US12050A - Improvement in operating looms by electricity - Google Patents

Description

4 Sheets-Sheet 1.

G. BONELLI.

ELECTRICAL LOOM.

No. 12,050. Patented Dec. 12, 1854.

Fig. 6.

NORRIS Firms :0, r acrouruou vv'AsHmnToN. D c.

4 SheetsSheet 2.

G. BONELL'I. ELECTRICAL L0 0M Patented Dec. 12, 1854.

4 .SheetsSheet 4.

G. BONELLI.

ELECTRICAL LOOM.

Patented Dec. 12, .1854.

Fig-23.

UNITED STATES,

PATENT OFFICE.

GAETAN BoNELLI, OF TURIN, SARDINIA.

[IMPROVEMENT m OPERATING ooms .BY' ELECTRICITY;

, Specification forming part of Letters PatentNo. 12,050, dated December 12, 1854. v

To all whom it'may concern: v 1

Be it known that I, GAELAN BoNELLI, of Turin, in the Kingdom of Sardinia, have invented certain new and useful Improvements;

in Looms by theApp'lication of Electricity; and 1 do hereby declare that the following is a full, clear, and exact descriptiou'nf theprin ciple or character which distinguishes them from all other things before used or known,

and of the usual manner of making, modifying, and using the, same, reference being had to the accompanying drawings," showing this ap.paratus. l l

My invention consists in the application of electricity to looms for weaving fashioned stuffs or patterns, and particularly to those called draw-looms, looms of the high or low warp, and to the J acquardmachines.

The'princip'a-l advantages which result from myinventiou are, first-,the suppression of the card's; second,tho diminution of labor in actuating the loomsrthird', the smallprobability of the loom being put out of order; fourth,

great economy and exactness oraccuracy. =-=Theweavingof fashioned stufi's distinguishes itself from the weavingofthe plains't-uifs,be-

cause, instead of using simple leaves'of healds, every one of which carries the half, third, or fourth part of the warp, the loom is provided with hooks raisinga certain number of threads at moments determined by the nature of the design to be reproduced. All the threads of warp which are to be raised simultaneously must be assembled in one series, and it will require the same number of hooks as there are such series.

' As in all looms the operations and mechanism are the same for every heald or book it is only-necessary to describe the application of the electromagnet to one hook.

In the accompanying drawings, Figure l,A'

of the hook will come in contact with the elec-- tro-magnet, and if the table 0 is lowered, the hook remains hung up to the magnetor de scends with the table, according to whether the electrical current circulates-or not through the copper wire of the magnet. Thus, if as many elcctroimagnets have been placed'ove'r the table as there are hooks, and an electrical current is made tocirculate only throughthe wiresjif the elect'romagnets'correspondin g to the hooks which must remain elevated, all the others will come down again and by varying the passage of the currents at-each movement of the table 0 the hooks, and consequently thet-hreads of warp to be kept in an elevated state for the passage of the shuttle, will be also varied. It is obvious thatthe arrangement of such looms maybe much varied without alterof moving the table 0-, the whole row of the effect this they might be providedwith a weight or coun'terpoise, in order to render their movmotion by means of little levers, or of threads passing over pulleys and provided at their other extremity with weights, whichwonld be supported by means of a movable table, so, as to permit only those hooks to come down which would not be attracted by the elective-magnets; or yet by making the magnets to draw or to push'horizontally the, rods or bars of the J acby means of springs those which would not be attracted by the magnets.

trical curre t through the numerous electromagnets, in order to obtain the raising of the healds according to the design or figure to be reproduced, may be effected in various inanners. It will be suflicient to put, for instance,

eleotro-magnet into continual communication with one pole of an electrical pile, while the other end would be only connected with the other pole by means of a piece of metal, the contact of the wire with this piece bei'ngsum cessively established and interrupted by interposition of a sheet of paper provided with holes, exactly upon the same principle as the cards of theJacquard machine. The contact, and consequentlythe' electrical current, will only take place when holesf'meet with the wire, and also in those moments the electrq maguets will attract the hook set into close contact with it by'the raising of the table 0. This dispoing this principle. Thus, for example,instead magnets may be, made'to come down; and to ing easier; or the hooks might be brought into 'quard machine, and by bringing bringing back The regulating of tho'passage of the elecone end of the copper wire surrounding the sition will be better understood by means of Fig. 2. D isa cylinder of metal. The springs q placed under it connect this cylinder with onepole of an electrical pile. Other springs, 1), situated over the said cylinder, communicate each with the end of the wire of one electro-magnct. The other end of these wires, as I already said, communicates with the opposite pole of the same pile. A strip or sheet of paper, 1, provided with holes, passes over the cylinder D under the springs 12, and it is drawn by the cylinders 1, between which itv passes, and whichact upon it as a flatteningmachine (lamino'ir) at each movement-of the table 0. Every timethe table 0, Fig. 1, is raisedit acts upon a vertical rod, k, which it lifts up, and which is provided at its upper extremity with a tooth gearing into theteeth of a ratchet-wheel, f, fixed on the shaftot' one of the cylinders I, and which this movement inakes'to' turn round the length of a tooth. Then, if the table comes down, the rod 7., being free, comes also down by its own weight by yielding a little hackward, and its tooth comes into gearwiththe next tooth of the ratchet-wheel'f. Thus at each movement of the table the paper advances a constant quantity, so as to present to the springs 12 a new range of holes.

Although the above.- description I consider sutficient for practical men, yet it may be useful to mention that in the piles is is desirable to havea quantity of electricity; but it is not necessary to use a great number of piles for each electro-magnet; but-it is desirable to have a considerable surface steadiness. The most convenient piles are those made of a large piece of zinc surrounded by a cylinder of coal or reciprocally, the whole being immersed in a saturated solution of sea-salt. Separate piles may be usedier each magnet. Itis advantageous to make the piles o t greater dimensions than those hitherto used.

Wooden troughs may be substituted for the glass or metal vessels, and larger pieces of zinc and more coal than is generally used.

It is not necessary to describe the electromagnets, as they may vary indefinitely; but that which Lhave found to make use of the power of the pile, and to occupy a small space,

so as to permit the hooks to be disposed at a short distance from one another without using any system of transmission of movement, is that shown onFig. 4, in which e is the wire of copper wound like a bobbin on a brass tube, d, in which is placed the'cylindrical piece of soft iron 0, having an outer tube, as, connected at the top to the central piece, a. The hook A passes through the table (hand is connected with a disk, (1., which bears against the cylinder 0 and the tube as, and thereby the disk receives the properties of the magnet, and consequently there are two magnets of different polarities which attract one another.

Fig. 5. is similar to Fig. 4, excepting thata disk, W, is secured to the lower end of the tube. This disk has in its center a projecting.

ring. The disk to on the hook bears against In order to permit the hooks to be placed nearer together, the electro-magncts must beplaced in several planes, disposed one above the other in such a manner that the centers or axes of the upper magnets correspond to the. intervals left between the others. Thus,ifthe magnets are disposed in three planes, B B B as shown in front elevation in Fig. 6; their. centers will be in the positions showuin Fig. 7, in which the bobbins of the lower plane, B,

are shown in black lines, those ofthc second.

plane, B, in red lines, and at last those of the upper plane, B in blue lines.

'Ihe hooks A must be of three different lengths, according to the plane of magnets to which they belong. It will be useful to -make the hooks corresponding to the two upper planes of copper or of brass, to prevent them' from receiving any influence from the electro-v magnets'ot' the lower planes between which they pass.

It is unnecessary to say that the disks a must always be madeof soft iron. As to the table 0, which carries and raises the hooks, it does not suffer any change, excepting that its holes will be placed much uearerone another. In this'manner it will be possible to dispose one thousand, and even twelve hundred, hooks in a space of forty inches in length and of one and one-tenth inch in breadth.

The distance of one of the planes 13 B5B to the next one must only be sufficicnt to permit the traversing of the disks a ,which is generally two-fifths of an inch.

Instead of raising the hooks to bring them 7 to the electro-magnets, these magnets, intheir passive state, may be kept in continual con tact with the disks. Then the Weaver by press.- ing upon the treadlo .would raise the whole magnet, attracting only the required hooks for the production of the pattern.

In order to produce the same work with a less considerable number of piles or weaker piles, and consequently with a less electrical current, (this is particularly important for the electro-magnets of the healds forming the gruml'of the fabric,) the apparatus may be be disposed in such a manner that instead of supportingthe hooks directly with their threads and weights, the magnets have only to act upon battering-rams or similar dispositions, holding the hooks or permitting them to escape. As this may he efi'ected by various means I shall not describe any peculiar dis position of this kind. This effect may be also obtained by keeping the mechanism of Jae quart], and applying to it electro-magnets instead of cards, as I shall explain it by describing the loom.

.piece'of stuff or fabric',iit wiil h'e better'to have the movablepiece which carries the design of "an indefinite length. Aplainsheet would evidently be not convenient, since itwould be necessary to take the sheet-away every time the whole length of the'pattern would have been reproduced, and toplace it again into its first position, in order to recommence it. I

prefer to use a large cylinder or an endless cloth. If a cylinder, it might be of such a di- 'ameter as to give a surface of forty inches, and this will permit a pattern of a considerable length 'tobe reproduced 'in the fabric. If it 'would be desirable to have a design yet longer, it will be sufi'icient to take a long. sheet of very thin metal, the two ends of which would be united together, and this sheet would work on twocyli'nders like an endless cloth or a belt. In thiscase the cylinders might be insulated, and thesheet of metal would heallowed to pass upon a plate of metal, the edges of which would beruunded, and-which would be in communication with the pile.

- The cylinder and the metallic sheet may he indifl'erently horizontal or vertical.

As the force of the pile must he suificient to hold up the, greatest number of hooks and healds which may be necessary to be held up simultaneously, and as it can happen for certain designs or patterns, this number who considerable-for instance, two hundred hooksand besides, as there may he places in. the sainie' pattern where this number will be reduced toten or twenty, it follows,'therefore, that ten or twenty hooks would be held up with the force necessary for two hundred. In consequence jot the extrapower given to the. magnets the hooks might remain hung up after the interruption of the current. In order to obviate this inconvenience, thewhole lengthof'the cylinder may be divided into several insulated parts, each of which would communicate 'with a certain number of separate piles.- This system is, however, not quite convenient.v The pattern or designis, in this case, divided in several parts, and eachpile must always have a su-fficient force to hold up almost the whole hooks corresponding to this partof the cylinden t The best means to have always a sufficient force would be perhaps to divide the piles into four or five series, to unite all the wires of the poles of the same designation to one end of the wires of the electro-magnet, and toconnect the other pole of eachseiies separately'to' a-fpoint of metal in contact with a zone of theperiphcry of the? cylinder. In this way one might have four or five points in Qontact with"tho cylinder upon the same line parallel with its axis. When the desi nhas been prepared a certain variable breadth of thishzone will be covered with varnish. In the places where only a few hooks are to be held up only one or two such points will be in close contact with the metal, and consequently one or two piles will be only in communication with the cylinder and the electro-magnets. Thus it will be suflicient to proportion the uncovered part of the zone-corresponding tothe piles to the equally uncovered part of the larger zone carryingv the design. The piece carrying the design or pattern receives the necessary movement from the table itself, which raises the hooks at'each passage of the shuttle. This efl'ect may be obtained in the following manner: r

Fig. 8, D is the cylinder to which the movement'must be communicated from the table. F is a rod or bar-'tixed, to this table and passing through a hole in the end of one of the arms of a lever, G, oscillating at h. This lever carriesat its other extremity a piece, H.

On the shaft of the cylinders is keyed a ratchetwheel, 1'. Every time the table 0 asce'nds,as soon as the adjustable socket j on the rod F meets with the lever Git will act upon it and depress the other extremity of this lever and the piece H. This piece is provided with a tooth, m, gearing into the teeth of the ratchebwheel i, and which will make this wheel, and consequently the cylinder D, to advance in the 'direction of the arrow. The longer arm of the lever G must-have a'sufficient weight to bring back this whole mechanism. The tooth'of the piece H slides upon the inclined part of the teeth of the wheel, and the said wheel remains still. The socket j is screwed on the rod B, so as to'permit its adjustment.

Fig; 9 shows the mechanism of Dobo asap- .plied to the same object as that above described.

This mechanism consists in a bent lever, G, the shortest armof which I is providedfwith an articulation at n. The extremity-of this arm consists ofa piece, J, bearing against the inner peripheryot' a wheel or pulley, K, keyed on the axle of the cylinder. As often as the longer arm of the bent lever is raised by the socket j the articulated arnr I, becoming straight, forces the piece .J to press against the circumference of the wheel K, which moves round by the adherence. Then, as the action 'of thesocket ceases, the lever falls back by its own weight, and the arm I yields by bending .itself. {This disposition will be easily understood by means of Fig. 10, in which the bent lever and itsarticnlated arm are shown on a larger scale.

. The disposition-of Fig.8 presents theadvantage of a great regularity and exactness; but by it"s-application the wheels can only be allowed to advance the length of an exact number of teeth, 0 the contrary, the dispofsiti on'ot' Fig. .9 permits the cylinder to advance any'given quantity. Accordin g to the system which Ifhaveadopted for the reproduction of the design or pat tern, the cylinder must only advance a very little quantity at each movement of the table 0, as for one such movement only a part of the design as thick as one thread of weft will be reproduced. The quantity which the cylinder advances at once must be about one one-. hundredth of an inch at its circumference, and for .this eflect it is better to transmit the mo- .tion of the wheel t-to the cylinder D by means of toothed wheels, reducing the quantity of movement. The mechanism shown in Figs. 9 and 10 can be, on the contrary, applied di? rectly to the axle of the cylinder by adjusting the socket in a; suitable position. Besides the mechanism of Fig. 8 used in combination with toothed wheels is more convenient for combs with two rows of points, and for designs composed of several colors, for which a great exactness is wanted, as it will be seen hereinafter.

It results from what I said that the cylinder D must advance one one-hundredth of an inch at each passage of the shuttle, that a design which would require six thousand two hundred and eighty cards in the Jacquards machine could be executed on the periphery of a cylinder of one-half meter in diameter.

It will be better to have in each loom a second mechanism similar to one or the other of those. shown in Figs. 8'and 9, but disposed in such a manner "as to make the cylinder D to move round in the opposite direction, and at the same speed. If woven fabrics ought to be unwoven, it will be sufficient to set the table 0 incommunication with this supplementary mechanism and at each stroke to withdraw the weft. For this efl'ect the rod .1? must be removed from the table 0, to which another rod will befixed, acting upon the inverting mechanism.

. Fig. 11 shows a very simple disposition, by means of which both the forward and backward movements will be obtained withv one bent arms are provided at their extremity with an inclined tooth, 'r 1". The other end of the lever N is secured by a pin which may be stuck into either one or the other of the two holes 8 s. Springs 1? hold the arms 0 0. To the opposite end of thegreater lever, M, isattached a rod, F, carrying a tooth or socket, j, which acts upon the table (3 at each of its movements.

If the pin of the lever N sticks in the upper hole, s, of the lever M, the tooth 7' will gear into the teeth of the wheel L. At each oscil. lation of the lever M the tooth 1' drives the wheel in a certain direction, and in its back motion this tooth slides upon those of the 'efl'ect will be produced if the pin of the lever' N is engaged into the hole"s', in which case the tooth 4" comes to gear with the wheel.

After having described the communication of one pole of the pile with the cylinder or other piece carrying the design or pattern I have now to explain the manner in which the electric current is brought to the bobbins of the electro-magnets to which an attractive power-is to be imparted independently of the others.

One extremity of the wire of each of the bobbins communicates constantly with the pole of the pile or piles opposite to that in connection with .the cylinder. The other end of the wire of thesebobbins is connected to an insulated point in contact with the cylinder. All these points must be generally disposed in the same line and very near to one another.

to prevent atoo considerable length to be given to the saidcylinder, and in order that the points can follow all the contours of the deslgn.

Fig. 12 shows a very simple manner of disposing the points so that each ot'them occupies in thickness a space of only one twenty-fifth of aninch. D is the movable cylindercarrying the design, or over which passes. a sheet of metal, g, surrounding it, and which is tighten'ed by another roller, D. On a horizontal table, Q, is fixed a vertical piece or board, R, the upper edge of which is made of ivory or of very hard wood, and is cut so as to-form an acute angle. On this ed ge aredisposed, astride, small blades 2, of copper or of brass, bent to an angle more obtuse than that of the edge of the piece R, so as to be able to swing freely upon it. The rounded end it of these blades is in contact with the cylinder D. The same blades are ended at theirother extremity by the tail t, bent down and of five-difl'erent lengths, and they must be disposed in 'such amanner that these tails form a species of gradation, five and five; This difference of length has for its object to permit the wires e of the electro-magnets to be attached by weldingithein to these tails without the proximity of the .blades being prevented by the thickness of these wires. To the tails t are attached, by means of threads of silk of various lengths, hanging weights to, the effect of which is to keep the extremity t of the bladesjn constant contact with the cylinderD. Instead of using such weights, the tails of the blades t might be kept horizontal and exactly in the same plane, and a bar of lead would be laid upon them, by taking care to place a strip of indiarubber between the said bar and the blades, in. order to equalize the pression and at the same time to insulate the blades of copper from this piece of lead.

The wires e from the blades t may be directly connected with the electro magnets, or attached to screws 6 fixed on the tableQ, and to which the wires of the electro-magnets would be connected. (In order to prevent the frequent passage of the electrical current-from oxidatin g the points 25, and diminish their power of conduction, it w'illbe wellto weld small pieces of platina to their extremity.) By means of this disposition it will be easy to remove a blade of-this range or comb, in order to repair or to examine it, and then to put it a-gainto its place. Each of these blades is covered on oneface with a strip of paper or varnish,- in'order toinsulate it from its neighbor.

It will be sufficientfor a loom of twelve hundred hooks to use a comb (orrangc of blades) and a cylinder, 1), of forty and onehalf inches in length. In consequence ofits movement this cylinder will present at each passage of the shuttle a new line to the points 25. If this length of forty and one-half inches would be'found yet too considerable, it might be reduced to the half or to the third part of it by disposing the blades t on two or three ranges, touching the cylinder on two or three different lines. In this case the disposition of intwo ranges each ofthem is separated from its neighbors in the same range by a space of one twenty-fifth of an inch, in which a blade of wood, of ivory, or of any other insulating material will be disposed, the object ofwhich is at the same time to guide the metal blades in their movements. To the pieces 1' r are attached the wires eof the electro-magnets. The necessary pressure may be obtained in the same manner as in Fig. 12, either by means of weights suspended to the blades, or of a single weight laid upon them.

I shall hereinafter describe another system of comb especially applicable, to patterns of several colors.

By the disposition which has been described there is a continuous communication between all the bobbins or magnets and both the poles of the pile. Consequently ,all the magnets will receive a magnetic attractive power, so

- that all the hooks aud-healds would remain in a raised'state if .the pile were suificiently p magnets, while it will continue to take place in the first. Thus to make the design or pattern it will be sutficient to cover with an insulating material the-portion of the cylinder D, or of the sheet of metal corresponding'tothose points, the hooks of whichare not to be raised It is obvious that this may be obtained by various means. Thus, for instance, a sheet of paper provided with holes, or out out or pinked and pasted on the cylinder, or the sheet of metal may lie used, or a woven fabric with open meshes, such as gauze, percale, &c., on which the pattern would be executed by means of a conducting material, such as silver orgold or plumbago,&c. The stuti" so prepared. would be laid on the cylinder 1). Everywhere the'points 1 meet with the insulated portion of the=design the electrical current will be broken, while if the said points meet with the metallic substance of which the design is made this current will be closed. The systern which I consider as the best consists in covering certain parts of the surface of the cylinder D or of the sheet metal with alay of non-conducling varnish. This varnish must be of such a matter that itcannot grease the points t sliding upon it. The varnish of co pal has given me a very good result.

Where the weft or woot' is of one color the execution of the design will be-v'ery simple, as -no translation or any preparatory operation is wanted. It will be sufficient to drawthe design with a brush and varnish on the surface r of the cylinder D itself, oriof the sheet of metal, so as to leavev uncovered only the places corresponding .to those where the weft is to be seenin the fabric. The cylinder might be also. covered with a general lay of varnish, which could be scratched at some places so as to uncover the metal, orthe design might be put on the cylinder with aqua fortis, The design executed in sucheman-ner will be of the same breadth as the space occupied'by the points of the comb, audit must extend over the length of the'periphery of the cylinder, or all the length of the sheet of metal. This design, by the revolution of the cylinder, will pass many times under the points or teeth of the comb .until the piece, of fabric is terminated.

The designs executed in such a manner-as just described will be exactlyreproduced in, the fabric, and to some extent may be varied by varying the quantity which the cylinder moves at each passage of the throttle. Lengthened or shortened patterns will be thus obtained in a regular proportion, and the same design may be used to produce two or three pieces of fabric, each of which would have adifl'er'ent as- Y ect.

'With the kind'of design which I have just ilescribed the teeth of the comb must be all in one range. This system might be inconvenient in this way, that the threads of weft are not'sutficiently bound, and consequently by the least friction the fabrics would easily unravel and be quite spoiled. In order to prevent this, a supplementary regular crossing of warp-threads may be added in the loom, so as to secure or bind the weft, and this will also increase the beauty of the fabric. This addition consists only, as it is well known, of a series of two to twelve movements imparted to some healds, and which will be regularly repeatedin the same order.

In the greatest number of looms-now in use such supplementary warp-threads are generally governed by means of a little supplementary Jacquards machine brought'int'o motion by an especial treadle.- As this mechanism requires not more than twelve small cards one might continue to make use of it in electrical looms, and principally-in such looms to which it is already-applied. It is, however, obvious that alit tle mechanism may be used,- consisting in a cylinder and a comb similar to those of the principal design or pattern, but acting upon greater and more powerful magnets.

When the sort of fabric requires the'weft to be of several colors, so that for the same pas sage the shuttle must be changed five or six .tlBlBS, then the surface of the c'ylinderl) or of.

the sheet g'- must also be drawn with squares formed by lines distant from each other inone direction of the same width as the points of,

the comb, and in the other of the widththe cylinder D moves at each passage of the shutt le.

. The design may be executed in the ordinary manner in the places where the weft is of one and the same color, while in the others the squares corresponding tov the respectivev colors, which vare not to he seen,'mustbe covered with varnish. Thus, for, instance, in v Fig. 15. the design will be made as colnmonlyover the. lines 1 2 3 4., as the weft must be of one color in the part of the piece of fabric corresponding to these lines; but the lines 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10, corresponding to the parts of the piece of fabric, in which the weft must be of several colors, must be covered with varnish according to the "arrangement of the colors. This means will he very convenientin making pieces 'of fabric in which only some portions of their lengths are of several colors, as is often-the case but for such fabrics in which. seven or eight colors are reproduced and vary indefinitely, as in shawls, the proceeding of covering with varnish the different lines cor-- responding to each color might be found too long and inconvenient,particularly it this proceedingbe compared with the simple and economical one which Idescribed for the manufactureof fabrics in which the weft is of only one color.

In order to render the manufacturing of shawls almost as simple, I have contrivedthe' following disposition, which is entirely new,

and which will give a means to facilitate the. operation of the reading (Zisage) even with the common Jacquard machine. This disposition could be applied, if necessary, to the cylinder D or to the sheet of metal of Fig. 12; but I prefer to make use of a grate, S, Fig. 16, formed with bars or blades distant from each other of one millimeter, or nearly so. One must have, besides, a great number of small pieces of wood or of metal of rectangular form' and similar to the letters or types used by one to ten millimeters, or thereabout. These types will be distributed in'a sort of'box divided by partitions similar to those in, use by printers, as seen in Fig. 17. All the piecesof the same length will be placed into the compartment a. The pieces of the first range, or

a, will be one millimeter in breadth; those of the second range, or a will be two millimeters in breadth, &c. and the arrangement will be the'same for the pieces b c d, 860., each length of type corresponding to one color. For composing the design or pattern these pieces will be used exactly in the same manne'ras letters .or types, while the grate S will be used as'a composing-stick. The headof such pieces or types must be a little thicker than their body,-

so, that they cannot fall through the grate'between its bars or blades, but that they remain hung to it. When the design or pattern has been composed or set a board or sheet will be laid upon the head of all the types, the surface of which board is as large as the whole grate, so that this said grate may bereversed or turned up without the types being able to fall of.

Then there will be on the other side of the grate a series of types more orless long, more "or less broad, as shown in Fig. 18, in which S is the grate, T the board keepingthetypes in their places, and 'w the unequal surfaces resulting from the disposition ,of the types, according-to the order of the colors,

Fig. 19 shows a comb by means of which each color will be culled from the-others andrepresented by an especial line without necessitating any translating or reading (lisaga), This comb is formed of vertical rods 2, assembled and fitted loosely in a sort of frame or tong, U. Each of such rods carries a tooth or socket, preventing them from'descending below a certain height in the piece U. They-are entirelycovered with varnish,cexcepting a little space,z which is situated equally high in each rod. To their upper extremity are connectedthei wires 6 of the electro-magnets. As long as the teeth or sockets at rest on the piece U all the spaces a will be situated in one straight line 5 but, on the contrary, if by allowing the lower end of such rods to come into contact with the uneven surface formed by the numerous types 10 of Fig. 18 the rods 2 arev raised to an equal number ofdift'erent heights as there are lengths of'the pieces w, the spaces 2 will draw themselves up in several lines, 1' 2 3, &c., each of which corresponds to a difierent color. Thus,

if one has a blade communicating with one of the poles of the pile, and if this blade be sue-1 cessively brought into close contact with the lines 12' 22', &c., it will only transmit the attractive power to the teeth, where itwill meet with the uncovered metal, so as to lift' the hooks corresponding to the various colors, re-- spectively. Thusit will be sufficient, in weavitig the fabric", tolower the comb uponthe first line of the grate S, then to bring to the line 12 the blade communicating with one'pole 'ot' the pile, after this to act upon the treadle, and to throw the shuttle.with the red weft, then to bring the blade to the line 22, to act upon the treadle and to pass the shuttle with the black weft, and so further for each color. Then the comb will be lifted up again, the grate is made to advance one step, the combis lowered again upon the second line or range of the grate, and

the movements of the blade will be repeated;

1 The advancing of the grate at each raising of the comb 2. will be produced by means of a mechanism similar to those of Figs. 8,9, 10, and 11. tained by means of a mechanism which the weaver will actuate by hand or by a treadle.

This mechanism may simply consist of a vertical' rod which would be caused to ascend or descend gradually and then draw back rapidly. Thus the disposition of Fig. 21 might be adopted, in which V is the vertical rod car.-

rying the blade W, kept in contact with the.

rods 2 of the comb by one or'more springs, y.

' A cam or eccentric, X, by revolving lifts up the rod V and then lets it fall back. A ratchet-wheel, conveniently disposed, allows theeccentric'X to push the rod V the distance between twolines 12' and 22', &c., Fig. 20, at

each movement'ot' another-rod actuated by that of Jacquard, either the movement of the 1 cutters used to pierce the cards of a J acquards machine or the pushing of the horizontal rods and of the hooks without cards or electricity.

The "l0om. The disposition of the lower partof the loom remains quite the same as in the common looms generally in use, only the upper part of it--that is to say, the mechanism contrived by J acquard-will bechanged from the table near which the warp-threads are attached to the healds. The hooks will occupy-the whol'ebreadth o'f'the loom, and the electro-ma-gnet's will be applied directly to the hooks. The obliquity ot' the threads is also avoided, which obliquity'renders them more The motion of the blade will boob;

diificult to he raised, and exposes them to the danger of being easily broken. This disposition will be understood by means of Fig. 6, showing such an 'arrangement as seen from the anterior part of the loom. 0 is the: table, near which the warp-threads are attached to the healds vC, the table guiding thehooks, and Q the movable table which raises vthe said hooks. B, B, and B are the'three ranges of electro-magnets.

By moving the e'lectro-magnets instead of the hooks and ,healds (as already explained) the disposition of Fig. 6 would be replaced by that of Fig. 22, in which the rangesflof electromagnets B B B are allowedto descend and to ascend, carryingup the disks a, which rest by means of helical springs on fixed tables 0?.

As the electro-magnets might be found too heavy they could be'd-isposed horizontally on a carriage, as'shown at Fig. 23, in which e are threads which pass over pulleys Y, and are attached to the hooks A. To the extremity of these hooks are secured disks a, hearing, as in Fig. 22, by means of springs against three fix'ed boards,O Three other boards or tables', O O 0?, belonging to a carriage moving on wheels Z, carry the electro-magnets.

The carriage is made to advance, so as to put the electro-magnets in contact with thedisks a, then by bringing back the carriage the electro-magnets, would drag the required disks and the corresponding hooks.

.Having now described myinvention and the manner inwhich thesame is to be performed and used, I desire .to have it well understood th'at I do not confine myself in the exact detailsof the above description and drawings;

but

What I'clainu as'my invention is-- 1. The application of electricity or of electro-magnets to power-looms, in order to raise or to keep in an elevated state the hooks and healds in the required order toform the design or pattern of fashionedstuffs, such as shawls, carpets, ribbons,&c.', as hereinbefore described.

2. The various means of'making such designs on metallic surfaceslby means of an insulating material, and the use for this purpose of varnish, .of weavings or paper painted or colored with metallic substances, of paper cut out or picked or pierced.

GAETANO CAV. BONELLI.

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