two north poles 16 and 17 are equally excited and the symmetry axis of the main field flux will be in line with the south pole, and may be indicated by the vector R-T, Fig. 14. The vector RU will represent, in direction, substantially the symmetry axis of the flux set up by the armature current. Assumin the conditions in which the magnetizing effect imparted by the field winding slightly exceeds that imparted by the armature winding, the vectors R T and RU will resolve into the vector R-V, represent ing the resultant flux axis which is shifted in the direction of rotation. It is apparent that even with a decided shifting of this flux axis the flux component, due to the ar mature current, will aid the initial field flux, giving, therefore, a compounding action tending to sustain the terminal voltage regardless of a considerable internal resistance drop in the armature winding.

Figs. 15 and 16 illustrate the condition when the machine is acting as a load balancer, as explained in connection with Figs. 8 and 11. In Fig. 15 the vector WX may be assumed to represent in direction and magnitude the main field flux through the south pole l7, and the vector WY the flux set up by the armature current. These vectors will resolve into the vector WZ, representing the resultant flux axis. From this diagram it is apparent that even with decided flux due to armature current, the resultant flux will still be in a direction so that the component, due to the armature current, will aid the initial flux.

The effect on the terminal voltage of the reaction due to armature current may, of course, be modified by shifting the position of the brushes as in the ordinary types of machine.

As illustrated in Figs. 13 and 16, with the winding pitch and brush arrangement described, the armature coils undergoin commutation are in a neutral s ace, so t at the improved machine should e as free from sparking as a well designed machine of standard type. If desired, however, any means resorted to in ordinary machines may be utilized, either to compensate for armature reaction or to reduce sparking.

Since the coils 24 and 25 carry current only when the load on the system is unbalanced, and then only in value proportional to the total unbalanced component of the system, it is obvious that these coils ma be so chosen as to be very active with slight changes of current, thereby maintaining a closely balanced condition on the system without utilizing excessively large coils to effect the result.

Coils 20 and 21, opposed in effect to coil 18, will act to hold the output of the generatlng source to a constant predetermined value since variations in the external load acting through these coils will so affect the direction of the active magnetic flux as to always assure a booster voltage to cause action of the batteries in the proper direction.

Coils 2 1 and 25, therefore, acting in conjunction with the other field coils will maintain a closely balanced condition on the s stem while coils 20 and 21 will be effective to hold the generator output to the desired value.

Many of the advantages resulting from employing a single booster in place of the two boosters heretofore necessary in threewire systems will be obvious. As the commutator and brushes do not carry any more current for a given surface than those in either machine where two boosters are utilized, the commutator length and brush surface need not be greater than in the former machines, it being simply necessary to design the commutator with reference to its higher voltage requirements. Also the cross section of conductors formin the armature winding need not be greater than heretofore employed. As the material entering into a machine of this type does not increase in machines of different output in proportion to the increased output, a great saving in material, and, obviously, a great saving in labor, will be effected over that necessary in the construction of the two machines which the improved booster replaces. A further advantage is due to the fact that in existing booster systems, each booster must have either its own regulator exciter or an extraneous regulating device of some sort to control the exciter and, through it, the regulating action of the booster.

It is to be understood that the embodiment of the invention herein illustrated is for the purposes of demonstrating the principle thereof and that many modifications may be made in the construction or arrangement without departing from the invention as defined in the appended claims.

What I claim as new and desire to secure by Letters Patent of the United States is:

1. In three-wire system of distribution, a generating source, a pair of regulating batteries, a single booster provided with controlling windings causing said booster to cooperate with said batteries to maintain a balanced condition of load on the system and a predetermined constant load on the generating source.

2. In combination in a three-wire distribution system, a generating source, a regulating battery for each branch of the system, and a single booster provided with brushes connected to each battery, and field windings responding to circuit conditions in the system to cause said batteries to maintain a constantload on the generating source, and a balanced condition of load on the external circuits of the system.

3. In a three-wire system of distribution, a main source of supply, a regulating booster provided with three brushes, one brush connected to the neutral conductor of the system and one brush connected to each of the main leads of the system.

4. In a three-wire system of distribution, two main sources adapted to simultaneously supply current, said sources being connected in serles, a neutral conductor connected to a point between said sources, a regulating booster provided with a field coil connected in series with the neutral conductor, whereby said coil will be magnetized in direction and magnitude depending upon the departure from a balanced condition of load in the external circuit.

5. In a three-wire system of distribution, a main source of supply, a regulating booster provided with a field coil of constant polar ity and strength, and a pair of coils, acting in opposition thereto, energized proportional to the external load demands on each branch of the system.

6. In a three-wire system of distribution, a main source of supply, a regulating booster provided with a field coil of'constant polarity and strength, and a plurality of cooperating field coils, one pair of said coils being energized in proportion to the load demands on the respective branches of the system and another coil being energized in direction and magnitude depending on the unbalanced component of the external load.

7. In a three-wire system of distribution, a regulating battery connected in each branch of the system, and a single booster provided with a brush connected to each battery to regulate the charge or discharge thereof, said booster having field windings energized in proportion to load demands in the respective branches of the system, and

ing controlled by the other side of the sys-' tem.

8. In a three-wise system of distribution, a main source of supply, a regulating booster, said booster having means tending to set up a field flux therefor of constant direction and magnitude, and auxiliary means, responsive to load demands in each branch of the system, acting to neutralize said first means on a predetermined aggregate load on the system and to overpower said first means to reverse the booster polarity as the aggregate load demand rises above said predetermined value.

9. In a three-wire system of distribution,

a source of current supply, a regulating battery connected in each branch of the system, and a single regulatingmeans automatically controlled by circuit conditions inthe system to maintain a constant load on said source of supply and to maintain a balanced condition of load on the system. 10. In combination, a source of current supply, a plurality of load circuits supplied thereby, a storage battery connected to each load circuit, and a single regulating means for automatically controlling the charge and discharge of said batteries to maintain equal load demands on said plurailty of load circuits.

11. In combination, a principal source of current supply, a plurality of load circuits supplied thereby, an auxiliary source of supply for each load circuit, and a single means for controlling said auxiliary sources to equalize the load demands by said cir cuits on said principal source.

12. In combination, a principal source of current supply, a plurality of load circuits supplied thereby, an auxiliary source of supply for each load circuit, and a single means for causing said auxiliary sources to assist or oppose said principal source, depending on whether the aggregate load demand of said circuits is above or below a predetermined Value.

13. In combination, a principal source of current supply, a plurality of load circuits supplied thereby, an auxiliary source of current in each load circuit, and a single means for causing said auxiliary sources to equalize the load demands of said circuits on said principal source, said means also causing said auxiliary sources to assist or oppose said principal source to maintain the load thereon substantially constant.

14. In combination, a principal source of current supply, a plurality of load circuits supplied thereby, an auxiliary source of current in each load circuit, a single means for causing said auxiliary sources to equalize the load demands of said circuits on said principal source, said means also causing said auxiliary sources to assist or oppose said principal source to maintain the load thereon substantially constant, and means for predetermining, the substantlally constant load to be held on said source.

15. In combination, a source of current supply, a plurality of load circuits supplied thereby, and regulating means for holding the load on said source substantially constant and for equalizing the load demands of said circuits, said meansincluding a single regulating generator provided with a coil connected in series in each load circuit.

16. In combination, a source of current supply, a plurality of load circuits supplied thereby, regulating means for holding the load on said source substantially constant and for equalizing the load demands of said circuits, said means including a single regulating generator provided with a field coil connected in series in each load circuit, and an additional field coil energized in proportion to the excess demands of one load circuit over the other load circuit.

17. In combination, a source of current supply, a plurality of load circuits supplied thereby, regulating means for holding the load on said source substantially constant and for equalizing the load demands of said circuits, said means including a single regulating generator provided with a field coil connected in series in each load circuit, and an additional field coil connected across a source of substantially constant potential and acting in opposition to said first field coils;

18. In combination, a source of current supply, a plurality of load circuits supplied thereby, regulating means for holding the load on said source substantially constant and for equalizing the load demands of said circuits, said means including a single regulating generator provided with a field coil connected in series in each load circuit, an additional field coil energized in proportion to the excess demands of one load circuit over the other load circuit, and an additional field coil connected across a source of substantially constant potential and acting in opposition to said first field coils.

19. In a three-wire system of distribution, a regulating battery for each branch of the system, and a single booster for controlling the charge and discharge of said batteries, said booster having a single armature winding, three brushes connected one to each battery and one to the neutral wire, and a plurality of field windings, one winding being connected across a substantially constant potential source, a pair of windings, opposed to said first windin energized roportional to the respective foad deman of each, branch of the system, and a pair of windings, cooperating with said last-named windings, connected 1n series with the neutral conductor to respond to the unbalanced load condition of the system.

20. In a three-wire system of distribution, a generating source, a storage battery connected across each branch of the system, and a single regulating means acting responsive to load demands to cause said batteries to receive a charge, when the load demands less than a predetermined current, to cause said batteries to discharge to supply a load demand above said predetermined current and to cause one battery to receive a char and the other to discharge to equalize t e load demands when the load demand of one branch of the system exceeds a predetermined amount and the demand of the other branch of the system falls below said predetermined amount.

21. In combination, a source of current supply, two load circuits supplied thereby, and regulating means for holding the load on said source substantially constant and for equalizing the load demands of said circults, said means including a single regulating generator provided with a field coil connected across a source of substantially constant potential, a pair of field coils, acting in opposition to said coil, energized proportional to the load demands of the respective load circuits, and an additional air of field coils responding to load conditlons of the system, each additional coil actin to assist or oppose its corresponding fie d coil, depending on whether the load demand of its corresponding load circuit exceeds, or is less than, the load demand of the other load circuit.

In witness whereof, I have hereunto subscribed my name in the presence of two witnesses.

WILLIAM A. TURBAYNE.

Witnesses:

JAMEsL. COUGHLIN, JOHN D. BLACK.

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