US11764617B2 - Wireless power receivers for virtual AC power signals - Google Patents
Wireless power receivers for virtual AC power signals Download PDFInfo
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- US11764617B2 US11764617B2 US17/172,916 US202117172916A US11764617B2 US 11764617 B2 US11764617 B2 US 11764617B2 US 202117172916 A US202117172916 A US 202117172916A US 11764617 B2 US11764617 B2 US 11764617B2
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- H02J50/00—Circuit arrangements or systems for wireless supply or distribution of electric power
- H02J50/20—Circuit arrangements or systems for wireless supply or distribution of electric power using microwaves or radio frequency waves
- H02J50/27—Circuit arrangements or systems for wireless supply or distribution of electric power using microwaves or radio frequency waves characterised by the type of receiving antennas, e.g. rectennas
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- H02J50/00—Circuit arrangements or systems for wireless supply or distribution of electric power
- H02J50/80—Circuit arrangements or systems for wireless supply or distribution of electric power involving the exchange of data, concerning supply or distribution of electric power, between transmitting devices and receiving devices
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- H02J50/00—Circuit arrangements or systems for wireless supply or distribution of electric power
- H02J50/10—Circuit arrangements or systems for wireless supply or distribution of electric power using inductive coupling
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- H02J50/00—Circuit arrangements or systems for wireless supply or distribution of electric power
- H02J50/40—Circuit arrangements or systems for wireless supply or distribution of electric power using two or more transmitting or receiving devices
- H02J50/402—Circuit arrangements or systems for wireless supply or distribution of electric power using two or more transmitting or receiving devices the two or more transmitting or the two or more receiving devices being integrated in the same unit, e.g. power mats with several coils or antennas with several sub-antennas
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- H02J50/00—Circuit arrangements or systems for wireless supply or distribution of electric power
- H02J50/005—Mechanical details of housing or structure aiming to accommodate the power transfer means, e.g. mechanical integration of coils, antennas or transducers into emitting or receiving devices
Definitions
- the present disclosure generally relates to systems and methods for wireless transfer of electrical power, and, more particularly, to wireless transfer of virtual AC power signals.
- Wireless connection systems are used in a variety of applications for the wireless transfer of electrical energy, electrical power, electromagnetic energy, electrical data signals, among other known wirelessly transmittable signals.
- Such systems often use inductive wireless power transfer, which occurs when magnetic fields created by a transmitting element induce an electric field, and hence, an electric current, in a receiving element.
- These transmitting and receiving elements will often take the form of coiled wires and/or antennas.
- the operating frequency may be selected for a variety of reasons, such as, but not limited to, power transfer characteristics, power level characteristics, self-resonant frequency restraints, design requirements, adherence to standards bodies' required characteristics (e.g. electromagnetic interference (EMI) requirements, specific absorption rate (SAR) requirements, among other things), bill of materials (BOM), and/or form factor constraints, among other things.
- EMI electromagnetic interference
- SAR specific absorption rate
- BOM bill of materials
- form factor constraints among other things.
- self-resonating frequency generally refers to the resonant frequency of a passive component (e.g., an inductor) due to the parasitic characteristics of the component.
- a direct current (DC) power input may be generated at a rectifier of the receiving element, which may have a voltage comparable to power output of, for example, a USB port (e.g., typically about 0.5 Watts (W) to about 50 W).
- a variety of devices exist (e.g., electronic devices such as appliances) that are more suitably powered by an alternating current (AC) power input from a standard AC wall outlet and components thereof.
- Such devices may include, but are not limited to including, high powered devices (e.g., kitchen appliances, power tools, among other things) and/or devices utilizing AC motors that are optimized for receiving an AC power input.
- systems, devices, and methods for wireless power transfer are desired that can simulate the power transfer from an AC wall outlet (or the like) to a device for which AC power input is more suitable, including but not limited to an electronic device such as an appliance.
- a wireless power transfer system to power such devices (e.g., kitchen appliances, power tools, among other AC powered machines, particularly those with AC motors).
- AC power input can be useful at high power levels (e.g., of about 500 W to about 5 kiloWatts (kW)), because the alternating voltage can lower a peak current flow, over time, and lower peak currents result in less heat generated and/or result in less loss in efficiency, due to resistance in the signal path.
- Virtual AC power signals generally, are wireless power signals that simulate characteristics of AC power input from, for example, but not limited to, a conventional power outlet.
- the systems and methods disclosed herein are particularly beneficial when used to power devices that require high power levels, while also providing some data communications during, before, or after transfer of virtual AC power signals.
- data communications may be necessary for controlling devices powered by AC power signals.
- particular modes of wireless data communications may be unavailable or unideal (e.g., in-band communications of the virtual AC power signal).
- other modes of wireless data communication may require additional circuitry, which may be cost prohibitive or not suitable for the given application (e.g., a Bluetooth communications system, a WiFi communications system).
- the systems, devices, and methods disclosed herein may also be capable of performing another wireless power transfer, which may include in-band data communications, in addition to the virtual AC power signal transfer.
- This additional wireless power transfer may provide a more traditional, “virtual direct current (DC) power signal” to the receiver element, which is generally transferred at a higher operating frequency, in comparison to the operating frequency of transfer for virtual AC power signals, and may also generally (but not necessarily) have a lower peak power or voltage level than the virtual AC power signal.
- DC virtual direct current
- the additional virtual DC power signal may be of a lower power level (e.g., in a range of about 1 mW to about 15 W), when compared to the virtual AC power signal (e.g., in a range of about 50 W to about 5 kW).
- the receiving element may include one or more subsystems that are capable of being powered by such a lower power level signal.
- the virtual DC power signal may be utilized to power components and/or devices of the receiving element.
- a device such as an appliance could utilize the virtual DC power signal to power up a lower-power component such as a controller or control mechanism, which is utilized to turn the device's higher-power components (e.g., a motor) on or off, thus, in some examples, communicating to the transmitter element that virtual AC power signals are desired for powering the higher-power components and/or facilitating receipt of the AC power signals by the higher-power components.
- a lower-power component such as a controller or control mechanism, which is utilized to turn the device's higher-power components (e.g., a motor) on or off, thus, in some examples, communicating to the transmitter element that virtual AC power signals are desired for powering the higher-power components and/or facilitating receipt of the AC power signals by the higher-power components.
- the virtual DC power signal transmitting system/sub-system may be a high frequency wireless power system, utilized for one or both of communicating with a receiver element and providing additional, virtual DC power signals to the receiver element, prior to, during, and/or after transmission of AC power signals.
- the systems, devices, and methods disclosed herein may be implemented by including a new high frequency wireless power system, which include new circuits for allowing higher power transfer (greater than 300 mW) than legacy devices, without damaging circuitry and/or without degrading communications below a desired standard data protocol, are desired.
- the wireless receiver systems disclosed herein utilize a voltage isolation circuit, which may have the capability to achieve proper data communications fidelity at greater receipt power levels at the load, when compared to other high frequency wireless power transmission systems.
- the wireless receiver systems with the voltage isolation circuits, are capable of receiving power from the wireless transmission system that has an output power at levels over 1 W of power, whereas legacy high frequency systems may be limited to receipt from output levels of only less than 1 W of power.
- the poller (receiver system) often utilizes a microprocessor from the NTAG family of microprocessors, which was initially designed for very low power data communications.
- NTAG microprocessors without protection or isolation, may not adequately and/or efficiently receive wireless power signals at output levels over 1 W.
- inventors of the present application have found, in experimental results, that when utilizing voltage isolation circuits as disclosed herein, the NTAG chip may be utilized and/or retrofitted for wireless power transfer and wireless communications, either independently or simultaneously.
- the voltage isolation circuits disclosed herein may utilize inexpensive components (e.g., isolation capacitors) to modify functionality of legacy, inexpensive microprocessors (e.g., an NTAG family microprocessor), for new uses and/or improved functionality.
- legacy, inexpensive microprocessors e.g., an NTAG family microprocessor
- controllers may be used as the receiver controller 38 that may be more capable of receipt at higher voltage levels and/or voltage swings, such controllers may be cost prohibitive, in comparison to legacy controllers. Accordingly, the systems and methods herein allow for use of less costly components, for high power high frequency wireless power transfer.
- a wireless power receiver system includes a first receiver antenna, a second receiver antenna, a first receiver power conditioning system, and a second receiver power conditioning system.
- the first receiver antenna is configured to couple with a first transmission antenna and receive virtual AC power signals from the first transmission antenna, the first receiver antenna operating based on a first operating frequency.
- the second receiver antenna is configured to couple with a second transmission antenna and receive virtual DC power signals from the second transmitter antenna, the second receiver antenna operating based on a second operating frequency.
- the first receiver power conditioning system is configured to (i) receive the virtual AC power signals, (ii) convert the virtual AC power signals to alternating current (AC) received power signals, and (iii) provide the AC received power signals to a first load.
- the second receiver power conditioning system is configured to (i) receive the virtual DC power signals, (ii) convert the virtual DC power signals to DC received power signals, and (iii) provide the DC received power signals to a second load.
- the AC received power signals oscillate at a power frequency, the power frequency based, at least in part, on a virtual AC power frequency of the virtual AC power signals.
- the virtual AC power frequency is in a range of about 50 Hz to about 60 Hz.
- the first operating frequency is in a range of about 20 kHz to about 150 kHz.
- the second operating frequency is in a range of about 13.553 MHz to about 13.567 MHz.
- the wireless receiver system further includes at least one receiver controller configured to perform one or more of encoding data signals in the virtual DC wireless signals, decoding the data signals from the virtual DC wireless signals, receiving the data signals, or transmitting the data signals.
- the wireless receiver system further includes a voltage isolation circuit including at least two capacitors, wherein the at least two capacitors are in electrical parallel with respect to the at least one receiver controller, and wherein the voltage isolation circuit is configured to (i) regulate the virtual DC power signal to have a voltage input range for input to the at least one receiver controller and (ii) isolate a controller voltage at the at least one receiver controller from a second load voltage at the second load.
- a voltage isolation circuit including at least two capacitors, wherein the at least two capacitors are in electrical parallel with respect to the at least one receiver controller, and wherein the voltage isolation circuit is configured to (i) regulate the virtual DC power signal to have a voltage input range for input to the at least one receiver controller and (ii) isolate a controller voltage at the at least one receiver controller from a second load voltage at the second load.
- a wireless power receiver system includes a first receiver subsystem and a poller for a Near Field Communications (NFC) system.
- the first receiver subsystem includes a first receiver antenna configured to couple with a first transmission antenna and receive virtual AC power signals from the first transmission antenna, the first receiver antenna operating based on a first operating frequency for the virtual AC power signals.
- the first receiver subsystem further includes a first receiver power conditioning system configured to (i) receive the virtual AC power signals, (ii) convert the virtual AC power signals to alternating current (AC) received power signals, and (iii) provide the AC received power signals to a first load.
- NFC Near Field Communications
- the poller includes a second receiver antenna configured to couple with a second transmission antenna and receive virtual DC power signals from the second transmitter antenna, the second receiver antenna operating based on the second operating frequency.
- the poller further includes a second receiver power conditioning system configured to (i) receive the virtual DC power signals, (ii) convert the virtual DC power signals to DC received power signals, and (iii) provide the DC received power signals to a second load.
- the operating frequency is in a range of about 13.553 MHz to about 13.567 MHz.
- the received power of the wireless power signals are at a power greater than about 300 mW.
- the wireless receiver system further includes at least one receiver controller configured to perform one or more of encoding data signals in the virtual DC wireless signals, decoding the data signals from the virtual DC wireless signals, receiving the data signals, or transmitting the data signals.
- the wireless receiver system further includes a voltage isolation circuit including at least two capacitors, wherein the at least two capacitors are in electrical parallel with respect to the at least one receiver controller, and wherein the voltage isolation circuit is configured to (i) regulate the virtual DC power signal to have a voltage input range for input to the at least one receiver controller and (ii) isolate a controller voltage at the at least one receiver controller from a second load voltage at the second load.
- a voltage isolation circuit including at least two capacitors, wherein the at least two capacitors are in electrical parallel with respect to the at least one receiver controller, and wherein the voltage isolation circuit is configured to (i) regulate the virtual DC power signal to have a voltage input range for input to the at least one receiver controller and (ii) isolate a controller voltage at the at least one receiver controller from a second load voltage at the second load.
- a wireless power receiver system includes a receiver antenna configured for coupling with a transmission antenna and receiving the virtual AC power signals from the transmission antenna, the receiver antenna operating based on an operating frequency.
- the wireless power receiver system further includes a receiver power conditioning system configured to (i) receive the virtual AC power signals, (ii) convert the virtual AC power signals to alternating current (AC) received power signals, and (iii) provide the AC input power signals to a load.
- a receiver power conditioning system configured to (i) receive the virtual AC power signals, (ii) convert the virtual AC power signals to alternating current (AC) received power signals, and (iii) provide the AC input power signals to a load.
- the AC received power signals oscillate at a power frequency, the power frequency based, at least in part, on a virtual AC power frequency of the virtual AC power signals.
- the virtual AC power frequency is in a range of about 50 Hz to about 60 Hz.
- the operating frequency is in a range of about 20 kHz to about 150 kHz.
- the AC received power signals have a power in the range of about 1 kW to about 5 kW.
- FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an embodiment of a system for wirelessly transferring one or more of electrical energy, electrical power signals, electrical power, electromagnetic energy, electronic data, and combinations thereof, in accordance with the present disclosure.
- FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating components of a wireless transmission system of the system of FIG. 1 and a wireless receiver system of the system of FIG. 1 , in accordance with FIG. 1 and the present disclosure.
- FIG. 3 A is three plots of example signals that may travel through virtual AC power signal components of the wireless power transfer system, from an input stage to an ultimate output stage, in accordance with FIGS. 1 - 2 and the present disclosure.
- FIG. 3 B is three plots of example signals that may travel through virtual DC power signal components of the wireless power transfer system, from an input stage to an ultimate output stage, in accordance with FIGS. 1 - 2 and the present disclosure.
- FIG. 3 C is example timing diagrams, in synchronization, showing slotted communications utilizing the virtual DC power signals for data communications within a slot in the virtual AC power signals, in accordance with FIGS. 1 - 3 B and the present disclosure.
- FIG. 4 A is a block diagram illustrating components of a transmission control system of the wireless transmission system of FIG. 2 , in accordance with FIG. 1 - 3 B and the present disclosure.
- FIG. 4 B is an alternative block diagram illustrating components of a transmission control system of the wireless transmission system of FIG. 2 , in accordance with FIGS. 1 - 4 A and the present disclosure.
- FIG. 5 is a block diagram illustrating components of a sensing system of the transmission control system of FIG. 4 , in accordance with FIGS. 1 - 4 B and the present disclosure.
- FIG. 6 is a block diagram illustrating components of a power conditioning system of the wireless transmission system of FIG. 2 , in accordance with FIG. 1 , FIG. 2 , and the present disclosure.
- FIG. 7 A is a block diagram illustrating components of a receiver control system and a receiver power conditioning system of the wireless receiver system of FIG. 2 , in accordance with FIG. 1 , FIG. 2 , and the present disclosure.
- FIG. 7 B is another block diagram illustrating components of a receiver control system and a receiver power conditioning system of the wireless receiver system of FIG. 2 , in accordance with FIG. 1 , FIG. 2 , and the present disclosure.
- FIG. 8 is a block diagram of elements of a wireless receiver system of FIGS. 1 - 2 and 7 , further illustrating components of an amplifier of the power conditioning system of FIG. 7 and signal characteristics for wireless power transmission, in accordance with FIGS. 1 - 2 , 7 , and the present disclosure.
- FIG. 9 is an electrical schematic diagram of elements of the wireless receiver system of FIG. 8 , further illustrating components of an amplifier of the power conditioning system of FIGS. 7 - 8 , in accordance with FIGS. 1 - 2 , 7 - 8 , and the present disclosure.
- FIG. 10 A is a top view of a non-limiting, exemplary antenna, for use as one or both of a transmission antenna and a receiver antenna of the system of FIGS. 1 - 9 and/or any other systems, methods, or apparatus disclosed herein, in accordance with the present disclosure.
- FIG. 10 B is a top view of another non-limiting, exemplary antenna, for use as one or both of a transmission antenna and a receiver antenna of the system of FIGS. 1 - 9 and/or any other systems, methods, or apparatus disclosed herein, in accordance with the present disclosure.
- the wireless power transfer system 10 provides for the wireless transmission of electrical signals, such as, but not limited to, electrical energy, electrical power, electrical power signals, electromagnetic energy, and electronically transmittable data (“electronic data”).
- electrical power signal or “power signal” refers to an electrical signal transmitted specifically to provide meaningful electrical energy for charging and/or directly powering a load
- electronic data signal or “data signal” refers to an electrical signal that is utilized to convey data across a medium.
- Alternating current (AC) wireless signals refer to an AC signal either used to drive an antenna, either by circuitry (e.g., an amplifier) or by induction via another antenna, which may include one or both of wireless power signals and wireless data signals.
- a “wireless power signal,” be it an AC or DC wireless power signal, is a power signal configured to provide meaningful electrical energy for charging and/or directly powering a load, wherein the wireless power signal is generated by magnetic induction based on AC wireless signals.
- the wireless power transfer system 10 provides for the wireless transmission of electrical signals via near field magnetic coupling.
- the wireless power transfer system 10 includes a wireless transmission system 20 and a wireless receiver system 30 .
- the wireless receiver system is configured to receive electrical signals from, at least, the wireless transmission system 20 .
- the wireless transmission system 20 may be referenced as a “listener” of the NFC-DC wireless transfer system 20 and the wireless receiver system 30 may be referenced as a “poller” of the NFC-DC wireless transfer system.
- the wireless transmission system 20 and wireless receiver system 30 may be configured to transmit electrical signals across, at least, one or more a separation distances or gaps 17 .
- a separation distance or gap, such as the gaps 17 in the context of a wireless power transfer system, such as the system 10 , does not include a physical connection, such as a wired connection.
- There may be intermediary objects located in a separation distance or gap such as, but not limited to, air, a counter top, a casing for an electronic device, a plastic filament, an insulator, a mechanical wall, among other things; however, there is no physical, electrical connection at such a separation distance or gap.
- the combination of the wireless transmission system 20 and the wireless receiver system 30 create an electrical connection without the need for a physical connection.
- the term “electrical connection” refers to any facilitation of a transfer of an electrical current, voltage, and/or power from a first location, device, component, and/or source to a second location, device, component, and/or destination.
- An “electrical connection” may be a physical connection, such as, but not limited to, a wire, a trace, a via, among other physical electrical connections, connecting a first location, device, component, and/or source to a second location, device, component, and/or destination.
- an “electrical connection” may be a wireless power and/or data transfer, such as, but not limited to, magnetic, electromagnetic, resonant, and/or inductive field, among other wireless power and/or data transfers, connecting a first location, device, component, and/or source to a second location, device, component, and/or destination.
- the gap 17 may also be referenced as a “Z-Distance,” because, if one considers an antenna 21 , 31 each to be disposed substantially along respective common X-Y planes, then the distance separating the antennas 21 , 31 is the gap in a “Z” or “depth” direction.
- flexible and/or non-planar coils are certainly contemplated by embodiments of the present disclosure and, thus, it is contemplated that the gap 17 may not be uniform, across an envelope of connection distances between the antennas 21 , 31 . It is contemplated that various tunings, configurations, and/or other parameters may alter the possible maximum distance of the gap 17 , such that electrical transmission from the wireless transmission system 20 to the wireless receiver system 30 remains possible.
- the wireless power transfer system 10 operates when antennas of the wireless transmission system 20 and the wireless receiver system 30 are coupled.
- the terms “couples,” “coupled,” and “coupling” generally refer to magnetic field coupling, which occurs when a transmitter and/or any components thereof and a receiver and/or any components thereof are coupled to each other through a magnetic field.
- Such coupling may include coupling, represented by a coupling coefficient (k), that is at least sufficient for an induced electrical power signal, from a transmitter, to be harnessed by a receiver.
- Coupling of the wireless transmission system 20 and the wireless receiver system 30 , in the system 10 may be represented by a resonant coupling coefficient of the system 10 and, for the purposes of wireless power transfer, the coupling coefficient for the system 10 may be in the range of about 0.01 and 0.9.
- the wireless transmission system 20 may be associated with a host device 11 , which may receive power from an input power source 12 .
- the host device 11 may be any electrically operated device, circuit board, electronic assembly, dedicated charging device, or any other contemplated electronic device.
- Example host devices 11 , with which the wireless transmission system 20 may be associated therewith, include, but are not limited to including, a device that includes an integrated circuit, a tabletop wireless power transmitter, a counter-integrated wireless power transmitter, an integrated wireless power transmitter for powering kitchen appliances, cases for wearable electronic devices, receptacles for electronic devices, a portable computing device, clothing configured with electronics, storage medium for electronic devices, charging apparatus for one or multiple electronic devices, dedicated electrical charging devices, activity or sport related equipment, goods, and/or data collection devices, among other contemplated electronic devices.
- the input power source 12 may be or may include one or more electrical storage devices, such as an electrochemical cell, a battery pack, and/or a capacitor, among other storage devices.
- the input power source 12 may be any electrical input source (e.g., any alternating current (AC) or direct current (DC) delivery port) and may include connection apparatus from said electrical input source to the wireless transmission system 20 (e.g., transformers, regulators, conductive conduits, traces, wires, or equipment, goods, computer, camera, mobile phone, and/or other electrical device connection ports and/or adaptors, such as but not limited to USB ports and/or adaptors, among other contemplated electrical components).
- AC alternating current
- DC direct current
- the transmitter antennas 21 are configured to wirelessly transmit the electrical signals conditioned and modified for wireless transmission by the wireless transmission system 20 via near-field magnetic coupling (NFMC).
- NFMC near-field magnetic coupling
- Near-field magnetic coupling enables the transfer of signals wirelessly through magnetic induction between the transmitter antennas 21 and a respective receiving antenna 31 of, or associated with, the wireless receiver system 30 .
- Near-field magnetic coupling may be and/or be referred to as “inductive coupling,” which, as used herein, is a wireless power transmission technique that utilizes an alternating electromagnetic field to transfer electrical energy between two antennas.
- Such inductive coupling is the near field wireless transmission of magnetic energy between two magnetically coupled coils that are tuned to resonate at a similar frequency. Accordingly, such near-field magnetic coupling may enable efficient wireless power transmission via resonant transmission of confined magnetic fields. Further, such near-field magnetic coupling may provide connection via “mutual inductance,” which, as defined herein is the production of an electromotive force in a circuit by a change in current in a second circuit magnetically coupled to the first.
- antenna operating frequencies may be in a low frequency range of operation, meaning operating frequencies in a range of about 1 kHz to about 1 MHz (e.g., 85-205 kHz operating frequencies for the Qi standard, operating frequencies in a range of about 20 kHz to about 100 kHz for higher than Qi power applications).
- antenna operating frequencies may comprise relatively high operating frequency ranges, examples of which may include, but are not limited to, 6.78 MHz (e.g., in accordance with the Rezence and/or Airfuel interface standard and/or any other proprietary interface standard operating at a frequency of 6.78 MHz), 13.56 MHz (e.g., in accordance with the NFC standard, defined by ISO/IEC standard 18092), 27 MHz, and/or an operating frequency of another proprietary operating mode.
- the operating frequencies of the antennas 21 , 31 may be operating frequencies designated by the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) in the Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM) frequency bands, including not limited to 6.78 MHz, 13.56 MHz, and 27 MHz, which are designated for use in wireless power transfer.
- the operating frequency may be in a range of about 13.553 MHz to about 13.567 MHz.
- a “resonant frequency” or “resonant frequency band” refers a frequency or frequencies wherein amplitude response of the antenna is at a relative maximum, or, additionally or alternatively, the frequency or frequency band where the capacitive reactance has a magnitude substantially similar to the magnitude of the inductive reactance.
- the transmitting antenna resonant frequency is at a high frequency, as known to those in the art of wireless power transfer.
- the wireless receiver system 30 may be associated with at least one electronic device 14 , wherein the electronic device 14 may be any device that requires electrical power for any function and/or for power storage (e.g., via a battery and/or capacitor). Additionally, the electronic device 14 may be any device capable of receipt of electronically transmissible data.
- the device may be, but is not limited to being, a handheld computing device, a mobile device, a portable appliance, an integrated circuit, an identifiable tag, a kitchen utility device, a kitchen appliance, an electronic tool, an electric vehicle, a game console, a robotic device, a wearable electronic device (e.g., an electronic watch, electronically modified glasses, altered-reality (AR) glasses, virtual reality (VR) glasses, among other things), a portable scanning device, a portable identifying device, a sporting good, an embedded sensor, an Internet of Things (IoT) sensor, IoT enabled clothing, IoT enabled recreational equipment, industrial equipment, medical equipment, a medical device a tablet computing device, a portable control device, a remote controller for an electronic device, a gaming controller, among other things.
- a handheld computing device e.g., a mobile device, a portable appliance, an integrated circuit, an identifiable tag, a kitchen utility device, a kitchen appliance, an electronic tool, an electric vehicle, a game console, a robotic device, a wear
- arrow-ended lines are utilized to illustrate transferrable and/or communicative signals and various patterns are used to illustrate electrical signals that are intended for power transmission and electrical signals that are intended for the transmission of data (which may include control instructions and/or other forms of data).
- Solid lines indicate signal transmission of electrical energy over a physical and/or wireless medium, in the form of power signals that are, ultimately, utilized in wireless power transmission from the wireless transmission system 20 to the wireless receiver system 30 .
- the thicker solid lines e.g., as illustrated between the antennas 21 A, 31 A in FIG. 1
- dotted lines are utilized to illustrate electronically transmittable data signals, which ultimately may be wirelessly transmitted from the wireless transmission system 20 to the wireless receiver system 30 .
- the systems and methods herein illustrate the transmission of wirelessly transmitted energy, wireless power signals, wirelessly transmitted power, wirelessly transmitted electromagnetic energy, and/or electronically transmittable data
- the systems, methods, and apparatus disclosed herein may be utilized in the transmission of only one signal, various combinations of two signals, or more than two signals and, further, it is contemplated that the systems, method, and apparatus disclosed herein may be utilized for wireless transmission of other electrical signals in addition to or uniquely in combination with one or more of the above mentioned signals.
- the signal paths of solid or dotted lines may represent a functional signal path, whereas, in practical application, the actual signal is routed through additional components en route to its indicated destination.
- a data signal routes from a communications apparatus to another communications apparatus; however, in practical application, the data signal may be routed through an amplifier, then through a transmission antenna, to a receiver antenna, where, on the receiver end, the data signal is decoded by a respective communications device of the receiver.
- the wireless connection system 10 is illustrated as a block diagram including example components and/or subsystems of both the wireless transmission system 20 and the wireless receiver system 30 .
- the wireless transmission system includes a first transmission subsystem 120 A and a second transmission subsystem 120 B, along with a transmission control system 26 .
- the wireless receiver system may include a first receiver subsystem 130 A and a second receiver subsystem 130 B.
- the transmission subsystems 120 may include like or similar components, bearing similar reference numbers, but are generally configured for transmitting different types of electrical signals and/or wireless power signals.
- the receiver subsystems 130 may include like or similar components, bearing similar reference numbers, but are generally configured for receiving different types of electrical signals and/or wireless power signals.
- AC power signal is a wireless power signal that simulates the alternating voltage characteristics of an AC power signal, such as a current or power signal that is drawn from a traditional power outlet, such as a common wall outlet.
- a traditional power outlet may be any power outlet, from any standards body or national/local standardization, that draws electrical power from a power delivery mechanism (e.g., a power grid, a power plant, a personal generator, solar panels, a local battery power storage, among other contemplated power sources).
- Such traditional power outlets may output currents or power signals having maximum voltages in a range of about 100 V to about 240 V, maximum current levels or ratings in a range of about 8 Amperes (Amps) to about 20 Amps, power levels in a maximum wattage of about 1.5 kW to about 5 kW, and AC signal frequencies in a range of about 50 Hz to about 60 Hz.
- a wireless power signal that is a virtual AC power signal may have a periodically varying peak voltage (at the positive and negative peaks). Such varying peak voltages rise and fall in accordance with a “virtual AC power frequency.”
- the voltage of the virtual AC power signal periodically rises and falls based on the magnitude of the operating frequency, whereas peak voltages rise and fall in accordance with the magnitude of the virtual AC power frequency.
- a virtual AC power frequency is the frequency at which a virtual AC power signal rises and falls, such that the virtual AC power frequency is configured to simulate a frequency of the alternating current of AC power signals generated from a power outlet.
- a corresponding virtual AC power signal transmitted by the wireless transmission system 20 may have a virtual AC power frequency of about 50 Hz.
- FIG. 3 A three timing plots are illustrated for three signals that may be associated with the first subsystem 120 A of the wireless transmission system 20 .
- the top plot is of an example of a power signal produced by a physically connected wall outlet, such as a wall power signal (V WALL ) input to the host device 11 and/or the wireless power transmission system 20 from the input power source 12 , as an input power signal to the host device.
- V WALL is a substantially periodic and, in this example sinusoidal, AC wave with its voltage rising and falling based on the sinusoidal waveform.
- the wireless power transmission system 20 may ultimately generate a virtual AC power signal (V vAC_Tx ) for transmission via the transmission antenna 21 A.
- V vAC_Tx virtual AC power signal
- V WALL real wall signal
- Virtual AC power signals may be considered to include two AC components—one AC component having the aforementioned operating frequency for wireless power transmission and another AC component having a virtual AC power frequency.
- the virtual AC power frequency for such a virtual AC power signal, may be about 50 Hz or about 60 Hz.
- the virtual AC power signal's virtual AC power frequency governs the rate at which a maximum for the peak voltage of the virtual AC power signal rises and falls, wherein each peak voltage is generated at the operating frequency, the virtual AC power frequency is necessarily less than the operating frequency.
- the operating frequency components of the signal are illustrated in solid lines and the virtual AC power frequency components of the signal are illustrated as the dotted lines or, for example, the substantially sinusoidal curve 125 .
- the magnitude of the operating frequency is much larger than that of the frequency of the substantially sinusoidal curve 125 .
- a mirror of the curve 125 is illustrated corresponding with the peak negative voltages 125 , having a substantially similar wave form as the curve 125 , but for negative voltages; this is illustrated to track rise and fall of the negative voltages 123 A-N and is not intended to simulate a wave form or curve.
- the virtual AC power frequency is less than the operating frequency and said frequencies may be in any range suitable for a given system.
- the virtual AC power frequency may be in a range of about 50 to about 60 Hz, comparable to traditional wall power signal frequencies, like the illustrated frequency of the sinusoid of V WALL .
- the operating frequency for the virtual AC power signal may be in a range of about 20 kHz to about 150 kHz.
- the plot for V vAC_Rx may be substantially similar, in shape, to the waveform of the curve 125 , while having a lower maximum peak voltage (V RMS ), when compared to the positive maximum peak voltage (+V peak ) of the curve 125 .
- V vAC_Rx is a received V vAC_Tx , but rectified, by the wireless receiver system 30 and, thus, eliminating the operating frequency AC component of V vACTX .
- V vAC_Rx may represent a series of root-means square (RMS) average voltages, sampled at a consistent rate, output by the rectifier, wherein each period of the curve has a peak RMS voltage (V RMS ) at the top of each period of the curve of V vAC_Rx .
- RMS root-means square
- V vAC_Rx is based on V vAC_TX , but rectified, and V vAC_Tx has negative voltage components, V RMS will be less than +V peak and, thus, V vAC_Rx appears as a scaled version of the curve 125 .
- the first transmission subsystem 120 A is shown to include, at least, a power conditioning system 40 A, a transmission tuning system 24 A, and the transmission antenna 21 A.
- the first transmission subsystem 120 A is configured to determine, prepare, generate, and/or transmit a virtual AC power signal.
- the first transmission subsystem 120 A is configured to generate a wireless power signal that is utilized by the wireless receiver system 30 to power a device with said power signal simulating characteristics of wired power signals that are output by any traditional wall power outlet (e.g., a wall outlet having any of various different voltage and current ratings, shapes, sizes and/or connector types that may commonly be used for wall outlets).
- the resultant virtual AC power signal received at the wireless receiver system 30 may simulate characteristics of standard wired and/or physically-contact-based wall power signals.
- the signals herein are generated, determined, prepared, tuned, and/or output by the second transmission subsystem 120 B.
- the second transmission subsystem 120 B may be configured to transfer one or both of a wireless power signal and a wireless data signal.
- the signals transmitted by the first transmission subsystem 120 A are substantially constant periodic wireless power signals, with a constant peak voltage; however, such a constant peak voltage is subject to variance due to changes in a desired output voltage to the receiver system 30 and/or perturbations made in the signal for in-band communications signals (Data) encoded into the wireless power signals.
- Data in-band communications signals
- the wireless power signals transferred by the second transmission subsystem 120 B may be considered virtual DC power signals, as the resultant signal at the rectifier of the wireless receiver system 30 is a substantially constant DC power signal, with given changes in the consistent peak voltage due to voltage or current change requests and/or perturbations caused by the encoding of in-band communications signals.
- VDC in the top signal illustrated is VDC in, which may be any input DC signal of the wireless transmission, such as a DC input via the input power source 12 , a DC input generated at the second power conditioning system 40 B and/or the voltage regulator 46 thereof, among other example DC power sources.
- V vDC_Tx a virtual DC wireless power signal
- V vDC_Tx a virtual DC wireless power signal
- V vDC_Tx consistently oscillates between +V peak and ⁇ V peak , at the operating frequency, wherein V peak may be altered to change the power output to the wireless receiver system 30 .
- V DC_Rx is the resultant output DC power signal of the wireless receiver system, based on V vDC_Tx and processed at, for example, a rectifier of the wireless receiver system 30 .
- V DC_Rx has a relatively consistent voltage, inherent to a DC power signal.
- V vDC_Tx The fourth plot from the top of FIG. 3 B illustrates V vDC_Tx again, but with perturbations in the signal, which may be encoded by one or both of the wireless transmission system 20 or the wireless transmission system 30 as in-band communications signals (Data), which will be discussed in greater detail below. Accordingly, when the peak voltage of V vDC_Tx is raised and lowered slightly to encode Data, the resultant DC output of the wireless receiver system 30 may show similar perturbations in its actual DC power output. While the illustrations of V vDC_Tx +Data shows an amplitude shift keyed signal (ASK), it is certainly contemplated, and discussed below, that Data may be encoded using other in-band encoding, such as, but not limited to, on off keying (OOK).
- ASK amplitude shift keyed signal
- the second transmission subsystem 120 B includes, at least, a second power conditioning system 40 B, a second transmission tuning system 24 B, and the transmission antenna 21 B.
- the second transmission subsystem 120 B is configured to determine, prepare, generate, and/or transmit the virtual DC power signal.
- the second transmission subsystem 120 B is configured to generate a wireless power signal and/or data signal that is utilized by the wireless receiver system 30 to power a device with said power signal simulating characteristics of wireless power signals that are output by a DC power source, such as a power adapter, a power port (e.g. a USB port, a Lightning port, among other ports), and/or a connected battery.
- a DC power source such as a power adapter, a power port (e.g. a USB port, a Lightning port, among other ports), and/or a connected battery.
- the received virtual DC power signal received at the wireless receiver system 30 may simulate characteristics of standard wired and/or physically-contact-based DC power signals.
- FIG. 3 C timing diagrams are illustrated for wireless power signals (V vWall_Tx and V vDC_Tx +Data) emitted by the first and second subsystems 120 A,B, on a common timescale.
- V vAC_Tx and V vDC_Tx +Data are illustrated during a concurrent period of time.
- the top plot illustrates the virtual AC power signals emitted by the first subsystem 120 A and the bottom plot illustrates the virtual DC power signals emitted by the second subsystem 120 B.
- a combination of the illustrated plots of FIG. 3 C shows operation of a slotted communications system, method, and/or protocol.
- transmission V vACTx is configured to stop for a slot of time (t Slot ) during wireless power transmission, then resume transmission at the end of t Slot .
- t Slot may occur after any number of periods (t ACOn ) of V vACTx and/or the occurrence of t Slot may not be at a consistent period, such that the periodic nature of t Slot occurrences changes over time, for a given operation.
- t Slot may be timed to occur at a virtual zero-cross of V vAC_Tx and restarted, after t Slot has passed from said virtual zero-cross.
- t Slot when the peak voltage of virtual AC power signal reaches its lowest or near-zero absolute magnitude (e.g., about 0 V), t Slot may be inserted.
- Virtual zero-cross refers to a moment in signal transmission of a virtual AC power signal, that simulates an actual zero-cross of a wall AC signal, wherein an actual zero-cross is the moment in signal transmission where its voltage is equal to 0 V.
- the second subsystem 120 B may be configured to transmit, at least, a data signal and, in some examples, transmit some meaningful electrical energy as a virtual DC power signal with in-band communications.
- communications over the system 10 may occur intermittently during recurrences of t Slot , by encoding the in-band signals by one or both of the wireless transmission system 20 and the wireless receiver system 30 .
- Such communications in t Slot or, in other words, “slotted communications” may be utilized to avoid interference between the virtual AC power signals and the virtual DC power signals.
- slotted communications may be utilized to avoid malfunction or operational maladies to one or more of the second subsystem 120 B, the transmission control system 26 , and/or the wireless receiver system 30 , during transmission by the first subsystem 120 A.
- the virtual DC power signals may be utilized to power on or otherwise provide wireless power to the electronic device 14 , when the virtual AC power signals are not being transmitted, as illustrated in FIG. 3 C at the DC power signal on time (T DCon ).
- DC power signal transmission during non-transmission of the virtual AC power signals may be utilized to provide meaningful electrical energy to components of the electronic device 14 , wherein such components may require lower power input than the components that are powered, at least in part, by the virtual AC power signals.
- the electronic device 14 is an appliance that includes a motor that is powered by the virtual AC power signals and a control system for, at least, the motor.
- the electronic device 14 may receive the lower power virtual DC power signal from the second subsystem 120 B, when the virtual AC power signal is not transmitted, and use the meaningful electrical energy of the virtual DC power signal to power the control system.
- the control system of the electronic device 14 may control operations of the motor of the electronic device 14 and communicate to the wireless transmission system 20 (e.g., by encoding communications in the virtual DC power signals via the wireless receiver system 30 ).
- the electronic device 14 and/or control system thereof may instruct the wireless transmission system 20 to begin transmission of virtual AC power signals, wherein such controls/communications are enabled, at least in part, by the input power of the virtual DC power signal.
- the frequencies of the signals illustrated in the timing diagrams of FIGS. 3 A-C are not to the scale of exemplary, real-life signals used in wireless power transfer and/or data transfer systems and the illustrated signals are, most likely, illustrated as lower frequencies than would be utilized in real life. Such lower frequencies are only illustrated as lower magnitude, so that the reader of the instant application can view the substantially sinusoidal shape, the rising and falling peaks of virtual AC signals, and/or the relative scales of system frequencies, as they relate to one another (e.g., wherein operating frequency of the virtual DC power signal is greater than the operating frequency of the virtual AC power signal, both of which are greater than the virtual AC power frequency).
- a first portion of the electrical energy input from the input power source 12 is configured to electrically power components of the wireless transmission system 20 such as, but not limited to, the transmission control system 26 .
- a second portion of the electrical energy input from the input power source 12 is conditioned and/or modified for wireless power transmission, to the wireless receiver system 30 , via the transmission antennas 21 . Accordingly, the second portion of the input energy is modified and/or conditioned by the power conditioning systems 40 .
- first and second portions of the input electrical energy may be modified, conditioned, altered, and/or otherwise changed prior to receipt by the power conditioning systems 40 and/or transmission control system 26 , by further contemplated subsystems (e.g., a voltage regulator, a current regulator, switching systems, fault systems, safety regulators, among other things).
- subsystems e.g., a voltage regulator, a current regulator, switching systems, fault systems, safety regulators, among other things.
- the transmission control system 26 may include sensing system(s) 50 , transmission controller(s) 28 , a communications system 29 , drivers 48 A, B, and memory 27 .
- FIG. 4 A illustrates an example for the wireless transmission system 28 A, wherein both of the subsystems 120 A, B are controlled by a common transmission controller 28 and are both influenced and/or monitored by a common sensing system 50 .
- the transmission control system 26 includes multiple transmission controllers 28 A, B, each for, respectively, controlling subsystems 120 A, 120 B.
- the transmission control system 26 includes multiple sensing system 50 A, B, for independently monitoring, respectively, the subsystems 120 A, B.
- the transmission controller(s) 28 may be any electronic controller or computing system that includes, at least, a processor which performs operations, executes control algorithms, stores data, retrieves data, gathers data, controls and/or provides communication with other components and/or subsystems associated with the wireless transmission system 20 , and/or performs any other computing or controlling task desired.
- the transmission controller(s) 28 may be a single controller or may include more than one controller disposed to control various functions and/or features of the wireless transmission system 20 .
- Functionality of the transmission controller(s) 28 may be implemented in hardware and/or software and may rely on one or more data maps relating to the operation of the wireless transmission system 20 . To that end, the transmission controller(s) 28 may be operatively associated with the memory 27 .
- the memory may include one or more of internal memory, external memory, and/or remote memory (e.g., a database and/or server operatively connected to the transmission controller(s) 28 via a network, such as, but not limited to, the Internet).
- the internal memory and/or external memory may include, but are not limited to including, one or more of a read only memory (ROM), including programmable read-only memory (PROM), erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or sometimes but rarely labelled EROM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), random access memory (RAM), including dynamic RAM (DRAM), static RAM (SRAM), synchronous dynamic RAM (SDRAM), single data rate synchronous dynamic RAM (SDR SDRAM), double data rate synchronous dynamic RAM (DDR SDRAM, DDR2, DDR3, DDR4), and graphics double data rate synchronous dynamic RAM (GDDR SDRAM, GDDR2, GDDR3, GDDR4, GDDR5, a flash memory, a portable memory, and the like.
- the transmission control system 26 While particular elements of the transmission control system 26 are illustrated as independent components and/or circuits (e.g., the driver(s) 48 , the memory 27 , the communications system 29 , the sensing system 50 , among other contemplated elements) of the transmission control system 26 , such components may be integrated with the transmission controller(s) 28 .
- the transmission controller 28 may be an integrated circuit configured to include functional elements of one or both of the transmission controller 28 and the wireless transmission system 20 , generally.
- the transmission controller(s) 28 is in operative association, for the purposes of data transmission, receipt, and/or communication, with, at least, the memory 27 , the communications system 29 , the power conditioning system(s) 40 , the driver(s) 48 , and the sensing system 50 .
- the drivers 48 may be implemented to control, at least in part, the operation of the power conditioning system 40 .
- the driver 48 may receive instructions from the transmission controller 28 to generate and/or output a generated pulse width modulation (PWM) signal to the power conditioning system 40 .
- PWM signal may be configured to drive the power conditioning system 40 to output electrical power as an alternating current signal, having an operating frequency defined by the PWM signal.
- PWM signal may be configured to generate a duty cycle for the AC power signal output by the power conditioning system 40 .
- the duty cycle may be configured to be about 50% of a given period of the AC power signal.
- the sensing system(s) 50 may include one or more sensors, wherein each sensor may be operatively associated with one or more components of the wireless transmission system 20 and configured to provide information and/or data.
- the term “sensor” is used in its broadest interpretation to define one or more components operatively associated with the wireless transmission system 20 that operate to sense functions, conditions, electrical characteristics, operations, and/or operating characteristics of one or more of the wireless transmission system 20 , the wireless receiving system 30 , the input power source 12 , the host device 11 , the transmission antennas 21 , the receiver antenna 31 , along with any other components and/or subcomponents thereof.
- the sensing system(s) 50 may include, but is not limited to including, a thermal sensing system 52 , an object sensing system 54 , a receiver sensing system 56 , and/or any other sensor(s) 58 .
- sensing systems may be a foreign object detection (FOD) system.
- FOD foreign object detection
- the thermal sensing system 52 is configured to monitor ambient and/or component temperatures within the wireless transmission system 20 or other elements nearby the wireless transmission system 20 .
- the thermal sensing system 52 may be configured to detect a temperature within the wireless transmission system 20 and, if the detected temperature exceeds a threshold temperature, the transmission controller 28 prevents the wireless transmission system 20 from operating.
- a threshold temperature may be configured for safety considerations, operational considerations, efficiency considerations, and/or any combinations thereof.
- the transmission controller(s) 28 determines that the temperature within the wireless transmission system 20 has increased from an acceptable operating temperature to an undesired operating temperature (e.g., in a non-limiting example, the internal temperature increasing from about 20° Celsius (C) to about 50° C.
- the transmission controller 28 prevents the operation of the wireless transmission system 20 and/or reduces levels of power output from the wireless transmission system 20 .
- the thermal sensing system 52 may include one or more of a thermocouple, a thermistor, a negative temperature coefficient (NTC) resistor, a resistance temperature detector (RTD), and/or any combinations thereof.
- the transmission sensing system 50 may include the object sensing system 54 .
- the object sensing system 54 may be configured to detect one or more of the wireless receiver system 30 and/or the receiver antenna 31 , thus indicating to the transmission controller 28 that the receiver system 30 is proximate to the wireless transmission system 20 . Additionally or alternatively, the object sensing system 54 may be configured to detect presence of unwanted objects in contact with or proximate to the wireless transmission system 20 . In some examples, the object sensing system 54 is configured to detect the presence of an undesired object.
- the transmission controller 28 via information provided by the object sensing system 54 , detects the presence of an undesired object, then the transmission controller 28 prevents or otherwise modifies operation of the wireless transmission system 20 .
- the object sensing system 54 utilizes an impedance change detection scheme, in which the transmission controller(s) 28 analyzes a change in electrical impedance observed by the transmission antenna 20 against a known, acceptable electrical impedance value or range of electrical impedance values.
- the object sensing system 54 may utilize a quality factor (Q) change detection scheme, in which the transmission controller 28 analyzes a change from a known quality factor value or range of quality factor values of the object being detected, such as the receiver antennas 31 .
- the “quality factor” or “Q” of an inductor can be defined as (frequency (Hz) ⁇ inductance (H))/resistance (ohms), where frequency is the operational frequency of the circuit, inductance is the inductance output of the inductor and resistance is the combination of the radiative and reactive resistances that are internal to the inductor.
- the object sensing system 54 may include one or more of an optical sensor, an electro-optical sensor, a Hall effect sensor, a proximity sensor, and/or any combinations thereof.
- the receiver sensing system 56 is any sensor, circuit, and/or combinations thereof configured to detect presence of any wireless receiving system that may be couplable with the wireless transmission system 20 .
- the receiver sensing system 56 and the object sensing system 54 may be combined, may share components, and/or may be embodied by one or more common components.
- wireless transmission of electrical energy, electrical power, electromagnetic energy, and/or data by the wireless transmission system 20 to said wireless receiving system is enabled.
- continued wireless transmission of electrical energy, electrical power, electromagnetic energy, and/or data is prevented from occurring.
- the receiver sensing system 56 may include one or more sensors and/or may be operatively associated with one or more sensors that are configured to analyze electrical characteristics within an environment of or proximate to the wireless transmission system 20 and, based on the electrical characteristics, determine presence of a wireless receiver system 30 .
- FIG. 6 a block diagram illustrating an embodiment exemplary of one or both of the power conditioning systems 40 A, B is illustrated.
- electrical power is received, generally, as a DC or AC power source, via the input power source 12 itself or an intervening power converter, converting an AC source to a DC source (not shown).
- a voltage regulator 46 receives the electrical power from the input power source 12 and is configured to provide electrical power for transmission by the antennas 21 and provide electrical power for powering components of the wireless transmission system 21 .
- the voltage regulator 46 is configured to convert the received electrical power into at least two electrical power signals, each at a proper voltage for operation of the respective downstream components: a first electrical power signal to electrically power any components of the wireless transmission system 20 and a second portion conditioned and modified for wireless transmission to the wireless receiver system 30 .
- a first portion is transmitted to, at least, the sensing system(s) 50 , the transmission controller(s) 28 , and the communications system 29 ; however, the first portion is not limited to transmission to just these components and can be transmitted to any electrical components of the wireless transmission system 20 .
- the second portion of the electrical power is provided to an amplifier 42 of the power conditioning system 40 , which is configured to condition the electrical power for wireless transmission by the antenna 21 .
- the amplifier may function as an invertor, which receives an input DC power signal from the voltage regulator 46 and generates an AC as output, based, at least in part, on PWM input from the transmission control system 26 .
- the amplifier 42 may be or include, for example, a power stage invertor, such as a dual field effect transistor power stage invertor or a quadruple field effect transistor power stage invertor.
- the use of the amplifier 42 within the power conditioning system 40 and, in turn, the wireless transmission system 20 enables wireless transmission of electrical signals having much greater amplitudes than if transmitted without such an amplifier.
- the addition of the amplifier 42 may enable the wireless transmission system 20 to transmit electrical energy as an electrical power signal having electrical power from about 10 mW to about 5 kW.
- the amplifier 42 may be or may include one or more class-E power amplifiers.
- Class-E power amplifiers are efficiently tuned switching power amplifiers designed for use at high frequencies (e.g., frequencies from about 1 MHz to about 1 GHz).
- a class-E amplifier employs a single-pole switching element and a tuned reactive network between the switch and an output load (e.g., the antenna 21 ).
- Class E amplifiers may achieve high efficiency at high frequencies by only operating the switching element at points of zero current (e.g., on-to-off switching) or zero voltage (off to on switching). Such switching characteristics may minimize power lost in the switch, even when the switching time of the device is long compared to the frequency of operation.
- the amplifier 42 is certainly not limited to being a class-E power amplifier and may be or may include one or more of a class D amplifier, a class EF amplifier, an H invertor amplifier, and/or a push-pull invertor, among other amplifiers that could be included as part of the amplifier 42 .
- the components of the first power conditioning system 40 A may be quite different from the second power conditioning system 40 B, as the first power conditioning system 40 A has the amplifier 42 receive instructions for and subsequently generates the virtual AC power signals.
- the second power conditioning system is configured for transmitting a virtual DC power signal and, thus, the amplifier 42 B will be configured as such.
- the amplifier 42 A may be configured for a low operating frequency, whereas the amplifier 42 B may be configured for a high operating frequency.
- the wireless receiver system 30 is configured to receive, at least, electrical energy, electrical power, electromagnetic energy, and/or electrically transmittable data via near field magnetic coupling from the wireless transmission system 20 , via the transmission antenna 21 .
- the wireless receiver system 30 includes, at least, the receiver antennas 31 , receiver tuning and filtering systems 34 , power conditioning systems 32 , a receiver control system 36 , and a voltage isolation circuit 70 .
- the receiver tuning and filtering systems 34 may be configured to substantially match the electrical impedances of the wireless transmission system 20 .
- the receiver tuning and filtering systems 34 may be configured to dynamically adjust and substantially match the electrical impedance of the receiver antennas 31 to a characteristic impedance of the power generator or the load at a driving frequency of the transmission antenna 20 .
- the wireless receiver system 30 includes the first receiver subsystem 130 A and the second receiver subsystem 130 B.
- the first receiver subsystem 130 A is configured to receive the virtual AC power signals
- the second receiver subsystem 130 B is configured to receive the virtual DC power signals, which may include in-band, and/or receive/transmit wireless data signals, by encoding the wireless data signals in-band of the virtual DC power signals.
- the first receiver subsystem 130 A is configured to provide, as rectified, an AC input to an AC load of the electronic device 14 .
- the second receiver subsystem 120 B is configured to facilitate communications with the wireless transmission system 20 and provide a DC power input to a DC load 16 B of the electronic device 14 .
- each power conditioning system 32 includes a rectifier 33 and voltage regulator 35 .
- the rectifier 33 is in electrical connection with the receiver tuning and filtering system 34 .
- the rectifier 33 is configured to modify the received electrical energy from an alternating current electrical energy signal to a direct current electrical energy signal.
- the rectifier 33 is comprised of at least one diode.
- Some non-limiting example configurations for the rectifier 33 include, but are not limited to including, a full wave rectifier, including a center tapped full wave rectifier and a full wave rectifier with filter, a half wave rectifier, including a half wave rectifier with filter, a bridge rectifier, including a bridge rectifier with filter, a split supply rectifier, a single phase rectifier, a three phase rectifier, a voltage doubler, a synchronous voltage rectifier, a controlled rectifier, an uncontrolled rectifier, and a half controlled rectifier.
- a full wave rectifier including a center tapped full wave rectifier and a full wave rectifier with filter
- a half wave rectifier including a half wave rectifier with filter
- a bridge rectifier including a bridge rectifier with filter
- a split supply rectifier a single phase rectifier, a three phase rectifier, a voltage doubler, a synchronous voltage rectifier, a controlled rectifier, an uncontrolled rectifier, and a half controlled rectifier.
- the rectifier 33 may further include a clipper circuit or a clipper device, which is a circuit or device that removes either the positive half (top half), the negative half (bottom half), or both the positive and the negative halves of an input AC signal.
- a clipper is a circuit or device that limits the positive amplitude, the negative amplitude, or both the positive and the negative amplitudes of the input AC signal.
- the rectifier 33 A is configured to rectify the varying peak voltage virtual AC power signals to generate a substantially AC power signal for the AC load of the electronic device 14 .
- the rectifier 33 A thus, rectifies continuously, but with wildly varying peak voltages, and, thus, each rectification step rises and falls with the rising and falling of the peak voltages of cycles (operating frequency based) of the virtual AC power signals.
- a voltage regulator 35 includes, but are not limited to, including a series linear voltage regulator, a buck convertor, a low dropout (LDO) regulator, a shunt linear voltage regulator, a step up switching voltage regulator, a step down switching voltage regulator, an invertor voltage regulator, a Zener controlled transistor series voltage regulator, a charge pump regulator, and an emitter follower voltage regulator.
- the voltage regulator 35 may further include a voltage multiplier, which is as an electronic circuit or device that delivers an output voltage having an amplitude (peak value) that is two, three, or more times greater than the amplitude (peak value) of the input voltage.
- the voltage regulator 35 is in electrical connection with the rectifier 33 and configured to adjust the amplitude of the electrical voltage of the wirelessly received electrical energy signal, after conversion to AC by the rectifier 33 .
- the voltage regulator 35 may an LDO linear voltage regulator; however, other voltage regulation circuits and/or systems are contemplated. As illustrated, the direct current electrical energy signal output by the voltage regulator 35 is received at the load 16 of the electronic device 14 .
- a portion of the direct current electrical power signal may be utilized to power the receiver control system 36 and any components thereof; however, it is certainly possible that the receiver control system 36 , and any components thereof, may be powered and/or receive signals from the load 16 (e.g., when the load 16 is a battery and/or other power source) and/or other components of the electronic device 14 .
- the receiver control system 36 may have one controller that controls both the first receiver subsystem 130 A and the second receiver subsystem 130 B.
- the receiver control system 36 may have multiple controllers 38 A, B, each respectively associated with and for controlling subsystems 130 A, B.
- the receiver control system 36 may include, but is not limited to including, the receiver controller(s) 38 , a communications system 39 and a memory 37 .
- the receiver controller(s) 38 may be any electronic controller or computing system that includes, at least, a processor which performs operations, executes control algorithms, stores data, retrieves data, gathers data, controls and/or provides communication with other components and/or subsystems associated with the wireless receiver system 30 .
- the receiver controller(s) 38 may be a single controller or may include more than one controller disposed to control various functions and/or features of the wireless receiver system 30 . Functionality of the receiver controller(s) 38 may be implemented in hardware and/or software and may rely on one or more data maps relating to the operation of the wireless receiver system 30 .
- the receiver controller(s) 38 may be operatively associated with the memory 37 .
- the memory may include one or both of internal memory, external memory, and/or remote memory (e.g., a database and/or server operatively connected to the receiver controller(s) 38 via a network, such as, but not limited to, the Internet).
- the internal memory and/or external memory may include, but are not limited to including, one or more of a read only memory (ROM), including programmable read-only memory (PROM), erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or sometimes but rarely labelled EROM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), random access memory (RAM), including dynamic RAM (DRAM), static RAM (SRAM), synchronous dynamic RAM (SDRAM), single data rate synchronous dynamic RAM (SDR SDRAM), double data rate synchronous dynamic RAM (DDR SDRAM, DDR2, DDR3, DDR4), and graphics double data rate synchronous dynamic RAM (GDDR SDRAM, GDDR2, GDDR3, GDDR4, GDDR5, a flash memory, a portable memory, and the like.
- ROM read only memory
- PROM programmable read-only memory
- EPROM erasable programmable read-only memory
- EEPROM electrically erasable programmable read-only memory
- RAM random access memory
- DRAM dynamic RAM
- the receiver controller 38 may be and/or include one or more integrated circuits configured to include functional elements of one or both of the receiver controller(s) 38 and the wireless receiver system 30 , generally.
- integrated circuits generally refers to a circuit in which all or some of the circuit elements are inseparably associated and electrically interconnected so that it is considered to be indivisible for the purposes of construction and commerce.
- integrated circuits may include, but are not limited to including, thin-film transistors, thick-film technologies, and/or hybrid integrated circuits.
- the receiver controller 38 may be a dedicated circuit configured to send and receive data at a given operating frequency.
- the receiver controller 38 may be or include a tagging or identifier integrated circuit, such as, but not limited to, an NFC tag and/or labelling integrated circuit. Examples of such NFC tags and/or labelling integrated circuits include the NTAG® family of integrated circuits manufactured by NXP Semiconductors N.V.
- the communications system 39 is certainly not limited to these example components and, in some examples, the communications system 39 may be implemented with another integrated circuit (e.g., integrated with the receiver controller 38 ), and/or may be another transceiver of or operatively associated with one or both of the electronic device 14 and the wireless receiver system 30 , among other contemplated communication systems and/or apparatus. Further, in some examples, functions of the communications system 39 may be integrated with the receiver controller 38 , such that the controller modifies the inductive field between the antennas 21 , 31 to communicate in the frequency band of wireless power transfer operating frequency.
- FIGS. 8 and 9 the second receiver subsystem 120 B is illustrated in further detail to show some example functionality of one or more of the receiver controller 38 , the voltage isolation circuit 70 , and the rectifier 33 B.
- the block diagram of the wireless receiver system 30 illustrates one or more electrical signals and the conditioning of such signals, altering of such signals, transforming of such signals, rectifying of such signals, amplification of such signals, and combinations thereof.
- DC power signals are illustrated with heavily bolded lines, such that the lines are significantly thicker than other solid lines in FIG. 8
- AC signals are illustrated as substantially sinusoidal wave forms with a thickness significantly less bolded than that of the DC power signal bolding
- data signals are represented as dotted lines.
- FIG. 9 illustrates sample electrical components for elements of the wireless transmission system, and subcomponents thereof, in a simplified form. Note that FIG. 9 may represent one branch or subsection of a schematic for the wireless receiver system 30 and/or components of the wireless receiver system 30 may be omitted from the schematic, illustrated in FIG. 9 , for clarity.
- the receiver antenna 31 B receives an actual AC wireless signal, which includes the AC power signal (V AC ) and the data signals (denoted as “Data” in FIG. 8 ), from the transmitter antenna 21 B of the wireless transmission system 20 .
- V AC will be received at the rectifier 33 and/or the broader receiver power conditioning system 32 , wherein the AC wireless power signal is converted to a DC wireless power signal (V DC_REKT ).
- V DC_REKT is then provided to, at least, the load 16 that is operatively associated with the wireless receiver system 30 .
- V DC_REKT is regulated by the voltage regulator 35 and provided as a DC input voltage (V DC_CONT ) for the receiver controller 38 .
- the receiver controller 38 may be directly powered by the load 16 . In some other examples, the receiver controller 38 need not be powered by the load 16 and/or receipt of V DC_CONT , but the receiver controller 38 may harness, capture, and/or store power from V AC , as power receipt occurring in receiving, decoding, and/or otherwise detecting the data signals in-band of V AC .
- the receiver controller(s) 38 is configured to perform one or more of encoding the wireless data signals, decoding the wireless data signals, receiving the wireless data signals, transmitting the wireless data signals, and/or any combinations thereof.
- the receiver controller(s) 38 may receive and/or otherwise detect or monitor voltage levels of V AC to detect in-band ASK and/or OOK signals.
- a controller such as the controller 38
- large voltages and/or large voltage swings at the input of a controller may be too large for legacy microprocessor controllers to handle without disfunction or damage being done to such microcontrollers.
- certain microcontrollers may only be operable at certain operating voltage ranges and, thus, when high frequency wireless power transfer occurs, the voltage swings at the input to such microcontrollers may be out of range or too wide of a range for consistent operation of the microcontroller.
- the load 16 may not be a consistent load, meaning that the resistance and/or impedance at the load 16 may swing drastically during, before, and/or after an instance of wireless power transfer.
- V AC_MIN I AC_MIN *R LOAD_MIN
- R LOAD_MIN the minimum resistance of the load 16 (e.g., if the load 16 is or includes a battery, when the battery of the load 16 is depleted)
- I AC_MIN is the current at R LOAD_MIN
- V AC_MIN is the voltage of V AC when the load 16 is at its minimum resistance
- P AC_MIN is the optimal power level for the load 16 at its minimal resistance.
- V AC_MAX I AC_MAX *R LOAD_MAX
- R LOAD_MAX is the maximum resistance of the load 16 (e.g., if the load 16 is or includes a battery, when the battery of the load 16 is depleted)
- I AC_MAX is the current at V AC_MAX
- V AC_MAX is the voltage of V AC when the load 16 is at its minimum resistance
- P AC_MAX is the optimal power level for the load 16 at its maximal resistance.
- the voltage isolation circuit 70 is included to isolate the range of voltages that can be seen at a data input and/or output of the controller 38 to an isolated controller voltage (V CONT ), which is a scaled version of V AC and, thus, comparably scales any voltage-based in-band data input and/or output at the controller 38 .
- V CONT isolated controller voltage
- the voltage isolation circuit 70 is configured to isolate the controller-unacceptable voltage range from the controller 38 , by setting an impedance transformation to minimize the voltage swing and provide the controller with a scaled version of V AC , which does not substantially alter the data signal at receipt.
- V AC voltage swings in V AC
- the voltage isolation circuit 70 includes at least two capacitors, a first isolation capacitor C ISO1 and a second isolation capacitor C ISO2 . While only two series, split capacitors are illustrated in FIG. 9 , it should also be understood that the voltage isolation circuit may include additional pairs of split series capacitors.
- C ISO1 and C ISO2 are electrically in series with one another, with a node therebetween, the node providing a connection to the data input of the receiver controller 38 .
- C ISO1 and C ISO2 are configured to regulate V AC to generate the acceptable voltage input range V CONT for input to the controller.
- the voltage isolation circuit 70 is configured to isolate the controller 38 from V AC , which is a load voltage, if one considers the rectifier 33 to be part of a downstream load from the receiver controller 38 .
- the capacitance values are configured such that a parallel combination of all capacitors of the voltage isolation circuit 70 (e.g. C ISO1 and C ISO2 ) is equal to a total capacitance for the voltage isolation circuit (C TOTAL ).
- C ISO1 ⁇ C ISO2 C TOTAL
- C TOTAL is a constant capacitance configured for the acceptable voltage input range for input to the controller.
- C TOTAL can be determined by experimentation and/or can be configured via mathematical derivation for a particular microcontroller embodying the receiver controller 38 .
- isolation capacitors C ISO1 and C ISO2 may be configured in accordance with the following relationships:
- C ISO ⁇ 1 C T ⁇ O ⁇ T ⁇ A ⁇ L * ( 1 + t v ) t v
- ⁇ C ISO ⁇ 2 C T ⁇ O ⁇ T ⁇ A ⁇ L * ( 1 + t v )
- t v is a scaling factor, which can be experimentally altered to determine the best scaling values for C ISO1 and C ISO2 , for a given system.
- t v may be mathematically derived, based on desired electrical conditions for the system. In some examples (which may be derived from experimental results), t v may be in a range of about 3 to about 10.
- FIG. 9 further illustrates an example for the receiver tuning and filtering system 34 , which may be configured for utilization in conjunction with the voltage isolation circuit 70 .
- the receiver tuning and filtering system 34 B of FIG. 9 includes a controller capacitor C CONT , which is connected in series with the data input of the receiver controller 38 .
- the controller capacitor is configured for further scaling of V AC at the controller, as altered by the voltage isolation circuit 70 .
- the first and second isolation capacitors, as shown may be connected in electrical parallel, with respect to the controller capacitor.
- the receiver tuning and filtering system 34 B includes a receiver shunt capacitor C RxSHUNT , which is connected in electrical parallel with the receiver antenna 31 .
- C RxSHUNT is utilized for initial tuning of the impedance of the wireless receiver system 30 and/or the broader system 30 for proper impedance matching and/or C RxSHUNT is included to increase the voltage gain of a signal received by the receiver antenna 31 .
- the wireless receiver system 30 may have the capability to achieve proper data communications fidelity at greater receipt power levels at the load 16 , when compared to other high frequency wireless power transmission systems.
- the wireless receiver system 30 with the voltage isolation circuit 70 , is capable of receiving power from the wireless transmission system that has an output power at levels over 1 W of power, whereas legacy high frequency systems may be limited to receipt from output levels of only less than 1 W of power.
- the poller receiver system
- the poller often utilizes a microprocessor from the NTAG family of microprocessors, which was initially designed for very low power data communications.
- NTAG microprocessors without protection or isolation, may not adequately and/or efficiently receive wireless power signals at output levels over 1 W.
- inventors of the present application have found, in experimental results, that when utilizing voltage isolation circuits as disclosed herein, the NTAG chip may be utilized and/or retrofitted for wireless power transfer and wireless communications, either independently or simultaneously.
- the voltage isolation circuits disclosed herein may utilize inexpensive components (e.g., isolation capacitors) to modify functionality of legacy, inexpensive microprocessors (e.g., an NTAG family microprocessor), for new uses and/or improved functionality.
- legacy, inexpensive microprocessors e.g., an NTAG family microprocessor
- controllers may be used as the receiver controller 38 that may be more capable of receipt at higher voltage levels and/or voltage swings, such controllers may be cost prohibitive, in comparison to legacy controllers. Accordingly, the systems and methods herein allow for use of less costly components, for high power high frequency wireless power transfer.
- FIG. 10 A illustrates an example, non-limiting embodiment of one or more of the transmitter antennas 21 and/or the receiver antennas 31 , which may be used with any of the systems, methods, and/or apparatus disclosed herein.
- the antenna 21 , 31 is a flat spiral coil configuration.
- Non-limiting examples can be found in U.S. Pat. Nos. 9,941,743, 9,960,628, 9,941,743 all to Peralta et al.; U.S. Pat. Nos. 9,948,129, 10,063,100 to Singh et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 9,941,590 to Luzinski; U.S. Pat. No. 9,960,629 to Rajagopalan et al.; and U.S. Patent App.
- the antenna 21 , 31 illustrated in FIG. 10 A is a printed circuit board (PCB) or flexible printed circuit board (FPC) antenna, having a plurality of turns 97 of a conductor and one or more connectors 99 , all disposed on a substrate 95 of the antenna 21 , 31 . While the antenna 21 , 31 is illustrated, in FIG. 10 A , having a certain number of turns and/or layers, the PCB or FPC antenna may include any number of turns or layers.
- the PCB or FPC antenna 21 , 31 of FIG. 10 A may be produced via any known method of manufacturing PCB or FPCs known to those skilled in the art.
- the antenna 21 , 31 may be a wire wound antenna, wherein the antenna is a conductive wire wound in a particular pattern and having any number of turns 96 .
- the wire wound antenna 21 , 31 may be free standing within an associated structure or, in some examples, the wire wound antenna 21 , 31 may be either held in place or positioned using a wire holder 98 .
- the antennas 21 , 31 may be constructed having a multi-layer-multi-turn (MLMT) construction in which at least one insulator is positioned between a plurality of conductors.
- MLMT multi-layer-multi-turn
- the antennas 21 , 31 may be any antenna capable of the aforementioned higher power, high frequency wireless power transfer.
- the systems, methods, and apparatus disclosed herein are designed to operate in an efficient, stable and reliable manner to satisfy a variety of operating and environmental conditions.
- the systems, methods, and/or apparatus disclosed herein are designed to operate in a wide range of thermal and mechanical stress environments so that data and/or electrical energy is transmitted efficiently and with minimal loss.
- the system 10 may be designed with a small form factor using a fabrication technology that allows for scalability, and at a cost that is amenable to developers and adopters.
- the systems, methods, and apparatus disclosed herein may be designed to operate over a wide range of frequencies to meet the requirements of a wide range of applications.
- the material may be a polymer, a sintered flexible ferrite sheet, a rigid shield, or a hybrid shield, wherein the hybrid shield comprises a rigid portion and a flexible portion.
- the magnetic shield may be composed of varying material compositions. Examples of materials may include, but are not limited to, zinc comprising ferrite materials such as manganese-zinc, nickel-zinc, copper-zinc, magnesium-zinc, and combinations thereof.
- the phrase “at least one of” preceding a series of items, with the term “and” or “or” to separate any of the items, modifies the list as a whole, rather than each member of the list (i.e., each item).
- the phrase “at least one of” does not require selection of at least one of each item listed; rather, the phrase allows a meaning that includes at least one of any one of the items, and/or at least one of any combination of the items, and/or at least one of each of the items.
- phrases “at least one of A, B, and C” or “at least one of A, B, or C” each refer to only A, only B, or only C; any combination of A, B, and C; and/or at least one of each of A, B, and C.
- a processor configured to monitor and control an operation or a component may also mean the processor being programmed to monitor and control the operation or the processor being operable to monitor and control the operation.
- a processor configured to execute code can be construed as a processor programmed to execute code or operable to execute code.
- a phrase such as “an aspect” does not imply that such aspect is essential to the subject technology or that such aspect applies to all configurations of the subject technology.
- a disclosure relating to an aspect may apply to all configurations, or one or more configurations.
- An aspect may provide one or more examples of the disclosure.
- a phrase such as an “aspect” may refer to one or more aspects and vice versa.
- a phrase such as an “embodiment” does not imply that such embodiment is essential to the subject technology or that such embodiment applies to all configurations of the subject technology.
- a disclosure relating to an embodiment may apply to all embodiments, or one or more embodiments.
- An embodiment may provide one or more examples of the disclosure.
- a phrase such an “embodiment” may refer to one or more embodiments and vice versa.
- a phrase such as a “configuration” does not imply that such configuration is essential to the subject technology or that such configuration applies to all configurations of the subject technology.
- a disclosure relating to a configuration may apply to all configurations, or one or more configurations.
- a configuration may provide one or more examples of the disclosure.
- a phrase such as a “configuration” may refer to one or more configurations and vice versa.
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Abstract
Description
CISO1∥CISO2=CTOTAL
-
- wherein CTOTAL is a total capacitance for the voltage isolation circuit, and
- wherein CTOTAL ¬is a constant configured for the voltage input range for input to the controller.
CISO1∥CISO2=CTOTAL
-
- wherein CTOTAL is a total capacitance for the voltage isolation circuit, and
- wherein CTOTAL ¬is a constant configured for the voltage input range for input to the controller.
V AC_MIN =I AC_MIN *R LOAD_MIN, and
P AC_MIN =I AC *V LOAD_MIN=(I AC_MIN)2 *R LOAD_MIN
wherein RLOAD_MIN is the minimum resistance of the load 16 (e.g., if the
V AC_MAX =I AC_MAX *R LOAD_MAX, and
P AC_MAX =I AC_MAX *V LOAD_MAX=(I AC_MAX)2 *R LOAD_MAX
wherein RLOAD_MAX is the maximum resistance of the load 16 (e.g., if the
V AC[V AC_MIN :V AC_MAX]
then the
V CONT=[V CONT_MIN :V CONT_MAX].
While an altering load is one possible reason that an unacceptable voltage swing may occur at a data input of a controller, there may be other physical, electrical, and/or mechanical characteristics and/or phenomena that may affect voltage swings in VAC, such as, but not limited to, changes in coupling (k) between the
C ISO1 ∥C ISO2 =C TOTAL,
wherein CTOTAL is a constant capacitance configured for the acceptable voltage input range for input to the controller. CTOTAL can be determined by experimentation and/or can be configured via mathematical derivation for a particular microcontroller embodying the
wherein tv is a scaling factor, which can be experimentally altered to determine the best scaling values for CISO1 and CISO2, for a given system. Alternatively, tv may be mathematically derived, based on desired electrical conditions for the system. In some examples (which may be derived from experimental results), tv may be in a range of about 3 to about 10.
Claims (20)
C ISO1 ∥C ISO2 =C TOTAL
C ISO1 ∥C ISO2 =C TOTAL
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EP22753280.1A EP4292197A1 (en) | 2021-02-10 | 2022-02-09 | Virtual ac power signal transfer using wireless power transfer system |
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