US1037070A - Utilizing heat energy. - Google Patents

Description

W. E, SMYTH.

UTILIZING HEAT ENERGY. APPLICATION FILED FEB.5, 1900.

I Patented Aug. 27, 1912.

4 SHEETS-SHEET 1.

Patented. Aug. 27, 1912.

4 SHEETS-SHEET 2.

W. H. SMYTH. UTILIZING HEAT ENERGY;

APPLICATION FILED PBB.5,1900. 1,03?,O?0, I Patented Aug. 27, 1912.

4 SHEETS-SHEET 3. x l" I, H

xawmi m" MTM; I

W. H. SMYTHi UTILIZING HEAT ENERGY.

APPLICATION FILED MR5, 1900.

1,037,070, Patented Aug. 27, 1912.

I 4 SHEETS-SHEET 4.

,2 w (xii? STATES PATENT ormcn.

summit n. 5mm, or BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA, ASSIGNOR To nouris es GAS PUMP COMPANY, A coaronn'rron or NEW YORK.

UTILIZING HEAT ENERGY.

mama o ofAlameda and State of California, have invented certain new and useful Improve mentsin Utilizing Heat'Energy; and I do hereby declare the following to be a full, clear, andexact description of the same.

This invention relates to the art of process of utilizing the expansive. force of heat. It also involves improvements in dynamics as embodied in heat motors; pneumatics as in air compressors and other gas apparatus: hvdraulics as in pumps and other water devices.

In the devices and methods adoptedheretofore, in utilizing heat as a source of power, an exceedingly large proportion of the heat valueof fuels has becn'wastefully dissipated.

The present invention is a radical departure from the accepted practice having for i'ts'object the utilization of much of this heretofore wasted heat energy.

In general terms the/objects of the inven tion are to effect high initial and especially low terminal temperatures of an inflamed charge, and to transform this wide range into an equivalent of useful work. It aims "to utilize a larger percentage of the fuel heat .value, by providing conditions in harmony with the requirements for harnessing heat energy as displayed in explosive action.

5 Incidental to themain object of the invention and more fully stated, some of the objectsare to provide conditions in the utilization of-explosive energy to effect-high initial temperature and pressure; low terminal temperature and pressure; expansion below atmosphere; high piston speed; immediate conversion of the fugitive energy of. explos'ion into a stable form of practically available pressure; compression of charge prior to ignition; prior compression of charge in proportion to theresistance to be met by its expansion during infiaming; comj in position and operation this piston consists of a volumeof fiuid, prefe rably water. ,Means are also provided for changing or 1 regulating the position of the surface of i th s piston in chamber 1. In the present inpression automatically produced, regulated and controlled by the resistance to be overcome; expansion commensurate with varying initial temperatures and pressures; extreme mobility and responsiveness of piston to initial pressure; transmitting association between piston and power storing or utilizing means providing for the resistance being Specification Letters Patent. Patented Aug. 27,1912. application filed February 5,1900. Serial No. 4,127.

or process is made. available in the arrange o ment of the simple means shown ,in the 'accompanymg drawings in which v D Figure 1 1s aside view of a single cylinder apparatus, largely in section to more clearly, illustrate it. v Fig. 2 is an elevation of a two 5 cylinder or duplex apparatus havinga common air chamber and charging mechanism. Fig. 3 is aseries of diagrams illustrating the cycle of operations or steps in the process as carried into'efl'ect in the apparatus shown in Fig.2. Fig. 4 is a series of diagrams illustrating varients of the single and multiple apparatus adapted to carry into effect the 1 herein disclosed artor process.

Referring to; the drawing, 1 is a cylinder (using this term conventionally) of any suitable form, which constitutes a charge, explosion or expansion chamber. This cylinder is prolonged into an easy curve 2, and

the curve 2 is tapered to a nozzle outlet 3'86 directed upward. The nozzle 3 projects intoand is surrounded by a casing or uptake t tapering in the opposite direction, from the nelghborhood of the nozzle, to form an injector on a large scale. At the lower end of casing 4 is placed a suitable check valve 5 and strainer 6,. and at theupper end of the casing'another check valve7. An air inlet valve. 5 is provided, opening into the ex plosion and expansion chamber or its extension.- The structure thus described from its commencement, around the curve to the valve 7 comprises the charge and expansion chamber. Above the check valve 7 is placed 7 an air-chamber 8. A pipe 9-connects the air chamber 8 with the casing 4 below the valve 7 A valve 10 is provided on the pipe 9 to control the flow of air or water from the chamber 8 into the casing 4. A'suitable independent freely movable pistonis located 0 in chamber 1. In the resent form of the device illustrated in Figs. 1 and 2, when stance as illustrated in Figs. '1' "and 2 it'is shown as piston 11, movable in a cylinderin communication with the chamber 1, so that 110.

device. The'rod 13 in is connec e .to a motor eylinder .15;;hy-..suitable connec- 3' the fluid piston, though entirely independent and free to move in res' onse' to heat pressure impulse,- is also on er control as to its position. Power connections are represented by a rock-shaft 12, with levers to operate iston 11 and thevarious valves for control- 'ng the charges and effecting the ignition.

As illustrated inFigJ'2 the piston '11 is provided with a rod 13 which extends through 'a stufling-box 14 in the'side of the tions such as -levers. 17, rock-shaft tratedm the'fbrm sie'ither Fig. 1 or Fig. 2. A pipe forms an outlet for the chamber 7 or chambers 8.61 Thee-chambers 8, if more than one, are conneetedhso-as to form one .air

chamber of large size compared with. the

ggf 'volume of the water-piston. In other words the iston should always be-of relatively sinal .sizeas compared with the resilient cushion of the air chamber. To operate in proper sequence the other working or con-. trolling devices, I" provide the followmgdev scribed mechanism. A cam lever and tap.-

pet 21 is attached securely on shaft 12 having cam surfaces 21 and 21". A plug valve 22 is common to and controls the flow of gases to or from the two explosion chambers. It is shown connected to the e lesion chamber in Fig. 1 by pipe 23. A chec valve 24 controlling the admission of the explosive charge, is provided-with a spring actu-T ated valve stem 25, as shown in Fig. 1. v

The operating lever or handle'22f is se+ cured to'the plug or stem ofth'e valve .22. A slotted 1ink22 is loosely connected to 22 and engages with, one arm of a loosely pivoted bell-crank tappet lever 22. The other arm of the lever 22 constitutes a tappet which engages with the part 21' ot the cam ended lever 21 to be operated thereby at eacl; arc reciprocation of the camend of the lever. This cam end serves the double function of reversing the four-way valve 22 and. raising and keeping the valve 24 open, by engagement of the cam surfaces 21 and 21" with the stem connections of valves 22 and 24 respectively. This is shown in Fig. 1. A vaporizer or fuel-mixer 26 is connected to a fuel reservoir 27 by a suitable valve con.-

trolledpipe. Figs. 1 and 2. H

A tappet' arm 28 is secured to shaft 12 and is adapted to engage and operate .tappet lever 35. 29 is an ignition chamber connected to the-"explosion chamber 1 by pipe 23 I ing wiper 30 is secured on shaft 31, which extends through the side of the ignition chamber and is provided with 'anbperating insulated rod 34 passing to the outside ofsecured upon the spindle of each of the valves 10. 36 is a. link slotted at each end for the rece tion of the pin 37 on the tappet..-

lhe link- 36 is provided with 'ai levers 35.

pin 38 approximately midway of. its length,

' which engages with the lever 32 of the spark wiper, Figs. '1 and 2. A. battery oroth'er suitable source of electrical energyis represented by 39, and 40 and 41 are w res leading to the wiper and spring respectively; .;A

rods 16, Fig. .2.

yoke 42 is secured upon the pistonvrod 13 and its ends are pivotally connectedto'the which connects the opposite ends of cylinder 15, and a pipe 45 connects the valve and the cylinder ends with a sourceoi pressure. I

An exhaust pipe for the four way valve 43 is shown at.46 which permits each end of cylinder 15 to exhaustalternately. .An'op-Z' crating lever 47 is provided furl-valve 43,

which is-connected to a sliding tappet rod- 48 having springs 49 and tappets 50. Levers 51, hinged-at one end and each provided, at

-or near that end with a cam surface 52,, are.

provided. The opposite end .of'each lever is provided with a wedge-shaped latch, to en-' with and release the latch levers '51 alternately. of which is clearly .shown in unit or single cylinder device. All the working parts are in operative association. Thus,

from this view, bein .partly in" section, the construction of the evice and the steps of the process will be clearlyv understood. The course of the explosive charge and the water can also clearly be followed from their sources to their outflow. In this view the main body of the explosion chamber '1 is shown entirely submerged, its small extension or ignition tube 23 alone appears above Water. In this view also, the charging cylinder is shown connected directly with the; explosion or combustion chamber 1. discharge pipe 20 leads from the air cham ber 8 near thebottom'thereof but sufiiciently above the valve 7 to provide a water seal thereto. The air chamber 8 and the various pipes'areshown broken to indicate that as I Fi 2." a a Y :Fi .C1 is shown a com lete o rat-ive g P P The under which the device is to be operated,

and whether it is to be operated .purely as a force pump or as partly suction and partly force.

The cycle of operation and the steps' of 70., the ignition chamber. 35 is a tappet lever ma tic series Fig. 3, in which for simplicitythe process as exemplified in thegtwo-cylinder'a-pparatus is illustrated in the diagramand clegmess, the details of mechanical constructien have beenomitted? These diagrams'qfwilljassist in making clear the op-, eratioifflof the described apparatus and a ready jhomprehension of the arrangement purpose and functions ot the; various meimrhanical details hereinbeforejset out. 1. Shows thedevice-taking anwxplosive.

charge in-the' left hand cylmder'imd dis- 'chargingathe spent-gases from the other cylinder, the piston ll'beingifnidway ofl'its stroke, traveling to therigh a,

II. Shows the left hand cylinder with a 'ire'sh charge therein, and the right hand cylinder-completely occupied by the water cylinder compressed to piston, the'spent gases of the" previous explosion having been T drivergg out by the water.

"III. Showsthe' charge in the left hand ess than half of its original-bulk'by the admission of air pressure between the water piston and the check valve7.'

a 1V. Shows due toexplosion and the travel of the water into the air chamber, preceded by the volume of air from beneath the valve 7. This diagram alsov shows the inrush of water through the lowercheck valve 5 induced by the injector form of the uptake pipe, gravity and atmosphericpressure. a

. J V. Showslthe left hand, cylinder almost filled with water.

v1. Shows a conditionsimilar to that of I, but reversed as to' the direction of the piston. 7 I VII. Shows a charge in the right hand cylinder" The left hand cylinder in' this case Jbein completely scavenged of spent gases of t e previous explosion.

VIII. Shows the explosive charge n the right hand cylinder ready to be ignited,

thu's'completingthe cycle.

In the foregoing brief description of the diagrams of Fig.3, emphasis has'not been 'laid--=on' the operation and function of valve 5 in the cycle and process, as the question ofits use is a matter, largely within the discretion andj'udgment of the operator and dependent on'the nature of the work to be done in relation to the head to which the water is to be forced. It should in pracqtically all cases be used to insure best economy. 'Its'u'se enables atmospheric pressure to be employed to displace the water in the air chamberto the level of the discharge opening and thereafter supply air absorbed by the water underpressurein the air chamher, and. in addition thereto,'it permits the excess of atmospheric pressure over that required to force water; into chamber 1 to be the lexpansion of the chargegases and th movement of, the water" employed in lighteningthe column and so reducin the resistance to be overcome-by theexp osive charge.

"With the foregoing mechanical construction 'of the apparatus andits cycle, its mechanical operation and the steps of'the process carried into efiect thereby, will be simple and apparent to those skilled in kindred arts. f A brief descri tion therefore will suifice, of the practicall operation o'f'the apparatus and how the process is carried into eflect thereby This will now be given. 'Motion is imparted'to the piston llby the operation of the small engine 15 ai1d by the described or othersuit ;able mechanism, the various valves and other moving parts are worked in proper sequenee; The action ofthe piston llcauses the flurd piston to move in the chamber'l and make roon 'for the charge in its cham her. The valve 22 being the action of piston 11 an water piston causes successive inflow of explosive charges and expulsion or scavenging of the spent gases. Assuming as is'shown in properly disposed,

Fig. 1, the explosive charge to be in chamber 1, the water piston will extend nearly to valve 7, separated from, the water and pressure inthe air chamber 8 by the valve 7 and 'by-wh'atever air has been permitted access water piston while free to respond to the explosive impulse,"is under control and mov-' able at will.v The charge in the combustion chamber 1 and the air chamber 8 are now under like pressure, which is as has been shown,:that due and corresponding to the head to which the liquid is being forced. It may he noticed also that the ignition chamber 29 with ltssparker is in free communication with the'explosion chamber. Ignition now takes place by the engagement of the tappet pm} 37 with the end oftheslot in the link 36 thus rocking the wiper 30 past the spring "33: by the connection of the link 36 to wiper arm 32. The slot in 36 permits the valvd 10 to close immediately the wiper arm 32 passes out of engagement with the spring 33. By the. explosive expansion of the'gases,

cylinder 1, the water piston is driven with great energy and speed through the nozzle 3. The entire water piston may be driven out'of the expansion chamberthrou h valve 7.- The size of the expansion cham or .is a

description of the the travel of the bum-1a.;

alu s:- mind i c w nc under Whichtheap ara-tus is tow k. It 11*)- be rwrev.. expananm; nn y reg xtendso .far jasto inot. only 'dnve out, the; water piston completely, butto a portion .ofgthe expanded. charge to|passintotheair chamber during expan+ sea; together with air admitted through.the-

'flhespwes'vaeated in jchamberi and ex tension :4 Me filled: I instantly; (practicall y simultaneouslywith the EXPBJISIOD) by air I tlimughvalve 5 if'this I is desired and 1 the 1 proportioned, or: with any- '1 proportion of. airiandi water. 5 That;

Willghj, fiflt ofl andiseparated from that in chamber 1 by the ineomingwater' theextension- 4': is thus trapped be eath v alve'7, ready to be driven into the a hoha'mber atthe next! operation of: the water piston, That rtion of .thespent:

"extension may facilitate the-scavenging of ,jbeneath. valve 7- by the gravity of.- the atenpistom Owing to the poised or balanced condilonand-the small-mass of the water piston,

the; mobility and responsiveness 18 ex-. "tremely, great. It, offers practically inappreciable resistance tobeing started into ,m'otionand high-velocity. It ispractic-ally m -alliquid projectile. Its inertia due to weight.

I and-speed-causes it to travel, under practical-z conditions, a distance comparable to the expansion of the 'same compressed explosive. charge exploding and expanding freely 5.- in the atmosphere Thus the terminalspres sure-inthe 'expinsion, chamber. after the a i drive of the piston, always runs -in-practic'e belowthat:o atmosphere a-good vacuum isproduoed' andathe economic results accruing ioo theretm Vacuum, however, in whole or part, isnot essential-to its operation. When cumstances-the benefits and economies of vacuum are available with this apparatus. en the 'device is ope'ratedunder condi? ii, .where gravity can supply the water to 'tl ie working level in the charge chamber, 66- 'vacuumis utilized: to carry andforceatzportionlof the air admixed with thezspentv gases iinithe part 4 ofFthe expansion chamberr valve 5a The portion of air and I I gases andmir. in cham r 1fwillpass'out-asv The lengths of the, charge chamber: f'lgand its extensionAima be so proportioned. tojeach other. that! as-Ls' own iii Fig. 1; the

e spent gasesandmlso the introduction of I Loam-arc ic air intothe. expansionm v ambenwth, the whm rg head! aawa um isin. a sense provided. as at; mosphe'rie air and pressure is permittedfree and unrestricted entrance to the expans onchamber ithe time- -that'the expansion.

pressure: I

10w. atmospheric pressure. I

Vacuunr is a plicable in low 1 i fts;..this iscontrollable-t ou .h valvefiimore orLlesszin accordance with. I e lift.

pressingv the; harge,; bring about a some- 1 fra- The means and methodemployed-for; comwhat "paradoxical; condition, viz: that the initial pressure; of explosion is exerted against a minimum resistance. This-action is duepa-ntly tothe-lowering. of the pressure in=the air chamber, immediately prior toexr plosion, belowthe static pressure of the, liquid column and! artlyto employing thehead toicompress-t 0 charge before ignition.

the invention herein 4 set forth, and in a. pe-- culiarl'y 'com lete manner.- The: piston so I speed is: mec anicallyunrestrained; The range of expansion is also unhampered, and ispnopoltional to the'resistance-y The explosive expansion actsagainst a -minimum as The necessary conditionsto ideal economy I in-explosive enginesare thus presented in initial pressure and. with prior: compression,

ofrthe resilient cliarge equal: to :the pressure to be metrbyrt-he exceedingly enhanced pressuredue to inflaming.--

As earlier-stated, the invention isbroader in scope than its applicationto-raising.or

moving waterc-itfis-aequallyapplicable to raising or moving or overcoming any-other? formyof mechanieal resistance. The a paratus des'cribedds equally available-for an- I dling: or; com ressing gaseous fluids -v as for movln 1i ui fluids, I Obvious y, as in other' arts,,the apparatus willvarywidely in accordance with the specific result desired. A. few such varients are diagrammatically illustrated in Fig; 4'. I

Of these, a brief; description will now be given.

j Diagram IX represents an apparatus substantiallysimilar 'tothat shown in Fig. 2,

but in-w-hichthe expansion chamber is so roportioned that e expansion extends yond valve 7 and 0 an extent commensurate to reducing the pressure of the expand+ inggas much below atmosphere. So that during the time that expansion pressure is .below atmosphere valve 5" is opened by atmospheric pressure. It admits air and atmospheric pressure into both the expansion chamber and. the air-chamber, behind the. water piston. The air beneath the iston andzabove the valve 7 is trapped withln the air'ch'amber by the closing-of the valve 7, when the energy of explosion has spent in compressing the air in the air chamber. This trapped'increment or surplusage of air finds its way! ulltfof the air chamber with the water, through the water discharge pipe.-

' The explosion chamber is supplied with a fresh volume of water or water piston through the foot valve .by gravity; The compression of the charge is effected as already described with reference to Fig. 2, through the medium of air or water by the pressure of the airchamber.

Dia'gram X shows a device similar to Diagram IX with. the variation of the omission of the inlet and outlet for water. It thus constitutes a doubleacting air com pressor'. In this variant, as it is notdesired to transfer water to a higher level, the inlet for water is of course unnecessary, the valve 5 may be closed, or, as shown in the diagram, omitted. The water piston is used'continuously bein transferred back from-the air chamber 't rough the ipe 9. The compressed air is carried ofl, f r use, through pipe 54:, from the upper part of the air chamber. 2 p

vDiagram XI shows-a single acting air compressor formed of one cylinder or mem-- ber of the device illustrated in the preceding diagrams and having a combined solid and fluid piston. In this form valve fi'may act' as an inlet for atmospheric" pressure uponkthe bottom or back of the free piston. The piston is permitted to return by gravityp The valve 5" admits air and allows the piston to fall, and thus provides. successive volumes of air to be driven into the air chamber. The compression of the charge is eifected by the pipe 9 transferring air from the air chamber beneath \alve 7 'air cushion at each end of theapparatus,.

w-h ieh compressed cushion formsalternately the next explosive charge at each end.

Diagram XIV shows a motor form of the apparatus in-which the water piston compresses air alternately on opposite sides of a. piston-suitably connected to a crank to,

produce rotary motion from its reciprocation. .The water piston is returned as in Diagram X through the pipe 9. 'The conn pression of the charge-is also eli'ected as in by the operation of the valves l010. In all these variants the charge forming,

Ioontrolling and igniting devices may substantially conform to th'ose'shown in Fig. 1.

*Some of the novel and useful eli'ects, functlons and results disclosed by thls invention atmospheric pressure, beneath a column of liquid, which exerts astatic pressure many times that of atmos' here. The introduction of aresilient fluid into 'a liquid column and the column subjected to explosive or other,

pressure beneath .the point of introduction.

As indicating the scope of this invention, it may be stated that the charging and motor cylinders are not, of necessity, intimately connected with the air chamber or explosion chamber. They may be located at considerable distance therefrom, as 'for example, on the surface, with the explosion chamber at the bottom of a shaft or well,

as illustrated in Fig. 1 by the breaks shown in the pipes.

The whole device may be located at a point distant from that at which the work is being utilized. The compressed air,

water or impulse may be carried by pipes to suitable devices at the bottom of a shaftor other. distant location.

The displacement of the spent gases by liquid piston or induction of fresh charges thereby, is not of the essence of the invention these functions may be performed in many other ways. One such is illustrated in Fig. 1.

The injector form of construction may not always bedesirable nor is it essential.

The U or curved shape of connect-ion between the cylinder and uptake is only one convenient form. The uptake may concentrically or otherwise surround the cylinder, or be entirely omitted as in Diagrams XII and XIII.

The means shown for controlling the fluid piston gravity of the Water piston has been used to charge and exhaust the gases, though the ,means shown have been found positive and reliable.

The work required of the engine 15 is r so insignificantthat, in many instances, it \Vlll be found advantageous to operate a number of explosion-chambers, with an-engine and valve mechanism common to all,

as shown in the various views in whichthe engine serves for two explosion chambers. In some instances where a source of small power is available in any of the ordinary forms, it may be used with economy to operate the c rging and valve admission in a plant of considerable proportions. A wind null or even hand-power maybe made pump large volumes or water rapidly.

available to supply explosive fuel, and

panion application for improvement in utilizing heat energy filed Feb. 5, 1900, Serial No. 4129. Reference is also. made to another com anion application, on theapparat-us use herein to illustrate the art or method disclosed herein, filed on the same day bearing Serial No. 4128 under title, utilizing heat ener y. w

It is not intends to claim in this-applicationlthe constructions herein illustrated or described, as the "art or process set forth may be. performed and carried into effect by many other diverse forms of construction. The'forms illustrated in the drawings and diagrammatic views hereto attached merely represent convenient apparatus whereby this invention may be use ully employed.

As the invention herein described is a complete departure in the arts referred-to, 'I claim it broadly, unrestricted to the particular forms shown, the particular proportion or arrangement of parts or details of construction.

What I claim is V V 1. The improvement in the art of utiliz ing the expansive force of heat which consists in, interposing a fluid transmitting device between a compressed; fluid explosive charge and an elastic body and then igniting the charge.

2. The improvement in the art of utilizing the expansive force of heat which consists in interposing a fluid, movable at will, between the expansive forceaiid the object against which the force is to be directed.

- 3. The improvement in the art of utilizing the expansive force. of heat which con-- sists in interposing a fiuid piston, between a heat generating charge and an elastic cushion, compressing the charge and then igniting it.'

4. The improvement in the art of utilizing the expansive force of heat which consists in placing an independent piston, be,- tween a combustible charge and an inclosed elastic cushion, compressing the charge and then igniting it.

5. The improvement in the art of utilizing the expansive force of heat which consists in, so placing an independent. piston as to transmit the expansive force of a, compressed gaseous explosive to an inclosed elastic' cushion and then ignitingthe explosive. I

' 6. The improvement in the art 'rf lltlllZf ing the expansive force of heat which consists in, inter-posing a fluid pistpn bet-ween a gaseous charge and an elastic cushion, compressingthe charge by the pressure of the cushion and then igniting the charge.

7. The improvement in the art of utilizing the expansive force of heat which .con-

sists in interposing a fluid piston between a gaseous explosive and an elastic cushion, compressing-the explosive .by pressure generated by a previous explosion and theii'igniting the gaseous explosive.

8. The improvements in the art of ut l1z ing the force of heat to force] liquid to greater head or pressure which consists-in supporting a liquid column upon a gas and expanding the gas by heat.

9. The improvement in the art of utilizing the expansive'force of heat which consists in supporting a liquid column upon a gas indirectly through an elastic cushion and expanding the gas by heat. 10. The improvement in the art of utilizing the expansive force of heat, which con"-v sists in supporting a liuid column upon .a gas in an inclosed chain er and interposing '95 a body. of air and mobile iston between them and expanding the gas y heat. I

11. The improvement in the art utili" zing the expansive force of heat to'force liquid to greater head or pressure, which consists in compressing an explosive charge by a liquid column moved by the explosion thereof andthen igniting the charge.

12. The improvement in the art of iitiliz-fl ing theexpansive force of heat, which consists in interposing an independent piston, movable at will, between an'ex'plosive charge and a liquid column to be moved, J and then igniting tliecharge.

13. The improvement in the art of utilizing the expansive force of heat, which consists in interposing a freely movable substantially non-compressible piston, and an elastic cushion between a compressed "coma bustible charge and a liquid column to be moved,-a nd then igniting the charge.

14. The improvement in the art of uti'liz-; ing the expansive force of heat, which con.- sists in opposing the expansion of a compressed explosive gas by a resilient cushion 7 before ignition and then igniting the gas.

15; The improvement in the art of utilizing the expansive force of heat, which con-' sists in supporting a liquid to be moved upon an expansible charge, interposing'an 1 5 elastic cushion, and then expanding the charge.

16. The improvementinthe. art of utilizing the expansive force of heatto store en- 1 ergy, which consists in supporting liquid l and a solid piston by gas, exploding the gas against the liquid.

17. The improvement in the art of utilizing the expansive force of heat to store en ergy, which consists in inclosing gas within a chamber, causing liquid and a solid piston to be sustained by the gas, igniting the gas.

. 18. The improvement in the art of utilizing the expansive force of heat, which consists in inclosin an explosive gaseous charge within a cham er, supporting liquid upon" an elastic cushion, compressing the explo sive charge, firing the charge against the cushion.

19. The improvement in the art of utilizing the expansiveforce'of heat, which con sists in inclosin an explosive gaseous charge with n a cham er, supportin liquid upon an air cushion',interpos1ng a reely movable body between the liquid and the explosive charge against the cushion.

20. The improvement inthe art of utilizing the expansive force of heat, which consists in inclosing and compressing a gas within a chamber, inclosing air within an,- other chamber, int-erposing a free body between the gas and the air, expanding the gas by heat and rest-raining the" resilience of t e a1r.

21. The improvement in the art of utiliz 7 ing the expansive force of heat, which consists in inclosing a gas within a chamber, inclosing air within another. chamber, interposing a freely movable body between the gasand air, expanding the gas, restraining the resilience of the air, forming a partial vacuum and admitting a fresh volume of air.

. 22. Theimprovement in the art ocf utilizing the expansive force of heat, which consists in inclosing a gas within a chamber, inclosing air within another chamber, interposing a freely movable body between the gas and air, compressing the gas, expanding the gas, restraining the resilience of the air, forming a partial vaouum and admitting a I fresh volume of air.

23. The improvement in the art of utilizing the expansive force of heat, which con sists in inclosing-a gas within a chamber inclosing air within another chamber, interposlng a freely movable body between the gas and air, compressing the as by the resilient force of the eompresse air, expandmg the gas, restraining the resilience of the air, forming a partial vacuum and ammo ting a fresh volume of air, 1

chamber, inclosing air within another chamb'er, interposing a fluid piston between the the cushion.

e improvement 'in the art of uti1iz-- ing the expanslve force of heat, which conv slsts n inclosing an explosive gas within asil'ient force of the air, igniting the gas, restraining the resilience of the air, forming a partial vacuum, admitting a fresh volume of air and gas respectively at each end of the piston, igniting the successive compressed charges, and repeating this indefinitely.

25. The method of utilizing the expansive force of heat consisting in expanding a compressed charge against an elastic cush on, 15 interposing a body of liquid'and contlnumg the expansion of compressed charges and maintaining the volume of liquid substantially e ual for each charge.

v 26. T e improvement in the art of ut-ilizing the expansive force of heat-to store energy, which consists in interposlng a liquid and a rigid piston between a gas under compression and an elastic cushion'and expandmg the gas by heat.

27. The improvement in the art of 116112- ing the expansive force of heat, which consists in, supporting a weight upon a gas indirectly through an elastic cushion and expanding the gas by heat.

28 The improvement in the art of utilizing the expansive force of heat, which'consists in, so porting a weight upon a gas in an inclosed c amber and interposing a body of air and free piston between them and expending the gas by heat.

29. The method which consists in moving liquid by the expansion of a compressed,

combustible charge,'and interposing a rigid piston between the liquid and an expansible 1 medium.

30. A method which consists in compressing an elastic cushion'by the movement of liquid actuated by theexpansion of a compressed combustible charge. 10

.31. The improvement in the art of utiliz' ing the expansive force of heat, which consists in, inclosing an explosive gas within a chamber, supporting a weight upon an elastic cushion, compressing the explosive 1 o gas, ex loding the gas against the cushion.

32. he improvement in the art of utilizing the. expansive force of heat, which consists in, inclosing an explosive gas within a chamber, supporting a weight upon an air cushion, interposing a freely movable body between the weight and the expansive gas,

compressing the gas by the resilient force of the air cushion, exploding the gas against 33. The improvement in the art of utilizing the expansive force of heat, which con;

sists in, lnclosing a gas within a chambely-in closing air within another chamber, inter poslng a freely movable body bet-ween theistgas and air, igniting the gas, restraining the resilience of the air, forming a partial vacu-f .um in the gas chamber, and admitting air 'to the Vacuum during its formation.

.34, The improvement in the art of utilizr,

silient force of the compresse ing the expansive force of heat, which consists in inclosing a gas within a chamber, in-

closing air within another chamber, interposing a freely movable body between the gas and air, compressing the gas, expandlng the gas, restraining the resilience of the air,

forming a artial vacuum in the gas chamber, admitting air to thevacuum during its formation.

' 35. The improvement in the art of utilizing the expansive force ofheat, which consists in, inclosing a gas within a chamber, inclosingair withinanother chamber, interposing a freely movable bodybetween the gas and air, compressing the (gas by the reair, expanding the gas, restrainin the resilience of the air, formin chamber, a mittmg air to the vacuum during its formation.

36. The improvementin the art of utilizing the expansive force of :heat, which congas and air, compressing the gas by the resists in, inclosing an explosive gas .within a chamber, lnclosing air within another chamber, mterposmg a fluid plston between the 'silient force of the air, igniting the -gas, re-

straining the resilience of the air, forming a .partial vacuum by the expansion of the gas, admitting air to the vacuum durin the expansion oft-he gas, admitting air an gas respectively at each end of the piston, ig-' nitmg the'successive compressed charges and repeating these steps indefinitely.

87. The improvement in the art of utilizing the expansive force of heat, which consists in, interposing a fiuid transmitting de- '-vice-between a compressed fiuid explosive charge and anelasti body, then igniting the charge, forming a partial vacuum by the expension of the charge and admitting air by atmospheric pressure to the vacuum during its formation.

38. The improvement in the art of utilizing the expansive force of heat, which consists in, supporting liquid by gas, exploding the gasagainst theliquid whereby the liquid is caused to move and produce a partial vacuum b the explosion of the exploding gas, intro ucing air by atmospheric pressure into the vacuum and mingling the introduced air with the liquid.

39. The improvement in the art of utilizing the expansive force of heat, which consists in, igniting an explosive charge against a liquid column whereby the column is moved and a partial vacuum is formed by the expansion of the charge, introducing air by atmospheric pressure into the vacuum during its formation and mingling the introduced air with the liquid column.

" r 40. The improvement in the art of utilizing the expansive force of heat, which consists in moving a column ofliquid by the exe pansi've force of an exploding charge and a partia vacuum in the gasintroducing air into the column of liquid while in motion.

41. The improvement in the art of utilizing the expansive force of heat, which consists in moving a liquid column by'ex plosive energy and simultaneously introducing air into the liquid column.

42 The improvement in the art of utilizing the expansive force of heat, which consists in introducing air into a liquid column and then igniting an explosive mixture against the column whereby it is caused to move.

43. The improvement in the art of utilizing the expansive force of heat, which'tohsist's' in supporting a weight upon an explo sive gas, igniting the gas where y the weight is caused to move through the expansion of the gas and create a artial vacuum and in troduclng am into t e vacuum during its formation.

44. The improvement in the art of utilizing theexpansive force of heat, which consists in igniting a compressed gaseous charge against a liquid column whereby the column is moved and a partial vacuum is formed bythe expansion of the ignited charge, in-

troducing air by at-mospheric 'pressure into the vacuum during its formation and min ling the introduced air with; the liquid column.

A5. The improvement in the art of utilize ing the expansive force'of heat,which con sists in moving a liquid column by explo sive energy of a previously compressed charge and simultaneously introducing air into the liquid column.

46. The improved method of raising water or the like, which consists in introducing'a resilient fluid intoa column of Water and applying a lifting pressure other than grav ity to the intermingled column below the point of intermingling.

47. The art of raising water or the like which consists in aerating a column of water and applying a lifting force other than gravity beneath the aerated column.

4 8. The art of raisingwater or the like, which consists 1n aerating a column of Water and applying a lifting force other than gravity beneath the column below the point of aeration.

49. The improved method of raising water water, increasing the ressure of the explosive charge until it su stantially equals the.

static head of the column, separating a portion of the column, igniting the charge in column. 7

51.. The improved method of raising water or the like, which consists in applying an explosive gaseous charge to a column of Water; increasing the ressure of the explosive charge until it su stantially equals the static head of the column, separating a portion of the column, introducing a resilient cushion between the separated portion and the column, igniting the charge in contact; with the separated portion against the column through the intervention of the rej t a 60. The improvement in the art of' utiiizsilient cushion.

52. The method of utilizing energy derived from explosions, which consists in interposing an independent piston between a gaseous explosive charge and an elastic cushion, compressing the charge, igniting it, directing the explosive charge against the resilient cushion through the intervention of the. piston.

expansions.

The improvement inthe art of 'ut'ilizing heat energy by the expansion of com- I bust-ible charges against liquid, which con- 1 sists in moving liquid by the action of said I expansions and introducing and compressing 1 fresh expansible charges by energy derived from previous expansions.

'55. The improvement in the art of utilizing heat energy by the expansion of combustible charges against liquid, which consists in moving liquid against an elastic cushion by the action of said. expansions, and compressing fresh expansi-ble charges: by energy derived from previous expansions. j 4 56. The improvement in the art of utilizing heat energy by the expansion of com-" bustible charges against liquid, which con- I sists in moving liquid against an elastic cushion by the action of said expansions and compressing fresh expansible charges by the compressed elastic cushion.

'57. The improvement 1n the art of utilizing heat energy by the expansion of combustible charges against liquid, which consists in moving liquid against an elastic cushion by the action ofsaid e p and compressin fresh expansible charges by the head to wh ch the liquid has been forced by previous expansions.

58. Theimpnovement in the art of utiliz ing heat energyby the expansion'of com-- bustible charges a ainst liquid, which consistsin moving liquid outwardly from a combustion chamber by the expansion of therefrom to introduce a fresh com .53. The improvement in the art of u'tilizing heat energy, by the expansion of combustible. charges against liquid, which con-': sists in moving liquid by the act-ion of said expansions and compressing fresh expansible charges by energy derived from previous an ignited charge in direct contact therewith, admitting fresh liquid to the combus- 1 tion chamber, causing a movement of the liquid outwardly therefrom to introduce a fresh combustible charge.

59. The improvement in the art oztuutiiizing heat energy by the exp'ansioi-i of come bustible charges against liquid, wh'ichconsists in moving liquid outwardly from a combustion chamber by the expansion of an ignited charge in direct contact there with, admitting fresh liquid to the com'bus tion chamber and thereby expellingburnt products. i

ing heat energy by the expansion of chmbustible charges against liquid, which new sists in moving liquid outwardly nom combustion chamber by the expansion off $31 ignited charge in direct contact therewith, admitting liquid to the combustion chamber causing a movement of the liquid out v anti-hie charge, and utilizing energy derived'from previous expansions to compress fresh charges.

611. The improvement in the art of utiliz ing energy derived from the expanj' of compressed e'xpansiblechargesagailist q id, which consists in'mov ing liquid by it e :action of said expansions, and introducing and compressing successive expfans'ibie charges, in a plurality of expansion chambers alternately. I

62. The improvement in the art of utilizing heat energy by the expansion of bustible charges against liquid,which consists in moving liquid by the action-cf expansions, and introducing, compressing and igniting successive combustible '=charges,, in a plurality of combustion chambers aiternately. 63.. The improvement in the art of utiiizing heat energy by the expansion of ='combustible charges against liquid, which consists in moving liquid by the action of said expansions, and introducing and compressing successive combustible charges, in a A inrality of cotiperating combustion chant ers alternately.

' '64. The improvement in the art of utilizing heat energy by the expansion of combustible charges against liquid, which-zoomsists in moving liquid by the action arena expansions, and introducing and compressing successive combustible charges, in a plat are rality of combustion chambers "alternately,

by energy derived from previous expan- 65. Tlhe'improvement i-n-the art of utilizing heat energy by the expansion of come ing successive combustible charges, in a 'plurality of combustion chambers, alternately,

, said expansions acting directly upon liquld having a common path travel.

66. The improvement in the art of utilizing heat energy by the expansion of combustible charges against liquid, which consists in moving liquid by the action of sald expansions, moving the liquid in a plurality of combustion chambers so as to expel burnt roducts and. introduce and compress comt ustiblecharges.

he improvement in the art of utillz- 67-; ing heat energy by the expansion of combustible charges against liquid, which consists in moving liquid by the action of said V expansions, moving the liquid in a plurality of combustion chambers by energy derived from previous expansions so as to, expel burnt products and introduce and compress combustible charges.

' 68. The method which consists in moving a rigid piston and liquid in one direction, by the expansion of a compressed combustible charge, and actuating the liquid and the piston in the opposite direction by energy derived from previous expansions.

69. The method which consists in moving a rigid piston and liquid in one direction, by the expansion of a compressed combustible charge, to compress an elastic cushion, and

actuating the liquid and the piston in the opposite direction by energy derived from previous expansions.

70. The method which consists in moving va-rigid piston and liquid in one direction, by

the expansion of a compressed combustible '1 charge, to compress an elastic cushion, and actuating the liquid and the piston in the opposite direction by the expansion of the elastic cushion.

71. The improvement in the art of utilizing the'expansive force of a compressed exliquid by a piston actuated by said expansive force, and utilizing the energy derived from a previous expansion to introduce a fresh expansible charge.

1 73. The improvement in the art of utilizing an expansive force in the movement of i liquid, which consists in moving a body of liquid by a piston actuated by said .expanslve force, and utilizing the energy derived from "a previousexpansion to introduce and ignite fresh e pa charge;

74. The method which consists in expanding a compressed combustible charge against a piston to move liquid and utilizing a return movement of the liquid to compress a fresh charge.

75. The method which consists in expanding a compressed combustible charge against a piston to move liquid and utilizing the inertia of the moving liquid to facilitate the expansion of the charge.

76. The method which consists in expanding a compressed combustible charge against a piston to move liquid and utilizing the inertia of the moving liquid to store energy.

7 7. The improvement in the art of utilizing heat expansion, which consists in moving a body of liquid by said expansion, and

compressing fresh expansible charges by.

energy derived from previous expansions.

78. The improvement in the art of utilizing heat expansion, which consists in moving a body of liquid by said expansion, and introducing and compressing fresh expansible charges by energy derived from previous expansions.

79. The improvement in the art of utilizing heat expansion, which consists in-moving a body of liquid to a greater. static head by the expansion of a compressed combustible charge, and utilizing the movement of said liqui to entrain fresh liquid.

80. The improvement in the art of utilizing heat expansion, which consists in moving a body of liquid by the expansion of a compressed combustible charge, and utiliz ing the movement of said liquid to compress I an elastic cushion.

81. The improvement in the art of utilizing theexpansive force of heat which consists in moving liquid by said expansive force, in compressing expansible charges by the head of liquid moved by previous expansions and igniting the charges.

82. The improvement in the art of utilizing the expansive force of heat, which consists in moving liquid by said expansive force in compressing'expansible charges by energy derived] from prevlous expansions and igniting the charges.

83. The method which consists in -com- I pressing and igniting an expansible charge and moving liquid by the expansion of said chaageto force the liquid to a greater static hea 15.584. The method of utilizing heat energy,

which consists in compressing and igniting an expansible charge and moving liquid by the expansion of'said charge to force the liquid against an elastic cushion.

'85; The method which consists in compressing and igniting an expansible charge and moving liquid by the expansion of said charge and utilizing the inertia of the moving liquid to carry the liquid a distance sufficient to reduce the expansible charge to below atmospheric pressure.

86. The method which consists in enmpressing and ignitingan expansible charge and movin liquid by the expansion of said charge an utilizing the inertia of the moving liquid to create a tendency toward vacuum to the rear thereofi V 87. The method of utilizing heat energy,

.vvhich consists in compressing and igniting an expansible charge and moving liquid by the expansion of said charge to compress an elastic cushion,

\ 88. The method of utilizing heat energy,

which consists in compressing and igniting .an expansible charge and moving liquid by the expansion of said charge and utilizing energy derived therefrom for the compression of subsequent expansible charges.

89. The method of utilizing heat energy, which consists in compressingand igniting an expansible charge and movmg liquid by the expansion of said chargeand utilizing energyderived therefrom for the introduc tion' and compression of subsequent expansible charges.

90. The method of utilizing heat energy whichiconsists in compressing and igniting an expansiblelcharge and moving liquid by the expansion of said charge against the liquid, and utilizin the inertia of the moving liquid in intro ucing fresh liquid.

91. The method of utilizing heat energy,

which consists in compressing and igniting an 'expansible charge and moving liquid by the expansion of. said charge and utilizing burnt products.

r 93. The. method of utilizing heat energy,

.which consists in compressing and igniting an expansible charge and moving liquid by the expansion of said charge'and introduce ing and commingling air with the moving liquid. I

WILLIAM H. SMYT-Hl Witnesses: v

A. B. BoWERs, J. H. Minion.

Copies 0! this patent my be obtained for five cents each, by addressing the "commissioner of Patents,

' Washington, D. 0.

'tion of fresh liquid and the expulsion of.

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