TR2022013339T2 - Methods and systems for treatment of lime to form vaterite. - Google Patents

Abstract

Provided herein are methods and systems to form calcium carbonate comprising vaterite, comprising dissolving lime in an aqueous base solution under one or more precipitation conditions to produce a precipitation material forming calcium carbonate and a supernatant solution, wherein the calcium carbonate comprises vaterite.

Description

DESCRIPTION METHODS AND SYSTEMS FOR PROCESSING LIME TO FORM VATERITE CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application is based on US Provisional Application No. 5, filed February 25, 2020. No. 62/981,266, which claims priority and is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety in the present specification. INFRASTRUCTURE Carbon dioxide (C02) emissions have been identified as contributing significantly to the global warming phenomenon. C02 is a byproduct of the combustion process and creates operational, economic and environmental problems. High atmospheric concentrations of C02 and other greenhouse gases can be expected to facilitate greater heat storage within the atmosphere, leading to increasing surface temperatures and rapid climate change. Additionally, high levels of C02 in the atmosphere can also acidify the world's oceans due to C02 dissolution and the formation of carbonic acid. The impact of climate change and ocean acidification is likely to be economically expensive and environmentally harmful if not addressed in a timely manner. Mitigating the potential risks of climate change requires sequestering and sequestering CO2 from various anthropogenic processes. BRIEF DESCRIPTION In one aspect, methods are provided for forming calcium carbonate containing vaterite, comprising: (i) calcining limestone to form a gaseous stream containing lime and carbon dioxide; 03767-P-0001 (ii) dissolving lime in an aqueous N-containing inorganic salt solution under one or more dissolution conditions to produce a first aqueous solution containing calcium salt and a gaseous stream containing ammonia; (iii) recovering the gaseous stream containing carbon dioxide and the gaseous stream containing ammonia and subjecting the gaseous stream to a cooling process under one or more cooling conditions to condense a second aqueous solution containing ammonium bicarbonate, ammonium carbonate, ammonia, or combinations thereof; and (iv) treating a first aqueous solution containing calcium salt with a second aqueous solution containing ammonium bicarbonate, ammonium carbonate, ammonia, or combinations thereof, under one or more precipitation conditions to form a precipitate material containing calcium carbonate and a supernatant solution, wherein Contains calcium carbonate and vaterite. In some embodiments of the foregoing, calcination is accomplished in a vented kiln, rotary kiln, or electric kiln. In some embodiments of the foregoing aspects and embodiments, lime is underbaked lime, low-temperature kiln-dried lime, fully kiln-dried lime, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments of the foregoing aspects and embodiments, the N-containing inorganic salt is selected from the group consisting of ammonium halide, ammonium sulfate, ammonium sulfite, ammonium nitrate, ammonium nitrite, and combinations thereof. In some embodiments of the foregoing aspects and embodiments, ammonium halide is ammonium chloride. In some embodiments of the foregoing aspects and embodiments, the first aqueous solution further includes ammonia and/or N-containing inorganic salt. In some embodiments of the foregoing aspects and embodiments, the molar ratio of N-containing inorganic salt:lime is about 0. It is between 5:1-2:1. 03767-P-0001 In some embodiments of the foregoing aspects and embodiments, one or more dissolution conditions include temperature between about 30-200°C; pressure between approximately 01-10 atm; about 0%. Salt containing between 5-50% N by weight in water; and combinations thereof. In some embodiments of the foregoing aspects and embodiments, an external source of carbon dioxide and/or ammonia is not used and the process is a closed loop process. In some embodiments of the foregoing aspects and embodiments, the gaseous stream containing ammonia also contains water vapor. In some embodiments of the foregoing aspects and embodiments, the gaseous stream also contains about 20-90% water vapor. In some embodiments of the above aspects and embodiments, no external water is added to the cooling process. In some embodiments of the foregoing aspects and embodiments, one or more cooling conditions include temperature between about 0-100°C; about 0. Pressure between 5-50 atm; aqueous solution pH between approximately 8-12; CO2 flow rate; approximately 0. COztNH3 rate between 121 and 2021; or combinations thereof. In some embodiments of the foregoing aspects and embodiments, the second aqueous solution also contains ammonium carbamate. In some embodiments of the foregoing aspects and embodiments, the second aqueous solution is formed through condensation of gases. In some embodiments of the foregoing aspects and embodiments, one or more sedimentation conditions are from the group consisting of a first aqueous solution pH of 7-9, solution temperature of 20-60°C, residence time of 5-60 minutes, or combinations thereof. is selected. In some embodiments of the foregoing aspects and embodiments, the first aqueous solution also contains solids. In some embodiments of the foregoing aspects and embodiments, the method further includes separating solids from the first aqueous solution prior to the treatment step by filtration and/or centrifugation. In some embodiments of the above aspects and embodiments, the separated solids are added to the sediment material as filler. In some embodiments of the foregoing aspects and embodiments, the separated solids also contain residual ammonium halide when the N-containing inorganic salt is ammonium halide. In some embodiments of the foregoing aspects and embodiments, the method further includes recovering residual ammonium halide from the solids using a recovery process selected from the group consisting of rinsing, thermal cracking, pH adjustment, and combinations thereof. In some embodiments of the foregoing aspects and embodiments, the solids are not separated from the first aqueous solution and the first aqueous solution is further treated to produce precipitate material containing solids. In some embodiments of the foregoing aspects and embodiments, the solids include silicates, iron oxides, aluminum, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments of the foregoing aspects and embodiments, solids are between 1-40% by weight in the aqueous solution, sedimentary material, or combinations thereof. 03767-P-0001 In some embodiments of the foregoing aspects and embodiments, the method further includes dewatering the precipitate material to separate the precipitate material from the supernatant solution. In some embodiments of the foregoing aspects and embodiments, the precipitate material and supernatant solution contain residual N-containing inorganic salt. In some embodiments of the foregoing aspects and embodiments, the residual N-containing inorganic salt includes ammonium halide, ammonium sulfate, ammonium sulfite, ammonium hydrosulfide, ammonium thiosulfate, ammonium nitrate, ammonium nitrite, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments of the foregoing aspects and embodiments, the method further comprises removing and optionally recovering the ammonia and/or N-containing inorganic salt from the residual N-containing inorganic salt, comprising removing and optionally recovering the residual N-containing inorganic salt from the supernatant aqueous solution. and/or the removal and optional recovery of inorganic salt containing residual N from the sediment material. In some embodiments of the foregoing aspects and embodiments, the method may further utilize the recovery process selected from the group consisting of thermal decomposition, pH adjustment, reverse osmosis, multistage flash, multi-effect distillation, steam recompression, distillation, and combinations thereof, in which the inorganic salt containing residual N is removed from the upper phase involves recovery from aqueous solution. In some embodiments of the foregoing angles and arrangements, the step of removing and optionally recovering the residual N-containing inorganic salt from the sediment material includes a step of approximately 300-3 60° to evaporate the N-containing inorganic salt from the sediment material, with optional recovery via condensation of the N-containing inorganic salt. 03767-P-0001 In some embodiments of the foregoing aspects and embodiments, the N-containing inorganic salt is ammonium chloride evaporated from the sediment material in a form comprising ammonia gas, hydrogen chloride gas, chlorine gas, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments of the foregoing aspects and embodiments, the method further includes recycling the recovered residual ammonia and/or N-containing inorganic salt to the dissolution and/or treatment step of the process. In some embodiments of the foregoing aspects and embodiments, vaterite is stable vaterite or reactive vaterite. In some embodiments of the foregoing aspects and embodiments, the method further includes adding water to precipitate material containing reactive vaterite and converting the vaterite to aragonite, where the aragonite solidifies and hardens to form cement or cementitious product. In some embodiments of the above angles and arrangements, the cementitious product is a shaped building material selected from wall element, building panel, channel, pool, beam, column, plate, acoustic barrier, insulation material and combinations thereof. In some embodiments of the foregoing aspects and embodiments, the method further includes adding water to precipitate material containing reactive vaterite and converting the vaterite to aragonite, where the aragonite solidifies and hardens to form a cementless product. In one aspect, a product formed by the method according to the above aspects and arrangements is provided. 03767-P-0001 In one aspect, there is provided a system to form vaterite-containing calcium carbonate comprising: (i) a calcination reactor configured to calcin limestone to form a gaseous stream comprising lime and carbon dioxide; (ii) a dissolution reactor configured to dissolve lime in an aqueous N-containing inorganic salt solution under one or more dissolution conditions to produce a first aqueous solution containing calcium salt and a gaseous stream containing ammonia; (iii) for recovering the gaseous stream containing carbon dioxide and the gaseous stream containing ammonia and subjecting the gaseous stream to a cooling process under one or more cooling conditions to condense a second aqueous solution containing ammonium bicarbonate, ammonium carbonate, ammonia or combinations thereof. a cooling reactor configured; and (iv) for treating a first aqueous solution containing calcium salt with a second aqueous solution containing ammonium bicarbonate, ammonium carbonate, ammonia, or combinations thereof, under one or more precipitation conditions to form a precipitate material containing calcium carbonate and a supernatant solution. A treatment reactor configured wherein the calcium carbonate contains vaterite. In some embodiments of the above aspect, the dissolution reactor is integrated with the cooling reactor. DRAWINGS Features of the invention are specifically stated in the appended claims. A better understanding of the features and advantages of the invention will be obtained by reference to the following detailed description and accompanying drawings, which set forth illustrative embodiments in which the principles of the invention are used: 03767-P-0001 Figure 1 shows some embodiments of the methods and systems provided herein. Figure 2 shows some embodiments of the methods and systems provided herein. Figure 3 shows some embodiments of the methods and systems provided herein. Figure 4 shows some embodiments of the methods and systems incorporating an integrated reactor provided herein. Figure 5 shows some embodiments of the methods and systems incorporating an integrated reactor provided herein. Figure 6 shows some embodiments of the methods and systems incorporating an integrated reactor provided herein. Figure 7 shows some embodiments of the methods and systems incorporating an integrated reactor provided herein. Figure 8 shows a Gibbs free energy diagram of the transition from vaterite to aragonite. Figure 9 shows the effects of the C02:NH3 ratio on the formation and rate of condensed products in the cooling reactor, as described herein in Example 4. DESCRIPTION Provided herein are unique methods and systems that use lime to form the vaterite polymorph of calcium carbonate, which can be used to form a variety of products as described herein. Lime is obtained from the calcination of limestone. Applicants have unique methods and systems planned to use lime to create valuable cementitious products. In some embodiments of the methods and systems provided herein, lime is treated directly with an aqueous base solution, such as ammonium salt alone, such as aqueous ammonium chloride solution, to dissolve or solubilize the calcium of lime in an aqueous 03767-P-0001 solution. The dissolved calcium in calcium salt form is then treated with carbon dioxide gas (evolved during calcination of limestone) to form precipitate or precipitate material containing calcium carbonate, wholly or partially in the polymorphic form of vaterite. In some embodiments, calcium carbonate is formed in the polymorphic form of vaterite, or in some embodiments, calcium carbonate is precipitated with calcium carbonate (PCC). PCC may be in the form of vaterite, aragonite, calcite or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, vaterite formed by the methods and systems herein is in a stable vaterite form or a reactive vaterite form, both of which are described herein. In some embodiments, the precipitate material containing reactive vaterite has unique properties, including, but not limited to, cementation properties through conversion to aragonite, which hardens and cements to high compressive strength. In some embodiments, the conversion of vaterite to aragonite includes, but is not limited to, the structural panel etc. described herein. It results in cement that can be used to form building materials such as shaped building materials and/or cementitious products. In some embodiments, the vaterite in the product is stable (does not convert to aragonite) and can be used as a filler or supplemental cementitious material (SCM) when mixed with other cement such as Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC). Precipitate material containing vaterite can also be used as an aggregate, where upon contact with water the vaterite containing precipitate material turns into aragonite, which hardens and cements and then breaks apart after cementation to form aggregates. In some embodiments, where calcium carbonate is formed as PCC, the PCC material is cementitious or used as a paper product, polymer product, lubricant, adhesive, rubber product, chalk, asphalt product, paint, abrasive for paint removal, personal care product, cosmetic, cleaning product, personal hygiene. 03767-P-0001 can be used as a filler in products such as ingestible product, agricultural product, soil remediation product, pesticide, environmental remediation product, and combinations thereof. Such use of calcium carbonate precipitate material as a filler in cementless products is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, including, but not limited to, N-containing inorganic salt or N-containing organic salt, such as a base such as an ammonium salt used solely to solubilize calcium ions from lime, after the precipitate is formed. The resulting self-precipitation as well as residual N-containing inorganic salt or N-containing organic salt remaining in the supernatant solution may result. In some embodiments, the presence of N-containing inorganic salt or N-containing organic salt in the sediment, including but not limited to ammonium chloride, ammonium sulfate, ammonium sulfite, ammonium hydrosulfide, ammonium thiosulfate, ammonium nitrate, ammonium nitrite, or combinations of these ingredients. It may be undesirable as an organic salt containing N and may be harmful to cementitious products formed in this way from sediment material in the sediment. For example, chloride in the cementitious product can be corrosive to metal structures used with cementitious products. Additionally, residual ammonia can cause bad odor in products. Additionally, unrecovered and wasted residual N-containing inorganic salt in the sediment or N-containing organic salt as well as the supernatant solution may be economically and environmentally unviable. Various methods are provided here to remove and optionally recover N-containing inorganic salt or N-containing organic salt from the supernatant solution as well as the precipitate. Before the invention is described in detail, it will be understood that this invention is not limited to the specific embodiments disclosed, as these may of course vary. It will be further understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting. Where a range of values is provided, each 03767-P-0001 value intervening up to one-tenth of a lower limit unit between the upper and lower limit of that range and any other specified or intervening value within the specified range will be understood to fall within the scope of the invention unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. The upper and lower limits of these smaller ranges may be included in the smaller ranges independently and are also included within the invention with respect to any specifically excluded limits within the stated range. Where the specified range includes one or both of the included limits, the ranges that exclude one or both of these included limits are also included in the invention. Specific ranges are represented here by numerical values preceded by the term "approximate". The term "about" is used here to provide literal support for a number that is close to or approximately the number that precedes the term, as well as the whole number that precedes it. In determining whether a number is close to or approximate to a specifically read number, the number given as close to or approximately the reciprocal number may be a number that is substantially equivalent to the specifically stated number in the context in which it is represented. Unless otherwise stated, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one skilled in the art to which this invention pertains. Representative methods and materials are described herein, although any methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein may also be used in the practice or testing of the invention. All publications, patents, and patent applications cited herein are incorporated herein by reference to the same extent as each publication, patent, or patent application is specifically and individually designated to be incorporated by reference. In addition, each cited publication, patent, or patent application is incorporated herein by reference to describe and explain the subject matter on which the publications are cited. Reference to any publication is for disclosure prior to the date of filing and should not be construed as an admission that the invention described herein has no right to exist prior to such publication due to the effect of prior invention. 03767-P-0001 Additionally, airdates provided may differ from actual airdates, which may need to be independently verified. As used herein and in the appended claims, the singular forms "a" and "the" are to be considered to include plural references unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It should also be noted that claims can be planned not to include any optional elements. Thus, this statement is intended to serve as a preliminary basis in connection with the reading of such special terminology, "only", "only" and the like, elements of the claim or the use of a "negative" limitation. As will be apparent to those skilled in the art after reading this description, each of the individual embodiments described and illustrated herein has distinct components and features that can be readily separated from or combined with the features of any of several other embodiments without departing from the scope or spirit of the invention. Any cited method may be carried out in the order of the cited events, or in any other logically possible order. Methods and systems are provided for using lime to form sedimentary material having certain calcium carbonate polymorphs, such as vaterite, which have useful properties as a component of certain building materials. The vaterite formed in the methods and systems provided herein may be a stable vaterite or a reactive vaterite. After dissolution with water and reprecipitation, reactive vaterite forms aragonite, which has cementitious properties. The vaterite-containing precipitate provided herein can be used to replace Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) in applications such as, but not limited to, cementitious board or partially as a supplemental cementitious material (SCM). As used herein, "lime" refers to calcium oxide and/or calcium hydroxide 03767-P-0001. The presence and amount of calcium oxide and/or calcium hydroxide in lime will vary depending on the conditions for lime formation. The methods and systems provided herein have several advantages, including, but not limited to, reducing carbon dioxide emissions by introducing carbon dioxide back into the process to form calcium carbonate-containing precipitate. In the methods and systems provided herein, the production of precipitate-containing vaterite offers advantages including operating expense savings through reductions in fuel consumption and reductions in carbon footprint. Cement per year, accounting for approximately 5% of total emissions. It is a significant contributor to global carbon dioxide emissions, which exceed 5 billion metric tonnes. More than 50% of cement emissions can result from the release of carbon dioxide from the decomposition of lime feedstock (CaCO3--CaO+C02). In the methods and systems provided herein, CO2 emissions into lime from the calcination of limestone can be avoided by recapturing it in the cementitious vaterite material. Through carbon dioxide recapture, the vaterite product has the potential to remove a significant amount of cement carbon dioxide emissions and total global emissions from all sources. Thus, in one aspect, methods are provided for producing calcium carbonate containing vaterite comprising dissolving lime in an aqueous base solution under one or more precipitation conditions to produce a precipitate material comprising calcium carbonate and a supernatant solution, wherein the calcium carbonate contains vaterite. In one aspect, methods are provided for forming calcium carbonate containing vaterite, comprising (i) dissolving lime in an aqueous base solution under one or more dissolution conditions to produce a first aqueous solution containing calcium salt; and (ii) treating a first aqueous solution containing calcium salt with a gaseous stream containing carbon 03767-P-0001 dioxide under one or more precipitation conditions to form a precipitate material containing calcium carbonate and a supernatant solution, wherein calcium carbonate, vaterite Contains. In some embodiments of the above aspects, the gaseous stream containing carbon dioxide is obtained from the calcination of limestone to form lime. Some aspects and embodiments of the methods and systems provided herein are as shown in Figures 1-7. It will be understood that the steps shown in Figures 1-7 can be modified, or the order of the steps can be changed, or more steps can be added or deleted depending on the desired result. As shown in Figures 1-7, lime is subjected to the methods and systems provided herein to produce precipitate material containing calcium carbonate, wherein the calcium carbonate contains vaterite. Calcination or calcining is a heat treatment process to achieve a thermal decomposition of limestone. As used herein, "limestone" means CaCOg and may also contain other impurities typically found in limestone. Limestone is a naturally occurring mineral. The chemical composition of this mineral may vary from region to region or between different deposits in the same region. Therefore, the lime containing calcium oxide and/or calcium hydroxide obtained by calcining limestone from each natural deposit may be different. Typically, limestone can be formed from calcium carbonate (CaCO3), magnesium carbonate (MgCOg), silica (SiO2), aluminum (Al2O3), iron (Fe), sulfur (S) or other trace elements. Limestone deposits are widely distributed. Limestone from various deposits may differ in physical chemical properties and can be classified according to their chemical composition, texture and geological formation. Limestone can be classified into the following types: high calcium, where the carbonate content may consist mainly of calcium carbonate with a magnesium carbonate content of not more than 5%; magnesium containing up to approximately 5-20% magnesium carbonate; or dolomitic, which may contain between 20-45% MgCO3, the balance amount is 03767-P-0001 calcium carbonate. Limestones from different sources can vary significantly in chemical compositions and physical structures. It will be understood that the methods and systems provided herein are applicable to all cement plants calcining limestone from any of the above listed or commercially available sources. Quarries include, but are not limited to, quarries associated with cement kilns, quarries for limestone for aggregate for use in concrete, quarries for limestone for other purposes (road foundation), and/or quarries associated with lime kilns. Limestone calcination is a weathering process in which the chemical reaction to decompose limestone is as follows: This step is shown in Figures 1-3 as a first step in the calcination of limestone to form lime. Depending on the conditions, the lime may be in dry form, i.e. calcium oxide, and/or in wet form, i.e. calcium hydroxide. Lime production may depend on the type of kiln, calcination conditions and the nature of the raw material, i.e. limestone. At relatively low calcination temperatures, kiln-produced products may contain both unbaked carbonate and lime and may be referred to as underbaked lime. As the temperature increases, low-temperature kiln-dried or highly reactive lime can be produced. Again, at higher temperatures, fully kiln-dried or low-reactive lime can be produced. Low-temperature kiln-fired lime is produced when the reaction front reaches the charged limestone core and converts all available carbonate into lime. A high-yield product may be relatively soft, contain small lime crystals, and have an open-pore structure with an easily accessible interior. This type of lime may have optimum properties of high reactivity, high surface area and low bulk density. Increasing the degree of calcination beyond this stage may cause the growth, agglomeration and sintering of lime crystals. This may result 03767-P-0001 in a decrease in surface area, porosity and reactivity and an increase in bulk density. This product may be known as fully baked or low reactive lime. Without being limited to any particular theory, the methods and systems provided herein employ any or combination of the foregoing. Therefore, in some embodiments, the lime is fully baked, underbaked, underbaked, or combinations thereof. The production of lime by calcining limestone can be accomplished using various types of kilns, including but not limited to a vented kiln or a rotary kiln or an electric kiln. The use of an electric kiln in calcination and its associated advantages are disclosed in US Provisional Application No. 3, filed June 30, 2020, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. It is disclosed in 63/046,239. These calcining devices are suitable for calcining limestone in the form of pellets with diameters of a few to tens of millimeters. Cement plant waste piles include waste piles from both wet process and dry process plants, which may use vented kilns, rotary kilns, electric kilns or combinations thereof, and may include pre-calciners. Each of these industrial facilities may burn a single fuel or may burn two or more fuels sequentially or simultaneously. As shown in Figures 1-3, limestone obtained from a limestone quarry is calcined in a cement plant resulting in the formation of lime and CO2 gas. Lime may be calcium oxide in the form of a solid from drying kilns/cement processes and/or a combination of calcium oxide and calcium hydroxide in the form of a slurry from soaking kilns/cement processes. Calcium oxide when wet (also known as a base anhydride that converts to its hydroxide form in water) may be present in its hydrated form, including, but not limited to, calcium hydroxide. In the case of calcium hydroxide (also called slaked lime), a general hydrated form of calcium oxide, other intermediate hydrated and/or water complexes may also be present in the aqueous mixture and are all included within the scope of the methods and systems provided herein. . While lime is shown as CaO in some of the figures herein, it will be understood that it may be present as Ca(OH)2 or as a combination of CaO and Ca(OH)2. Lime may be slightly soluble in water. In the methods and systems provided herein, the solubility of lime is increased through its treatment with solvents. In the methods and systems provided herein, lime is solvated or dissolved with a solvent, such as an aqueous base solution (step A in Figures 1-3), under one or more dissolution conditions to produce a first aqueous solution containing calcium salt. For illustration purposes only, an aqueous base solution, such as an inorganic salt solution containing N, is shown in the figures as ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) solution, and the latter calcium salt is shown as calcium chloride (CaCl2). Various examples of bases are provided herein and all are within the scope of the invention. As used herein, "base" includes any base or conjugate base of an acid. In some embodiments, the base is a solubilizing base that dissolves or dissolves calcium from lime and releases solid impurities. Bases include, but are not limited to, N-containing inorganic salt, N-containing organic salt, or combinations thereof. As used herein, "N-containing inorganic salt" includes any inorganic salt containing nitrogen. Examples of the N-containing inorganic salt include, but are not limited to, ammonium halide (halide is any halogen), ammonium sulfate, ammonium sulfite, ammonium nitrate, ammonium nitrite and the like. In some embodiments, the ammonium halide is ammonium chloride or ammonium bromide. In some embodiments, the ammonium halide is ammonium chloride. As used herein, "N-containing organic salt" includes any salt of an organic compound containing nitrogen. Examples of N-containing organic compounds 03767-P-0001 include, but are not limited to, aliphatic amine, alicyclic amine, heterocyclic amine, and combinations thereof. As used herein, "aliphatic amine" includes any alkyl amine of the formula (R)n'NH3-n, where 11 is an integer from 1 to 3°, where R is independently linear or branched between Cl-C8 and substituted or unsubstituted alkyl. An example of the corresponding halide salt (chloride salt, bromide salt, Iloride salt or iodide salt) of the alkyl amine of formula (R)n'NH3-n is (R)n'NH4-n+Cl'". In some embodiments, when R0 is substituted alkyl, the substituted alkyl is independently substituted by halogen, hydroxyl, acid and/or ester. For example, when R" is alkyl in (R)n-NH3-n, the alkyl amine is the primary alkyl amine, such as methylamine only, ethylamine, butylamine, pentylamine, etc. it could be; alkyl amine, a secondary amine, such as dimethylamine only, diethylamine, methylethylamine, etc. it could be; and/Or alkyl amine, a tertiary amine, such as trimethylamine only, triethylamine, Etc. it could be. For example, when R5 is substituted alkyl substituted with hydroxyl in (R)n'NH3-n, the substituted alkyl amine may be such as, but not limited to, monoethanolamine, diethanolamine, or triethanolamine, Etc. is an alkanolamine, including monoalkanolamine, dialkanolamine, or trialkanolamine. For example, when R" is substituted alkyl substituted by the halogen in (R)n'NH3-n, the substituted alkyl amine, such as chloromethylamine, bromomethylamine, chloroethylamine, bromoethylamine, Etc. °. For example, when R0 is substituted alkyl substituted by the acid in (R)n-NH3-n, the substituted alkyl amine is, for example, amino acids. In some embodiments, the above amino acid has a polar uncharged alkyl chain, examples include, but are not limited to, serine, threonine, asparagine, glutamine, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the above amino acid has a charged alkyl chain, examples include, but are not limited to, arginine, histidine, lysine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the above amino acid is glycine, proline, or a combination thereof. As used herein, "acclimated amine" includes any acyclic amine of the formula (R)n'NH3-n, where 11 is an integer from 1 to T, where R is independently one or more full carbon rings, which It may be saturated or unsaturated, but it does not have aromatic character. Alicyclic compounds may have one or more aliphatic side chains attached. An example of the corresponding salt of the alicyclic amine of the formula (R)n-NH3-n is (R)n-NH4-n+Cl'°. Examples of acyclic amine include, but are not limited to, cycloalkylamine: cyclopropylamine, cyclobutylamine, cyclopentylamine, cyclohexylamine, cycloheptylamine, cyclooctylamine, and the like. As used herein, "heterocyclic amine" includes at least one heterocyclic aromatic ring attached to at least one amine. Examples of heterocyclic rings include, but are not limited to, pyrrole, pyrrolidine, pyridine, pyrimidine, etc. Contains. Such chemicals are well known in the art and are commercially available. In the methods and systems provided herein, lime is dissolved or dissolved by a solvent, such as an aqueous base solution (step A in Figures 1-37), under one or more dissolution conditions to produce a first aqueous solution containing calcium salt and a gaseous stream containing ammonia. . As shown in step A in Figures 1-3, the base is exemplified as ammonium chloride (NH4Cl). Lime is dissolved by treatment with NH4Cl (also new and recycled as described below) if the reaction that can occur is: 03767-P-0001 Similarly, in the case of the base N-containing organic salt, the reaction is CaO + 2 NH3RCl-› CaCl2 ( aqueous) + 2 NH2R + H2O In some embodiments, the base or N-containing inorganic salt, such as but not limited to an ammonium salt, such as ammonium chloride solution, may be supplemented with anhydrous ammonia or an aqueous ammonia solution to maintain an optimum level of ammonium chloride in solution. In some embodiments, the first aqueous solution containing the calcium salt obtained after dissolving the lime may contain sulfur depending on the source of the lime. Sulfur can be applied to the first aqueous solution after descaling with any of the bases described herein. In an alkaline solution, various sulfur compounds containing various sulfur ionic species are formed, including but not limited to sulfite (SO32'), sulfate (8042'), hydrosulfide (HS'), thiosulfate (82032'), polysulfides (Snz'), thiol ( RSH) and the like. In some embodiments, as used herein, the first aqueous solution also contains base, such as ammonia and/or an N-containing inorganic or N-containing organic salt. In some embodiments, the amount of base, such as N-containing inorganic salt, N-containing organic salt, or combinations thereof, is greater than 20% or greater than 30% of the lime. In some embodiments, the molar ratio of base : lime (or N-containing inorganic salt : lime or N-containing organic salt : lime or ammonium chloride : lime) is 0. 5:1-2:1; or 0521-03767-P-0001 In some embodiments of the methods disclosed herein, no polyhydroxy compounds are used to form the precipitate material and/or the products provided herein. In some embodiments of the methods and systems disclosed herein, one or more temperatures between about 50-100°C; pressure at or between approximately 01-50 atm; about 0%. Between 5-50 or about 0%. Inorganic or organic salt containing between 5 and 25% N by weight in water; or selected from the group consisting of combinations thereof. Agitation can be used to influence the dissolution of lime by the aqueous base solution in the solubilization reactor, for example by eliminating hot and cold spots. In some embodiments, it may be lime in the water. To optimize lime dissolution/liquid retention, high shear mixing, wet grinding and/or sonication may be used to break lime. During or after high shear mixing and/or wet milling, the lime suspension may be treated with base. In some embodiments, dissolution of lime with base (e.g. denoted as ammonium chloride) results in the formation of a first aqueous solution containing calcium salt and solids. In some embodiments, solid insoluble impurities may be recovered from the first aqueous solution of the calcium salt before the aqueous solution is treated with carbon dioxide in the process (step B in Figures 1-3). Solids can optionally be recovered from the aqueous solution through filtration and/or centrifugation techniques. Step 1 in Figures 1-3 is optional and in some embodiments the solids may not be removed from the aqueous solution (not shown in Figures 1-3) and the aqueous solution containing the solids as well as calcium salts are contacted with carbon dioxide to form precipitates (Figures 1-3). will be understood in "next step C"). In such embodiments, the sediment material also contains solids. In some embodiments, the solids obtained from the dissolution of lime (shown as insoluble impurities in Figures 1-3) are calcium-depleted solids and can be used as a cement substitute (e.g., a substitute for Portland cement). In some embodiments, the solids include silicates, iron oxides, aluminum, or combinations thereof. Silicates include, but are not limited to, clay (phyllosilicate), alumino-silicate, etc. Contains. In some embodiments, solids include 1-40% by weight in aqueous solution, sedimentary material, or combinations thereof; or 1-30% by weight; or 1% by weight; or 1-10% by weight or 1-5% by weight; or between 1 and 2% by weight. As shown in step 1 in Figure 1, the first aqueous solution containing calcium salt (and optionally solids) and dissolved ammonia and/or ammonium salt is recycled from the calcination step of the relevant process to form a precipitate material containing calcium carbonate and a supernatant solution. It is contacted with a gaseous stream containing carbon dioxide under one or more precipitation conditions, where calcium carbonate contains vaterite as shown in the following reaction: 03767-P-0001 Absorption of CO2 into the first aqueous solution, carbonic acid as a species in equilibrium with both bicarbonate and carbonate It produces C02-laden water containing The precipitate material is prepared under one or more precipitation conditions (as described herein) containing vaterite or suitable to form PCC material. In one aspect, methods are provided for forming calcium carbonate containing vaterite, comprising: (i) calcining limestone to form a gaseous stream containing lime and carbon dioxide; (ii) dissolving lime in an aqueous base solution under one or more dissolution conditions to produce a first aqueous solution containing calcium salt and a gaseous stream containing ammonia; and (iii) treating a first aqueous solution containing calcium salt with the gaseous stream containing carbon dioxide and the gaseous stream containing ammonia under one or more precipitation conditions to form a precipitate material containing calcium carbonate and a supernatant solution, wherein the calcium carbonate includes vaterite . This angle is shown in Figure 2, where the gaseous stream containing CO2 from the calcination step and the gaseous stream containing NH3 from step A of the process are recirculated to the precipitation reactor (step C) for the formation of precipitate material. The remaining steps in Figure 2 are the same as the steps in Figure 17. It will be understood that the processes in both Figure 1 and Figure 2 may also occur simultaneously, so that the base, such as the N-containing inorganic salt or the N-containing organic salt, and optionally the ammonia, may be partly present in the first aqueous solution and partly present in the gaseous stream. The reaction occurring at the above angle can be represented as follows: CaClz(aqueous) + 2 NH3(g) + CO2(g) + HzO -- CaCO3(s) + 2 NH4Cl(aqueous) In some embodiments of the angles and embodiments provided herein, ammonia-containing The gaseous stream may contain ammonia from an external source and/or be recovered and recirculated from step A of the process. 03767-P-0001 In some embodiments of the aspects and embodiments provided herein, the gaseous stream contains ammonia and/Or the gaseous stream contains carbon dioxide, no external source of carbon dioxide and/Or ammonia is used and the process is a closed loop process. This type of closed-loop process is illustrated in the figures described here. In some embodiments, dissolving lime with an amount of the N-containing organic salt may not result in the formation of ammonia gas, or the amount of ammonia gas formed may not be significant. In embodiments where ammonia gas is not generated or is not generated in significant quantities, the methods and systems shown in Figure 1 are valid, where the first aqueous solution containing calcium salt is treated with carbon dioxide gas. In such arrangements, the organic amine salt may remain in the aqueous solution in a fully or partially dissolved state or may separate as an organic amine layer as shown in the following reaction: CaO + 2 NH3R+Cl' -› CaC12 (aqueous) + 2NH2R + H2O in the supernatant solution after precipitation. It can be called organic salt containing residual N or organic compound containing residual N, organic salt containing residual N, or organic compound containing residual N. Methods and systems are described herein to recover residual compounds from the precipitate as well as the supernatant solution. In one aspect, there are methods provided for forming calcium carbonate containing vaterite, comprising the steps of: (i) calcining limestone to form a gaseous stream containing lime and carbon dioxide; (ii) dissolving lime in an aqueous N-containing inorganic salt solution or N-containing organic salt solution under one or more dissolution conditions to produce a first aqueous solution containing calcium salt and a gaseous stream containing ammonia; (iii) recovering the gaseous stream containing carbon dioxide and the gaseous stream containing ammonia and subjecting the gaseous streams to a cooling process under one or more cooling conditions to condense a second aqueous solution containing ammonium bicarbonate, ammonium carbonate, ammonia, or combinations thereof. to be subjected to; and (iV) treating a first aqueous solution containing a calcium salt with a second aqueous solution containing ammonium bicarbonate, ammonium carbonate, ammonia, or combinations thereof, under one or more precipitation conditions to form a precipitate material containing calcium carbonate and a supernatant solution, wherein calcium Contains carbonate and vaterite. This angle is shown in Figure 3, where the CO2-containing gaseous stream from the calcination step and the NH3-containing gaseous stream from process step A are also recirculated to the cooling reactor/reaction (step F) for the formation of carbonate and bicarbonate solutions as shown in the reactions below. is made. The remaining steps in Figure 3 are the same as those in Figures 1 and 27. It will be understood that the above angle shown in Fig. (shown in Figure 3), further comprising treating a first aqueous solution containing calcium salt with a gaseous stream containing carbon dioxide (shown in Figure 1), and/Or treating a first aqueous solution containing a calcium salt with a gaseous stream containing carbon dioxide and ammonia It involves treatment with a gaseous stream containing (shown in Figure 2). In such arrangements, the gaseous stream containing carbon dioxide is split between the stream to the cooling process and the stream to the precipitation process. Similarly, in such arrangements, the gaseous stream containing ammonia is split between the stream to the cooling process and the stream to the precipitation process. Any combination of the processes shown in Figures 1-3 are possible and are all within the scope of this description. In some embodiments of the above aspects, the second aqueous solution also contains ammonium carbamate. Ammonium carbamate has the formula NH4[H2NC02] consisting of ammonium ions NH4+ and carbamate ions H2NC02_°. In some embodiments of the foregoing aspects and embodiments, the second aqueous solution comprises 03767-P-0001 ammonium bicarbonate, ammonium carbonate, ammonia, ammonium carbamate, or combinations thereof. . The combination of these concentrated products in the second aqueous solution may depend on one or more of the cooling conditions. Table 1 shown below presents various combinations of concentrated products in the second aqueous solution. carbonate bicarbonate carbamate In some embodiments of the above aspects and embodiments, the gaseous stream (e.g., gaseous streams to the cooling reaction/reactor (step F in Figures 1-3)) also contains water vapor. In some embodiments of the above mentioned angles and arrangements, the gaseous flow is also between approximately 20-90%; or approximately 20% between 03767-P-0001; or approximately 20-30%; or approximately 20-25%; or between; or between approximately 30-60%; or between approximately 30-50%; or between; or between approximately 40-70%; or between approximately 40-60%; or between; or between approximately 50-70%; or between approximately 50-60%; or between; or approximately 70-90%; or between approximately 70-80%; or contains approximately 80-90% water vapor. In some embodiments of the above aspects and embodiments, no external water is added to the cooling process. It will be understood that the cooling process is similar to the condensation of gases in existing water vapors (but not to the absorption of gases), so that the gases are not absorbed in the water, but are thus cooled together with the water vapors. Condensing gases into a liquid stream can provide process control advantages compared to adsorption of vapors. For example, only the condensation of gases into the liquid stream may allow the liquid stream to be pumped into the precipitation step. Pumping the liquid stream may be lower in cost than compressing a vapor stream into the absorption process. Intermediate steps in the cooling reaction/reactor may involve the formation of ammonium carbonate and/Or ammonium bicarbonate and/Or ammonium carbamate through the following reactions: 2NH3 + CO2 + HzO - (NH4)HCO3 2NH3 + CO2 -› (NH4)NH2CO2 Similar reactions involve N can be cited for the organic salt: 03767-P-0001 An advantage of cooling ammonia in the cooling reaction/reactor is that the ammonia can have a limited vapor pressure in the vapor phase of the dissolution reaction. As shown in the above reactions, some ammonia can be removed from the vapor space by reacting the ammonia with CO2, allowing more ammonia to separate from the dissolution solution. The second aqueous solution containing ammonium bicarbonate, ammonium carbonate, ammonia (and optionally ammonium carbamate), or combinations thereof (emerging from the cooling reaction/reactor in Figure 33), then dissolved in the precipitation reaction/reactor (step C) to form precipitate material containing vaterite. / reactor is treated with the first aqueous solution containing calcium salt: (NH4)2CO3 + CaClz -› CaCOs (vaterite) + 2NH4Cl (NH4)HCO3 + NH3 + CaClz -› CaCO3 (vaterite) + 2NH4Cl + HzO 2(NH4)HCO3 + CaClz -› CaCO3 (vaterite) + 2NH4Cl + HzO + COz (NH4)NH2CO2 + HzO + CaClz -› CaCOg (vaterite) + 2 NH4Cl Regardless of all intermediate steps, the combination of reactions leads to an overall process chemistry of: The angles provided here and in some embodiments, one or more cooling conditions, between about 0-200°C, or between about 0-150°C, or between about 0-75°C, or between about 0-100°C, or about 0-80°C between or approximately between 0-60°C or between approximately O-50°C or between approximately 0-40°C or between approximately 0-30°C or between approximately O-20°C or between approximately 0-10°C or between approximately 10-100°C or between 03767-P-0001 or between approximately 10-40°C or between approximately 10-30°C or between or between approximately 20-50°C or between approximately 20-40°C or between or between approximately 30-60°C or between approximately 30-50°C or between approximately 40-60°C or between approximately 50-100°C or between approximately 70-80°C It contains temperature between . In some embodiments of the aspects and embodiments provided herein, one or more cooling conditions are between about 05-50 atm; or between approximately 05-25 atm; or between approximately 05-10 atm; or approximately between 01-10 atm; or about 0. 5-1. Between 5 atm; or about 0. It contains pressure between 3-3 atm. In some embodiments, the formation and quality of reactive vaterite formed in the methods and systems provided herein are based on the amount and/or ratio of products concentrated in the second aqueous solution containing ammonium bicarbonate, ammonium carbonate, ammonia, ammonium carbamate, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the presence or absence or distribution of concentrated products in the second aqueous solution containing ammonium bicarbonate, ammonium carbonate, ammonia, ammonium carbamate, or combinations thereof may be optimized to maximize the formation of reactive vaterite and/or to achieve the desired particle size distribution. This optimization may be based on one or more cooling conditions, such as the pH of the aqueous solution in the cooling reactor, the flow rate of CO2 and NH3 gases, and/or the ratio of CO2:NH3 gases. Inlets to the cooling reactor (F in Figure 3) contain dissolution reactor gas exhaust containing carbon dioxide (CO2(g)), ammonia (NH3(g)), water vapor, and optionally new make-up water (or other dilute water stream). ) it could be. The outlet may be a vane stream of the reactor circulating fluid (second aqueous solution) directed to the precipitation reactor for contact with the first aqueous solution and optionally additional carbon dioxide and/or ammonia. The pH of the system can be controlled by regulating the flow rate of CO2 and NH37 into the cooling reactor. The conductivity of the system can be checked by adding dilute make-up water to the cooling reactor. The volume can be kept constant using a level detector in the cooling reactor or its reservoir. In some embodiments, the higher pH of the aqueous solution in the cooling reactor (achievable through the higher flow rate of ammonia) may favor carbamate formation, while the lower pH of the aqueous solution in the cooling reactor (achievable through the lower flow rate of ammonia) may favor the formation of carbonate and/or bicarbonate. . In some embodiments, the one or more cooling conditions include the pH of the aqueous solution formed in the cooling reactor to be between about 8-12, or about 8-11, or about 8-10, or about 8-9. In some embodiments, the flow rate of carbon dioxide may be modified to achieve a desired pH of the second aqueous solution exiting the cooling reactor. For example, if the pH of the second aqueous solution is high, the flow rate of carbon dioxide can be increased to reduce the pH, or if the pH of the second aqueous solution is low, the flow rate of carbon dioxide can be decreased to increase the pH. The effect of the flow rate of CO2 on the pH of the second aqueous solution and on the rate of carbamate:carbonate:bicarbonate formation can be seen in Example 3 provided here. Similarly, the effect of the CO2:NH3 ratio on the pH of the second aqueous solution and on the rate of carbamate:carbonate:bicarbonate formation can be seen in Example 4 provided herein. In some embodiments, one or more cooling conditions will increase the C02:NH3 ratio in the cooling reactor to be between approximately 2:1-5:1. Figure 3 shows a separate cooling reaction/reactor. In some embodiments, the dissolution reaction/reactor It will be understood that it can be integrated with the cooling reaction/reactor, as shown in Figures 4-7. For example, the dissolution reactor may be integrated with a condenser that acts as a cooling reactor. In the case of forming a first aqueous solution containing calcium salt (denoted as CaC12), both lime and aqueous base solution (denoted as NH4Cl in Figures 4-7) are fed to the dissolution reaction/reactor. The solution may optionally contain solid impurities remaining at the bottom of the dissolution reactor. The first aqueous solution containing the calcium salt (denoted CaC12) is withdrawn from the dissolution reaction/reactor to be further processed for precipitation. The gaseous stream containing ammonia and water vapor passes to the top of the dissolution reactor (i.e. the cooling reactor shown in Figures 4-7), where it is cooled together with carbon dioxide to condense into the second aqueous solution. Carbon dioxide can be obtained from a plant where limestone is calcined into lime and carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide is then fed into the vapor phase of the cooling reactor. The second aqueous solution containing ammonium bicarbonate, ammonium carbonate, ammonia, ammonium carbamate, or combinations thereof is collected from the cooling reactor using various means, such as one or more trays (e.g., shown in Figure 4). In one aspect, an integrated reactor is provided comprising: a solubilization reactor integrated with a cooling reactor, wherein the solubilization reactor is positioned below the cooling reactor; a dissolution reactor configured to dissolve lime in an aqueous N-containing inorganic salt solution or N-containing organic salt solution under one or more dissolution conditions to produce a first aqueous solution containing calcium salt and a gaseous stream containing ammonia and water vapor; and connected to the dissolution reactor in an operable state and under one or more cooling conditions, to receive and condense from the dissolution reactor a gaseous stream containing ammonia and water vapor and a gaseous stream containing carbon dioxide from the calcination of limestone into lime and ammonium bicarbonate, ammonium carbonate, 03767-P- 0001 cooling reactor configured to form a second aqueous solution containing ammonia, ammonium carbamate, or combinations thereof. Various other configurations of the integrated reactor described above are as shown in Figures 5-7. Figure 5 is another representation of Figure 4. Figure 6 shows the incorporation of C02 into the vapor space of the cooling reactor, which is also packaged with a packaging material. The packaging material can be any inert material used to aid mass transfer of NH 3 and CO 2 from the vapor to the liquid phase. Packaging can be random packaging or structured packaging. Random packaging material can be any material that has discrete parts packed into the vessel or reactor. Structured packaging material can be any material that has a discrete monolith shaped to provide surface area and increase mass transfer. Examples of loose or unstructured or random packaging material include, but are not limited to, Raschig rings (e.g., ceramic material), pall rings (e.g., metal and plastic), lessing rings, Michael Bialecki rings (e.g., metal), berl saddles, intalox saddles (e.g., , ceramic), super intalox saddles, tellerette® ring (e.g. in the form of a spiral made of polymeric material), etc. Contains. Examples of structured packaging material include, but are not limited to, different shapes of wavy metal sheets or wafers (honeycomb structures) having a specific surface area. The structured packaging material may be used as a ring or a layer or a stack of rings or layers having a diameter that can match the diameter of the reactor. The ring can be a separate ring or a stack of rings that completely fill the reactor. In some embodiments, the spaces left by structured packaging in the reactor are filled with unstructured or random packaging material. Examples of structured packaging material include, but are not limited to, Flexipac®, Intalox®, Flexipac® HC®, Etc. Contains. In a structured packaging material, corrugated sheets can be arranged in a cross pattern 03767-P-0001 to create flow channels for the vapor phase. Intersections of wavy plates can create mixing points for the LVl and vapor phases. The structured packaging material can be rotated about the column (reactor) axis to provide cross-mixing and diffusion of vapor and liquid streams in all directions. Structured packaging material can be used in a variety of wavelengths and the packaging configuration can be optimized to achieve the highest efficiency, capacity and pressure drop requirements of the reactor. Structured packaging material includes but is not limited to titanium, stainless steel alloys, carbon steel, aluminum, nickel alloys, copper alloys, zirconium, thermoplastic, etc. It can be created from a building material containing The wave bend in structured packaging material can be of any size, including but not limited to Y-designated packaging having a slope angle of 450 from the horizontal or X-designated packaging having a slope angle of 60° from the horizontal. X packaging can provide a lower pressure drop per theoretical stage for the same surface area. Specific surface area of structured packaging, 50-800 In some embodiments, the cooling reactor also includes an inlet to introduce a purging liquid, such as ammonium chloride solution (Figure 6) or water (Figure 7), into the upper portion of the cooling reactor packaging material. Cleaning fluids such as ammonium chloride solution or ammonia solution or water or the like facilitate the formation of concentrated products such as ammonium bicarbonate, ammonium carbonate, ammonia, ammonium carbamate or combinations thereof. Cleaning fluid can provide more fluid volume for condensation of gases. In some embodiments, if the cleaning fluid is pre-cooled, this can also assist in the condensation process. If the purge fluid is ammonium chloride solution (Figure 6), the ammonium chloride solution may be part of the ammonium chloride solution fed to the solubilization reactor. In some embodiments, the second aqueous solution collected from the condensed liquid from the cooling reactor, containing ammonium bicarbonate, ammonium carbonate, ammonia, ammonium 03767-P-0001 carbamate, ammonium chloride, or combinations thereof, may be recycled to the cooling reactor as purge fluid to further facilitate the condensation process. In some embodiments, the second aqueous solution may be cooled in a heat exchanger before being recycled to the cooling reactor. Other gases, such as flue gas in the gaseous stream containing carbon dioxide (obtained from the calcination process), may escape into the cooling reactor (shown in Figures 4-7). In the above cases, both dissolution and cooling reactors are equipped with inlets and outlets to receive the necessary gases and collect aqueous streams. In some embodiments of the foregoing aspect, the dissolution reactor includes an agitator to mix the lime with the aqueous base solution. The mixer can also facilitate the upward movement of gases. In some embodiments of the foregoing aspect, the dissolution reactor is configured to collect settled solids at the bottom of the reactor after removal of the first aqueous solution containing the calcium salt. In some embodiments of the foregoing aspect, the cooling tower includes one or more trays configured to capture and collect the condensed second aqueous solution and prevent it from falling back into the solubilization reactor. In this regard, cooling/condensation can be completed through the use of infusors, gasifiers, liquid Venturi reactors, atomizers, gas filters, sprays, trays or packaged column reactors, and the like. In some embodiments, the cooling reactor includes a heat exchanger or a heat exchange surface within the reactor. The heat exchanger may include one or more tubes containing a cold liquid circulated within the tubes, thereby isolating the cold liquid from the vapor phase in the cooling reactor but facilitating lowering of the temperature of the cooling reactor for condensation of gases. It can be cold fluid, coolant, cleaning solution described above, and so on. In some embodiments, the second aqueous solution exiting the cooling reactor is cooled through the heat exchanger before being used as the purge solution. 03767-P-0001 From the treatment of lime with a base disclosed herein, such as an ammonium salt or an ammonium halide, as shown in step 1-29 of Figures, the first aqueous solution containing the calcium salt is formed by one or more precipitation of the first aqueous solution containing the calcium salt. At any time before, during, or after the step is subjected to conditions (i.e., conditions that allow precipitation of sediment material), the aidan is contacted with CO 2 and optionally NH 3 . Similarly, from the treatment of lime with a base as described herein for step A, such as an ammonium salt or an ammonium halide, as shown in step C in Figure 37, the first aqueous solution containing the calcium salt is formed by a is contacted with a second aqueous solution containing ammonium bicarbonate, ammonium carbonate, ammonia, ammonium carbamate, or combinations thereof, from the quenching reaction/reactor at any time before, during, or after being subjected to further precipitation conditions (i.e., conditions that permit precipitation of precipitate material). Thus, in some embodiments, the first aqueous solution containing the calcium salt is precipitated with CO2 (either NH3 as in Figure 2 or NH3 as in Figure 3) before subjecting the aqueous solution to one or more precipitation conditions that favor the formation of precipitate material containing stable or reactive vaterite or PCC. is brought into contact with the second aqueous solution. In some embodiments, the first aqueous solution containing the calcium salt is subjected to one or more precipitation conditions that favor the formation of precipitate material containing stable or reactive vaterite or PCC, while the aqueous solution is subjected to CO2 (NH3 as in Figure 2 or the second aqueous solution as in Figure 37). is contacted. In some embodiments, the first aqueous solution containing the calcium salt is mixed with CO 2 (NH 3 as in Figure 2 or is contacted with a second aqueous solution such as In some embodiments, the first aqueous solution containing the calcium salt is subjected to CO2 (NH3 as in Figure 29 or NH3 as in Figure 3) after subjecting the aqueous solution to one or more precipitation conditions that favor the formation of precipitate material containing stable or reactive vaterite or PCC. In some embodiments, contacting the first aqueous solution containing the calcium salt with carbon dioxide and optionally ammonia or the second aqueous solution, using an appropriate protocol (sedimentation conditions) as described herein, to produce a desired pH range, a desired temperature range, and /Or by contacting the first aqueous solution to obtain and maintain the desired divalent cation concentration. In some embodiments, the systems include a precipitation reactor configured to contact a first aqueous solution containing a calcium salt with carbon dioxide and optionally ammonia from step A in the process, or the systems include a first aqueous solution containing a calcium salt, ammonium bicarbonate, ammonium carbonate, a precipitation reactor configured to contact the second aqueous solution containing ammonia, (optionally ammonium carbamate), or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the first aqueous solution containing the calcium salt may be placed in a precipitation reactor, where the first aqueous solution containing the added calcium salt is sufficient to raise the aqueous solution to a level (e.g., a pH that induces precipitation of the sediment material). In some embodiments, the pH of the first aqueous solution containing calcium salt is between 7-9 or 7-8 when contacted with carbon dioxide and optionally NH3 or the second aqueous solution to form precipitate material containing stable vaterite, reactive vaterite or PCC. Between 7 or 7-8. 5 of In some embodiments, the first aqueous solution is immobilized in a column or bed (an example of a configuration of a precipitation reactor). In such embodiments, water is passed through or over a calcium salt solution sufficient to raise the pH of the water to a desired pH or concentration of a particular divalent cation 03767-P-0001 (Ca2+). In some embodiments, the first aqueous solution may undergo multiple cycles, wherein a first cycle of precipitation primarily removes calcium carbonate minerals, leaving an alkaline solution to which additional first aqueous solution containing calcium salt can be added. When contacted with a gaseous stream or recycled aqueous solution containing carbon dioxide and optionally NH3, the second aqueous solution allows the precipitation of more calcium carbonate and/or bicarbonate compounds. In these embodiments, it will be assumed that the aqueous solution following the first cycle of precipitation may be contacted with a gaseous stream containing CO 2 and optionally NH 3 (or with the second aqueous solution) before, during and/or after the addition of the first aqueous solution containing calcium salt. In these embodiments, water can be recycled or re-added. In this regard, the order of adding the gaseous stream containing CO2 and optionally NH3 and the first aqueous solution containing calcium salt may vary. For example, a first aqueous solution containing calcium salt can be added to, for example, brine, seawater, or fresh water, followed by the addition of a gaseous stream or a second aqueous solution containing CO 2 and optionally NH 3 . In another example, a gaseous stream or a second aqueous solution containing CO 2 and optionally NH 3 may be added, such as salt water, sea water, or fresh water, followed by additional addition of a first aqueous solution containing calcium salt. In another example, the gaseous stream or second aqueous solution containing CO 2 and optionally NH 3 may be added directly to the first aqueous solution containing the calcium salt. The first aqueous solution containing the calcium salt can be contacted with a gaseous stream containing CO 2 and optionally NH 3 using any suitable protocol. Related contact protocols include, but are not limited to, direct contact protocols (i.e., bubbling of gases from a primary aqueous solution), simultaneous contact means (i.e., contact between unidirectional flowing gas and liquid phase streams), opposing current means (i.e., , contact between gas and liquid phase currents flowing in opposite directions) and the like. In this regard, contact can be completed in the precipitation reactor through the use of infusors, gasifiers, liquid Venturi reactors, atomizers, 03767-P-0001 gas filters, sprays, trays or packed column reactors, and the like. In some embodiments, gas-liquid contact is completed by creating a LV1 layer of the solution with a straight jet nozzle, where the gases and the liquid layer move in counter-current, co-current, or cross-current directions, or any other appropriate manner. In some embodiments, gas-liquid contact is achieved by contacting liquid droplets of solution having an average diameter of 500 micrometers or less, such as 100 micrometers or less, with the gas source. In some embodiments, substantially (e.g., 80% or more or 90% or more) of the NH3 effluent stream produced through step A in the process shown in the Figures is used to precipitate sediment material. In some embodiments, gaseous CO 2 and optionally a portion of the NH 3 waste stream are used to precipitate the sediment material and may be 75% or less, including 60% or less, to 75% or less of the gaseous waste stream. Any number of gas-liquid contact protocols described here can be used. Gas-SLV contact or liquid-liquid contact is continued until the pH of the precipitation reaction mixture is optimum (e.g. various optimum pH values are described herein to form precipitate material containing reactive vaterite), after which the precipitation reaction mixture is allowed to agitate. The rate at which the pH decreases can be controlled by adding more of the first aqueous solution containing the calcium salt during gas-liquid contact or liquid-liquid contact. Additionally, additional first aqueous solution may be added after dispensing to raise the pH to baseline levels for precipitation of some or all of the sediment material. In any case, precipitate material may be formed upon removal of protons from particular species in the precipitation reaction mixture. Sedimentary material containing carbonates can then be separated and optionally further processed. 03767-P-0001 The rate at which pH decreases can be controlled by adding additional supernatant or a first aqueous solution containing calcium salt during gas-liquid contact or liquid-liquid contact. In addition, the first aqueous solution containing additional supernatant or calcium salt may lower the pH to basal levels (e.g., between 7-9 or 7-8) to precipitate some or all of the precipitate material. It can be added after gas-liquid contact or liquid-liquid contact to raise it between 5 or 7-8 or 8-9). In the methods and systems provided herein, the aqueous solution produced by contacting a first aqueous solution containing a calcium salt with a gaseous stream containing CO2 and optionally NH3, or a first aqueous solution containing a calcium salt is produced by contacting a first aqueous solution containing a calcium salt with a gaseous stream containing ammonium bicarbonate, ammonium carbonate, ammonia, (optionally ammonium One or more of the precipitation conditions sufficient to produce the precipitate material comprising the aqueous solution, stable or reactive vaterite or PCC, and a supernatant (i.e., a portion of the solution remaining after the precipitate material has precipitated). subjected to more (step C in Figures 1-3). One or more precipitation conditions favor the production of precipitate material containing stable or reactive vaterite or PCC. One or more precipitation conditions include those that modulate the environment of the precipitation reaction mixture to produce the desired precipitate material containing stable or reactive vaterite or PCC. One or more precipitation conditions suitable for forming stable or reactive vaterite or PCC containing precipitate material, which may be used in the method and system aspects and embodiments disclosed herein, include, but are not limited to, temperature, pH, pressure, ion ratio, precipitation rate, additive presence of ionic species, additive and concentration of ionic species, mixing, residence time, mixing speed, agitation modes such as ultrasonics, presence of crystals, catalysts, membranes or substrates, dewatering, drying, ball milling, etc. Contains. In some embodiments, the average particle size of stable or reactive vaterite or PCC may also be based on one or more precipitation conditions used to precipitate precipitate material 03767-P-0001. In some embodiments, the percentage of stable or reactive vaterite in the precipitation material may also be based on one or more precipitation conditions used in the precipitation process. For example, the temperature of the precipitation reaction may be increased to a point at which an amount suitable for precipitation of the desired precipitate material occurs. In such embodiments, the temperature of the precipitation reaction is from 25°C to 60°C; It can be increased from, for example, 20°C up to 60°C. In some embodiments, the temperature of the precipitation reaction is controlled by low or zero carbon dioxide emission sources (e.g., solar energy source, wind energy source, hydroelectric power source, waste heat from flue gases of carbon emitter, etc.). ) can be increased using the energy produced. The pH of the precipitation reaction can also be increased to an amount suitable for precipitating the desired precipitate material. In such embodiments, the pHSSI of the precipitation reaction can be increased to alkaline levels for precipitation. In some embodiments, the pH of the first aqueous solution containing the calcium salt contacted with the gaseous stream (or the second aqueous solution) containing carbon dioxide gas and optionally NH3 gas has an effect on the formation of stable or reactive vaterite or PCC. In some embodiments, the precipitation conditions required to form precipitate material are such that the precipitation step of the gaseous stream containing carbon dioxide gas and optionally NH3 gas (or second aqueous solution) is greater than pH 7 or pH 8 or pH 7 or higher to form precipitate material. 1-8. Between 5 or 7. 6-8. It involves manipulation with a first aqueous solution containing calcium salt at a pH between 4 and 4. pH, pH 11 or higher or pH 12. The pH may be increased to 9 or higher, such as pH 10 or higher, including 03767-P-0001 5 or higher. Adjusting major ion ratios during precipitation can affect the structure of the precipitate material. Major ion ratios can have a notable effect on polymorph formation. For example, as the magnesium:calcium ratio in water increases, aragonite may become the major polymorph of calcium carbonate in the sediment material over low magnesium vaterite. At low magnesium:calcium ratios, low magnesium can become calcite, the major polymorph. In precipitate arrangements, where both some 2+ are present, Ca2+ and Mg arrangements, the Mg2+ to Ca2+ (i.e., Mg2+:Ca2+) precipitation rate in the precipitate material is also the fastest precipitation rate achieved by coating the solution with a desired phase. may have an impact on the formation of sedimentary material. Without coating, rapid precipitation can be achieved by rapidly increasing the pH of the precipitation reaction mixture, which may result in more amorphous components. The higher the pH, the more rapid the precipitation, which can result in a more amorphous precipitate material. The residence time of the precipitation reaction after contact of the first aqueous solution with the gaseous stream (or the second aqueous solution) containing carbon dioxide gas and optionally NH3 gas may also have an impact on the formation of precipitate material. For example, in some embodiments, a longer residence time may result in conversion of reactive vaterite to aragonite/calcite in the reaction mixture. In some embodiments, shorter residence time may result in incomplete formation of reactive vaterite in reaction mixture 03767-P-0001. Therefore, residence time may be critical for the precipitation of reactive vaterite. Furthermore, residence time may also affect the particle size of the precipitate. For example, too long a residence time may result in agglomeration of particles, creating oversized particles that are undesirable for PCC formation. Therefore, in some embodiments, the residence time of the reaction is between about 5-60 minutes, or between about 5-15 minutes, or between about 10-60 minutes, or between about minutes, or between about 30-60 minutes. In some embodiments, one or more precipitation conditions to produce the desired precipitate material from the precipitation reaction may include temperature and pH, as above, as well as, in some examples, concentrations of additives and ionic species in the water. Additives are described below. The presence of additives and the concentration of additives may also favor the formation of stable or reactive vaterite or PCC. In some embodiments, a medium chain or long chain fatty acid ester may be added to the first aqueous solution during precipitation to form PCC. Examples of fatty acid esters include, but are not limited to, carboxymethyl cellulose, cellulose such as sorbitol, citrate such as sodium or potassium citrate, stearate such as sodium or potassium stearate, phosphate such as sodium or potassium phosphate, sodium tripolyphosphate, hexametaphosphate, EDTA, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, a combination of stearate and citrate may be added during the precipitation step of the process to form PCC. One or more precipitation conditions may also include factors such as mixing speed, forms of agitation such as ultrasonics, and the presence of seed crystals, catalysts, membranes, or substrates. In some embodiments, one or more precipitation conditions include supersaturated conditions, temperature, pH and/or concentration gradients, or cycling or changing any of these parameters. Protocols used to prepare sediment material may be batch, semi-batch or continuous 03767-P-0001 protocols. One or more settling conditions may be different to produce settling material in a continuous flow system compared to a semi-batch or bulk system. In some embodiments of the methods and systems provided herein, the formation of precipitate material containing stable or reactive vaterite may be facilitated on a surface of an aggregate. In some embodiments of the methods and systems provided herein, the aqueous solution is produced under one or more precipitation conditions by contacting a first aqueous solution containing calcium salt with a gaseous stream containing CO 2 and optionally NH 3 (step C in Figures 1-3), or where the aqueous solution is produced by contacting a first aqueous solution containing calcium salt with a second aqueous solution containing ammonium bicarbonate, ammonium carbonate, ammonia (optionally ammonium carbamate) or combinations thereof; The methods and systems further include adding an aggregate to the aqueous solution and forming precipitate material containing stable or reactive vaterite on the surface of the aggregate. As used herein, the term "aggregate" includes a particulate composition that finds use in concretes, mortars, and other materials, such as road materials, asphalts, and other structures, and is suitable for use in such structures. Aggregates are particulate compositions that can be classified as fine or coarse in some embodiments. Fine aggregates generally contain natural sand or crushed stone, with most particles passing through a 3/8-inch sieve. Thick aggregates usually 0. Larger than 19 inches, but usually between 3/8 and 1 in diameter. Each particle varies between 5 inches. Gravels can form crushed stones, with the coarse aggregate used in concrete forming the rest. In some embodiments, the aggregate is crushed limestone. In some embodiments, the aggregate is repurposed or reused concrete. The methods and systems provided herein add recyclability or value (by having better bonding characteristics) to concrete repurposed from old projects. 03767-P-0001 In the above methods and systems, when the aggregate is added to the precipitation step C, the precipitate material forms an outer layer surrounding the surface of the aggregate, thus activating the surface of the inert aggregate material. This activated surface of the aggregate (containing reactive vaterite) in contact with water (the dissolution-precipitation process of vaterite into aragonite, described below) and cement converts the vaterite into aragonite, which binds to the cement. The aggregate activated in this way provides better binding to the cement. Therefore, in some embodiments, methods are provided to form calcium carbonate containing vaterite, comprising: (i) calcining limestone to form a gaseous stream containing lime and carbon dioxide; (ii) dissolving lime in an aqueous base solution under one or more dissolution conditions to produce a first aqueous solution containing calcium salt and a gaseous stream containing ammonia; (iii) adding an aggregate to the first aqueous solution; and (iv) treating a first aqueous solution containing calcium salt and aggregate with a gaseous stream containing carbon dioxide and a gaseous stream containing ammonia under one or more precipitation conditions to form a precipitate material containing calcium carbonate on a surface of the aggregate, wherein the calcium carbonate , vaterite In some embodiments, methods are provided to form calcium carbonate containing vaterite, comprising: (i) calcining limestone to form a gaseous stream containing lime and carbon dioxide; (ii) dissolving lime in an aqueous N-containing inorganic salt solution under one or more dissolution conditions to produce a first aqueous solution containing calcium salt and a gaseous stream containing ammonia; (iii) recovering the gaseous stream containing carbon dioxide and the gaseous stream containing ammonia and cooling the gaseous stream under one or more cooling conditions to condense a second aqueous solution containing ammonium bicarbonate, ammonium carbonate, 03767-P-0001 ammonia, or combinations thereof. exposure to the process; (iv) adding an aggregate to the first aqueous solution; and (V) treating a first aqueous solution containing calcium salt and aggregate with a second aqueous solution containing ammonium bicarbonate, ammonium carbonate, ammonia, or combinations thereof, under one or more precipitation conditions to form a precipitate material containing calcium carbonate on an aggregate surface, Here calcium carbonate contains vaterite. In some embodiments of the above, the second aqueous solution also contains ammonium carbamate. It will be understood that while the precipitate material containing calcium carbonate is formed on the surface of the aggregate, some precipitate material may be formed in the aqueous solution separated from the supernatant solution along with the activated aggregate. In some embodiments, the amount of the first aqueous solution containing calcium salt in the precipitation reactor may be optimized to selectively precipitate the reactive vaterite on the surface of the aggregate, or to selectively precipitate precipitate material from the aqueous solution, or both. In the above methods and systems, the precipitate material containing calcium carbonate contains reactive vaterite. In the above mentioned methods and systems, the aggregate can be fine aggregate or thick aggregate. In some embodiments of the foregoing methods and systems, the aggregate may be the same limestone used in step (i) of the process or a crushed form of limestone in step (i). In some embodiments, gas leaving the precipitation reactor (shown as scrubbed gas in Figures 1-3) passes to a gas treating unit for a cleaning process. Mass balance and equipment design for the gas processing unit may depend on the properties of the gases. In some embodiments, the gas treating unit may include an HCl scrubber for recovering small amounts of NHg in the gas exhaust stream that may be carried over from the CO 2 absorption, precipitation step by the gas. NH3 can be captured by the HCl solution via: 03767-P-0001 NH3(g) + HCl(aqueous) e NH4Cl(aqueous) NH4Cl (aqueous) from the HCl scavenger can be recycled to solubilization step A. In some embodiments, the ammonia-containing gas exhaust stream (in Figures 1-3) the ammonia-containing gas exhaust stream is scrubbed with carbon dioxide and water from the industrial process to produce an ammonia solution. Inputs to the scrubber may be carbon dioxide (CO 2 (g)), ammonia-containing reactor gas exhaust (N H 3 (g)), and fresh make-up water (or other dilute water stream). The outlet may be a shear stream of the scrubber circulating fluid (e.g. H3N'CO2(aqueous) or carbamate) which may optionally be returned to the main reactor for contact with carbon dioxide and precipitate. The pH of the system can be controlled by regulating the flow rate of CO2(g) into the scrubber. The conductivity of the system can be checked by adding diluted make-up water to the cleaner. The volume can be kept constant by using a level detector in the cleaner or its reservoir. While ammonia is a basic gas, carbon dioxide gases are acidic gases. In some embodiments, acidic and basic gases can ionize each other to increase their solubility. Without being limited to any theory, the following reaction is thought to occur in the scavenger: A first aqueous solution containing a calcium salt, when contacted with a gaseous stream (or a second aqueous solution) containing CO 2 gas and optionally NH 3 gas, under one or more precipitation conditions, produces calcium resulting in the precipitation of carbonate. The one or more precipitation conditions that result in the formation of stable or reactive vaterite or PCC in this process are described hereinbelow. 03767-P-0001 In some embodiments, the precipitate material includes stable vaterite and/or reactive vaterite or PCC. As used herein, "stable vaterite" or its grammatical equivalent includes vaterite that does not transform to aragonite or calcite during and/or after the water dissolution-reprecipitation process. As used herein, "reactive vaterite" or "activated vaterite" or its grammatical equivalent includes vaterite that results in the formation of aragonite during and/or after the water dissolution-reprecipitation process. As used herein, "precipitated calcium carbonate" or "PCC" includes conventional PCC with high purity and micron or smaller size particles. PCC may be in any polymorphic form of calcium carbonate, including but not limited to vaterite, aragonite, calcite, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, PCC is in nanometers or 0. It has a particle size between 001-5 microns. In some embodiments, vaterite can be formed in the sedimentary material and/or on the surface of the aggregate under appropriate conditions so that the vaterite is reactive and converts to aragonite upon the water dissolution-precipitation process (during cementation). Aragonite provides the product with features including but not limited to high compressive strength, complex microstructure network, neutral pH, etc. It may provide one or more unique features, including: In some embodiments, vaterite in the sedimentary material can be formed under appropriate conditions so that the vaterite is stable and used as a filler in a variety of applications. In some embodiments, the PCC in the sediment material can be formed under suitable conditions so that the PCC is highly pure and has a particle size of relatively small size. Precipitate material containing reactive vaterite (optionally containing the additives described herein) transforms to aragonite and hardens and solidifies into cementitious products (products shown as (A) in Figures 1-3), the solids being incorporated into cementitious products. This provides the additional advantage of one step less in removing solids, minimizing base loss such as NH4C1 loss, as well as eliminating a potential waste stream, thus increasing the efficiency and improving the economics of the process. In some embodiments, solid impurities do not adversely affect the conversion of vaterite to aragonite and/or its reactivity. In some embodiments, solid impurities do not adversely affect the strength (e.g. compressive strength or flexural strength) of cementitious products. In some embodiments, the methods and systems provided herein include separating precipitate material from the aqueous solution by dewatering (step D in Figures 1-3) to form calcium carbonate cake (as shown in Figures 1-3). The calcium carbonate cake may be subjected to optional rinsing and optional drying (step E in Figures 1-3). The dried precipitated material or dried calcium carbonate cake can then be used to form cementitious or uncemented products (products shown as (B) in Figures 1-3). In some embodiments, the calcium carbonate cake may contain impurities (e.g., 1-2 wt% or more) of ammonium (NH4+) ions, sulfur ions, and/or chloride (Cl') ions. While rinsing the calcium carbonate cake may remove some or all of the ammonium salts and/or sulfur compounds, this may result in a dilute concentration of ammonium salts (in the supernatant) that may need to be concentrated before being returned to the process. The methods and systems provided herein may result in residual base, such as residual N-containing inorganic or N-containing organic salt, such as residual ammonium salt, remaining in the supernatant solution as well as the precipitate itself after formation. N-containing inorganic or N-containing organic salt as used herein, such as residual base such as residual ammonium salt (e.g., residual NH4Cl), including, but not limited to, chloride ions, halogen ions such as nitrate or nitrite ions, and sulfate ions, sulfite ions, thiosulfate ions, includes any salt that can be formed by ammonium ions and anions present in solution, including sulfur ions, such as hydrosulfide ions, and the like. In some embodiments, the residual N-containing inorganic salt includes ammonium halide, ammonium sulfate, ammonium sulfite, ammonium hydrosulfide, ammonium thiosulfate, ammonium nitrate, ammonium nitrite, or combinations thereof. Various methods are provided herein to remove and optionally recover residual salt 03767-P-0001 from the supernatant solution as well as the precipitate. In some embodiments, the supernatant solution, which also contains an N-containing inorganic or N-containing organic salt, such as a residual ammonium salt (e.g., residual NH4Cl), is returned to the dissolution reactor to dissolve the lime (step A in Figures 1-39). The rinsing stream, as well as the residual base solution such as N-containing inorganic or N-containing organic salt solution, such as residual ammonium salt solution (e.g., residual NH4Cl), obtained from dewatering may optionally be concentrated before being recycled for dissolution of lime. Additional base, for example ammonium chloride and/or ammonia (anhydrous or aqueous solution), may be added to the returned solution to compensate for the loss of ammonium chloride during the process and to optimize the ammonium chloride concentration. In some embodiments, as shown in Figures 1-3, residual N-containing inorganic or N-containing organic salt solution, such as residual ammonium salt solution (e.g., residual NH4Cl), may be recovered from the upper phase aqueous solution, including, but not limited to, thermal decomposition, It can be concentrated using a recovery process such as pH adjustment, reverse osmosis, multistage distillation, multieffect distillation, steam recompression, distillation, or combinations thereof. Systems configured to perform these processes are commercially available. For example, the pH of the solution can be increased (e.g., with a strong base such as NaOH). This may shift the balance towards volatile ammonia (NH3(aqueous)/NH3(g)). Both rates and total removal can be improved by heating the solution. In some embodiments, residual N-containing inorganic or N-containing organic salt solution, such as residual ammonium salt solution (e.g., residual NH4Cl), may be separated and recovered from the precipitate via the thermal decomposition process. This process can be included in the processes shown in Figures 1-3 after the separation of the CaCO3 precipitate (step D) and/or the dried CaCO3 03767-P-0001 precipitate or powder step (step E). Typically at 338°C, solid NH4Cl can decompose into ammonia (NH3) and hydrogen chloride (HCl) gases. At 840°C, solid CaCOg decomposes into calcium oxide (CaO) solid and carbon dioxide (CO2) gas. NH4C1(s) 9% NH3(g) + HCl(g) In some embodiments, CaCO3 precipitate and/or such as, but not limited to, ammonium chloride, ammonium sulfate, ammonium sulfite, ammonium hydrosulfide, ammonium thiosulfate, ammonium nitrate, ammonium nitrite or combinations thereof. Or the residual ammonium salt in the dried CaCO3 precipitate can be removed by thermal decomposition at a temperature between 338-840°C. This can be accomplished during the normal filter cake drying process and/Or as a second post-drying heat treatment. A temperature range that decomposes residual ammonium salts in the sediment while maintaining the cementitious properties of reactive vaterite in the sediment material is preferred, so that the reactive vaterite remains reactive vaterite after heating and, after combination with water, successfully converts to aragonite to form cementitious products. In some embodiments of the foregoing, for example, the step of removing and optionally recovering residual N-containing inorganic or N-containing organic salt, such as ammonium salt, from the sediment material, with optional recovery via condensation of the residual N-containing inorganic or N-containing organic salt. 290-3 75°C 03767-P-0001 In some embodiments of the foregoing aspects and embodiments, for example, residual N-containing inorganic or N-containing organic salt, such as residual ammonium salt, from the sediment material. The removal and optional recovery step of the sediment material is carried out for more than about 10 minutes, or more than about 15 minutes, or more than about 5 minutes, or about 10 minutes to about 1 hour, or about 10 minutes to about 1 hour. Heating for a period of between 5 hours, or about 10 minutes to about 2 hours, or about 10 minutes to about 5 hours, or about 10 minutes or about 10 hours. In some embodiments, the sediment material is a residual N-containing inorganic or N-containing organic salt, For example, to remove and optionally recover residual ammonium salt, the precipitate material is dewatered (to remove the supernatant aqueous solution) and dried to remove water (e.g., by heating to approximately 100°C or above) before subjecting it to a heating step as above. In some embodiments, the sediment material is partially dewatered (to remove bulk supernatant aqueous solution) before subjecting the sediment material to a heating step to remove and optionally recover residual N-containing inorganic or N-containing organic salt, such as residual ammonium salt. (or to avoid the drying step). In some embodiments, reactive vaterite in the precipitate material remains reactive vaterite after heating. In some of the above-mentioned embodiments, it may be desired that the reactive vaterite in the sediment material remains as reactive vaterite, so that the cement-related properties of the material are preserved. In some embodiments, the ammonium salt evaporates from the sediment material in a form comprising ammonia gas, hydrogen chloride gas, chlorine gas, or combinations thereof. Applicants have found that, in some embodiments, maintaining a combination of temperature amount and heating time can be critical in removing the ammonium salt from the precipitate material while maintaining the cementitious properties of the reactive vaterite material. Traditionally, reactive vaterite is highly labile and readily transforms into aragonite/calcite. However, Application 03767-P-0001 has found temperature ranges optionally combined with heating time that minimize the transformation of reactive vaterite while still removing residual ammonium salts from the material. In some embodiments of the above, after removal of residual N-containing inorganic or N-containing organic salt, such as residual ammonium salt, vaterite in the sediment material remains as reactive vaterite which, when combined with water, converts to aragonite (dissolution-precipitation process) which hardens and cements to form cementitious products . Cementitious products thus formed have minimal or no chloride content and do not have the foul odors of ammonia or sulfur. In some embodiments, the chloride content is around or below acceptable ASTM standards for cementitious products. In some embodiments, the above temperature conditions, optionally coupled with the heating process, may be combined with pressure conditions that provide a driving force to enhance the thermodynamics of decomposition of residual N-containing inorganic or N-containing organic salt, such as residual ammonium salt. For example, heating of sedimentary material can be accomplished in a system where the headspace is at a pressure lower than atmospheric pressure. Pressure lower than atm can create a driving force for the heating reaction involving gas phase products (e.g., but not limited to, ammonia gas, hydrogen chloride gas, chlorine gas, or combinations thereof) by reducing the partial pressure of the reactant in the vapor phase. Another advantage of working under low pressure or vacuum may be that some sublimation reactions occur at lower temperatures at lower pressure, thus improving the energy requirements of the heating reaction. In some embodiments of the thermal decomposition process described above, decomposed ammonium chloride in the form of ammonia and HCl gases may be recovered for reuse by recrystallization of the combined thermally evolved gases or by absorption of the gases into an aqueous medium. Both mechanisms can result in NH4Cl product that can be sufficiently concentrated for reuse in processes as shown in Figures 1-3. In some embodiments, the ammonium salt may be separated and recovered in the process described above through the pH-regulated evolution of NH3 gas from the ammonium salt. This process can be included in the decomposition of the CaCOg cake as shown in Figures 1-3. The final pH of the water in the filter cake is typically around 7. It could be 5. At this pH°, NH4+ (pKa = 9. 25) may be the dominant species. Increasing the pH of this water can bias the acid base balance towards NH3 gas, as described in the following equation: NH4+ 69 H+ + NH3(g) Any source of alkalinity can be used to increase the pH7 of the filter cake water. In some embodiments, an aqueous solution or lime slurry of calcium oxide and/or hydroxide may provide a source of high alkalinity. In some embodiments, the aqueous fraction of lime may be integrated into the rinsing step of the dewatering process (e.g., the filter cake step) to raise the pH of the system and direct the development of NH3 gas. Since ammonia has significant solubility in water, heat and/or vacuum pressure can also be applied to bias the equilibrium toward the gaseous phase. Ammonia can be recovered for reuse by recrystallizing the ammonia with chloride or by absorbing the ammonia into an aqueous medium. Both mechanisms can result in ammonia solution or NH4Cl product that can be sufficiently concentrated for reuse in the processes described in Figures 1-3. Calcium carbonate cake (e.g., vaterite or PCC) can be sent to the dryer (step E in Figure 1) to form calcium carbonate powder containing stable or reactive vaterite or PCC. The powder form of precipitate material containing stable or reactive vaterite or PCC can also be used in applications to form products, as described herein. The cake may be dried using any drying technique known in the art, such as, but not limited to, a fluidized bed dryer or a 03767-P-0001 rotary plasticizer. The resulting solid powder can then be mixed with additives to form the different products described herein. In some embodiments, the reduced water slurry form or cake form of precipitated material is used directly to form products such as structural panels as described herein. Optionally, the separated solids can be dried and used as a pozzolan. In some embodiments, the separated solids may be added to the powder form of the sedimentary material or complementary cementitious material containing vaterite as a filler. In the systems provided here, separation or dewatering step D can be performed at the separation station. Precipitate material may be stored in the supernatant for the following settling time period and prior to separation. For example, the precipitate may be stored in the supernatant for a time period ranging from a few minutes to hours, such as days or more, to 1 to 1000 days or more. Separation and dewatering of sediment material from the precipitation reaction mixture, decanting (e.g., gravity sedimentation of sediment material followed by decanting), clarification, filtration (e.g., gravity filtration, vacuum filtration, filtration using compressed air), centrifugation, pressing, or any combination thereof. can be achieved using any of several suitable approaches, including Separation of bulk water from sediment material produces a wet cake of sediment material or dewatered sediment material. A liquid-solid separator such as the Epuramat Extrem-Separator ("EXSep") liquid-solid separator, the Xerox PARC spiral concentrator, or a modification of the Epuramat ExSep or In some embodiments, the resulting dehydrated precipitate material, such as wet cake material (e.g., after thermal removal of the N-containing salt), 03767-P-0001 may be used directly to form the products (A) disclosed herein. For example, a wet cake of dewatered sediment material is mixed with one or more of the additives described herein and spread on the conveyor belt, where the reactive vaterite, or PCC, in the sediment material converts to aragonite and hardens and solidifies (and the ammonium salt is thermally removed). The cured material is then cut into desired shapes, such as the sheets or panels described herein. In some embodiments, the wet cake is poured onto a sheet of paper above the conveyor belt. Another sheet of paper can be placed over the top of the wet cake, which is then squeezed to remove excess water. After hardening and solidification of the precipitated material (transformation of vaterite into aragonite), the material is formed into cementitious sheets and plasterboard, etc. It is cut into desired shapes such as. In some embodiments, the amount of one or more additives may be optimized based on the desired time required for vaterite to convert to aragonite (discussed below). For example, for some applications, rapid conversion of the material may be desired, and in other cases, a slow conversion may be desired. In some embodiments, the wet cake may be heated on the conveyor belt to accelerate the conversion of vaterite to aragonite. In some embodiments, the wet cake can be poured into molds of the desired shape and the molds are then heated in an autoclave to accelerate the conversion of vaterite to aragonite (and to remove residual salt). Accordingly, continuous flow process, batch process or semi-batch process are all within the scope of the invention. In some embodiments, the precipitate material containing vaterite is washed with fresh water when separated from the precipitation reaction and then placed in a filter press to produce a filter cake containing 30-60% solids. This filter cake is then mechanically compressed in a mold using any suitable means, eg a hydraulic pressure, to form a shaped solid, eg a rectangular brick. These resulting solids are then cured by, for example, placing and storing outside, in a chamber, where they are exposed to high levels of humidity and heat, etc. is subjected to. These resulting cured solids are then used as building materials or crushed to produce aggregates. 03767-P-0001 In processes involving the use of heat and pressure, the dehydrated sediment cake may be dried. The cake is then exposed to a combination of rewatering and high temperature and/or pressure for a period of time. The combination of the amount of water added back, temperature, pressure and exposure time, as well as the thickness of the cake, can be varied depending on the composition of the starting material and the desired results. A number of different ways of exposing material to temperature and pressure are described here; It will be accepted that any suitable method can be used. The thickness and size of the cake can be adjusted as desired; thickness, 0. 05 inches to 5 inches, for example 0. 1-2 inches or 0. It may vary in the range of 3-1 inches in some arrangements. In some embodiments, cake, 0. It can be 5 inches to 6 feet or thicker. The cake is then exposed to high temperature and/or pressure for a period of time by any suitable method, for example in a roller press using heated rollers. For example, heat to raise the temperature for rollers can be provided by heat from an industrial waste gas stream, such as a flue gas stream. The temperature may be any suitable temperature; In general, a higher temperature is desired for a thicker cake; Examples of temperature ranges may be 70-110°C or 80-any suitable pressure to produce results; The exemplary compressed time is any suitable time, e.g. 1-100 seconds or 1-100 minutes. The tablet is optionally then cured, e.g. by placing and storing outside, in a room, where they are exposed to high levels of humidity and heat, etc. is subjected to. These solid tablets are optionally cured, then used as building materials or crushed to produce aggregates. Another method of providing temperature and pressure is to use a press. A suitable press, such as a roller press, can be used to provide pressure at a desired temperature for a desired period of time (e.g., by using heat supplied through a flue gas or through other steps in the process, e.g. from an electrochemical process, to produce a precipitate). . A set of cylinders can be used in a similar manner. Another way to expose the cake to high temperature and pressure is through an extruder, such as a Screw type extruder. The barrel of the extruder can be equipped to achieve a high temperature, for example by means of jacketing; This elevated temperature can, for example, be provided by flue gases or the like. Extrusion can be used as a means of preheating and drying feedstock prior to a pressing operation. Such pressing may be accomplished by means of a compression mould, by means of rollers with shaped notches (this can yield virtually any desired aggregate shape), between a belt providing compression as it moves, or by any other suitable method. Alternatively, the extruder can be used to extrude material through a die, subjecting the material to pressure as it is forced through the die, giving it any desired shape. In some embodiments, the carbonate precipitate is mixed with fresh water and then placed in the feed section of a rotary Screw extruder. The extruder and/or exit die may be heated to further aid in the process. The rotation of the screw carries the material along its length and compresses it as the depth of the screw decreases. The screw and sleeve of the extruder may also include vents in the sleeve having decompression zones in the screw that coincide with the sleeve vent openings. Particularly in the case of a heated extruder, these vented areas allow the release of vapor from the conveyed mass, removing water from the material. The material carried by the screw is then passed through a mold section that further compresses and shapes the material. Typical openings in the mold are circular, oval, square, rectangular, trapezoidal, etc. may be possible, but any shape desired in the final aggregate can be made by adjusting the shape of the opening. The extruded material can be cut to any suitable length by any suitable method, such as a butterfly knife. The use of a heated mold section can also assist in the formation of the product by accelerating the transition of the carbonate 03767-P-0001 mineral to a hard, stable form. Heated molds can also be used in the case of binders to harden or solidify the binder. Temperatures of 100 °C to 600 °C are generally used in the heated mold section. In still other embodiments, the precipitate may be used for in situ or ex situ structure production. For example, roads, asphalt paved areas or other structures are built on a substrate, e.g. ground, road material, etc., as explained above. It can be produced from sediment by applying a layer of sediment and then allowing it to be exposed to naturally applied water, such as rain, or by hydrating the sediment through irrigation. Hydration removes the precipitate, e.g. road, asphalt covered area, etc. It solidifies the desired in situ or on-site structure, such as The process can be repeated where, for example, thicker layers of in-situ structures are desired. In some embodiments, production of sediment material and products occurs in the same facility. In some embodiments, sediment material is produced at one facility and transported to another facility to form the final product. Sedimentary material can be transported in the form of a slurry, a wet cake or a dry powder. In some embodiments, the resulting dehydrated precipitate material obtained from the separation station is dried in the drying station to produce a powder form of the precipitate material containing stable or reactive vaterite or PCC. Drying can be accomplished by air drying the sediment material. In certain embodiments, drying is achieved through freeze drying (i.e., lyophilization), wherein the precipitate material is frozen, the surrounding pressure is reduced, and sufficient heat is added to allow frozen water in the precipitate material to sublimate directly to gas. In yet another embodiment, the precipitate material is spray dried to dry the precipitate material, wherein the liquid containing the precipitate material is dried by being fed a hot gas (such as gaseous waste stream from a power plant) where the liquid feed is fed from a 03767-P-0001 atomizer to a main It is pumped into the drying chamber and a hot gas is passed co-current or counter-current towards the atomizer. Depending on the specific drying protocol of the system, the drying station may include a filtering element, freeze drying structure, spray drying structure, etc. may contain. In some embodiments, the precipitate may be dried via a fluidized bed dryer. In certain embodiments, waste heat from a power plant or similar process may be used to perform the drying step where appropriate. For example, in some embodiments, the dry product is produced using elevated temperature (e.g., from power plant waste heat), pressure, or a combination thereof. Following drying of the precipitate material, the material may then be subjected to heating at elevated temperatures to remove residual N-containing salts, such as waste ammonium salts as described herein. The supernatant or precipitated material slurry obtained in the precipitation process can also be processed as desired. For example, the supernatant or aqueous mixture may be returned to the first aqueous solution or to another location. In some embodiments, the supernatant may be contacted with a gaseous stream containing CO 2 and optionally ammonia gas as described herein to remove additional CO 2 . For example, in arrangements where the supernatant is to be returned to the precipitation reactor, the supernatant may be contacted with a gaseous stream of CO 2 and optionally ammonia gas sufficient to increase the concentration of carbonate ion present in the supernatant. As described above, contact can be made using any suitable protocol. In some embodiments, the supernatant has an alkaline pH and contact with CO 2 gas lowers the pH to pH 5 to 9, pH 6 to 8. 5 or pH 7. 5 to 8. It is carried out sufficiently to reduce it to a range between 7. In some embodiments, the sediment material produced through the methods provided herein is used as a construction material (e.g., a construction material for certain types of man-made structures such as buildings, roads, bridges, dams, and the like), thereby effectively sequestering C02 in the built environment. Foundations are any man-made structure, such as parking structures, homes, office buildings, commercial offices, government buildings, infrastructures (e.g., sidewalks; 03767-P-0001 roads; bridges; overpasses; walls; gates, foundations for fences and posts, and the like). The structure is considered a part of the built environment. Mortars find use in binding building blocks (e.g. bricks) together and filling gaps between building blocks. Mortars can also be used to stabilize existing structure (for example, to replace sections where the original mortar has deteriorated or eroded), among other uses. In some embodiments, the powder form of precipitate material containing reactive vaterite is used as cement, which converts to aragonite (dissolution-reprecipitation process) and hardens and solidifies after being combined with water. In some embodiments, precipitate material containing reactive vaterite on the aggregate surface is converted to aragonite (dissolution-reprecipitation process) after being combined with water and bound to the cement mixed therewith. In some embodiments, an aggregate itself is produced from the resulting sediment material. In such arrangements, where the drying process produces particles of the desired size, there is little if any additional processing required to produce the aggregate. In still other embodiments, further processing of the sediment material is performed to produce the desired aggregate. For example, the precipitate material may be combined with fresh water sufficiently to cause the precipitate to produce a solid product, where the reactive vaterite converts to aragonite. By controlling the water content of the wet material, the porosity and ultimate strength and density of the final aggregate can be controlled. Typically, a wet cake can be 40 - 60% water by volume. For denser aggregates, wet cake, Can be < 50% water, for less dense cakes, wet cake can be 50% water. After hardening, the resulting solid product can then be mechanically processed to the desired properties, e.g. size, specific shape, etc. may be crushed or otherwise broken down and sorted to produce aggregates. In these processes, the hardening and machining steps can be carried out substantially continuously or at discrete times. In certain embodiments, large volumes of sediment are stored in an open environment, where the sediment is exposed to the atmosphere. For the hardening step, the precipitate can be suitably watered with fresh water or allowed to rain naturally to produce a hardened product. The hardened product can then be processed mechanically as described above. Following precipitate production, the precipitate is processed to produce the desired aggregate. In some embodiments, the sediment may be left outdoors where rainwater can be used as a freshwater source to cause a meteoric water stabilization reaction to occur by hardening the sediment to form aggregates. The precipitate or precipitate material formed in the methods and systems herein, after optional removal of residual salt, contains vaterite or PCC. Stable vaterite includes vaterite that does not transform into aragonite or calcite during and/or after the dissolution-reprecipitation process. Reactive vaterite or activated vaterite includes vaterite that results in the formation of aragonite during and/or after the dissolution-reprecipitation process. In some embodiments, the PCC formed is in vaterite form. In some embodiments, the methods described herein further include contacting the precipitate material (in dried or wet form) with water and converting the reactive vaterite to aragonite. In some embodiments, when contacted with water, stable vaterite does not convert to aragonite and remains in the vaterite form or converts to calcite over a long period of time. Typically, upon precipitation of calcium carbonate, amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC) may initially precipitate and transform into one or more of its three more stable phases (vaterite, aragonite, or calcite). A thermodynamic driving force may be present for the transformation from labile phases to more stable phases. Therefore, calcium carbonate phases transform in the following order: from ACC to vaterite, aragonite, and calcite, where intermediate phases may or may not be present. During this transformation, excess energy is released as exhibited in Figure 8. This internal energy can be used to create a strong tendency for aggregation and surface interactions that can lead to agglomeration and hardening or cementation. It will be understood that the values reported in Figure 8 are well known in the art and are subject to change. . 03767-P-0001 The methods and systems provided herein produce or isolate precipitate material in the form of vaterite or PCC, which may be present in the form of vaterite, aragonite or calcite. The precipitated material may be in a wet form, a slurry form or a dry powder form. This precipitate material may have a stable form of vaterite that does not readily convert to any other polymorph, or it may have a reactive form of vaterite that converts to aragonite form upon dissolution-precipitation. The aragonite form may also not transform into the more stable calcite form. The product containing the aragonite form of the sediment has properties including, but not limited to, high compressive strength, high porosity (low density or light weight), neutral pH (useful as an artificial reef described below), microstructure network, etc. Shows one or more unexpected features, including: In addition to vaterite, other minor polymorphous forms of calcium carbonate that may be present in carbonate containing sedimentary material include, but are not limited to, amorphous calcium carbonate, aragonite, calcite, a precursor phase of vaterite, a precursor phase of aragonite, an intermediate phase less stable than calcite, these polymorphs It includes polymorphic forms or combinations thereof. Vaterite may exist in monodisperse or aggregated form and may be spherical, elliptical, plate-like or in a hexagonal system. Vaterite typically has a hexagonal crystal structure and forms polycrystalline spherical particles after growth. The precursor form of vaterite contains nanoclusters of vaterite, and the precursor form of aragonite contains submicron of nanoclusters of aragonite needles. Aragonite, if present in the composition together with vaterite, may be needle-shaped, columnar or crystals of the rhombic system. If calcite is present in the composition together with vaterite, it may be crystals of the cubic, spherical or hexagonal system. An intermediate phase that is less stable than calcite may be a phase between vaterite and calcite, a phase between a precursor of vaterite and calcite, a phase between aragonite and calcite, and/or a phase between a precursor of aragonite and calcite. 03767-P-0001 Conversion between calcium carbonate polymorphs may occur via transition to the solid state, solution mediated, or both. In some embodiments, the transformation is solution mediated as it may require less energy than the thermally activated transition to the solid state. Vaterite is metastable and the difference in thermodynamic stability of calcium carbonate polymorphs may manifest as a difference in solubility, where the least stable phases are the most soluble. Therefore, vaterite can easily dissolve in solution and properly transform into a more stable polymorph such as aragonite. In a polymorphic system such as calcium carbonate, two kinetic processes may exist simultaneously in solution: dissolution of the semistable phase and growth of the stable phase. In some embodiments, aragonite crystals may be growing as the vaterite undergoes dissolution in aqueous media. In one aspect, reactive vaterite can be activated so that the reactive vaterite gives rise to the aragonitic pathway and not the calcite pathway during the dissolution-reprecipitation process. In some embodiments, the reactive vaterite containing the composition is activated after the dissolution-reprecipitation process such that aragonite formation is enhanced and calcite formation is suppressed. Activation of reactive vaterite containing the compound can result in control over aragonite formation and crystal growth. Activation of vaterite containing the compound can be achieved through various processes. Various examples of vaterite activation are disclosed herein, including but not limited to nuclear activation, thermal activation, mechanical activation, chemical activation, or combination thereof. In some embodiments, vaterite is activated through various processes so that aragonite formation and its morphology and/or crystal growth can be controlled after reaction of vaterite containing the composition with water. The aragonite formed results in higher tensile strength and fracture tolerance to products formed from reactive vaterite. In some embodiments, reactive vaterite may be activated through mechanical means as described herein. For example, reactive vaterite containing compounds can be activated by creating surface defects on the vaterite composition, thus accelerating aragonite formation. In some embodiments, the activated vaterite is a ball-milled 03767-P-0001 reactive vaterite or a reactive vaterite with surface defects, thereby facilitating the aragonite formation pathway. Reactive vaterite containing compounds can also be activated by providing chemical or nuclear activation to the vaterite compound. Such chemical or nuclear activation may be achieved through one or more of aragonite nuclei, inorganic additive, or organic additive. The aragonite nuclei present in the compositions provided herein may be obtained from natural or synthetic sources. Natural resources include, but are not limited to, reef sand, lime, pelecypods, gastropods, mollusc shells and calcareous endoskeletons of warm and cold water corals, some freshwater and other minerals, including pearls, rocks, sediments, ore minerals (e.g., serpentine), and the like. Contains the hard skeletal material of marine invertebrate organisms. Synthetic sources include, but are not limited to, precipitated aragonite, such as formed from sodium carbonate and calcium chloride; or aragonite formed through the transformation of vaterite to aragonite, such as the transformed vaterite described herein. In some embodiments, the inorganic additive or organic additive in the compositions provided herein may be any additive that activates reactive vaterite. Some examples of inorganic additive or organic additive in the compositions provided herein include, but are not limited to, sodium decyl sulfate, lauric acid, sodium salt of lauric acid, urea, citric acid, sodium salt of citric acid, phthalic acid, sodium salt of phthalic acid, taurine, creatine, dextrose, poly(n-vinyl-1-pyrrolidone), aspartic acid, sodium salt of aspartic acid, magnesium chloride, acetic acid, sodium salt of acetic acid, glutamic acid, sodium salt of glutamic acid, strontium chloride, gypsum, lithium chloride , sodium chloride, glycine, sodium citrate dehydrate, sodium bicarbonate, magnesium sulfate, magnesium acetate, sodium polystyrene, sodium dodecylsulfonate, poly-vinyl alcohol or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the inorganic additive or organic additive in the compositions provided herein includes, but is not limited to, taurine, creatine, poly(n-vinyl-1-pyrrolidone), lauric acid, sodium salt of lauric acid, urea, magnesium 03767-P-0001 chloride. , acetic acid, sodium salt of acetic acid, strontium chloride, magnesium sulfate, magnesium acetate or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the inorganic additive or organic additive in the compositions provided herein includes, but is not limited to, magnesium chloride, magnesium sulfate, magnesium acetate, or a combination thereof. Without adhering to any theory, vaterite activation through ball milling or the addition of aragonite nuclei, inorganic additive, or organic additive, or combination thereof, includes, but is not limited to, polymorph, morphology, particle size, cross-linking, agglomeration, coagulation, aggregation, sedimentation, Crystallography can result in control of aragonite formation during the dissolution-reprecipitation process of activated reactive vaterite, which involves control of properties such as inhibiting growth along a particular face of a crystal, allowing growth along a particular face of a crystal, or a combination of these. For example, the aragonite core, inorganic additive, or organic additive can selectively target aragonite morphology, inhibit calcite growth, and promote aragonite formation, which may generally be kinetically unfavorable. In some embodiments, one or more inorganic additives may be added to facilitate the conversion of vaterite to aragonite. One or more additives can be added during any step of the process. For example, during the contact of the first aqueous solution containing one or more additives, calcium salt, with carbon dioxide gas and optionally ammonia gas or the second aqueous solution; After contact of the first aqueous solution containing calcium salt with carbon dioxide gas and optionally ammonia gas or the second aqueous solution; during precipitation of precipitated material, after precipitation of precipitated material in slurry, after dewatering of precipitated material in slurry, after drying of slurry in powder, in aqueous solution to be mixed with powder precipitate material or in slurry formed with water from powdered precipitate material or any of these. It can be added in combination -P-0001. In some embodiments, the water used in the process of forming the precipitate material may already contain one or more additives or one or more additive ions. For example, if seawater is used in the process, the additive ion may already be present in the seawater. In some embodiments, in the foregoing methods, the amount of one or more additives added during the process is greater than 0.1% by weight or greater than 1.6% by weight or greater than 1.7% by weight or greater than 1.8% by weight or more than 1.9% by weight, or more than 2% by weight, or more than 2.4% by weight, or more than 2.5% by weight, or more than 2.6% by weight, or more than 2.7% by weight, or more than 2.8% by weight or more than 4% by weight or more than 4.5% by weight or more than 5% by weight or between 0.5-5% by weight or between 0.5-4% by weight or between 0.5-3% by weight or between 0.5-2% by weight Between 0.5-1% or Between 1-3% by weight Or Between 1-2.5% By weight Or Between 1-2% By weight Or Between 1.5-2.5% By weight Or Between 2-3% By weight Or Between 2.5-3% By weight Or 0.5 or 1% by weight or 4% by weight or 4.5% by weight or 5% by weight. In some embodiments, in the above methods, the amount of one or more additives added during the process is between 0.5-3% by weight or between 1.5-25% by weight. In some embodiments, the precipitate material is in the form of a powder. In some embodiments, the precipitate material is in the form of a dry powder. In some embodiments, the precipitate material is irregular or not in an orderly order or is powdery. Still in some embodiments, the precipitate material is in a partially or fully hydrated form. Still in some embodiments, the sediment material is salt water or fresh water. Also in some 03767-P-0001 embodiments, the precipitate material is in water containing sodium chloride. Also in some embodiments, the precipitate material includes, but is not limited to, calcium, magnesium, etc. It is in water containing alkaline earth metal ions such as In some embodiments, the precipitate material is non-medical or not intended for medical procedures. Products formed from the compositions or deposited material provided herein exhibit one or more properties such as high compressive strength, high strength, high porosity (light weight), high flexural strength and lower maintenance costs. In some embodiments, the compositions or precipitate material containing reactive vaterite after combination with water, hardening and solidification has a strength of at least 3MPa (megapascals), or at least 7 MPa, or at least 10 MPa, or in some embodiments, 3-. In some embodiments of the foregoing aspects and embodiments, the composition or sedimentary material includes at least 10% by weight vaterite; at least 20% vaterite by weight; at least 30% vaterite by weight; at least 40% vaterite by weight; at least 50% vaterite by weight; at least 60% vaterite by weight; at least 70% vaterite by weight; at least 80% vaterite by weight; at least 90% vaterite by weight; at least 95% vaterite by weight; at least 99% vaterite by weight; or from 103 wt% to 99 wt% vaterite; or from 10 wt% IOS to 70 wt% vaterite; or from 10% by weight to 40% by weight of vaterite; or from 10 wt% to 20 wt% vaterite; or from 20 wt% to 75 wt% vaterite; or from 20 wt% to 30 wt% vaterite ° to 95% by weight vaterite; or from 307 wt% to 03767-P-0001 309 wt% to 509 wt% vaterite; or from 40% by weight to 40% by weight of vaterite; or from 40 wt% to 50 wt% vaterite; or from 50 wt% to 60 wt% vaterite; or from 60 wt% to 70 wt% vaterite; or from 70% by weight to 80% by weight to 99% by weight of vaterite; or from 80 wt% vaterite to 90 wt% vaterite; or 10 wt% vaterite; or 20 wt% vaterite; or 30 wt% vaterite; or 40 wt% vaterite; or 50 wt% vaterite; or 60 wt% vaterite Contains vaterite; or 70% vaterite by weight; or 75% vaterite by weight; or 80% vaterite by weight; or 85% vaterite by weight; or 90% vaterite by weight; or 95% vaterite by weight; or 99% vaterite by weight. Vaterite is stable vaterite or may be reactive vaterite or PCC. In some embodiments of the foregoing aspects and the foregoing embodiments, the precipitate material containing reactive vaterite after combination with water, hardening and solidification (i.e., transformation to aragonite), or stable vaterite mixed with cement and water after hardening and solidification, It has a compressive strength of at least 3 MPa; sedimentary material, 3 MPa to 25 MPa; MPa to 40 MPa; or 35 MPa to 40 MPa. In some embodiments, the compressive strengths described herein are compressive strengths after 1 day or 3 days or 7 days or 28 days or 56 days or more. In some embodiments, vaterite (stable or reactive ) or precipitate material containing PCC is a particulate composition having an average particle size of 0.1-100 microns. The average particle size (or average particle diameter) is any conventional particle size measurement, including but not limited to multi-detector laser scattering or laser diffraction or sieving. can be determined using the detection method. In certain embodiments, unimodal or multimodal, e.g. bimodal or other dispersions are available. Bimodal dispersions may allow the surface area to be minimized so that the composition can be mixed with water but provides smaller reactive particles for early reaction. low liquids/solids mass ratio is allowed.In some embodiments, the composition or precipitate material comprising vaterite (stable or reactive) or PCC as provided herein is 0.1-03767-P-0001 micron; or 1 micron; or 2 microns; or 3 microns; or 4 microns; or 5 microns; or 8 microns; or 10 microns; or 15 microns; or 20 microns; or 30 microns; or 40 microns; or 50 microns; or 60 microns; or 70 microns; or 80 microns; or a particulate composition having an average particle size of 100 microns. For example, in some embodiments, the composition or precipitate material comprising vaterite (stable or reactive) or PCCi provided herein is 0.1-20 microns; or micron; or 5-20 microns; or a particulate composition having an average particle size of 5 to 1.0 microns. In some embodiments, the composition or precipitate material containing vaterite (stable or reactive) or PCC contains two or more or three or more or four or more or five or more or ten or more or 20 or more particles in the composition or precipitate material. or contains particles of 3-20 or 4-10 different sizes. For example, the composition or precipitate material may contain two or more or three or more or 3 to 20 particles in the range of 0.1-10 microns and/or particles in the sub-micron size. In some embodiments, the PCC in the sediment material may have an average particle size below 0.1 microns, such as from 0.001 microns to 1 microns or more. In some embodiments, the PCC may be nanometer particle size. In some embodiments, the composition or precipitate material containing vaterite (stable or reactive) or PCC may also contain OPC or Portland cement clinker. The amount of Portland cement component may vary and may vary from 10 to 95% by weight; or 10 wt% 03767-P-0001 or 70 to 80 wt%. For example, sediment material containing composition or vaterite (stable or reactive) or PCC, 75% OPC and 25% composition; or composition; or a blend of 95% OPC and 5% composition. In certain embodiments, the composition or precipitate material containing vaterite (stable or reactive) or PCC may also contain an aggregate. Aggregate can be incorporated into the composition or deposit material to provide mortars containing fine aggregates as well as concretes containing coarse aggregates. Fine aggregates are materials that pass almost completely through a Number 4 sieve (ASTM C), such as silica sand. Coarse aggregate is silica, quartz, crushed ball, glass spheres, granite, lime, calcite, feldspar, alluvial sands, sands, or any other durable aggregates and materials such as mixtures thereof that are predominately retained on a No. 4 sieve (ASTM C). In this regard, aggregate generally consists of several different types of both coarse and fine particulate material, including but not limited to sand, gravel, crushed stone, slag, and recycled concrete. used to reference the type of sediment. In some embodiments, the aggregate added to the sediment material is activated aggregate that has been activated on the surface through the sediment material (this embodiment has been previously described herein). The amount and structure of the aggregate can vary greatly. In some embodiments, the amount of aggregate, composition and 25% by weight of the total composition formed from both 03767-P-0001 and 03767-P-0001. In some embodiments, the precipitate material containing the composition or reactive vaterite hardens and solidifies upon treatment with aqueous media under one or more appropriate conditions, as prepared through the methods described above. The aqueous medium includes, but is not limited to, fresh water or salt water, optionally containing additives. In some embodiments, one or more suitable conditions include, but are not limited to, temperature, pressure, time period for curing, composition ratio of aqueous medium, and combination thereof. The temperature may be related to the temperature of the aqueous medium. In some embodiments, the temperature is 0-1 10°C; or 0-80°C; or 0- pressure is atmospheric pressure or above atm pressure. In some embodiments, the time period for the cement product to harden is 30 minutes to 48 hours; During mixing of the composition or precipitate material with the aqueous medium, the precipitate may be subjected to a high shear mixer. After mixing, the precipitate can be dewatered again and placed in preformed molds to form shaped building materials or can be used to form shaped building materials using processes well known in the art or as described herein. Alternatively, the precipitate can be mixed with water and allowed to harden. The precipitate can harden over a period of days and then be placed in the oven for further use. The precipitate may be cured at high temperature, for example 50°C-60°C or 50°C-80°C 03767-P-0001 and high humidity, such as 30% or 40% or 50% or 60% humidity. The product produced by the methods described herein may be an aggregate or building material or precast material or shaped building material. In some embodiments, the product produced through the methods described herein may be paper, paint, PVC, etc. Contains non-cemented materials such as In some embodiments, the product produced through the methods disclosed herein includes artificial reefs. These products are described here. In some embodiments, precipitate material containing vaterite (stable or reactive) or PCC in wet or dried form provides properties such as but not limited to strength, flexural strength, compressive strength, porosity, thermal conductivity, etc. It may be mixed with one or more additives to impart one or more properties to the product. The amount of additive used may vary depending on the nature of the additive. In some embodiments, the amount of one or more additives may range from 1 to 50% by weight, such as 1-30% by weight, or 1-25% by weight, including, but not limited to, cure accelerators, cure retarders, air entraining agents, foaming agents, foaming agents, scavengers, alkali-reactivity reducers, binding additives, dispersants, coloring additives, corrosion inhibitors, moisture-proof additives, gasifiers, permeability reducers, pumping aids, shrinkage compensation additives, antifungal additives, germicidal additives, insecticides It includes lethal additives, rheology modifying agents, finely divided mineral additives, pozzolans, aggregates, wetting agents, strength increasing agents, waterproofing agents, reinforced materials such as fibres, and any other additives. When using an additive, the composition or the precipitate material in which the additive raw materials are incorporated is mixed for a sufficient time to cause the additive raw materials to be relatively evenly distributed throughout the composition. 03767-P-0001 Hardening accelerators can be used to accelerate the hardening and early strength development of cement. Examples of hardening accelerators that can be used include, but are not limited to, both of BASF Admixtures Inc. POZZOLITH®NC534, sold under the above trademarks by of Cleveland, Ohio, contains a non-chloride type cure accelerator and/or RHEOCRETE®CNI calcium nitrite-based corrosion inhibitor. Retarding hardening additives, also known as delayed hardening or hydration control, are used to delay, hinder or slow down the hardening rate of cement. Many cure retarders can also act as low-level water reducers and can also be used to entrain some air into the product. An example of a retarder is from BASF Admixtures Inc. of Cleveland, Ohio. Air entraining includes any substance in compositions that will entrain air. Some air entrainers can also reduce the surface tension of a composition at low concentration. Air entraining additives are used to deliberately entrain microscopic air bubbles into the cement. It can increase the workability of the mixture while reducing and eliminating air entrainment, separation and deaeration. The materials used to achieve these desired effects are wood resin, natural resin, synthetic resin, sulfonated lignin, petroleum acids, proteinaceous material, fatty acids, resin acids, alkylbenzene sulfonates, sulfonated hydrocarbons, vinsol resin, anionic surfactants, cationic surfactants. The agents may be selected from nonionic surfactants, natural rosin, synthetic rosin, an inorganic air entrainer, synthetic detergents and their corresponding salts, and mixtures thereof. Air entrainers are added in an amount to achieve a desired level of air in a cementitious composition. Examples of air entrainers that may be used in the additive system include, but are not limited to, BASF Admixtures AIR®"1. In some embodiments, the deposition material is mixed with the foaming agent. Foaming agents include large amounts of air voids/porosity and 03767-P-0001 Examples of foaming agents include, but are not limited to, soap, detergent (alkyl ether sulfate), millifoamTM (alkyl ether sulfate), cedepalTM (ammonium alkyl ethoxy sulfate), WitcolateTM 12760, etc. Also relevant as additives , are defoamers. Defoamers are used to reduce the air content in the cementitious composition. Also of interest as additives are dispersants. Dispersants include, but are not limited to, polycarboxylate disintegrants with or without polyether units. The term dispersant is also used as a plasticizer, high water reducers or lignosulfonates such as intermittent water reducers, plasticizers, anticoagulants, salts of sulfonated naphthalene sulfonate condensates, salts of sulfonated melamine sulfonate condensates, beta naphthalene sulfonates, sulfonated melamine formaldehyde condensates, naphthalene sulfonate formaldehyde condensates. densate resins, e.g. LOMAR D® dispersant (Cognis Inc ., Cincinnati, Ohio) means that it contains these chemicals that act as superior plasticizers for compounds such as polyaspartates or oligomeric disintegrants. Polycarboxylate dispersants can be used, by which we mean a dispersant having a carbon backbone with pendant side chains, wherein at least a portion of the side chains is attached to the backbone via a carboxyl group or an ether group. Natural and synthetic additives may be used to color the product for aesthetic and safety reasons. These coloring additives may be formed from pigments and may include carbon black, iron oxide, phthalocyanine, ombra, chromium oxide, titanium oxide, cobalt blue and organic coloring agents. Also relevant as additives are corrosion inhibitors. Corrosion inhibitors can act to protect embedded reinforcing steel from corrosion. Materials generally used to inhibit corrosion are calcium nitrite, sodium nitrite, sodium benzoate, some phosphates or fluorosilicates, fluoroaluminides, amines and related chemicals. Also relevant are moisture-proof additives. Moisture-proof additives reduce the permeability of the product with low cement contents, high water-03767-P-0001 cement ratios or a lack of fines in the aggregate. These additives delay the penetration of moisture into dry products and include certain soaps, stearates and petroleum products. Also relevant are gas-forming additives. Gas formers or gas-forming agents are sometimes added to the mixture to cause slight expansion before solidification. The amount of expansion is based on the amount of gas-forming material used and the temperature of the new mixture. Aluminum powder, resin soap and vegetable or animal glue, saponin or hydrolyzed protein can be used as gas formers. Also related are permeability reducers. Permeability reducers can be used to reduce the rate at which water under pressure is transmitted through the mixture. Silica fume, fly ash, ground slag, natural pozzolans, water reducers and latex can be used to reduce the permeability of the mixture. Also relevant are rheology modifying agent additives. Rheology modifying agents can be used to increase the Viscosity of the compositions. Suitable examples of rheology modifiers are hard silica, colloidal silica, hydroxyethyl cellulose, starch, hydroxypropyl cellulose, fly ash (as defined in ASTM C618), mineral oils (e.g., light naphthenic), clay such as hectorite clay, polyoxyalkylenes, polysaccharides, natural gums. or mixtures thereof. Some mineral extenders, such as but not limited to sepiolite clay, are rheology modifying agents. Also related are shrinkage compensation additives. TETRAGUARD® is an example of a shrinkage reducing agent and is available from BASF Admixtures Inc. of Cleveland, Ohio. is provided. The growth of bacteria and fungi on or in the solidified product can be partially controlled through the use of fungicidal and germicidal additives. Materials for these purposes include, but are not limited to, polyhalogenated phenols, dialdrin emulsions, and copper compounds. Also relevant in some regulations are workability improving additives. Acting as a lubricant, 03767-P-0001 entrained air can be used as a workability improving agent. Other workability agents are water reducers and certain finely divided additives. In some embodiments, composition or precipitate material containing vaterite (stable or reactive) or PCC is used with reinforced material such as fibers, for example, where a fiber-reinforced product is desired. Fibers, materials containing zirconium, aluminium, glass, steel, carbon, ceramics, grass, bamboo, wood, glass fiber or synthetic materials, e.g. polypropylene, polycarbonate, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinyl alcohol, nylon, polyethylene, polyester, rayon, high strength It can be formed from aramid (i.e., Kevlar®) or mixtures thereof. The reinforced material is disclosed in US Patent Application Ser. It is explained in 13/560,2463. Components of precipitate material containing vaterite (stable or reactive) or PCC can be combined using any suitable protocol. Each material can be mixed at the time of work, or some or all of the materials can be pre-mixed. Alternatively, some of the materials can be mixed with water, with or without additives such as high-range water-reducing additives, and then the remaining materials can be mixed with them. As a mixing device, any conventional device can be used. For example, Hobart mixer, inclined roller mixer, Omni Mixer, Henschel mixer, V-type mixer and Nauta mixer can be used. In one aspect, there are systems provided to form calcium carbonate containing vaterite, comprising: (i) configured to dissolve lime in an aqueous base solution under one or more precipitation conditions to produce a precipitation material comprising calcium carbonate and a supernatant solution a solubilization reactor. In one aspect, systems are provided to form calcium carbonate containing vaterite, comprising (i) a calcination reactor configured to calcin limestone to form a gaseous stream containing lime and carbon dioxide; (ii) a dissolution reactor configured to dissolve lime in an aqueous base solution under one or more dissolution conditions to produce a first aqueous solution containing calcium salt and a gaseous stream containing ammonia; and (iii) the treatment reactor configured to treat a first aqueous solution containing calcium salt with the gaseous stream containing carbon dioxide and the gaseous stream containing ammonia under one or more precipitation conditions to form a precipitate material containing calcium carbonate and a supernatant solution, Here calcium carbonate contains vaterite. In one aspect, there are systems provided for forming vaterite-containing calcium carbonate comprising: (i) a calcining reactor configured to calcin limestone to a gaseous stream containing lime and carbon dioxide; (ii) a dissolution reactor configured to dissolve lime in an aqueous N-containing inorganic salt solution under one or more dissolution conditions to produce a first aqueous solution containing calcium salt and a gaseous stream containing ammonia; and (iii) a treatment reactor for treating a first aqueous solution containing calcium salt with the gaseous stream containing carbon dioxide and the gaseous stream containing ammonia under one or more precipitation conditions to form a precipitate material containing calcium carbonate and a supernatant solution, wherein calcium Contains carbonate and vaterite. In one aspect, there are systems provided for forming vaterite-containing calcium carbonate comprising: (i) a calcining reactor configured to calcin limestone to a gaseous stream containing lime and carbon dioxide; (ii) a dissolution reactor configured to dissolve lime in an aqueous N-containing inorganic salt solution under one or more dissolution conditions to produce a first aqueous solution containing calcium salt and a gaseous stream containing ammonia; (iii) recovering the gaseous stream containing carbon dioxide and the gaseous stream containing ammonia and using the gaseous stream under one or more cooling conditions to condense a second aqueous solution containing ammonium bicarbonate, ammonium carbonate, ammonia, ammonia carbamate, or combinations thereof. a cooling reactor configured to undergo a cooling process; and (iv) treating a first aqueous solution containing calcium salt with a second aqueous solution containing ammonium bicarbonate, ammonium carbonate, ammonia, ammonium carbamate, or combinations thereof, under one or more precipitation conditions to form a precipitate material containing calcium carbonate and a supernatant solution. A treatment reactor for wherein the calcium carbonate contains vaterite. In some embodiments of the foregoing, vaterite is stable vaterite, reactive vaterite, or PCCa. In some embodiments of the foregoing aspects and embodiments, the dissolution reactor is integrated with the cooling reactor (as shown in Figures 4-7 and described herein). In some embodiments of the foregoing aspects and embodiments, the system further includes a recovery system to recover some of the aqueous solution to be recycled to the solubilization reactor. A recovery system is one configured to perform thermal cracking, reverse osmosis, multistage flash, multi-effect distillation, vapor recompression, distillation, and combinations thereof, as described above. The methods and systems provided herein can be implemented on land (e.g., located close to a limestone quarry or easily and economically transported), at sea, or in the ocean. In some embodiments, cement plants that calcinate lime may be retrofitted with the systems described herein to form precipitate material and also to create products from the precipitate material. Aspects include systems, including processing plants or factories, for implementing the methods described herein. Systems can have any configuration that enables the implementation of the particular production method involved. 03767-P-0001 In certain embodiments, the systems include a structure having an inlet for a source of lime and an aqueous base solution. For example, systems include a pipeline or analog supply of aqueous base solution, wherein the aqueous base solution is as described herein. The system also includes an inlet for CO2 as well as components for combining these sources with water (optionally an aqueous solution such as water, brine, or seawater) before or in the precipitation reactor. In some embodiments, the gas-liquid contactor , is configured to contact sufficient CO 2 . The systems also include a precipitation reactor that subjects water incorporated into the precipitation reactor to one or more precipitation conditions (as described herein) and produces precipitation material and supernatant. In some embodiments, the precipitation reactor The precipitation reactor may also contain temperature modulating elements (e.g., configured to heat water to a desired temperature), chemical additive elements (e.g., configured to introduce additives, etc., into the precipitation reaction mixture). It can be configured to include any of several different elements, such as computer automation, computer automation, etc. A gaseous waste stream containing C02 and optionally NH3 may be supplied to the precipitation reactor and/or cooling reactor in any suitable manner. In some embodiments, the gaseous waste stream is provided by a gas conveyor (e.g., a duct) advancing from the dissolution reactor to the precipitation reactor and/or cooling reactor. Where the source of water processed through the system to produce sediment material is seawater, the inlet is in fluid communication with a source of seawater, e.g. where the inlet is a pipeline or feed from ocean water to a land-based system or an inlet port on the ship's hull, e.g. where The system is part of a ship, for example in an ocean-based system. 03767-P-0001 The methods and systems may also include one or more detectors (not shown in the figures) configured to monitor the aqueous base solution, lime and/or carbon dioxide. Monitoring may include, but is not limited to, collecting data regarding the pressure, temperature and composition of water or carbon dioxide gas. Detectors include any suitable device configured to monitor, such as pressure sensors (e.g., electromagnetic pressure sensors, pressure sensors with strain gauges, etc.), temperature sensors (resistance temperature detectors, thermocouples, gas thermometers, thermistors, pyrometers, infrared radiation sensors, etc.). .), volume sensors (e.g., geophysical diffraction tomography, chromatographs, inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometers, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometers, ion chromatographs, ) it could be. In some embodiments, the detectors may also include a computer interface configured to provide a user with collected data regarding the aqueous base solution, lime, and/or carbon dioxide/ammonia gas. In some embodiments, the brief description may be stored as a computer-readable data file or printed as a user-readable document. In some embodiments, the detector may be a monitoring device, thereby collecting real-time data (e.g., internal pressure, temperature, etc.). In other embodiments, the detector is monitored at regular intervals, for example, by determining the composition every 1 minute, every 5 minutes, every 10 minutes, every 500 minutes, or at some other interval, using a 03767-P-0001 aqueous base solution, lime, and/or carbon dioxide gas. There may be one or more detectors configured to determine the parameters. In certain embodiments, the system may also include a station for preparing a building material such as cement or aggregate from the sediment. Other materials, such as shaped building materials and/or uncemented materials, can also be formed from the sediment and the appropriate station used for its preparation. As shown above, the system may exist on land or offshore. For example, the system may be a land-based system in a coastal area, e.g. near a seawater source, or even an inland system, where water is piped into the system from a water source, e.g. the ocean. Alternatively, the system is a water-based system, i.e. a system located on or in water. Such a system may be present on a vessel, ocean-based platform, etc. as desired. The calcium carbonate slurry is pumped into the drying system, which in some embodiments includes a filtration step followed by spray drying. The water leaving the drying system is discharged or recirculated to the reactor. The solid or powder resulting from the drying system is used as cement or aggregate to produce building materials. Solid or powder also, paper, plastic, paint, etc. It can be used as a PCC filling agent in cementless products such as Solid or powder also drywall, cement boards, etc. It can be used to create shaped building materials such as In some embodiments, the systems include the amount of aqueous base solution and/or the amount of lime carried to the precipitator or solubilization reactor; amount of sediment carried to the separator; amount of sediment transported to the drying station; and/or a control station configured to control the amount of sediment conveyed to the disposal station. A control station may include a series of manually, mechanically or digitally controlled valves or a multi-valve system, or may use any other suitable flow 03767-P-0001 regulatory protocol. In some examples, the control station may include a computer interface configured to provide a user with input or output parameters to control the quantity, as described above (where the regulation is computer-assisted or entirely computer-controlled). 11. PRODUCTS Provided herein are methods and systems for using lime formed from the calcination of limestone by dissolving the lime in aqueous base solution to produce precipitate material containing calcium carbonate in vaterite and/or aragonite polymorphic forms where vaterite transforms to aragonite and forms cement. What is provided here is the removal or separation of C02 from limestone calcination in a gaseous waste stream and the return of C02 to a gas-free, storage-stable form (e.g. materials for the construction of structures such as structures and substructures, as well as the structures themselves or shaped building materials such as plasterboard or These are environmentally friendly methods and systems of fixing materials such as paper, paint, plastic, etc. or non-cemented materials such as artificial reefs, so that C02 does not escape into the atmosphere. Building material As used herein, "building material" includes material used in construction. In one aspect, a structure or a structure material is provided comprising the hardened and solidified form of the precipitate material, eg where reactive vaterite has been transformed into hardened and solidified aragonite or PCC. The product (product (A) or (B) in the figures) containing the aragonite (aragonite formed by dissolution-reprecipitation of reactive vaterite) form of the precipitate includes, but is not limited to, high compressive strength, high porosity (low density or light weight), neutral pH (e.g. , useful as artificial reef), microstructure network, etc. Shows one or more unexpected features, including: 03767-P-0001 Examples of such structures or building materials include, but are not limited to, buildings, driveways, infrastructure, countertops, furniture, sidewalks, roads, bridges, highways, overpasses, parking structures, bricks, blocks, walls, Includes gate pillar, fence or post, and combination thereof. Shaped structure mourning/ali` As used herein, "formed construction material" includes materials that are shaped (e.g., moulded, cast, cut, or otherwise fabricated) into structures having a defined physical shape. The formed building material may be a precast building material, such as a precast cement or concrete structure. Shaped building materials and methods of forming and using shaped building materials are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. Application Serial No. It is disclosed in 12/571,3989. Formed building materials can vary widely and may include materials that are shaped (e.g., molded, cast, cut, or otherwise fabricated) into structures that have a defined physical shape, i.e., configuration. Formed structural materials differ from amorphous structural materials (e.g., powder, paste, slurry, etc.), which do not have a defined and stable shape but instead conform to the container in which they are held, such as a bag or other container. Shaped building materials are also different from irregularly or imprecisely formed materials (e.g., aggregate, bulk forms for disposal, etc.) because shaped building materials are manufactured to specifications that allow the use of shaped building materials in structures, for example. Formed structural materials can be prepared in accordance with conventional fabrication protocols for such structures, except that precipitate material is used to create such materials. 03767-P-0001 In some embodiments, the methods and systems provided herein further include the hardening and solidification of precipitate material containing reactive vaterite, wherein the reactive vaterite is transformed into aragonite or PCC which hardens and forms a structured structural material. In some embodiments, shaped building materials formed from sedimentary material have a compressive strength or flexural strength of at least 3 MPa, at least 10 MPa, or between at least 14-45 MPa; or has the compressive strength of the precipitate material after hardening and solidification as described herein. Examples of shaped building materials that can be produced via the foregoing methods and systems include, but are not limited to, wall elements such as bricks, blocks and slabs, including but not limited to ceiling tiles; structural panels, such as cement board (boards traditionally formed from cement, such as fiber cement board) and/or drywall (boards traditionally formed from gypsum); channels; pools; beams; colon; stand; acoustic barrier; insulation material; or combinations thereof. Structural panels are shaped building materials used in a broad sense to refer to any non-load-bearing structural element characterized by their length and width being substantially greater than their thickness. In this respect, the panel can be a support, a plate, singlez and/or flooring. Exemplary building panels created from sediment material provided herein include cement boards and/or drywall. Building panels are polygonal structures with dimensions that vary significantly based on their intended use. The dimensions of the building panels range from 50 to 500 cm, including 100 to 300 cm in length, such as 250 cm; In terms of width, it can range from 5 to 25 mm, such as 100 cm, up to and including 15 mm, and 7 to 20 mm, up to and including. 03767-P-0001 In some embodiments, cement board and/or drywall, including, but not limited to, paper-faced board (e.g., surface reinforcement with cellulose fiber), glass fiber-faced or glass felt-faced board (e.g., surface reinforcement with glass fiber felt). ), can be used to create different types of boards, such as glass fiber mesh reinforced board (e.g. surface reinforcement with glass mesh) and/or fiber reinforced board (e.g. cement reinforced with cellulose, glass, fibre, etc.). These sheets include, but are not limited to, fiber-cement coatings, roofing, soffit, sheathing, facade cladding, floor covering, ceiling covering, shaft covering, wall covering, support piece, car upholstery, wall trim, shingle covering and arch and It can be used in various applications including/or coatings such as underlay. Cement boards are traditionally formed from cement such as OPÇ, magnesium oxide cement and/or calcium silicate cement. Cement boards created through the methods and systems provided herein are formed from sedimentary material that partially or completely replaces conventional cement in the board. In some embodiments, cement boards may include structural panels prepared as a combination of aragonitic cement (vaterite hardens and solidifies as it transforms to aragonite) and fiber and/or glass fiber, and may have additional fiber and/or glass fiber reinforcement on both faces of the board. Cement boards, in some arrangements, are used as bathroom flooring, kitchen countertops, countertop coverings, etc. They are used as base plates for ceramics that can be used behind and have lengths ranging from 1007 to 200 cm. Cement boards can vary in physical and mechanical properties. In some embodiments, the flexural strength may vary from 1 to 7.5 MPa, including 2 to 6 MPa, such as 5 MPa. Compressive strengths can also vary from 5 to 50 MPa, including 10 to 30 MPa, as well as 15 to 20 MPa. In some embodiments, cement boards may be used in environments subject to intense moisture (e.g., commercial saunas). The composition or precipitate material disclosed herein can be used to produce the desired shape and size to form a cement board. Additionally, various other ingredients may be added to cement boards including, but not limited to, 03767-P-0001 plasticizers, clay, foaming agents, accelerators, retarders, and air entrainment additives. The composition is then poured into sheet molds, or a roller can be used to form sheets of the desired thickness. The formed composition can also be further compressed by roller compaction, hydraulic pressure, vibratory compaction, or resonant shock compaction. The sheets are then cut to the desired dimensions of the cement boards. Another type of structural panel formed from the composition or sedimentary material described herein is the backing board. The backer board can be used for the construction of interior and/or exterior floors, walls and ceilings. In embodiments, the backing plate is formed partially or entirely from sediment material. Another type of building panel created from composites or sedimentary material is drywall. Drywall includes sheeting used to construct interior and/or exterior floors, walls, and ceilings. Traditionally, drywall is created from gypsum (also paper-faced board). In embodiments, the drywall is formed partially or entirely from carbonate precipitation material, thus replacing the gypsum from the drywall product. In some embodiments, drywall may include structural panels prepared as a combination of aragonitic cement (vaterite hardens and solidifies as it turns to aragonite) and cellulose, fiber, and/or fiberglass, with additional paper, coir, fiberglass mesh, and/or fiberglass mat on each face of the board. may have supplements. Various processes for creating a drywall product are well known in the art and are within the scope of the invention. Some examples include, but are not limited to, the wet process, semi-dry process, extrusion process, wonderborad® process, etc. described herein. Contains. In some embodiments, drywall is a panel formed from a paper liner wrapped around an inner core. For example, in some embodiments, during the process of forming a drywall product from precipitate material, a slurry of precipitate material containing vaterite is poured onto a sheet of paper. Another sheet of paper is then placed on top of the precipitate material so that the precipitate material is surrounded by the paper on both sides (the resulting composition is sandwiched between two layers of outer material, such as heavy paper or fiberglass batts). Vaterite in the sediment material is then converted (using additives and/or heat) to aragonite, which then hardens and solidifies. When the core hardens and is dried in a large drying chamber, the sandwich becomes hard and strong enough for use as a building material. The sheets of drywall are then cut and separated. The bending and compressive strengths of drywall created from sediment material are equal to or higher than traditional drywall prepared with gypsum plaster, which is known to be a soft building material. In some embodiments, the flexural strength may range from 0.1 to 3 MPa, including 0.5 to 2 MPa, such as 1.5 MPa. Compressive strengths may also vary from 1 to 20 MPa, including 5 to 15 MPa, such as 8 to 10 MPa, in some examples. In some embodiments, shaped construction materials such as, but not limited to, structural panels such as cement boards and drywall produced through the methods and systems described herein have low density and high porosity, making them suitable for lightweight and insulation applications. The high porosity and lightness of shaped building materials such as building panels may result from the development of aragonitic microstructure when vaterite transforms to aragonite. The transformation of vaterite during the dissolution/reprecipitation process can lead to the formation of microporosity, while at the same time, the voids formed between the formed aragonitic crystals provide nanoporosity, thus leading to a highly porous and lightweight structure. Certain additives include, but are not limited to, clay, starch, etc. Foaming agents, such as but not limited to rheology modifiers and mineral expanders, can be added during the conversion process, which can increase the porosity in the product as the blowing agent can entrain air into the mixture and reduce the overall density, and mineral expanders such as sepiolite clay can increase the viscosity of the mixture, allowing separation of sediment material and water. is prevented. One of the cement board or drywall applications is fiber cement coating. Fiber-cement coatings created through the methods and systems provided herein include structural panels prepared as a combination of aragonitic cement, aggregate, interwoven cellulose and/or polymeric 03767-P-0001 fibers and may have a wood-like texture and flexibility. In some embodiments, the shaped building materials are wall elements. Wall elements are shaped building materials used in the construction of load-bearing and non-load-bearing structures, generally combined using mortar, plaster and the like. Exemplary masonry elements created from composites include bricks, blocks, and slabs. Another shaped structural material created from sedimentary material described here is a channel. Channels are tubes or similar structures configured to transport a gas or liquid from one location to another. Ducts may include any of several different structures used to transport a liquid or gas, including, but not limited to, pipes, culverts, box culverts, drainage channels and portals, intake structures, entry towers, gate wells, outlet structures, and the like. Another shaped building material created from sedimentary material described here is ponds. The term basin can include any configured container used to hold a liquid such as water. In this regard, a pond includes, but is not limited to, wells, collection boxes, sanitary manholes, septic tanks, catch basins, grease traps/separators, rainwater harvesting reservoirs, etc. It may contain structures such as: Another shaped building material formed from sedimentary material described herein is a beam, which broadly refers to a horizontal load-bearing structure having large flexural and compressive strengths. Beams can be rectangular cross-shaped, C-channel, L-section edge beams, I-beams, square beams, H-beams, have an inverted T-design, etc. may have. Beams may also be horizontal load bearing units, including but not limited to beams, lintels, arches and consoles. 03767-P-0001 Another shaped structural material formed from sedimentary material described herein is a column, broadly referring to a vertical load-bearing structure that carries loads primarily by axial compression and includes structural members such as compression members. Other vertical compression members of the invention may include, but are not limited to, columns, piers, foundations or posts. Another formed building material created from sediment material described here is a concrete countertop. Concrete countertops are these building materials used in the construction of prefabricated foundations, floors and wall panels. In some examples, a concrete countertop may be used as the floor unit (e.g., hollow plank unit or double tee design). Another shaped structural material formed from sediment material described herein is an acoustic barrier, which refers to a structure used as a barrier for the attenuation or absorption of sound. In this regard, an acoustic barrier includes but is not limited to acoustic panels, reflective barriers, absorbent barriers, reactive barriers, etc. It may contain structures such as: Another shaped structural material formed from precipitate material described herein is an insulating material, which refers to a material used to reduce or inhibit heat conduction. Insulation may also include such materials that reduce or inhibit the radiant conduction of heat. In some embodiments, other shaped structural materials such as precast concrete products, including, but not limited to, bunker silo; cattle manger; cattle barrier; agricultural fence; H mangers; J feeders; livestock cheetahs; animal troughs; architectural panel walls; covering (brick); building flooring; infrastructure; floors, including floor slabs; walls; double wall pre-cast sandwich panel; aqueducts; mechanically stabilized grounding panels; box culverts; 3-sided grilles; bridge systems; RR crossing points; RR connections; sound walls/barriers; Jersey barriers; tunnel sections; reinforced concrete box; useful 03767-P-0001 protection structure; hand holes; void product; warning lamp base; meter box; panel case; pull box; telecom structure; transducer pad; converter case; ditch; service safe; electric pole; controlled environment safes; underground vault; mausoleum; tombstone; coffin; hazardous materials storage container; holding crates; catch ponds; entrance holes; ventilation system; distribution box; dosing tank; dry well; grease collector; leach pit; sand-oil/oil-water collector; septic tank; water/wastewater storage tank; mourning wells; fire water tanks; floating dock; underwater infrastructure; Floor covering; railing; sea walls; roof tiles; paving stones; community retaining wall; pic. retaining wall; modular block systems; and segmental retaining walls. Cementless compositions In some embodiments, the methods and systems disclosed herein include, but are not limited to, paper, polymer product, lubricant, adhesive, rubber product, chalk, asphalt product, paint, abrasive for paint removal, personal care product, cosmetic, cleaning product, personal hygiene. product, ingestible product, agricultural product, soil amendment product, pesticide, environmental amendment product, and combinations thereof, including cementitious compositions, other than those described herein. Such compositions are described herein in their entirety by reference. Artificial marine structures In some embodiments, the methods disclosed herein include creating artificial marine structures from the sediment material disclosed herein, including but not limited to artificial corals and reefs. In some embodiments, artificial structures can be used in aquariums or at sea. In some embodiments, these products are formed from precipitated material containing reactive vaterite, which hardens and solidifies into aragonite. Aragonitic cement provides a neutral or near-neutral pH that may be favorable for the preservation and growth of marine life 03767-P-0001. Aragonitic reefs can provide suitable habitat for marine species. The following examples are provided to those skilled in the art to provide a complete description and explanation of how to perform and use the invention and are not intended to limit the scope of what the inventors consider to be their inventions or to indicate that the following experiments are one or all of the experiments performed. Efforts have been made to ensure accuracy with respect to the numbers used (e.g., amounts, temperature, etc.), but some experimental errors and biases must be taken into account. EXAMPLES Formation and transformation of sedimentary material from lime NH4Cl is dissolved into water. Lime is added to the aqueous solution and stirred in a container with a steam outlet tube at 80°C. The steam leaves the container through the outlet tube and forms an aqueous solution containing ammonia, ammonium bicarbonate and ammonium carbonate in the first airtight and collapsible bag. It is condensed with CO2 at . The solid and liquid mixture remaining in the container is cooled to 20°C and vacuum filtered to remove insoluble impurities. The filtrate containing clear CaCl2 is transferred to a second airtight and collapsible bag. Both bags preheat the solutions to 35°C. It is immersed in a water bath heated to C. The precipitation reactor is an acrylic cylinder equipped with baffles, pH electrode, thermocouple, turbine wheel and inlet and outlet ports for liquid feeds and product slurry. During startup, the CaClz-containing solution in the second bag is heated to a constant flow rate into the reactor. While the agitator is stirring, the solution from the first bag is introduced through a separate pump. A computer automatic control loop controls the continuous inlet 03767-P-0001 flow of ammonium carbonate containing solution from the first bag, maintaining the pH between 7-9. A reactive vaterite slurry is formed. The resulting reactive vaterite slurry is continuously collected into a holding container. The aqueous mixture is filtered under vacuum. The reactive vaterite filter cake is oven dried at 100°C. The cake shows 100% vaterite with an average particle size of 5 microns. The clear filtrate containing regenerated NH4Cl is recycled in subsequent experiments. The dried reactive vaterite solid is mixed with water to a paste. After 1 day, solidifies. Cement-coated cubes are dried in an oven at 100°C. Destructive tests determine the compressive strength of the cubes to be 4600 psi (N31 MPa). Formation and transformation of sedimentary material from lime NH4Cl is dissolved in water. Lime is added to the aqueous solution and connected to outlets for steam and slurry. It is stirred under pressure in a dissolution chamber at 120°C. The aqueous mixture containing insoluble impurities exits the lower outlet and passes through a filter to remove solids. The filtrate containing clear CaC12 is cooled to 30°C and pumped into a precipitation reactor. The precipitation reactor is an acrylic cylinder equipped with baffles, gas atomizer, pH electrode, thermocouple, turbine wheel and inlet and outlet ports for liquid and gas feeds and product slurry. Vapor containing ammonia passes from the dissolution reactor to a sprayer located in the precipitation reactor. C02 is also passed to the precipitation reactor. A computer automatic control loop controls the continuous inlet flow of CaC12 containing solution, maintaining the pH between 7-9. The resulting reactive vaterite slurry is continuously collected into a holding container. The aqueous mixture is filtered under vacuum. The reactive vaterite filter cake is oven dried at 100°C. The cake shows 100% vaterite with an average 03767-P-0001 particle size of 5 microns. The clear filtrate containing regenerated NH4Cl is recycled in subsequent experiments. The dried reactive vaterite solid is dried using water. mixed into a paste. After 1 day, the XRD of the paste shows 99.9% aragonite (vaterite completely converted to aragonite). The pastes are poured into 2" It hardens and hardens for 7 days. Cement-coated cubes are dried in an oven at 100°C. Destructive testing determines the compressive strength of the cubes at 4600 psi (~31 MPa). Control of the formation of products in the cooling reactor: NH4Cl is dissolved in water. Lime is added to the aqueous solution and stirred at 80°C in a container with a steam outlet tube. The vapor containing ammonia leaves the container through the outlet tube and is placed in an aqueous solution containing ammonia, ammonium bicarbonate, ammonium carbonate and ammonium carbamate in a first airtight and collapsible bag. It is condensed with CO2 (and water vapor) at 20°C to form a solution. The formation of condensed products can be controlled by controlling the CO2 flux based on the pH of the aqueous solution. A simulation of this process shows the following: (i) varying the CO 2 flux until an outlet pH of 10.3 was achieved, resulting in a flux with a carbamate:carbonate:bicarbonate ratio of 45%:35%:20%; (ii) 9.7 A flow with a carbamate:carbonate:bicarbonate ratio of 35%:25%:40% was obtained by varying the CO2 flow until an outlet pH of 1 was obtained; and (iii) CO2 was obtained until an outlet pH of 8.7 was obtained. By changing the flow, a flow was obtained with a carbamate: carbonate: bicarbonate ratio of 20%: 10%: 70%. Therefore, since the pH of the system was reduced by regulating the C02 flow rate, the amount of bicarbonate was preferred over carbamate and the pH of the system was reduced by regulating the C02 flow rate. Since the amount of carbamate was increased, it was preferred over bicarbonate and carbonate. Control of the formation of products in the cooling reactor. NH4Cl was dissolved in water. Lime was added to the aqueous solution and mixed at 80°C in a container with a steam outlet tube. The arnonia-containing vapor leaves the vessel through the outlet pipe and is condensed with CO 2 (and water vapor) at 20°C to form an aqueous solution containing ammonia, ammonium bicarbonate, ammonium carbonate and ammonium carbamate in the first airtight collapsible bag. The formation of condensed products can be controlled by controlling the C02:NH3 ratio. Selected to have a mass ratio of 10:1, speciation was directed to more than 98% carbonate; (ii) CO2 flux was selected to be a mass ratio of lz1 CO2tNH3, speciation was directed to yield more than 15.67% carbamate; and (iii) CO2 flux was directed to yield more than 15.67% carbamate; and (iii) CO2 flux was directed to yield more than 15.67% carbamate. By choosing to be in the mass ratio C02:NH3, speciation is shown in 9. The data showed that the ratio COztNH3 directly affects the rate of products formed in the cooling reactor NH3:NH4+ 11.8 Although the above invention has been explained in some detail by way of explanation and example for the purpose of clarity of understanding It should be readily understood by those skilled in the art that, in light of the teachings of this invention, certain changes and modifications may be made herein without departing from the spirit or scope of the appended claims. Accordingly, the foregoing only describes the principles of the invention. Although not expressly described or illustrated herein, those of ordinary skill in the art will be aware of the principles that embody and It will be accepted that they can design various regulations that are included in its essence and scope. Furthermore, all examples and conditional language cited herein are intended primarily to assist the reader in understanding the principles of the invention and concepts used by inventors contributing to the advancement of the art and are to be construed without limitation with such examples and conditions specifically cited. Furthermore, all statements herein describing the principles, aspects, and embodiments of the invention as well as specific examples thereof are intended to include both their structural and functional equivalents. In addition, such equivalents are intended to include both currently known equivalents and future developed equivalents, that is, any element that performs the same function regardless of structure. Therefore, it is intended that the scope of the invention be limited to the exemplary embodiments shown and described herein. The following claims are intended to define the scope of the invention and to discuss the methods and structures within the scope of these claims and their equivalents within this scope.TR TR

Claims (1)

1.CLAIMS It is a method to produce calcium carbonate containing vaterite, and its feature is; calcining limestone to create a gaseous stream containing lime and carbon dioxide; dissolving lime in an aqueous N-containing inorganic salt solution under one or more dissolution conditions to produce a first aqueous solution containing calcium salt and a gaseous stream containing ammonia; recovering the gaseous stream containing carbon dioxide and the gaseous stream containing ammonia and subjecting the gaseous stream to a cooling process under one or more cooling conditions to condense a second aqueous solution containing ammonium bicarbonate, ammonium carbonate, ammonia, or combinations thereof; and treating a first aqueous solution containing calcium salt with a precipitate material containing calcium carbonate and a second aqueous solution containing ammonium bicarbonate, ammonium carbonate, ammonia, or combinations thereof under one or more precipitation conditions to form a supernatant solution, calcium carbonate, vaterite. It contains. It is a method according to claim 1 and its feature is; Calcination is carried out in a vented kiln, rotary kiln or electric oven. It is a method according to claim 1 or 2 and its feature is; The lime is inadequately baked lime, low-temperature kiln-dried lime, fully kiln-dried lime, or combinations of these. It is a method according to any of the previous claims and its feature is; The N-containing inorganic salt is selected from the group consisting of ammonium halide, ammonium sulfate, ammonium sulfite, ammonium nitrate, ammonium nitrite and combinations thereof. It is a method according to claim 4 and its feature is; ammonium halide is ammonium chloride. It is a method according to any of the previous claims and its feature is; The first aqueous solution also contains inorganic salt containing ammonia and/or N. It is a method according to any of the previous claims and its feature is; Inorganic salt containing N: lime molar ratio is approximately 0.5:1-2:1. It is a method according to any of the previous claims and its feature is; one or more dissolution conditions, temperature between about 30-2000C; pressure between about 0.1-10 atm; Salt containing approximately 0.5-50% N by weight in water; and is selected from the group consisting of combinations thereof. It is a method according to any of the previous claims and its feature is; An external source of carbon dioxide and/or ammonia is not used and the process is a closed loop process. It is a method according to any of the previous claims and its feature is; The gaseous stream containing ammonia also contains water vapor. . It is a method according to claim 10 and its feature is; The gaseous stream also contains approximately 20-90% water vapor. It is a method according to any of the previous claims and its feature is; No external water is added to the cooling process. It is a method according to any of the previous claims and its feature is; one or more cooling conditions, temperature between about 0-100°C; pressure between about 0.5-50 atm; aqueous solution pH between approximately 8-12; It includes combinations. It is a method according to any of the previous claims and its feature is; The second aqueous solution also contains ammonium carbamate. It is a method according to any of the previous claims and its feature is; The second aqueous solution is formed through the condensation of gases. It is a method according to any of the previous claims and its feature is; one or more precipitation conditions are selected from the group consisting of primary aqueous solution pH between 7 and 9, solution temperature between 20 and 60°C, residence time between 5 and 60 minutes, or combinations thereof. It is a method according to any of the previous claims and its feature is; The first is that the aqueous solution also contains solids. The method according to claim 17, further comprising the separation of solids from the first aqueous solution before the treatment step by means of filtration and/or centrifugation. It is a method according to claim 18 and its feature is; It is the addition of the separated solids to the sediment material as filler material. It is a method according to claim 18 or 19 and its feature is; The separated solids also contain residual ammonium halide if the N-containing inorganic salt is ammonium halide. A method according to claim 203, further comprising recovering residual ammonium halide from solids using a recovery process selected from the group consisting of rinsing, thermal decomposition, pH adjustment and combinations thereof. It is a method according to claim 17 and its feature is; The solids are not separated from the first aqueous solution and the first aqueous solution is subjected to a treatment step to produce precipitate material that also contains solids. It is a method according to any one of the claims 17-22 and its feature is; solids, silicates; It contains iron oxides, aluminum or combinations thereof. It is a method according to any one of the claims 17-23 and its feature is; Solids are between 1-40% by weight in the aqueous solution, sedimentary material, or combinations thereof. Method according to any of the preceding claims further comprising dewatering the precipitate material to separate the precipitate material from the supernatant solution. It is a method according to any of the previous claims and its feature is; The precipitate material and the supernatant solution contain inorganic salt containing residual N. It is a method according to claim 26 and its feature is; The inorganic salt containing residual N includes ammonium halide, ammonium sulfate, ammonium sulfide, ammonium hydrosulphide, ammonium thiosulfate, ammonium nitrate, ammonium nitrite or combinations thereof. According to claim 26 or 277, further comprising the removal and optional recovery of the inorganic salt containing residual N from the upper phase aqueous solution, the removal and optional recovery of the inorganic salt containing ammonia and/or N from the inorganic salt containing residual N and/or the residue It is a method that involves removing the N-containing inorganic salt from the sediment material and optionally recycling it. According to claim 28, it also recovers the inorganic salt containing residual N from the upper phase aqueous solution by using the recovery process selected from the group consisting of thermal decomposition, pH adjustment, reverse osmosis, multistage flash, multi-effect distillation, steam recompression, distillation and their combinations. The method includes . It is a method according to claim 289 and its feature is; It includes the step of removing the residual N-containing inorganic salt from the sediment material and optionally recycling it, optional recovery through the condensation of the N-containing inorganic salt, and heating the sediment material between approximately 300-3600C to evaporate the N-containing inorganic salt from the sediment material. It is a method according to claim 30 and its feature is; The N-containing inorganic salt is ammonium chloride that evaporates from the sediment material in a form containing ammonia gas, hydrogen chloride gas, chlorine gas, or combinations thereof. It is a method according to any of the claims 28-31, which also includes recycling the recovered residual ammonia and/or N-containing inorganic salt to the dissolution and/or treatment step of the process. It is a method according to any of the previous claims and its feature is; vaterite is either stable vaterite or reactive vaterite. It is a method according to claim 33, which also includes adding water to the precipitate material containing reactive vaterite and converting the vaterite into aragonite, and its feature is; It is a method according to Claim 343 to form cement or cementitious product from aragonite, and its feature is; The cementitious product is a shaped building material selected from wall elements, building panels, channels, pools, beams, columns, benches, acoustic barriers, insulation materials and combinations of these. According to claim 339, it is also a method that includes adding water to the sediment material containing reactive vaterite and converting the vaterite into aragonite, and its feature is; It is the solidification and hardening of aragonite to form a cementless product. It is a system for creating calcium carbonate containing a Vaterit formed by the method according to any of the previous claims, and its feature is; (i) a calcination reactor configured to calcinate limestone to form a gaseous stream containing lime and carbon dioxide; (ii) a dissolution reactor configured to dissolve lime in an aqueous N-containing inorganic salt solution under one or more dissolution conditions to produce a first aqueous solution containing calcium salt and a gaseous stream containing ammonia; A device configured to recover a gaseous stream containing carbon dioxide and a gaseous stream containing ammonia and subjecting the gaseous stream to a cooling process under one or more cooling conditions to condense a second aqueous solution containing ammonium bicarbonate, ammonium carbonate, ammonia, or combinations thereof. cooling reactor; A treatment configured to treat a first aqueous solution containing calcium salt with a precipitate material containing calcium carbonate and a second aqueous solution containing ammonium bicarbonate, ammonium carbonate, ammonia, or combinations thereof, under one or more precipitation conditions to form a supernatant solution. It contains reactor, calcium carbonate and yaterite. 39. It is a system according to claim 38 and its feature is; The dissolution reactor is integrated with the cooling reactor. TR TR