TWI777455B - Method for making sand mold for large pipe fittings - Google Patents
Method for making sand mold for large pipe fittings Download PDFInfo
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- TWI777455B TWI777455B TW110109426A TW110109426A TWI777455B TW I777455 B TWI777455 B TW I777455B TW 110109426 A TW110109426 A TW 110109426A TW 110109426 A TW110109426 A TW 110109426A TW I777455 B TWI777455 B TW I777455B
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22C—FOUNDRY MOULDING
- B22C9/00—Moulds or cores; Moulding processes
- B22C9/02—Sand moulds or like moulds for shaped castings
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22C—FOUNDRY MOULDING
- B22C21/00—Flasks; Accessories therefor
- B22C21/02—Sectional flasks, i.e. with divided, articulated, or interchangeable side sections
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22C—FOUNDRY MOULDING
- B22C7/00—Patterns; Manufacture thereof so far as not provided for in other classes
- B22C7/005—Adjustable, sectional, expandable or flexible patterns
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22C—FOUNDRY MOULDING
- B22C9/00—Moulds or cores; Moulding processes
- B22C9/22—Moulds for peculiarly-shaped castings
- B22C9/24—Moulds for peculiarly-shaped castings for hollow articles
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- Molds, Cores, And Manufacturing Methods Thereof (AREA)
Abstract
本發明係一種針對大型管件製作之砂模之製法,主要係利用管件產品(尤其大型管件),其輪廓往往具有「對稱性」或「相同性」以及「輪廓簡單」等特性,其輪廓造型可以運用層層建立與剝離之砂模完成,因此設計一種製法,得以製造出該大型管件之特製砂模,而簡化傳統大型管件必須以繁複之砂模製作。 The present invention is a method for producing sand molds for large-scale pipe fittings, mainly using pipe fittings products (especially large-scale pipe fittings), whose contours often have the characteristics of "symmetry" or "identity" and "simple contours", and the contour shapes can be The sand mold is used for layer-by-layer building and peeling. Therefore, a manufacturing method is designed to produce a special sand mold for the large pipe fittings, while simplifying the traditional large pipe fittings that must be made with complicated sand molds.
Description
本發明係關於一種模具製作方法,尤指一種大型管件之砂模製造方法。 The present invention relates to a method for manufacturing a mold, in particular to a method for manufacturing a sand mold for large pipe fittings.
產業間往往有經濟規模較小、數量少或需要特殊製造之產品,可以透過砂模鑄造予以完成並滿足所需,砂模鑄造主要在砂箱中已經有的部分砂堆中置入產品或產品之木模(形成模樣),後於模樣周圍繼續填實砂子,取出模樣後利用澆鑄料(例如金屬溶液)澆注於該模樣取出後所形成的空間輪廓(該砂模鑄造係屬成熟技術,不以繁瑣描述,僅為簡述)。而由於砂模鑄造之技術可以運用於許多符合模樣之造型輪廓之產品,固無可厚非且有其貢獻。然而產業中有許多產品,例如「管件」產品(尤其大型管件),其輪廓往往具有「對稱性」或「相同性」以及「輪廓簡單」等特性,其輪廓造型理當可以利用較為簡化之鑄模技術完成,然而囿於砂模製造技術成熟且成慣性,即利用木製模型製作砂模,再以高溫金屬溶液澆注砂模內成型,許多施工業者並無針對此種「對稱性」或「相同性」以及「輪廓簡單」等特性之管件提出新的鑄模方式。因此不可避免的以木製模型製作大型管件的砂模,會面臨如下問題: There are often small economic scales, small quantities or products that require special manufacturing in the industry, which can be completed and met through sand casting. Sand casting mainly places products or products in the sand piles already in the sand box. After taking out the pattern, use the casting material (such as metal solution) to pour it into the space outline formed after the pattern is taken out (the sand mold casting is a mature technology, not With complicated description, it is only a brief description). And because the technology of sand casting can be applied to many products that conform to the shape of the shape, it is understandable and has its contribution. However, there are many products in the industry, such as "pipe fittings" products (especially large pipe fittings), whose contours often have the characteristics of "symmetry" or "identity" and "simple contour", and their contour modeling should be able to use relatively simplified casting technology. However, due to the mature and inertial sand mold manufacturing technology, that is, using a wooden model to make a sand mold, and then pouring a high-temperature metal solution into the sand mold to form, many builders do not address this "symmetry" or "identity" As well as the characteristics of "simple outline" and other characteristics of the pipe fittings, a new casting method is proposed. Therefore, it is inevitable to use wooden models to make sand molds for large pipe fittings, which will face the following problems:
一、傳統木製模型體積龐大,一個管件需要複數個木製模型製作各面的砂 模,且每個模型又需要各面的內外砂箱,因此一個管件所需要的模型及砂箱數量多,且體積龐大,故需要有較大的儲存空間與作業空間。 1. The traditional wooden model is bulky, and a pipe requires multiple wooden models to make sand on all sides Each model needs internal and external sand boxes on each side. Therefore, a pipe fitting requires a large number of models and sand boxes, and the volume is huge, so a large storage space and working space are required.
二、以傳統木製模型製作大型管件的砂模,因模型數量較多,故製作及組合砂模需依賴有經驗製模師傅製作,且製作時間較長,故砂模製作人工成本較高。 2. Sand molds for large pipe fittings are made from traditional wooden models. Due to the large number of models, the production and combination of sand molds need to be made by experienced moldmakers, and the production time is long, so the labor cost of sand mold production is high.
三、大型木製模型因模型製作難度較高,且每個管件需要多個模型,故費用昂貴。 3. Large-scale wooden models are expensive because of the high difficulty in model making and each pipe fitting requires multiple models.
四、木製模型因較易受潮,或因吊運、儲存等因素而容易變型受損,故需要專業木工師傅經常整修。 4. The wooden model is easy to be damped, or easily deformed and damaged due to factors such as lifting, storage, etc., so it needs to be repaired frequently by professional carpenters.
如果所需要的鑄模,係屬輪廓繁複,或許仍有值得以傳統砂模技術製造之必要,然而若是如前述之具有「對稱性」或「相同性」以及「輪廓簡單」等特性之管件產品(尤其大型管件),則難免有「殺雞焉用牛刀」之憾,而有技術上予以突破之必要。 If the required casting mold has complex contours, it may still be worthwhile to manufacture with traditional sand mold technology. Especially large pipe fittings), it is inevitable to have the regret of "killing chickens with a knife", and it is necessary to make breakthroughs in technology.
有鑑於前述,本發明人認為應有一種改善之工法,為此設計一種大型管件砂模之製法,其步驟至少包括: In view of the foregoing, the inventor believes that there should be an improved method, and for this purpose, a method for making a sand mold for large-scale pipe fittings is designed, the steps of which at least include:
一、製作一底座砂模; 1. Make a base sand mold;
製作一圓柱狀之內砂箱;該內砂箱之外徑至少不小於600mm; Make a cylindrical inner flask; the outer diameter of the inner flask is at least not less than 600mm;
製作二對稱弧瓣體合圍之外砂箱,該二對稱弧瓣體相互以螺栓固定; Make two symmetrical arc-lobe bodies enclosing the outer sand box, and the two symmetrical arc-lobe bodies are fixed to each other with bolts;
製作二對稱弧瓣體合圍之實體模,該二對稱弧瓣體相互以螺栓固定; Make a solid model for the enclosure of two symmetrical arc-lobe bodies, and the two symmetrical arc-lobe bodies are fixed to each other with bolts;
二、在該底座砂模之表面上,由內而外依序間隔設立該內砂箱、實體模、外砂箱; 2. On the surface of the base sand mold, set up the inner sand box, the solid mold, and the outer sand box in sequence from the inside to the outside;
三、將鑄砂由該外砂箱與該實體模之夾層空間,以及該內砂箱與該實體模夾層空間之上方位置注入該二夾層空間; 3. The casting sand is injected into the two interlayer spaces from the interlayer space between the outer flask and the solid mold, and from the upper position of the inner flask and the solid mold interlayer space;
四、待鑄砂硬化後,將該外砂箱之二弧瓣體由水平方向拆開; 4. After the casting sand is hardened, the two arc valve bodies of the outer sand box are disassembled from the horizontal direction;
五、再將該實體模之二弧瓣體由水平方向拆開; 5. Then disassemble the second arc valve body of the solid mold from the horizontal direction;
六、待該實體模之二弧瓣體由水平方向拆開後,再將該外砂箱之二弧瓣體復位於該底座砂模上。 6. After the two arc-lobe bodies of the solid mold are disassembled from the horizontal direction, the two arc-lobe bodies of the outer sand box are reset to the base sand mold.
藉此,可以製作成一由該底座砂模之表面上,由內而外依序間隔設立該內砂箱、由該實體模讓位所形成之模穴以及外砂箱之砂模;且該模穴並連通一澆注通道。本發明無論在「創設模具」或「維修模具」以及日後成品之拆模過程,除底座砂模之必要外,都可以因藉由「水平向(橫向)、線性、二維」的路徑達成,而免除傳統因為成品的不規則而須考量多面向、立體、三維、多角度的繁瑣路徑,對於僅需要考慮「對稱性」或「相同性」以及「輪廓簡單」等特性之管件,為較簡易之製模工序,尤其針對大型管件(內徑600mm以上),所發揮之經濟效益更為凸出。 In this way, a sand mold can be made on the surface of the base sand mold, and the inner mold box, the mold cavity formed by the replacement of the solid mold, and the outer mold box are sequentially spaced from the inside to the outside. The hole is connected with a pouring channel. The present invention can be achieved through the path of "horizontal (horizontal), linear, two-dimensional" in the process of "creating a mold" or "repairing a mold" and in the process of dismantling the finished product in the future, except for the necessity of the base sand mold. And avoid the traditional cumbersome paths that need to consider multi-faceted, three-dimensional, three-dimensional, and multi-angle due to the irregularity of the finished product. For pipe fittings that only need to consider characteristics such as "symmetry" or "identity" and "simple outline", it is simpler The molding process, especially for large pipe fittings (inner diameter of more than 600mm), is more economical.
而本發明可以達成以下之優點: And the present invention can achieve the following advantages:
一、降低模具製作之經費。 1. Reduce the cost of mold making.
二、解決熟練技師不足,以及技師聘請不易以及工資昂貴之問題。 2. Solve the problems of insufficient skilled technicians, difficulty in hiring technicians and high wages.
三、提高澆鑄成品之成功率。 3. Improve the success rate of casting finished products.
四、解決傳統木模體積龐大而導致之吊運、倉儲、保養以及場地面積之問題。 4. Solve the problems of hoisting, storage, maintenance and site area caused by the huge volume of traditional wooden formwork.
五、縮短造模的工時以及降低人工成本。 5. Shorten the man-hours for modeling and reduce labor costs.
(1):底座砂模 (1): base sand mold
(11):底座砂箱 (11): Base sand box
(2):內砂模 (2): Inner sand mold
(21):內砂箱 (21): Inner sand box
(3):外砂模 (3): Outer sand mold
(30):隔離板 (30): Isolation plate
(31):外砂箱 (31): Outer sand box
(311):弧瓣體 (311): Arc valve body
(312):弧瓣體 (312): Arc valve body
(4):實體模 (4): Entity model
(4A):澆注通道 (4A): Pouring channel
(4B):模穴 (4B): Mold cavity
(41):弧瓣體 (41): Arc valve body
(42):弧瓣體 (42): Arc valve body
(5):鑄砂 (5): Casting sand
(P1)、(P2):夾層空間 (P1), (P2): mezzanine space
第一圖係本發明底座砂箱示意圖 The first figure is a schematic diagram of the base sand box of the present invention
第二圖係本發明製作內砂箱示意圖 The second figure is a schematic diagram of the production of the inner sand box according to the present invention
第三圖係本發明製作二對稱弧瓣體合圍之外砂箱示意圖 The third figure is a schematic diagram of the present invention to make a sand box outside the enclosure of two symmetrical arc valve bodies
第四圖係本發明製作二對稱弧瓣體合圍之實體模示意圖 The fourth figure is a schematic diagram of the solid model of the present invention for making two symmetrical arc-lobe body enclosures
第五圖係本發明隔離板示意圖 The fifth figure is a schematic diagram of the isolation plate of the present invention
第六圖係本發明底座砂模示意圖 The sixth figure is a schematic diagram of the base sand mold of the present invention
第七圖係本發明該內砂箱裝設於該底座砂模上示意圖 The seventh figure is a schematic diagram of the present invention, the inner sand box is installed on the base sand mold
第八圖係本發明實體模裝設於該底座砂模上並套設於該內砂箱外緣相間隔之位置示意圖 The eighth figure is a schematic diagram of the position of the solid mold of the present invention installed on the base sand mold and sleeved on the outer edge of the inner sand box at intervals
第九圖係本發明外砂箱及其內側所設之隔離板,套設於該實體模外緣之該底座砂模上示意圖 The ninth figure is a schematic diagram of the outer sand box of the present invention and the isolation plate set on the inner side, which is sleeved on the base sand mold on the outer edge of the solid mold
第十圖係本發明將鑄砂由外砂箱與實體模之夾層空間,以及內砂箱與實體模夾層空間之上方位置注入該二夾層空間示意圖 Figure 10 is a schematic diagram of the present invention injecting casting sand into the two interlayer spaces from the interlayer space between the outer flask and the solid mold, and from the upper position of the interlayer space between the inner flask and the solid mold.
第十一圖係本發明鑄砂硬化後,將外砂箱之二弧瓣體由水平方向拆開示意圖 The eleventh figure is a schematic diagram of disassembling the two arc valve bodies of the outer sand box from the horizontal direction after the casting sand of the present invention is hardened
第十二圖係本發明實體模之二弧瓣體由水平方向拆開示意圖 The twelfth figure is a schematic diagram of the disassembly of the two arc lobes of the solid mold of the present invention from the horizontal direction
第十三圖係本發明將外砂箱之二弧瓣體復位於該底座砂模上示意圖 The thirteenth figure is a schematic diagram of the present invention resetting the two arc-shaped bodies of the outer sand box on the base sand mold
以下藉由圖式之配合,說明本發明之構造、特點以及實施例,俾使貴審查委員對本發明有更進一步之理解。 The structure, features and embodiments of the present invention will be described below with the aid of the drawings, so as to make your examiners have a further understanding of the present invention.
本發明係關於一種大型管件砂模之製法,如第六圖所示,製作一底座砂模(1),該底座砂模(1)係先將如第一圖所示之一底座砂箱(11)充填鑄砂(5)而形成。 The present invention relates to a method for producing a sand mold for large-scale pipe fittings. As shown in the sixth figure, a base sand mold (1) is produced. 11) It is formed by filling the casting sand (5).
如第二圖所示,製作一圓柱狀之內砂箱(21);本發明之該內砂箱(21)之外徑至少不小於600mm,因此可以於日後製作形成內徑不小於600mm之大型管件。 As shown in the second figure, a cylindrical inner flask (21) is manufactured; the outer diameter of the inner flask (21) of the present invention is at least not less than 600mm, so it can be manufactured in the future to form a large size with an inner diameter of not less than 600mm pipe fittings.
如第三圖所示,製作二對稱弧瓣體(311)、(312)合圍之外砂箱(31),該二對稱弧瓣體(311)、(312)相互以螺栓固定。 As shown in Figure 3, two symmetrical arc-lobe bodies (311), (312) are made to enclose the outer flask (31), and the two symmetrical arc-lobe bodies (311), (312) are fixed to each other with bolts.
如第四圖所示,製作二對稱弧瓣體(41)、(42)合圍之實體模(4),該二對稱弧瓣體(41)、(42)相互以螺栓固定。 As shown in Figure 4, a solid model (4) enclosing two symmetrical arc-lobe bodies (41), (42) is made, and the two symmetrical arc-lobe bodies (41), (42) are fixed to each other with bolts.
如第七圖所示,將該內砂箱(21)裝設於該底座砂模(1)上。 As shown in Figure 7, the inner flask (21) is installed on the base sand mold (1).
如第八圖所示,將該實體模(4)裝設於該底座砂模(1)上,並套設於該內砂箱(21)外緣相間隔之位置。 As shown in the eighth figure, the solid mold (4) is installed on the base sand mold (1), and is sleeved at the position where the outer edges of the inner sand box (21) are spaced apart.
如第九圖所示,再將該外砂箱(31)及其內側所設之各隔離板(30)(配合如第五圖所示),套設於該實體模(4)外緣之該底座砂模(1)上。 As shown in the ninth figure, the outer flask (31) and the isolation plates (30) provided on the inner side (as shown in the fifth figure) are then sleeved on the outer edge of the solid mold (4). on the base sand mold (1).
如第十圖所示,將鑄砂(5)由該外砂箱(31)與該實體模(4)之夾層空間(P1),以及該內砂箱(21)與該實體模(4)夾層空間(P2)之上方位置注入該二夾層空間(P1)、(P2)。而該外砂箱(31)內側所設之二隔離板(30),於拆除該外砂箱(31)二弧瓣體(311)、(312)時,該外砂箱(31)由此該二隔離板(30)分開而不致於損壞砂模。 As shown in Figure 10, the casting sand (5) is passed from the interlayer space (P1) between the outer flask (31) and the solid mold (4), and the inner flask (21) and the solid mold (4) The upper position of the interlayer space (P2) is injected into the two interlayer spaces (P1), (P2). And the two isolation plates (30) provided on the inner side of the outer flask (31), when the two arc flap bodies (311) and (312) of the outer flask (31) are removed, the outer flask (31) will The two isolation plates (30) are separated so as not to damage the sand mold.
如第十一圖所示,待該二夾層空間(P1)、(P2)因注入鑄砂(5)硬化後,由外而內形成一外砂模(3)及內砂模(2),再將該外砂箱(31)之二弧 瓣體(311)、(312)由水平方向拆開。 As shown in Figure 11, after the two interlayer spaces (P1) and (P2) are hardened by the injection of casting sand (5), an outer sand mold (3) and an inner sand mold (2) are formed from the outside to the inside, Then the second arc of the outer sand box (31) The valve bodies (311) and (312) are disassembled in the horizontal direction.
如第十二圖所示,再將該實體模(4)之二弧瓣體(41)、(42)由水平方向拆開。 As shown in the twelfth figure, the two arc lobes (41) and (42) of the solid model (4) are disassembled from the horizontal direction.
如第十三圖所示,待該實體模(4)之二弧瓣體(41)、(42)由水平方向拆開後形成讓位空間,再將該外砂箱(31)之二弧瓣體(311)、(312)復位於該底座砂模(1)上。藉此,可以製作一個由該底座砂模(1)及內砂模(2)和外砂模(3)所組成之實體砂模。 As shown in the thirteenth figure, after the two arc lobes (41) and (42) of the solid mold (4) are disassembled from the horizontal direction, a space is formed, and then the two arcs of the outer sand box (31) are formed. The valve bodies (311), (312) are reset on the base sand mold (1). Thereby, a solid sand mold composed of the base sand mold (1), the inner sand mold (2) and the outer sand mold (3) can be produced.
由前述可知,本發明「創設模具」以及「維修模具」都可以較為簡易甚至日後成品之拆模過程都可以較為簡易,除該底座砂模(1)之必要外,都可以因藉由「水平向(橫向)、線性、二維」的路徑達成,而免除傳統因為成品的不規則而須考量多面向、立體、三維、多角度的繁瑣路徑,對於僅需要考慮「對稱性」或「相同性」以及「輪廓簡單」等特性之管件,為較簡易之製模工序,尤其針對大型管件(內徑600mm以上),所發揮之經濟效益更為凸出。 It can be seen from the foregoing that the “creation of the mold” and the “maintenance of the mold” in the present invention can be relatively simple, and even the process of demolding the finished product in the future can be relatively simple. To achieve the path of (horizontal), linear, two-dimensional, and avoid the traditional cumbersome path that needs to consider multi-faceted, three-dimensional, three-dimensional, and multi-angle due to the irregularity of the finished product, for only need to consider "symmetry" or "identity" " and "simple outline" and other characteristics of the pipe fittings, is a simpler molding process, especially for large pipe fittings (inner diameter of more than 600mm), the economic benefits are more prominent.
綜上所述,本發明確實符合產業利用性,且未於申請前見於刊物或公開使用,亦未為公眾所知悉,且具有非顯而易知性,符合可專利之要件,爰依法提出專利申請。惟上述所陳,為本發明產業上一較佳實施例,舉凡依本發明申請專利範圍所作之均等變化,皆屬本案訴求標的之範疇。 To sum up, the present invention is indeed in line with industrial applicability, and has not been seen in publications or publicly used before the application, nor has it been known to the public, and it is non-obvious and complies with the requirements for patentability, and a patent application can be filed in accordance with the law . However, the above statement is a preferred embodiment of the present invention in the industry, and all the equivalent changes made according to the scope of the patent application of the present invention are all within the scope of the subject matter of this case.
(1):底座砂模 (1): base sand mold
(2):內砂模 (2): Inner sand mold
(21):內砂箱 (21): Inner sand box
(3):外砂模 (3): Outer sand mold
(31):外砂箱 (31): Outer sand box
(4A):澆注通道 (4A): Pouring channel
(4B):模穴 (4B): Mold cavity
(P1)、(P2):夾層空間 (P1), (P2): mezzanine space
Claims (1)
Priority Applications (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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TW110109426A TWI777455B (en) | 2021-03-16 | 2021-03-16 | Method for making sand mold for large pipe fittings |
CN202210231054.3A CN115069976A (en) | 2021-03-16 | 2022-03-10 | Method for manufacturing large pipe fitting sand mould |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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TW110109426A TWI777455B (en) | 2021-03-16 | 2021-03-16 | Method for making sand mold for large pipe fittings |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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TWI777455B true TWI777455B (en) | 2022-09-11 |
TW202237298A TW202237298A (en) | 2022-10-01 |
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TW110109426A TWI777455B (en) | 2021-03-16 | 2021-03-16 | Method for making sand mold for large pipe fittings |
Country Status (2)
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CN (1) | CN115069976A (en) |
TW (1) | TWI777455B (en) |
Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5251683A (en) * | 1991-03-11 | 1993-10-12 | General Motors Corporation | Method of making a cylinder head or other article with cast in-situ ceramic tubes |
CN109175272A (en) * | 2018-11-14 | 2019-01-11 | 安徽应流集团霍山铸造有限公司 | A kind of bend pipe class sand casting sandbox and its sand core |
CN208913091U (en) * | 2018-10-15 | 2019-05-31 | 昆山市昌坚铸造有限公司 | A kind of sand core structure of casting |
TWM615108U (en) * | 2021-03-16 | 2021-08-01 | 謝常彥 | Sand mold for large pipe member |
Family Cites Families (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB114142A (en) * | 1917-03-12 | 1918-12-19 | John Bayless Walker | Method and Apparatus for Making Ingot Moulds. |
CN201120456Y (en) * | 2007-10-31 | 2008-09-24 | 山西乔山铸造有限公司 | Cast iron pipe member metal mold |
CN201823892U (en) * | 2010-09-29 | 2011-05-11 | 柳州市志宝机械有限公司 | Casting die for elevator brake wheel |
CN104959551B (en) * | 2015-07-10 | 2017-02-01 | 沧州市青峰车体模具有限公司 | Large casting sand box |
-
2021
- 2021-03-16 TW TW110109426A patent/TWI777455B/en active
-
2022
- 2022-03-10 CN CN202210231054.3A patent/CN115069976A/en not_active Withdrawn
Patent Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5251683A (en) * | 1991-03-11 | 1993-10-12 | General Motors Corporation | Method of making a cylinder head or other article with cast in-situ ceramic tubes |
CN208913091U (en) * | 2018-10-15 | 2019-05-31 | 昆山市昌坚铸造有限公司 | A kind of sand core structure of casting |
CN109175272A (en) * | 2018-11-14 | 2019-01-11 | 安徽应流集团霍山铸造有限公司 | A kind of bend pipe class sand casting sandbox and its sand core |
TWM615108U (en) * | 2021-03-16 | 2021-08-01 | 謝常彥 | Sand mold for large pipe member |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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CN115069976A (en) | 2022-09-20 |
TW202237298A (en) | 2022-10-01 |
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