US11086045B2 - System and method of mapping topology - Google Patents
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- US11086045B2 US11086045B2 US16/233,286 US201816233286A US11086045B2 US 11086045 B2 US11086045 B2 US 11086045B2 US 201816233286 A US201816233286 A US 201816233286A US 11086045 B2 US11086045 B2 US 11086045B2
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B43/00—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
- E21B43/25—Methods for stimulating production
- E21B43/26—Methods for stimulating production by forming crevices or fractures
- E21B43/267—Methods for stimulating production by forming crevices or fractures reinforcing fractures by propping
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- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B47/00—Survey of boreholes or wells
- E21B47/09—Locating or determining the position of objects in boreholes or wells, e.g. the position of an extending arm; Identifying the free or blocked portions of pipes
- E21B47/095—Locating or determining the position of objects in boreholes or wells, e.g. the position of an extending arm; Identifying the free or blocked portions of pipes by detecting an acoustic anomalies, e.g. using mud-pressure pulses
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Definitions
- the present disclosure generally relates to mapping, and in particular to mapping of above-ground and subterranean structures.
- Fracking has become a popular methodology for enhancing the ability to extract hydrocarbons from rock.
- fracking is based on the injection of fluids into subterranean rock to induce fissures.
- Such hydraulic treatment includes use of a solid proppant material that is mixed with a fluid and then injected into a wellhead and through a wellbore, at relatively high pressures.
- the high-pressure of the boring fluid acts against a natural reservoir pressures and once the natural reservoir pressure is exceeded, the fluid induces fractures in the subterranean structures. Once the fractures are formed, the proppant enter these fissures, whereby they maintain the aperture of the fractures thereby allowing extraction of hydrocarbons.
- the induced fracture and fissure networks extended tens and hundreds of meters beyond the wellhead and borehole. Given these large distances, there exists no reliable ways to determine a fingerprint of the fissure and fracture networks, thereby resulting in a near blind operation. This lack of visibility as to where the cracks and fissures are forming, or if they intersect natural fracture networks, may lead to undesirable operations near domestic water wells, which can introduce caustic chemicals into the corresponding aquifer.
- a tracer/tagging approach only provides information that some path exists between two endpoints, namely the input and output locations of the tracer/tag, but does not provide any information on how the two endpoints connect spatially in three dimensional structures or subterranean natural/induced fracture networks. Furthermore, the resolution of the mapping is limited to these shortcomings.
- a system for determining a fingerprint of a structure includes a plurality of granules inserted in a structure having a plurality of fissures, fractures, and cracks (collectively apertures).
- Each granule includes a membrane and at least one bubble of compressed gas formed in the membrane.
- the membrane is selectively provided to dissolve in presence of a predetermined fluid and thereby selectively bursting the at least one bubble, thereby generating a concussing vibration.
- the system further includes at least i) three detection devices for two-dimensional mapping or ii) four detection devices for three-dimensional mapping placed near the structure according to a predetermined placement schedule, as well as a computing device which includes a processor configured to receive data from the at least three or four detection devices and to determine location of the at least one bubble of each of the plurality of the granules at the time of bursting by triangulating the concussive vibration in order to determine location of the at least one bubble.
- a method for determining a fingerprint of a structure includes inserting a plurality of granules in a structure.
- the structure includes a plurality of fissures, fractures, and cracks (collectively apertures).
- Each granule includes a membrane, and at least one bubble of compressed gas formed in the membrane.
- the membrane is selectively provided to dissolve in presence of a predetermined fluid and thereby selectively bursting the at least one bubble, thereby generating a concussing vibration.
- the method also includes detecting the concussing vibration associated with bursting of the at least one bubble by at least i) three detection devices for two-dimensional mapping or ii) four detection devices for three-dimensional mapping placed near the structure according to a predetermined placement schedule.
- the method further includes receiving data from the at least three or four detection devices.
- the method includes triangulating the concussive vibrations by a processor in order to determine location of the at least one bubble.
- FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a laboratory setup showing two blocks separated by a small separation (i.e., aperture) through which granules descend, as proof of viability of the system of the present disclosure.
- a small separation i.e., aperture
- FIG. 2 is a schematic plan-view (fracture plane view) of detectors (T 1 -T 9 ) placed on the blocks of FIG. 1 , where T 1 , T 2 , T 3 , and T 4 are placed on one block, and T 6 , T 7 , T 8 and T 9 are placed on the other block.
- FIGS. 3( a )-3( f ) are schematics of various apertures designed to be placed in the separation of FIG. 1
- FIG. 4( a ) is a 2-dimensional projection of the granules, according to the present disclosure.
- FIG. 4( b ) is a 3-dimensional tomographic reconstruction of a cylindrical volume of a granule of the present disclosure with a distribution of bubbles therein
- FIG. 4( c ) is a histogram of average bubble size within a granule of the present disclosure from about 9 samples per test based on the 3-dimensional X-ray tomographic reconstructions of FIG. 4( b ) .
- FIG. 4( d ) is another histogram showing total number of recorded signals based on first arrival for the 9 tests.
- FIG. 4( e ) is another histogram showing number of bubbles in each granule of the present disclosure.
- FIG. 5 is a graph of amplitude vs. time for each channel in a 13-channel detection system.
- FIG. 6( a ) is a graph of amplitude vs. time for both experimental data (identified as “Signal”) as well as the derived envelope function used to define the arrival time of the event (identified as “Hilbert”).
- FIG. 6( b ) is a graph of absolute value of Y location vs. speed used to determine the group velocity for acrylic block shown in FIG. 1 by finding the minimum value.
- FIG. 7( a ) is a graph of depth in m vs. experimental time in secs showing an example of the extracted source depth location as a function of experimental time for a 1 mm uniform-aperture fracture.
- FIG. 7( b ) is a graph of average speed in mm/s vs. aperture in mm width from both acoustic and video monitoring.
- FIG. 8 is a graph of force vs. distance from a wall between two parallel walls vs. a single wall, showing a tangential or drag force on a sphere near a single wall and between two walls.
- FIG. 9( a ) is a graph of depth in m vs. experimental time in seconds of location of granules of the present disclosure for a Y-shaped aperture of FIG. 3( a ) .
- FIG. 9( b ) is a graph of depth in m vs. experimental time in seconds of location of granules of the present disclosure for an inverted Y-shaped aperture of FIG. 3( b ) .
- FIG. 10 is a graph of depth in m vs. experimental time in seconds of location of granules of the present disclosure for a series of diamond chain apertures of FIG. 3( f ) .
- FIG. 11 is a schematic of an exemplary embodiment of traversing of the granules of the present disclosure in fissures between a delivery well and an observation well.
- FIG. 12( a ) is a graph of amplitude in volts vs. time in microseconds which shows signals recorded by transducer locations 9 (fractured region) and 13 (intact region).
- FIG. 12( b ) is a graph of average Fourier amplitude in volts vs. frequency in MHz showing the average spectral content of signals recorded at the two locations of FIG. 12( a ) .
- FIG. 12( c ) is a schematic of sample geometry with a central borehole depicting source locations of chemically-induced microseismicity, located using the methods according to the present disclosure, and three through going vertical fractures with 13 transducers.
- FIG. 12( d ) is a graph of events recorded per transducer (channel) of FIG. 12( c ) .
- FIG. 13 is a time-lapse acoustic emission map of granule position in meters vs. position in meters showing the effect of an invading water front.
- FIG. 14( a ) is a graph of distance in mm vs distance in mm, showing the path taken by an acoustic-emitting chemically-reactive particle swarm as it fell under gravity through a porous-fractured media.
- FIG. 14( b ) is a graph of distance in mm vs. time in seconds, in which depth of the chemically-induced seismicity granules as a function of time is shown—Labels indicate the interpreted average speed,
- FIG. 15( a ) is a time-elapse set of photographs showing how chemical granules of the present disclosure are composed of particles that can break apart (Test 14) to sample flow paths independently or travel as a particle swarm (Test 15).
- FIG. 15( b ) is a graph of depth in m vs. experimental time in secs showing how when a particle separate into multiple pieces advantageously provides the ability to sample a fracture or flow path multiple times to build up information on the topology of the fracture.
- the term “substantially” can allow for a degree of variability in a value or range, for example, within 90%, within 95%, or within 99% of a stated value or of a stated limit of a range.
- the approach generally includes use of high-pressure gas-filled particles in a mixture that when they come in contact with various media dissolve and release the high-pressure gas in a concussing manner.
- the release of the high-pressure gas generates vibration energy in the form of sound, which can be detected by strategically placed transducers/sensors. When such detections are integrated together, they can provide a map of the structures into which such particles are injected.
- PRS Particle Swarm Release
- CCMSP Chemically Induced Micro-Seismicity Particles
- PRS enables delivery of the particles to the dominant flow path through a fracture system.
- Chemically-activated particles enable a rapid release of compressed CO2 or other gases to generate micro-seismicity and act as internal moving sources along the entire flow path and can be engineered to release when only in contact with specific fluids or fluid properties. The particles can release a multitude of times, lasting minutes to hours.
- the concussing effect can be used to illuminate connected flow paths through fractures in opaque materials.
- the micro-seismicity is induced through the percussive release of these gasses through a chemical dissolution of the granules as the swarm moves through fractures moving together in a process referred to herein as swarm transport.
- the concussing effect can be dispersed such that individual granules do not interact with one-another.
- This chemically-induced micro-seismicity illuminates the flow path (detected using acoustic imaging sensors, e.g., piezoelectric transducers), whereby the micro-seismic waves are used to characterize the surrounding rock to inform of the presence of fractures and fracture networks used in different applications.
- acoustic imaging sensors e.g., piezoelectric transducers
- a continuous recording of waves generated by chemically induced Micro-Seismicity provides a data set that can be used to provide a fingerprint of the above-ground or subterranean structures.
- Phase Component Monitoring can also be used to interpret location, geometry, extent of fractures containing particle swarms and interpret the location of other fractures in the fracture system from changes in spectral content, mode-conversion and scattering, as discussed in full detail below.
- Subsurface engineering activities or sustainable and safe storage of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) or extraction/injection of hydrocarbons in subsurface rock depends on the ability to image and characterize fracture systems throughout the life-cycle of the site.
- Engineered and natural changes in stress are of particular significance because fractures are topologically complex, span a range of length scales, and are routinely altered due to small modifications in physical and chemical processes.
- Of particular concern is the integrity of the caprock which is an impermeable geological unit (or a set of units) that prevents or minimizes leakage from deeper geologic storage sites or loss of hydrocarbons to the Earth's surface or aquifers during fracking.
- this imaging system can be used to inform rock engineers about fractures and fracture networks that affect fluid extraction and/or sequestration in subterranean structures.
- this imaging technique can be used to inform structural engineers of the soundness of structures, e.g., bridges, dams and tunnels.
- an acoustic detection system 100 is depicted, according to the present disclosure.
- the system 100 includes transparent acrylic blocks 102 and 104 , disposed to generate synthetic aperture fractures 106 with uniform and variable apertures. These acrylic blocks 102 and 104 enable optical monitoring of granule location and descent velocity as confirmation for acoustic detection.
- the acrylic blocks 102 and 104 were fabricated to be about 148 mm ⁇ 148 mm ⁇ 100 mm and were separated by the distance shown as “d” to form a uniform aperture fracture 106 . Apertures of fracture 106 of 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, and 10 mm were tested. A fracture plane of about 148 mm by 148 mm was thus generated by placing the acrylic block 102 and 104 near each other.
- the optical system includes a processor (e.g., a RaspberryPI computer) and a camera which together were used to record video images (25 frames per second) of the entire fracture plane with a pixel edge length of about 550 micrometers.
- the camera was mounted a fixed distance away from the acrylic blocks 102 and 104 .
- Acoustic waves were recorded using 8 piezoelectric transducers (e.g., Physical Acoustics F15 alpha sensors with a frequency range of 100-450 kHz) that were connected to an acoustic emission system (e.g., Mistra 24-Channel 16-Bit acoustic emission recording system).
- transducers were placed on the outer face of each acrylic blocks 102 and 104 (see FIG. 2 ). Signals were recorded for channels receiving a signal above a certain threshold and an event was defined when 3 or more channels were triggered above the threshold. The data were stored in a binary format on a computer and on a backup drive.
- T 1 , T 2 , T 3 , T 4 are on the front face of the block 104 separated a distance of about 200 mm from transducers T 6 , T 7 , T 8 , and T 9 on block 102 .
- variable aperture fractures were created by forming various patterns shown in FIGS. 3( a )-3( f ) of varying fracture apertures 200 (the reference numeral is only shown for one of the six designs) into a 2 mm thick rubber sheet that was placed between the two acrylic blocks 102 and 104 (see FIG. 1 ). Prior to saturating the fracture with water, the blocks were sealed along the sides and bottom of the fracture to prevent leakage.
- the solid black areas represent uncut rubber, and the solid white areas represent (i.e., cut) fractures with varying shapes. These shapes range from apertures with widths as small as about 1 mm to 10 mm and lengths as long as about 148 mm.
- the in-plane aperture was 2 mm (into the page).
- granules Under gravity and other hydrodynamic conditions, granules (individually and in swarms) seek the path of least resistance through a porous fractured medium. Reactive granules made of sucrose were used with pressurized carbon dioxide ( ⁇ 600 psi—about 40 times greater than atmospheric pressure) within individual pockets, with at least one to 100 pockets per granule ( FIG. 4( e ) ). As the granule dissolves, the compressed gas is released, yielding acoustic emissions ( FIG. 4( d ) ).
- the reactive granules are denser than water and a single granule (ellipsoidal with about 0.5-3 mm in major-axis diameter) emits from hundreds to tens of thousands of acoustic event signals over about 4 minutes from the beginning of granule dissolution (shown in FIG. 4( d ) discussed below).
- a 2-dimensional projection of a subsection of a granule according to the present disclosure is provided.
- X-ray microscopy is obtained using a 3-dimensional X-ray Microscopy (Zeiss VERSA 510), which as shown in FIG.
- FIG. 4( b ) depicts granules containing pressurized gas in the form of spherical bubbles that range in size from about 3 to about 200 micrometers.
- FIG. 4( b ) provides a 3-dimensional X-ray tomographic reconstruction of a cylindrical volume (0.9 mm in diameter by 0.9 mm in height) of a reactive granule containing a distribution of bubble sizes (the dashed circle shows outline of an exemplary bubble with a diameter of about 200 ⁇ m).
- FIG. 4( c ) is a histogram of average bubble size which ranges from about 9 samples per test based on the 3-dimensional X-ray tomographic reconstructions. As can be seen, the average size ranges from about 19 ⁇ m to about 40 ⁇ m.
- FIG. 4( d ) is another histogram showing total number of recorded signals based on hit detection, i.e., for each channel, the number of signals with an amplitude greater than a selected threshold.
- FIGS. 4( d ) 1 , 2 , 3 , 5 , 6 , and 7 refer to transducer/channel numbers. The order of the number of recorded signals is shown for Test 007. However, the same order applies to all the other tests (i.e., Test 001-006 and 008-010).
- FIG. 4( e ) is another histogram showing number of bubbles in each measured granule. As can be seen in FIG. 4( e ) , the number of bubbles can range from about 2,000 per granule to about 90,000 per granule.
- a dissolvable coating on the granules can assist in delaying the release of the concussing emissions until the granule is located at its target site.
- the coating can be selected from a group consisting essentially of sucrose, fructose, starch, silica, amorphous glass, hyper-stressed metastable glasses, triacylglycerols, phospholipids, glycolipids, hydrophobic proteins, organic compounds, aliphatics, salts, polyethylene, polystyrene, epoxies, polyvinyl chloride, polymethyl methacrylate, soda-lime-borate compositions, ceramic, foams, and combinations thereof.
- a source characterization device was fabricated to measure and characterize the propagating wave front using 13 plane wave piezoelectric transducers (central frequency 1 MHz, bandwidth 0.1-1.5 MHz). The transducers were connected to the Mistra 24-Channel 16-Bit acoustic emission system to simultaneously record all 13 channels. A granule was attached to a hot-glue solidified thread and suspended in the SCD. The recorded signals are shown in FIG. 5 which provides amplitude vs. time graphs for each of the 13 channels.
- the source is purely explosive with diametrically opposed transducers exhibiting the same phase. Differences in arrival time indicate that the granule was not centered in the SCD. Differences in amplitude arise from the attachment of the granule to hot-glue on only one side.
- a graph of amplitude vs. time is provided for both experimental data (identified as “Signal”) as well as an envelope function of the data (identified as “Hilbert”) using a Hilbert transform known to a person having ordinary skill in the art.
- the first step is to quantify the time difference among the signals held in associated data files. For each event, all of the signal files are read and the time of each hit is extracted from the file header information. One channel is selected as a reference. The difference in triggered time (or time of arrival for continuously streamed data) between the reference channel and all other channels is calculated. The time base for the signals is generated. Next a Hilbert transformation is used to find the group arrival. A Hilbert transformation is performed on each signal (an example is shown in FIG. 6( a ) , discussed below). The Hilbert Transform H( ⁇ )* ⁇ (t) is the convolution of a function, ⁇ (t), with the Hilbert kernel
- FIG. 6( a ) thus shows a typical recorded signal from a chemically-induced event.
- An analysis was performed to extract group arrival times to perform source location using a non-linear solver (e.g., using a Broyden approach).
- the compressional wave phase velocity in acrylic is about 2730 m/s.
- a minimization approach ( FIG. 6( b ) , which is a graph of absolute value of Y location in volts vs. speed in m/s was used to determine the group velocity for acrylic (about 2630 m/s).
- a Hilbert transformation was applied to all signals for each event (event is defined as when 3 or more transducers recorded signals with amplitudes above a predetermined threshold).
- transducers when a three-dimensional fracture network is to be interrogated, there must be 4 or more transducers (at least three for two-dimensional mapping) recorded signals with amplitudes above a predetermined threshold. Furthermore, the four transducers to be used to locate an event in three dimensions should be located at the vertices of a scalene tetrahedron to avoid accidental degeneracy in the numerical solution.
- the function ⁇ (t) is the measured signal, strain (can also be displacement or acceleration depending on the sensor) as a function of time.
- the Hilbert transform is used to identify wave packets in the signals (the envelope shown in FIG. 6( a ) ).
- the peak of the Hilbert is easier to identify than a specific time-point of ⁇ (t), and the peak is taken as the group arrival time as one of several triangulated arrival times needed to locate the event.
- the system of equations to solve for the event location is based on
- t s is the travel time from the source to the reference channel and is unknown. This equation is applied to each event with 3 or more signals from different sensors (for the planar fracture) with 4 or more signals from different sensors (for three-dimensional fractures or fracture networks).
- the subscript t i represents channel “i”. ⁇ t s and ⁇ t i are the additional differences in travel time from the source to the other sensors.
- V is the velocity of the material, V material , through which the signal propagates.
- V is determined by calculating the average y-location (vertical) for first 100 points when the chemical source is floating before either falling under gravity or the start of transport through pressure changes.
- the group arrival times are used to locate an event using a Broyden approach to solve a system of non-linear equations.
- the Broyden approach is related to Newton's method for finding function zeroes, but has higher efficiency because it calculates the entire Jacobian up front rather than at each iteration.
- the position of the source and t s are found for every event during the experiment.
- FIG. 7( a ) a graph of depth in meters (m) vs. experimental time in seconds (secs) is provided.
- FIG. 7( a ) thus shows an example of the extracted source depth location as a function of experimental time for a 1 mm uniform-aperture fracture.
- the emitting granule descends into the fracture, eventually coming to rest at the bottom of the fracture.
- the speed of the granule from the acoustic sensing was 42.8 mm/s compared to 41.2 mm/s extracted from the video.
- the granule descent speed increases with increasing aperture width (aperture represents the distance between two fracture walls). This increase is shown in FIG. 7( b ) which is a graph of average speed (mm/s) vs. aperture (mm) width for both acoustic and video monitoring.
- FIG. 8 a graph of force vs. distance from a wall is shown for a sphere between two parallel walls vs. a sphere near a single wall, thus showing a tangential or drag force on a sphere near a single wall and between two walls.
- the horizontal axis in FIG. 8 refers to distance from the wall divided by the particle radius.
- the horizontal axis represents the distance between the two walls divided by the particle radius.
- the drag from the wall decreases with increasing aperture (i.e., distance between the two walls).
- FIG. 9( a ) and 9( b ) show location of transportable chemical source of the present disclosure as a function of experimental time for the Y-shaped aperture (see FIG. 3( a ) ) and inverted y-shaped aperture (see FIG. 3( b ) ), respectively.
- FIG. 10 shows source depth as a function of experimental time for the diamond chain aperture (see FIG. 3( f ) ).
- FIGS. 9( a ) and 9( b ) show the source location as a function of time for the Y-shaped aperture (shown in FIG. 3( a ) ) and the inverted y-shaped aperture (shown in FIG. 3( b ) ).
- the swarm rests at the air-water interface.
- the granule travels fast in the upper converging section (15.8 mm/s) of the fracture than in the 2 mm narrow channel (5.8 mm/s).
- the inverted y-shaped aperture fracture see FIGS.
- the granule travels more slowly in the narrow 2 mm upper channel (3.2 mm/s) and then speeds up in the diverging aperture.
- particle swarms accelerate as fracture apertures diverge.
- FIG. 9( a ) it should be noted that the particle was too large to fall into the 2 mm channel of the Y-shaped aperture and remained at the top of the neck for about 100 seconds.
- the granule continued its descent through the narrow channel and continued to emit though reduced in size. This is observed several times for the diamond chain fracture (see FIG. 3( f ) and FIG. 10 ).
- the granules of the present disclosure can be spherical, ellipsoidal (oblate or prolate), cylindrical or other geometries to shape the radiation pattern of the emitted energy.
- the directionality of the granules enables characterization of the anisotropy of the rock and fracture network.
- the orientation of the chemical sources can be controlled by preferentially weighting the particle, for example excess gas at one end of an ellipsoid would orient the source vertically or the same effect can be achieved by depositing a heavy element at one location on the surface of the source.
- the pattern of the released granules can also be controlled by making the chemical source from two or more different materials with different yield strengths to design for preferential failure that results in selective release of oriented micro-seismicity.
- FIG. 11 a schematic of an exemplary embodiment of traversing of the granules of the present disclosure in fissures or fracture networks between a delivery well and an observation well is depicted. Recording of the micro-seismicity of these granules in the observation well enables illumination of the dominate flow path through subsurface fracture networks.
- the coating of the granule can be chosen to increase or decrease the delay time, for instance by changing the wettability of the coating for a target liquid (for instance wettability of a coating to oil will be different than wettability to water or brine).
- This delay in time can be calibrated in the laboratory during manufacture of the granules to produce different time delays for different interfaces, and then the time delay observed in the subsurface can be used to classify what type of interface was encountered by the granules.
- a particularly important application of this method applies to the interface from oil to water.
- the granule coating may be dissolved by water but not by oil. Therefore, if the granule begins in oil, there will be no emission. However, when the particle moves into water, emissions will begin. This would be observed as a sudden onset of emissions at some deep location where no emissions had been present before. This delay would make it possible to detect an oil-water interface in the subsurface which is not addressed by prior art approaches.
- compressed gas is sealed in thin coatings of epoxies or polypropylene or PVC, the granules would not dissolve in water but would dissolve in crude oil under the elevated temperature conditions of subsurface oil reservoirs (e.g., 50° C. to 160° C.).
- the granules can be used to provide a fingerprint of above-ground structures.
- the granules can be embedded into the actual site construction. For example, granules with long time-delay coatings would be incorporated into cement. During the curing process, the coating would dissolve slightly, but not completely. Once the cement is dry, the granules would be time-stable if the cement retains its integrity. However, if the cement forms cracks that are exposed to water, water will come into contact with the embedded granules that will begin to emit.
- the engineering structure could be wired with low-cost acoustic sensors. The data from the sensor could be continuously monitored online, if needed, or could be accessed when desired.
- the signature of the auto-seismic emitter would be different than the signature of simple cement auto-acoustic emission allowing discrimination between actual granule activation by initial structural degradation versus background auto-acoustic emissions. This could be used in many possible civil structures such as bridges, buildings, dams and tunnels, among others.
- Applying the granules in a flow through a structure can also be used to detect leaks.
- the novel approach of the present disclosure can be used to detect the location of the leak.
- a detection fluid can be laced with granules and flowed through the leak.
- nuclear waste isolation uses a “bathtub” approach, or a sarcophagus, to encapsulate nuclear waste above or below ground. If the waste begins to leak through the containment, for instance underneath the bathtub, it would activate the granules that would start to produce seismic emissions that would be picked up as a flag of initial failure of the containment.
- the isolated waste is often in liquid form which would be ideal for this type of detection.
- Another example of application of the present disclosure can be using this novel approach in imaging a biological structure compatible with release of gases.
- internal structures of a gastrointestinal structure can be mapped by ingesting a plurality of the granules and detecting concussing sounds of release of gas.
- This approach can be used to determine a blockage in the biological system.
- Use of selective time release coatings could be used for this application where near simultaneous signaling could identify location of a blockage.
- internal moving sources provided by the granule swarms can be used to characterize different portions of a fracture network through hydrodynamic control of swarm transport.
- different subsets of receivers record different components of the scattered wave field depending on the number of fractures, fracture spacing and receiver locations.
- Changing spectral content provides a fundamental tool for characterizing fractures because changes in attenuation and velocity from fractures are frequency-dependent and related to the mechanical properties of fractures.
- moving sources may also generate guided waves (fracture interface waves, Krauklis waves, pressure waves, leaky guided modes) and converted modes (P-S or S-P, P-compressional waves, S-shear wave) that are linked to the internal geometry of a fracture or fracture set as well as fracture-matrix connectivity.
- guided waves fracture interface waves, Krauklis waves, pressure waves, leaky guided modes
- converted modes P-S or S-P, P-compressional waves, S-shear wave
- FIG. 12( c ) shows a schematic of sample geometry with a central borehole depicting source locations of chemically-induced microseismicity and three through going vertical fractures
- Sensors were placed around the sample to acquire signals that propagated through only intact material, and through non-uniformly spaced fractures. Signals propagated through the fractures were delayed.
- the average spectral content for each signal received at each receiver is taken using either a Fast Fourier transform or Nolte-Morlet Wavelet transformation, known to a person having ordinary skill in the art.
- Signals propagated through the fractures exhibited a decrease in the high frequency components of the signal observed for the intact sample, and contained additional spectral peaks related to fracture spacing (see FIGS. 12( a ) , which shows a graph of amplitude in volts vs. time in microseconds, and 12 ( b ) which shows average Fourier amplitude in volts vs. frequency in MHz).
- Key signal features such as amplitude, spectral content, delay time, codas contain information about the different aspects of fracture geometry (length, spacing, variable fracture specific stiffness).
- FIG. 12( d ) is a graph of events recorded per channel (transducer).
- the chemical sources can also be used to seed a fracture plane to determine the water-air interface as water or other fluids invade a fracture.
- Experiments were performed on synthetic fracture systems to determine methods for locating and extracting information on fracture geometry from an invading fluid front as a function time. Tests show (see FIG. 13 which shows a time-lapse acoustic emission graph of position in meters vs. position in meters) the sequential position of an invading fluid front (early time (shown in dashed lines) to late time (as shown in dashed lines)).
- FIG. 14 ( a ) which is a graph of distance in mm vs distance in mm, shows the path taken by an acoustic-emitting chemically-reactive particle swarm as it fell under gravity through a porous-fractured media.
- a further feature of the present disclosure is the particulate nature of the chemical source.
- One aspect of the chemical source that relates to its use as a particle swarm is that it can be composed of multiple acoustic generating particles that can act coherently or independently. During dissolution, the particles can separate (as shown in FIG. 15( a ) , which is a time-elapse set of photographs showing how chemical granules are composed of particles that can break apart (Test 14) and sample flow paths independently (e.g., FIG. 13 ) or travel as a particle swarm (Test 15)) and are transported independently.
- FIG. 15( b ) is a graph of depth in m vs. experimental time in secs and which shows an example where a particle separates into multiple pieces while resting at an air-water interface.
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Abstract
Description
A(t)=√{square root over (g(t)2+ƒ(t)2)} (2)
The peak of the Hilbert is easier to identify than a specific time-point of ƒ(t), and the peak is taken as the group arrival time as one of several triangulated arrival times needed to locate the event. To locate the moving source, the system of equations to solve for the event location is based on
where ts is the travel time from the source to the reference channel and is unknown. This equation is applied to each event with 3 or more signals from different sensors (for the planar fracture) with 4 or more signals from different sensors (for three-dimensional fractures or fracture networks). The subscript ti represents channel “i”. Δts and Δti are the additional differences in travel time from the source to the other sensors. V is the velocity of the material, Vmaterial, through which the signal propagates. V is determined by calculating the average y-location (vertical) for first 100 points when the chemical source is floating before either falling under gravity or the start of transport through pressure changes. The group arrival times are used to locate an event using a Broyden approach to solve a system of non-linear equations. The Broyden approach is related to Newton's method for finding function zeroes, but has higher efficiency because it calculates the entire Jacobian up front rather than at each iteration. The minimum in the value of the first 100 y=locations (
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