SK55997A3 - Small particle formation - Google Patents

Small particle formation Download PDF

Info

Publication number
SK55997A3
SK55997A3 SK559-97A SK55997A SK55997A3 SK 55997 A3 SK55997 A3 SK 55997A3 SK 55997 A SK55997 A SK 55997A SK 55997 A3 SK55997 A3 SK 55997A3
Authority
SK
Slovakia
Prior art keywords
polymer
solvent
organic mixture
mixture
solution
Prior art date
Application number
SK559-97A
Other languages
English (en)
Slovak (sk)
Inventor
Sylvan Frank
Jan-Erik Lofroth
Levon Bostanian
Original Assignee
Univ Ohio State Res Found
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Univ Ohio State Res Found filed Critical Univ Ohio State Res Found
Publication of SK55997A3 publication Critical patent/SK55997A3/sk

Links

Classifications

    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61KPREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/14Particulate form, e.g. powders, Processes for size reducing of pure drugs or the resulting products, Pure drug nanoparticles
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61KPREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/14Particulate form, e.g. powders, Processes for size reducing of pure drugs or the resulting products, Pure drug nanoparticles
    • A61K9/16Agglomerates; Granulates; Microbeadlets ; Microspheres; Pellets; Solid products obtained by spray drying, spray freeze drying, spray congealing,(multiple) emulsion solvent evaporation or extraction
    • A61K9/1605Excipients; Inactive ingredients
    • A61K9/1617Organic compounds, e.g. phospholipids, fats
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61KPREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/14Particulate form, e.g. powders, Processes for size reducing of pure drugs or the resulting products, Pure drug nanoparticles
    • A61K9/16Agglomerates; Granulates; Microbeadlets ; Microspheres; Pellets; Solid products obtained by spray drying, spray freeze drying, spray congealing,(multiple) emulsion solvent evaporation or extraction
    • A61K9/1605Excipients; Inactive ingredients
    • A61K9/1629Organic macromolecular compounds
    • A61K9/1635Organic macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. polyvinyl pyrrolidone, poly(meth)acrylates
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61KPREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/14Particulate form, e.g. powders, Processes for size reducing of pure drugs or the resulting products, Pure drug nanoparticles
    • A61K9/16Agglomerates; Granulates; Microbeadlets ; Microspheres; Pellets; Solid products obtained by spray drying, spray freeze drying, spray congealing,(multiple) emulsion solvent evaporation or extraction
    • A61K9/1682Processes
    • A61K9/1694Processes resulting in granules or microspheres of the matrix type containing more than 5% of excipient
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61KPREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/48Preparations in capsules, e.g. of gelatin, of chocolate
    • A61K9/50Microcapsules having a gas, liquid or semi-solid filling; Solid microparticles or pellets surrounded by a distinct coating layer, e.g. coated microspheres, coated drug crystals
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61PSPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P3/00Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
    • A61P3/06Antihyperlipidemics
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01JCHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J13/00Colloid chemistry, e.g. the production of colloidal materials or their solutions, not otherwise provided for; Making microcapsules or microballoons
    • B01J13/02Making microcapsules or microballoons
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01JCHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J13/00Colloid chemistry, e.g. the production of colloidal materials or their solutions, not otherwise provided for; Making microcapsules or microballoons
    • B01J13/02Making microcapsules or microballoons
    • B01J13/06Making microcapsules or microballoons by phase separation
    • B01J13/10Complex coacervation, i.e. interaction of oppositely charged particles

Landscapes

  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Bioinformatics & Cheminformatics (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Pharmacology & Pharmacy (AREA)
  • Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
  • Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
  • Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Public Health (AREA)
  • Epidemiology (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
  • Molecular Biology (AREA)
  • Biophysics (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Obesity (AREA)
  • Hematology (AREA)
  • Diabetes (AREA)
  • Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
  • Medicinal Preparation (AREA)
  • Pharmaceuticals Containing Other Organic And Inorganic Compounds (AREA)
  • Compounds Of Alkaline-Earth Elements, Aluminum Or Rare-Earth Metals (AREA)
  • Saccharide Compounds (AREA)
  • Heterocyclic Carbon Compounds Containing A Hetero Ring Having Oxygen Or Sulfur (AREA)
  • Manufacturing Of Micro-Capsules (AREA)
  • Confectionery (AREA)
  • Soft Magnetic Materials (AREA)
  • Surgical Instruments (AREA)
  • Steroid Compounds (AREA)
  • Heat Sensitive Colour Forming Recording (AREA)
SK559-97A 1994-11-09 1995-11-03 Small particle formation SK55997A3 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
SE9403846A SE9403846D0 (sv) 1994-11-09 1994-11-09 Small particle formation
PCT/SE1995/001302 WO1996014833A1 (en) 1994-11-09 1995-11-03 Small particle formation

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
SK55997A3 true SK55997A3 (en) 1998-01-14

Family

ID=20395907

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
SK559-97A SK55997A3 (en) 1994-11-09 1995-11-03 Small particle formation

Country Status (27)

Country Link
US (1) US5780062A (hu)
EP (1) EP0788350B1 (hu)
JP (1) JP4098827B2 (hu)
KR (1) KR970706799A (hu)
CN (1) CN1165478A (hu)
AT (1) ATE213625T1 (hu)
AU (1) AU700644B2 (hu)
BR (1) BR9509720A (hu)
CA (1) CA2203512A1 (hu)
CZ (1) CZ129597A3 (hu)
DE (1) DE69525639T2 (hu)
DK (1) DK0788350T3 (hu)
EE (1) EE9700214A (hu)
ES (1) ES2173204T3 (hu)
FI (1) FI118511B (hu)
HU (1) HUT77629A (hu)
IL (1) IL115878A0 (hu)
IS (1) IS4467A (hu)
NO (1) NO971986D0 (hu)
NZ (1) NZ295497A (hu)
PL (1) PL320425A1 (hu)
PT (1) PT788350E (hu)
SE (1) SE9403846D0 (hu)
SK (1) SK55997A3 (hu)
TR (1) TR199501400A2 (hu)
WO (1) WO1996014833A1 (hu)
ZA (1) ZA959386B (hu)

Families Citing this family (68)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
BE1009856A5 (fr) 1995-07-14 1997-10-07 Sandoz Sa Composition pharmaceutique sous la forme d'une dispersion solide comprenant un macrolide et un vehicule.
US6143211A (en) * 1995-07-21 2000-11-07 Brown University Foundation Process for preparing microparticles through phase inversion phenomena
US7029700B2 (en) * 2000-01-14 2006-04-18 Brown University Research Foundation Micronized freeze-dried particles
AU2001231000A1 (en) 2000-01-19 2001-07-31 Pharmaceutical Discovery Corporation Dry powder formulations of antihistamine for nasal administration
US20050048126A1 (en) 2000-12-22 2005-03-03 Barrett Rabinow Formulation to render an antimicrobial drug potent against organisms normally considered to be resistant to the drug
US20040022862A1 (en) * 2000-12-22 2004-02-05 Kipp James E. Method for preparing small particles
US6884436B2 (en) * 2000-12-22 2005-04-26 Baxter International Inc. Method for preparing submicron particle suspensions
US20040256749A1 (en) * 2000-12-22 2004-12-23 Mahesh Chaubal Process for production of essentially solvent-free small particles
US6951656B2 (en) * 2000-12-22 2005-10-04 Baxter International Inc. Microprecipitation method for preparing submicron suspensions
US9700866B2 (en) 2000-12-22 2017-07-11 Baxter International Inc. Surfactant systems for delivery of organic compounds
US6623761B2 (en) 2000-12-22 2003-09-23 Hassan Emadeldin M. Method of making nanoparticles of substantially water insoluble materials
US8067032B2 (en) 2000-12-22 2011-11-29 Baxter International Inc. Method for preparing submicron particles of antineoplastic agents
US6607784B2 (en) * 2000-12-22 2003-08-19 Baxter International Inc. Microprecipitation method for preparing submicron suspensions
US20030096013A1 (en) * 2000-12-22 2003-05-22 Jane Werling Preparation of submicron sized particles with polymorph control
CN100512798C (zh) * 2000-12-22 2009-07-15 巴克斯特国际公司 亚微米颗粒悬浮液制备方法
US6977085B2 (en) * 2000-12-22 2005-12-20 Baxter International Inc. Method for preparing submicron suspensions with polymorph control
US7193084B2 (en) * 2000-12-22 2007-03-20 Baxter International Inc. Polymorphic form of itraconazole
DE10117049A1 (de) * 2001-04-05 2002-10-17 Novartis Ag Zusammensetzung
EP1401399A2 (en) * 2001-06-22 2004-03-31 Pfizer Products Inc. Pharmaceutical compositions containing polymer and drug assemblies
IL160103A0 (en) * 2001-08-06 2004-06-20 Astrazeneca Ab Aqueous dispersion comprising stable nanoparticles of a water-insoluble active substance and an excipient like middle chain triglycerides (mct)
WO2003013683A1 (en) * 2001-08-08 2003-02-20 Brown University Research Foundation Methods for micronization of hydrophobic drugs
US20060003012A9 (en) 2001-09-26 2006-01-05 Sean Brynjelsen Preparation of submicron solid particle suspensions by sonication of multiphase systems
IL160570A0 (en) 2001-09-26 2004-07-25 Baxter Int Preparation of submicron sized nanoparticles via dispersion and solvent or liquid phase removal
US7112340B2 (en) * 2001-10-19 2006-09-26 Baxter International Inc. Compositions of and method for preparing stable particles in a frozen aqueous matrix
GB0216700D0 (en) * 2002-07-18 2002-08-28 Astrazeneca Ab Process
US20040028747A1 (en) * 2002-08-06 2004-02-12 Tucker Christopher J. Crystalline drug particles prepared using a controlled precipitation process
GB0230088D0 (en) * 2002-12-24 2003-01-29 Astrazeneca Ab Therapeutic agents
GB0230087D0 (en) * 2002-12-24 2003-01-29 Astrazeneca Ab Therapeutic agents
GB0302672D0 (en) * 2003-02-06 2003-03-12 Astrazeneca Ab Pharmaceutical formulations
GB0302673D0 (en) * 2003-02-06 2003-03-12 Astrazeneca Ab Pharmaceutical formulations
GB0302671D0 (en) * 2003-02-06 2003-03-12 Astrazeneca Ab Pharmaceutical formulations
US7511079B2 (en) * 2003-03-24 2009-03-31 Baxter International Inc. Methods and apparatuses for the comminution and stabilization of small particles
MXPA05012467A (es) * 2003-05-19 2006-02-22 Baxter Int Particulas solidas que comprenden un anticonvulsivo o un inmunosupresor revestido con uno o mas modificadores de superficie.
WO2004111033A1 (en) * 2003-06-18 2004-12-23 Astrazeneca Ab 2-substitued 5, 6-diaryl-pyrazine derivatives as cb1 modulator.
GB0314057D0 (en) * 2003-06-18 2003-07-23 Astrazeneca Ab Therapeutic agents
GB0314261D0 (en) * 2003-06-19 2003-07-23 Astrazeneca Ab Therapeutic agents
US8986736B2 (en) * 2003-06-24 2015-03-24 Baxter International Inc. Method for delivering particulate drugs to tissues
BRPI0414970A2 (pt) * 2003-06-24 2012-12-11 Baxter Int método para transporte de drogas ao cérebro
PT1663321E (pt) 2003-09-22 2012-11-15 Baxter Int Esterilização a alta pressão para esterilizar definitivamente preparações farmacêuticas e produtos médicos
JP2007507527A (ja) * 2003-09-30 2007-03-29 スフェリックス, インコーポレイテッド 生物学的に活性なナノ粒子治療用因子
DE10351087A1 (de) * 2003-10-31 2005-05-25 Bayer Technology Services Gmbh Feste Wirkstoff-Formulierung
EP1713443A2 (en) * 2004-01-29 2006-10-25 Baxter International Inc. Nanosuspensions of anti-retroviral agents for increased central nervous system delivery
US20050196416A1 (en) * 2004-02-05 2005-09-08 Kipp James E. Dispersions prepared by use of self-stabilizing agents
EP1763576A2 (en) * 2004-06-15 2007-03-21 Baxter International Inc. Ex-vivo application of solid microparticulate therapeutic agents
WO2006034147A2 (en) * 2004-09-16 2006-03-30 Abraxis Bioscience, Inc. Compositions and methods for the preparation and administration of poorly water soluble drugs
WO2008135855A2 (en) 2007-05-03 2008-11-13 Pfizer Products Inc. Nanoparticles comprising a cholesteryl ester transfer protein inhibitor and a nonionizable polymer
WO2008135828A2 (en) * 2007-05-03 2008-11-13 Pfizer Products Inc. Nanoparticles comprising a drug, ethylcellulose, and a bile salt
EP2152274A4 (en) * 2007-05-07 2010-07-21 Questor Pharmaceuticals Inc NASAL ADMINISTRATION OF BENZODIAZEPINES
US8530463B2 (en) * 2007-05-07 2013-09-10 Hale Biopharma Ventures Llc Multimodal particulate formulations
US8426467B2 (en) 2007-05-22 2013-04-23 Baxter International Inc. Colored esmolol concentrate
US8722736B2 (en) 2007-05-22 2014-05-13 Baxter International Inc. Multi-dose concentrate esmolol with benzyl alcohol
WO2008149192A2 (en) 2007-06-04 2008-12-11 Pfizer Products Inc. Nanoparticles comprising a non-ionizable cellulosic polymer and an amphiphilic non-ionizable block copolymer
US9545384B2 (en) 2007-06-04 2017-01-17 Bend Research, Inc. Nanoparticles comprising drug, a non-ionizable cellulosic polymer and tocopheryl polyethylene glocol succinate
US8101274B2 (en) * 2007-06-11 2012-01-24 Spedden Richard H Solid state membranes with surface-embedded glycosylated amphiphilic molecules and micelles formed therefrom
GB0714223D0 (en) * 2007-07-20 2007-08-29 Fujifilm Mfg Europe Bv Preparation of fine particles
US9724362B2 (en) 2007-12-06 2017-08-08 Bend Research, Inc. Pharmaceutical compositions comprising nanoparticles and a resuspending material
WO2009073216A1 (en) 2007-12-06 2009-06-11 Bend Research, Inc. Nanoparticles comprising a non-ionizable polymer and an amine-functionalized methacrylate copolymer
US9364443B2 (en) 2008-03-05 2016-06-14 Baxter International, Inc. Compositions and methods for drug delivery
ES2586032T3 (es) 2008-03-28 2016-10-11 Hale Biopharma Ventures, Llc Administración de composiciones de benzodiazepinas
CN101278921B (zh) * 2008-06-03 2010-06-09 海南百那医药发展有限公司 盐酸托烷司琼微囊及其注射剂生产方法
US20100151037A1 (en) * 2008-08-07 2010-06-17 Yivan Jiang Method for the preparation of nanoparticles containing a poorly water-soluble pharmaceutically active compound
KR20110042107A (ko) 2008-08-07 2011-04-22 바이오엑티브 써지컬, 아이엔씨. 의료 장치 및 이식물을 위한 줄기 세포 포획 및 고정화 코팅
US10952965B2 (en) * 2009-05-15 2021-03-23 Baxter International Inc. Compositions and methods for drug delivery
CN102784103A (zh) * 2011-05-16 2012-11-21 中国科学院上海药物研究所 一种通过混合胶束技术制备的普罗布考纳米混悬液及其制备方法
US20140199397A1 (en) * 2011-06-10 2014-07-17 Daniel Levin Benzoyl Peroxide Microparticle Process
EP3415139B8 (en) 2011-06-14 2022-05-18 Neurelis, Inc. Administration of benzodiazepine
WO2015071841A1 (en) 2013-11-12 2015-05-21 Druggability Technologies Holdings Limited Complexes of dabigatran and its derivatives, process for the preparation thereof and pharmaceutical compositions containing them
WO2016181406A1 (en) * 2015-05-08 2016-11-17 Davuluri Ramamohan Rao Improved process for the preparation of aripiprazole with reduced particle size

Family Cites Families (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE3013839A1 (de) * 1979-04-13 1980-10-30 Freunt Ind Co Ltd Verfahren zur herstellung einer aktivierten pharmazeutischen zusammensetzung
US4826689A (en) * 1984-05-21 1989-05-02 University Of Rochester Method for making uniformly sized particles from water-insoluble organic compounds
CA1282405C (en) * 1984-05-21 1991-04-02 Michael R. Violante Method for making uniformly sized particles from water-insoluble organic compounds
US4606940A (en) * 1984-12-21 1986-08-19 The Ohio State University Research Foundation Small particle formation and encapsulation
JPH0249720A (ja) * 1988-05-18 1990-02-20 Mitsubishi Kasei Corp 難溶性薬剤組成物
SE464743B (sv) * 1989-06-21 1991-06-10 Ytkemiska Inst Foerfarande foer framstaellning av laekemedelspartiklar
IT1243390B (it) * 1990-11-22 1994-06-10 Vectorpharma Int Composizioni farmaceutiche in forma di particelle atte al rilascio controllato di sostanze farmacologicamente attive e procedimento per la loro preparazione.

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
FI971947A0 (fi) 1997-05-07
KR970706799A (ko) 1997-12-01
DE69525639D1 (de) 2002-04-04
CZ129597A3 (en) 1997-12-17
HUT77629A (hu) 1998-06-29
ES2173204T3 (es) 2002-10-16
AU700644B2 (en) 1999-01-14
ZA959386B (en) 1996-05-09
EP0788350A1 (en) 1997-08-13
FI971947A (fi) 1997-05-07
JP4098827B2 (ja) 2008-06-11
EE9700214A (et) 1998-04-15
AU3885195A (en) 1996-06-06
CN1165478A (zh) 1997-11-19
JPH10508840A (ja) 1998-09-02
DE69525639T2 (de) 2002-08-29
NO971986L (no) 1997-04-29
US5780062A (en) 1998-07-14
NO971986D0 (no) 1997-04-29
CA2203512A1 (en) 1996-05-23
IL115878A0 (en) 1996-01-31
PT788350E (pt) 2002-07-31
DK0788350T3 (da) 2002-04-29
ATE213625T1 (de) 2002-03-15
FI118511B (fi) 2007-12-14
TR199501400A2 (tr) 1996-06-21
BR9509720A (pt) 1997-10-21
IS4467A (is) 1997-04-21
WO1996014833A1 (en) 1996-05-23
EP0788350B1 (en) 2002-02-27
NZ295497A (en) 1998-05-27
PL320425A1 (en) 1997-09-29
SE9403846D0 (sv) 1994-11-09

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
SK55997A3 (en) Small particle formation
RU2186562C2 (ru) Композиции, представляющие собой микрочастицы веществ, нерастворимых в воде, и способ их изготовления
US4997454A (en) Method for making uniformly-sized particles from insoluble compounds
US5569448A (en) Sulfated nonionic block copolymer surfactants as stabilizer coatings for nanoparticle compositions
EP0717989B1 (en) Process for coating droplets or nanometric particles
EP0544657A1 (en) Method for making uniformly-sized particles from insoluble compounds
JP2003525257A (ja) 脂質ナノカプセル、その製造方法、および医薬としての使用
JPH07165562A (ja) 表面を修飾された抗癌性ナノ粒子
NO303668B1 (no) Overflatemodifiserte legemiddel-nanopartikler, fremgangsmÕte for deres fremstilling samt dispersjon inneholdende slike partikler
EP1423096A1 (en) A process for preparing crystalline drug particles by means of precipitation
JPH0657005A (ja) ナノカプセルあるいはナノ粒子の分散コロイダル系の連続製造方法
JP2783881B2 (ja) 疎水性カプラーの沈降ディスパージョンの安定化
US20080299047A1 (en) Method for preparation of water-soluble and dispersed iron oxide nanoparticles and application thereof
CA2460649A1 (en) Novel calixarene based dispersible colloidal systems in the form of nanoparticles
PT808154E (pt) Formulacoes de compostos sob a forma de dispersoes em nanoparticulas em oleos ou acidos gordos digestiveis
US20200222404A1 (en) Nanohybrid drug carrier prepared by pickering emulsion template method with magadiite as emulsifier and preparation method therefor
WO2012047691A2 (en) Method of modifying dissolution rate of particles by addition of hydrophobic nanoparticles
CN107970224A (zh) 一种脂质修饰磁性氧化石墨烯复合材料的制备方法及应用
Kawamata et al. Fabrication and Surface-Modification of Silica/Gadolinium Compound/Silica Core-Shell Nanoparticles Discovered by Transmission Electron Microscopy
US9700509B2 (en) Solutions of lipophilic substances, especially medicinal solutions
EP1539110A1 (en) Crystalline drug particles prepared using a controlled precipitation process
Keckeis Multifunctional block copolymers as solubilizers for hydrophobic and mineral substances: Towards the dissolution of atherosclerotic plaques
Uda et al. Photochemically triggered transfer of bovine serum albumin by reverse micelle containing a Malachite Green leuconitrile derivative
Kawamata et al. Fabrication and Surface-Modification of Silica/Gadolinium Compound/Silica Core-Shell Nanoparticles
Hasan et al. Magnetically Controllable Emulsification and Demulsification of Novel Three-Component Castor Oil/Water/Ethanol Pickering Emulsions Stabilized by Magnetic Nanoparticles