US11093419B2 - System and method for cost and power optimized heterogeneous dual-channel DDR DIMMs - Google Patents
System and method for cost and power optimized heterogeneous dual-channel DDR DIMMs Download PDFInfo
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- US11093419B2 US11093419B2 US15/484,735 US201715484735A US11093419B2 US 11093419 B2 US11093419 B2 US 11093419B2 US 201715484735 A US201715484735 A US 201715484735A US 11093419 B2 US11093419 B2 US 11093419B2
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F13/00—Interconnection of, or transfer of information or other signals between, memories, input/output devices or central processing units
- G06F13/14—Handling requests for interconnection or transfer
- G06F13/16—Handling requests for interconnection or transfer for access to memory bus
- G06F13/1668—Details of memory controller
- G06F13/1684—Details of memory controller using multiple buses
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F13/00—Interconnection of, or transfer of information or other signals between, memories, input/output devices or central processing units
- G06F13/14—Handling requests for interconnection or transfer
- G06F13/16—Handling requests for interconnection or transfer for access to memory bus
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- G—PHYSICS
- G11—INFORMATION STORAGE
- G11C—STATIC STORES
- G11C5/00—Details of stores covered by group G11C11/00
- G11C5/02—Disposition of storage elements, e.g. in the form of a matrix array
- G11C5/04—Supports for storage elements, e.g. memory modules; Mounting or fixing of storage elements on such supports
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02D—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES [ICT], I.E. INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES AIMING AT THE REDUCTION OF THEIR OWN ENERGY USE
- Y02D10/00—Energy efficient computing, e.g. low power processors, power management or thermal management
Definitions
- This disclosure generally relates to information handling systems, and more particularly relates to cost and power optimized heterogeneous dual-channel DDR DIMMs.
- An information handling system generally processes, compiles, stores, and/or communicates information or data for business, personal, or other purposes. Because technology and information handling needs and requirements may vary between different applications, information handling systems may also vary regarding what information is handled, how the information is handled, how much information is processed, stored, or communicated, and how quickly and efficiently the information may be processed, stored, or communicated. The variations in information handling systems allow for information handling systems to be general or configured for a specific user or specific use such as financial transaction processing, reservations, enterprise data storage, or global communications. In addition, information handling systems may include a variety of hardware and software resources that may be configured to process, store, and communicate information and may include one or more computer systems, data storage systems, and networking systems.
- a dual-channel Dual In-Line Memory Module may include a first memory element configured to perform memory transactions for first memory locations associated with the first memory element via a first memory channel of the dual-channel DIMM, and a second memory element independent from the first memory element and configured to perform memory transactions for second memory locations associated with the second memory element via a second memory channel of the dual-channel DIMM.
- the first memory channel may be different than the second memory channel, and the first memory element may be a different type of memory element than the second memory element.
- FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating an information handling system that has a four-channel memory architecture, and that includes heterogeneous dual-channel DIMMs according to an embodiment of the present disclosure
- FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating an information handling system similar to the information handling system of FIG. 1 ;
- FIG. 3 is a flowchart illustrating a method for providing a heterogeneous dual-channel DIMM according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
- FIG. 4 is a block diagram illustrating a generalized information handling system according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
- FIG. 1 illustrates an embodiment of an information handling system 100 .
- information handling system 100 can include any instrumentality or aggregate of instrumentalities operable to compute, classify, process, transmit, receive, retrieve, originate, switch, store, display, manifest, detect, record, reproduce, handle, or utilize any form of information, intelligence, or data for business, scientific, control, entertainment, or other purposes.
- information handling system 100 can be a personal computer, a laptop computer, a smart phone, a tablet device or other consumer electronic device, a network server, a network storage device, a switch router or other network communication device, or any other suitable device and may vary in size, shape, performance, functionality, and price.
- information handling system 100 can include processing resources for executing machine-executable code, such as a central processing unit (CPU), a programmable logic array (PLA), an embedded device such as a System-on-a-Chip (SoC), or other control logic hardware.
- Information handling system 100 can also include one or more computer-readable medium for storing machine-executable code, such as software or data.
- Additional components of information handling system 100 can include one or more storage devices that can store machine-executable code, one or more communications ports for communicating with external devices, and various input and output (I/O) devices, such as a keyboard, a mouse, and a video display.
- Information handling system can 100 also include one or more buses operable to transmit information between the various hardware components.
- DIMMs Dual In-Line Memory Modules
- Information handling system 100 includes a processing complex 110 , a fifth generation heterogeneous dual-channel Dual In-Line Memory Module (DIMM) 120 , a heterogeneous dual-channel DIMM 140 , and a NVDIMM power source 150 .
- DIMM Dual In-Line Memory Module
- Processing complex 110 includes a hardware memory controller 112 .
- Processing complex 110 represents the hardware, software, firmware, and other elements associated with the performance of the processing tasks associated with information handling system.
- processing complex 110 may be understood to include one or more data processors or processing cores, one or more input/output (I/O) devices such as processor, memory, or I/O controller hub, system memory including random access memory (RAM) and system read-only memory (ROM), mass data storage devices, video processors, network interface devices, or other devices typical to an information handling system, as needed or desired.
- Memory controller 112 represents a device of processing complex 110 that manages the flow of data going to and from dual-channel DIIMMs 120 and 140 .
- Memory controller 112 is configured to implement a four-channel architecture. As such, memory controller 112 is connected to dual-channel SIMM 120 via two memory channels (channels 0 and 1), and is connected to dual-channel DIMM 140 via two additional memory channels (channels 2 and 3). Each memory channel includes a data bus (D #) and a control/address bus (C/A #).
- D # data bus
- C/A # control/address bus
- An example of a dual-channel DIMM includes a fifth generation Dual Data Rate (DDR5) DIMM.
- Dual-channel DIMM 120 represents a DIMM device with heterogeneous storage element types, including non-volatile DIMM (NVDIMM) storage elements that are connected to the memory channel 0, and Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM) storage elements that are connected to memory channel 1.
- the NVDIMM storage elements include a NVDIMM controller 122 , a non-volatile memory device 124 , a memory channel multiplexor 126 , and a DRAM device 128 .
- NVDIMM controller 122 includes a command input connected to command and address bus C/A0 to receive command and address information from memory controller 112 for memory channel 0, and a command and address output connected to DRAM device 128 to provide command and address information to the DRAM device.
- NVDIMM controller 122 also includes a command/address/data interface, and a data interface.
- Non-volatile memory device 124 is connected to the command/address/data interface of NVDIMM controller 122 to receive command and address information from the NVDIMM controller and to transfer data between the NVDIMM controller and the non-volatile memory device.
- Memory channel multiplexor 126 includes a multiplexed data interface connected to DRAM device 128 , a first data interface connected to the data bus D0 of memory controller 112 to selectably transfer data between the memory controller and DRAM device 128 , a second data interface connected to the data interface of NVDIMM controller 122 to selectably transfer data between the NVDIMM controller and the DRAM device.
- DRAM device 128 is a single DRAM device, but the skilled artisan will recognize that the NVDIMM storage elements will typically include more than one DRAM device, as needed or desired. Further non-volatile memory device 124 is shown and described as a single non-volatile memory device, but this is not necessarily so, and the NVDIMM storage elements may include more than one non-volatile memory device, as needed or desired. In a particular embodiment, the NVDIMM storage elements represent a JEDEC Standard NVDIMM-N type NVDIMM that provides for address mapped access to DRAM device 128 to provide data storage under normal operating conditions for information handling system 100 .
- the DRAM storage elements of dual-channel DIMM 120 include a register control device (RCD) 130 and a DRAM device 132 .
- the DRAM storage elements of dual-channel DIMM 120 are illustrated herein as including RCD 130 , and the functions and features of operation of DRAM storage elements are illustrated and described within the context of a RDIMM, but this is not necessarily so, and the skilled artisan will understand that the functions and features of operation of DRAM storage elements as described herein may be provided in other ways, such as by a Programmable Logic Device (PLD), as needed or desired by the particular design of the dual-channel DIMM.
- PLD Programmable Logic Device
- RCD 130 includes a command input connected to command and address bus C/A1 to receive command and address information from memory controller 112 for memory channel 1, and a command and address output connected to DRAM device 132 .
- DRAM device 132 includes a data interface connected to the data bus D1 of memory controller 112 to transfer data between the memory controller and the DRAM device. Note that, as shown and described herein, DRAM device 132 is a single DRAM device, but the skilled artisan will recognize that the NVDIMM storage elements will typically include more than one DRAM device, as needed or desired.
- DRAM storage elements of dual-channel DIMM 120 includes an unbuffered DIMM (UDIMM), a registered DIMM (RDIMM), a load reduced DIMM (LRDIMM), a storage class memory (SCM), or another type of fifth generation DIMM.
- UDIMM unbuffered DIMM
- RDIMM registered DIMM
- LRDIMM load reduced DIMM
- SCM storage class memory
- memory transactions for memory locations associated with DRAM device 128 are conducted on memory channel 0 and memory transactions for memory locations associated with DRAM devices 132 are conducted on memory channel 1.
- a memory read to a memory location associated with DRAM device 128 will start with memory controller 112 presenting command and address information on C/A0.
- NVDIMM controller 122 will provide the command and address information to DRAM device 128 and set multiplexor 126 to permit data transfers between memory controller 112 and the DRAM device, and the DRAM devices will provide the read data from the addressed memory location to memory controller 112 on data bus D0.
- a memory write to a memory location associated with DRAM device 132 will start with memory controller 112 presenting command and address information on C/A1 and the write data on data bus D1.
- RCD 130 will provide the command and address information to DRAM device 132 and the DRAM device will read the data from D1 and store the data to the addressed memory location.
- the data stored in DRAM device 128 is saved to non-volatile memory device 124 . Later, such as when the system power is restored, the data stored in non-volatile memory device 124 is restored to DRAM device 128 .
- the NVDIMM storage elements represent a JEDEC Standard NVDIMM-F type NVDIMM that provides for block based access to non-volatile memory device 124 , but that used DRAM device 128 as a cache for the data stored on the non-volatile memory device.
- the NVDIMM storage elements represent a JEDEC Standard NVDIMM-P type NVDIMM that provides for address mapped access to DRAM device 128 and for block based access to non-volatile memory device 124 .
- Information handling system 100 operates to provide for a save data operation to be performed for the data stored on the NVDIMM storage elements of dual-channel DIMM 120 .
- an event such as a loss of system power, can trigger the save data operation.
- the save data operation can include steps by processing complex 110 , such as the flushing of the processor caches to DRAM device 128 .
- memory controller 112 initiates an Asynchronous DRAM Refresh (ADR) mode on the NVDIMM storage elements of dual-channel DIMM 120 , and the dual-channel DIMM proceeds to save the data from DRAM device 128 to non-volatile memory device 124 .
- ADR Asynchronous DRAM Refresh
- multiplexor 126 is set to connect DRAM device 128 to NVDIMM controller. In this way, DRAM device 128 is isolated from memory controller 112 . NVDIMM controller 122 then reads the data from DRAM devices 128 and stores the data to non-volatile memory device 124 . In the ADR mode, the NVDIMM storage elements of dual-channel DIMM 120 receive power from NVDIMM power source 150 to perform the data reads from DRAM devices 128 , and to store the data to non-volatile memory device 124 .
- NVDIMM power source 150 represents a battery device that is dedicated to the NVDIMM storage elements of dual-channel DIMM 120 and any other NVDIMM devices of information handling system 100 , as needed or desired, in order to conduct the save data operation on the information handling system.
- NVDIMM power source 150 represents one or more super-capacitors that are configured to provide power to the NVDIMM storage elements of dual-channel DIMM 120 and any other NVDIMM devices of information handling system 100 , as needed or desired, in order to conduct the save data operation on the information handling system.
- information handling system 100 performs a system reboot. As part of the system reboot, information handling system 100 performs memory initialization operations that include a memory restore operation to restore any data stored in non-volatile memory device 124 back to DRAM device 128 .
- memory restore operation multiplexor 126 is set to connect DRAM device 128 to NVDIMM controller 122 . In this way, DRAM device 128 is isolated from memory controller 112 .
- NVDIMM controller 122 then reads the data that was stored from DRAM devices 128 on non-volatile memory device 124 , and stores the data to the DRAM device.
- DRAM device 128 is isolated from memory controller 112 by selecting to connect the DRAM device to NVDIMM controller 122 via multiplexor 126 , but this is not necessarily so.
- a DRAM device similar to DRAM device 128 represent a dual-port device.
- NVDIMM storage elements of a dual-channel DIMM similar to dual-channel DIMM 120 do not include a multiplexor similar to multiplexors 126 . Instead, for each DRAM device, a first port of the DRAM device is directly connected to a memory controller similar to memory controller 112 , and a second port of the DRAM device is directly connected to a NVDIMM controller similar to NVDIMM controller 122 .
- the dual-channel DIMM is configured such that the DRAM device ignores activity on its first port, thereby effectively isolating the DRAM device from the memory controller.
- Other memory configurations may be utilized in providing DRAM devices and flash memory devices, as needed or desired.
- Dual-channel DIMM 140 represents a DIMM device with heterogeneous storage element types, including a first type of storage element 142 that is connected to the memory channel 2, and a second type of storage element 144 that is connected to the memory channel 3.
- Storage element 142 is of a storage element type that is chosen to provide an associated functionality which, in combination with a different functionality associated with the storage element type of storage element 144 , combines to provide unique memory storage architectures to information handling system 100 that would not otherwise be available if the storage element types of storage elements 142 and 144 were the same, as is the case with typical homogeneous dual-channel DIMMs.
- storage element types include various basic DIMM types, such as the DIMM types mentioned above (UDIMM, RDIMM, LRDIMM, and SCM) or other basic DIMM types.
- storage elements of the first channel can be of a particular type and have a particular capacity
- storage elements of the second channel can be of the same type, but have a different capacity.
- Other non-limiting examples of storage element types include various NVDIMM types, such as the NVDIMM types mentioned above (NVDIMM-N, NVDIMM-P, and NVDIMM-F) or other NVDIMM types.
- storage element types include various types of non-volatile Random Access Memory (NVRAM), such as flash memory, 3D XPoint memory, or other NVRAM types.
- NVRAM non-volatile Random Access Memory
- storage elements 142 and 144 may be of any combination of the above represented storage element types, and is not intended to be limited as to any broad category, such as two different types of basic DIMMs or two different types of NVDIMMs. Instead, the combination of storage element types is chosen to provide a high scale of adaptability for mixing and matching storage element types to suit the needs or desires of the user.
- information handling system 100 could be provided with dual-channel DIMM 120 , where the NVDIMM storage elements can be utilized for mission critical information that would need to be preserved in the event of power loss, and where the DRAM storage elements can be selected to be of a particularly fast memory type for use as a system level cache.
- dual-channel DIMM 140 can be configured where storage element 142 is selected as a NVRAM that stores BIOS and an operating system for information handling system 100 , and where storage element 144 is selected as a larger, slower, type of basic DIMM for bulk data storage.
- information handling system 100 can be configured without an external storage device, such as a disk drive or a flash drive, because so many core storage functions are handled on the differently configured dual-channel DIMMs 120 and 140 .
- system configuration is easily tracked and maintained because each type of memory access is processed and handled on a different memory channel: critical data on memory channel 0, system level cache on memory channel 1, persistent storage on memory channel 2, and bulk data storage on memory channel 3.
- the distinction between the storage element types of storage elements 142 and 144 is based not upon differences in the types of memory devices utilized.
- both of storage elements 142 and 144 may be of a common basic DIMM type, such as RDIMM, but each of the storage elements may be based upon different types of DRAM devices.
- storage element 142 may be configured as a RDIMM that utilizes 4-bit DRAM devices
- storage element 144 may be configured as a RDIMM that utilizes 8-bit DRAM devices.
- the DRAM devices of storage element 142 may be of a different density than the storage devices of storage element 144 .
- the RDIMM of storage element 142 can include Error Correcting Code (ECC) bits, and may be used for higher reliability storage, while the RDIMM of storage element 144 can be configure without ECC bits.
- ECC Error Correcting Code
- the RDIMM of storage element 142 can be configured to operate at a first operating voltage, while the RDIMM of storage element 144 can be configured to operate at a second operating voltage that is different from the first operating voltage.
- dual-channel DIMM 140 can include one or more voltage regulators configured to provide one or more of the first and second operating voltages.
- FIG. 2 illustrates an information handling system 100 similar to information handling system 100 , except that information handling system 100 includes only a single dual-channel connector for receiving only a single dual-channel DIMM.
- information handling system 200 includes a processing complex 210 similar to processing complex 110 .
- Processing complex 210 includes a memory controller 212 , similar to memory controller 112 , except that, where memory controller 110 implements a four-channel architecture, memory controller 212 implements a two-channel architecture, including a memory channel 0 and a memory channel 1.
- dual-channel DIMM 220 is similar to dual-channel DIMMs 120 and 140 .
- An example of information handling system 200 may include a dense server configuration of a client system configuration.
- Information handling system 200 is designed as a constrained system to meet a particular performance goal.
- the fact that information handling system 100 has only a single dual-channel connector for receiving a single dual-channel DIMM may be based upon a compact form factor or, particular power profile, a processing performance target, ease of maintenance considerations, or other considerations, as needed or desired.
- dual-channel DIMM 220 is a heterogeneous DIMM provides unique flexibility in the design and operation of information handling system 100 .
- a particular dual-channel DIMM 220 can be selected where storage element 222 can be a NVRAM type of storage element, and where storage element 224 can be DIMM type of storage element.
- system BIOS, firmware, and an operating system can be stored on storage element 222 (the NVRAM), and runtime data handling can be provided by storage element 224 (the DIMM).
- a different dual-channel DIMM 220 can be selected where storage element 222 can be a large, slow, but low-power DIMM type of storage element, and where storage element 224 can be a small, fast DIMM type of storage element.
- storage element 222 can be a large, slow, but low-power DIMM type of storage element
- storage element 224 can be a small, fast DIMM type of storage element.
- FIG. 3 illustrates a method for providing a heterogeneous dual-channel DIMM starting at block 302 .
- a first storage type is selected for a dual-channel DIMM design in block 304 .
- a storage element of a dual-channel DIMM design can be selected from the types of memory elements described above.
- the dual-channel DIMM is configured such that the first storage type is coupled to the first memory channel of the dual-channel DIMM in block 306 .
- a second storage type is selected for the dual-channel DIMM design in block 308 .
- the dual-channel DIMM is configured such that the first storage type is coupled to the second memory channel of the dual-channel DIMM in block 310 and the method ends in block 312 .
- FIG. 4 illustrates a generalized embodiment of information handling system 400 .
- Information handling system 400 can include devices or modules that embody one or more of the devices or modules described above, and operates to perform one or more of the methods described above.
- Information handling system 400 includes a processors 402 and 404 , a chipset 410 , a memory 420 , a graphics interface 430 , include a basic input and output system/extensible firmware interface (BIOS/EFI) module 440 , a disk controller 450 , a disk emulator 460 , an input/output (I/O) interface 470 , and a network interface 480 .
- BIOS/EFI basic input and output system/extensible firmware interface
- Processor 402 is connected to chipset 410 via processor interface 406
- processor 404 is connected to the chipset via processor interface 408
- Memory 420 is connected to chipset 410 via a memory bus 422
- Graphics interface 430 is connected to chipset 410 via a graphics interface 432 , and provides a video display output 436 to a video display 434 .
- information handling system 400 includes separate memories that are dedicated to each of processors 402 and 404 via separate memory interfaces.
- An example of memory 420 includes random access memory (RAM) such as static RAM (SRAM), dynamic RAM (DRAM), non-volatile RAM (NV-RAM), or the like, read only memory (ROM), another type of memory, or a combination thereof.
- RAM random access memory
- SRAM static RAM
- DRAM dynamic RAM
- NV-RAM non-volatile RAM
- ROM read only memory
- BIOS/EFI module 440 , disk controller 450 , and I/O interface 470 are connected to chipset 410 via an I/O channel 412 .
- I/O channel 412 includes a Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) interface, a PCI-Extended (PCI-X) interface, a high speed PCI-Express (PCIe) interface, another industry standard or proprietary communication interface, or a combination thereof.
- Chipset 410 can also include one or more other I/O interfaces, including an Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) interface, a Small Computer Serial Interface (SCSI) interface, an Inter-Integrated Circuit (I 2 C) interface, a System Packet Interface (SPI), a Universal Serial Bus (USB), another interface, or a combination thereof.
- ISA Industry Standard Architecture
- SCSI Small Computer Serial Interface
- I 2 C Inter-Integrated Circuit
- SPI System Packet Interface
- USB Universal Serial Bus
- BIOS/EFI module 440 includes BIOS/EFI code operable to detect resources within information handling system 400 , to provide drivers for the resources, initialize the resources, and access the resources. BIOS/EFI module 440 includes code that operates to detect resources within information handling system 400 , to provide drivers for the resources, to initialize the resources, and to access the resources.
- Disk controller 450 includes a disk interface 452 that connects the disc controller to a hard disk drive (HDD) 454 , to an optical disk drive (ODD) 456 , and to disk emulator 460 .
- An example of disk interface 452 includes an Integrated Drive Electronics (IDE) interface, an Advanced Technology Attachment (ATA) such as a parallel ATA (PATA) interface or a serial ATA (SATA) interface, a SCSI interface, a USB interface, a proprietary interface, or a combination thereof.
- Disk emulator 460 permits a solid-state drive 464 to be connected to information handling system 400 via an external interface 462 .
- An example of external interface 462 includes a USB interface, an IEEE 1394 (Firewire) interface, a proprietary interface, or a combination thereof.
- solid-state drive 464 can be disposed within information handling system 400 .
- I/O interface 470 includes a peripheral interface 472 that connects the I/O interface to an add-on resource 474 , to a TPM 476 , and to network interface 480 .
- Peripheral interface 472 can be the same type of interface as I/O channel 412 , or can be a different type of interface. As such, I/O interface 470 extends the capacity of I/O channel 412 when peripheral interface 472 and the I/O channel are of the same type, and the I/O interface translates information from a format suitable to the I/O channel to a format suitable to the peripheral channel 472 when they are of a different type.
- Add-on resource 474 can include a data storage system, an additional graphics interface, a network interface card (NIC), a sound/video processing card, another add-on resource, or a combination thereof.
- Add-on resource 474 can be on a main circuit board, on separate circuit board or add-in card disposed within information handling system 400 , a device that is external to the information handling system, or a combination thereof.
- Network interface 480 represents a NIC disposed within information handling system 400 , on a main circuit board of the information handling system, integrated onto another component such as chipset 410 , in another suitable location, or a combination thereof.
- Network interface device 480 includes network channels 482 and 484 that provide interfaces to devices that are external to information handling system 400 .
- network channels 482 and 484 are of a different type than peripheral channel 472 and network interface 480 translates information from a format suitable to the peripheral channel to a format suitable to external devices.
- An example of network channels 482 and 484 includes InfiniBand channels, Fibre Channel channels, Gigabit Ethernet channels, proprietary channel architectures, or a combination thereof.
- Network channels 482 and 484 can be connected to external network resources (not illustrated).
- the network resource can include another information handling system, a data storage system, another network, a grid management system, another suitable resource, or a combination thereof.
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| US10216685B1 (en) * | 2017-07-19 | 2019-02-26 | Agiga Tech Inc. | Memory modules with nonvolatile storage and rapid, sustained transfer rates |
| US10642984B2 (en) * | 2018-06-12 | 2020-05-05 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy | Secure drive and method for booting to known good-state |
| WO2020117700A1 (en) | 2018-12-03 | 2020-06-11 | Rambus Inc. | Dram interface mode with improved channel integrity and efficiency at high signaling rates |
| KR102837805B1 (en) * | 2019-06-20 | 2025-07-22 | 삼성전자주식회사 | Memory device, operation method of the memory device, memory module and operation method of the memory module |
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