SE543842C2 - A method of controlling the output voltage of a battery module comprising a plurality of switched battery cell units, and a battery module - Google Patents

A method of controlling the output voltage of a battery module comprising a plurality of switched battery cell units, and a battery module

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Publication number
SE543842C2
SE543842C2 SE1951438A SE1951438A SE543842C2 SE 543842 C2 SE543842 C2 SE 543842C2 SE 1951438 A SE1951438 A SE 1951438A SE 1951438 A SE1951438 A SE 1951438A SE 543842 C2 SE543842 C2 SE 543842C2
Authority
SE
Sweden
Prior art keywords
state
output
battery module
voltage
value
Prior art date
Application number
SE1951438A
Other languages
Swedish (sv)
Other versions
SE1951438A1 (en
Inventor
Henrik Svärd
Original Assignee
Scania Cv Ab
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Scania Cv Ab filed Critical Scania Cv Ab
Priority to SE1951438A priority Critical patent/SE543842C2/en
Priority to US17/781,654 priority patent/US12337720B2/en
Priority to EP20899475.6A priority patent/EP4073919A4/en
Priority to BR112022010044-2A priority patent/BR112022010044B1/en
Priority to CN202080083031.1A priority patent/CN114762238A/en
Priority to PCT/SE2020/051176 priority patent/WO2021118436A1/en
Publication of SE1951438A1 publication Critical patent/SE1951438A1/en
Publication of SE543842C2 publication Critical patent/SE543842C2/en

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L58/00—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles
    • B60L58/10—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries
    • B60L58/18—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries of two or more battery modules
    • B60L58/19—Switching between serial connection and parallel connection of battery modules
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
    • H02M1/0048—Circuits or arrangements for reducing losses
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L58/00—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles
    • B60L58/10—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries
    • B60L58/18—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries of two or more battery modules
    • B60L58/22—Balancing the charge of battery modules
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
    • G01R31/36—Arrangements for testing, measuring or monitoring the electrical condition of accumulators or electric batteries, e.g. capacity or state of charge [SoC]
    • G01R31/382—Arrangements for monitoring battery or accumulator variables, e.g. SoC
    • G01R31/3835—Arrangements for monitoring battery or accumulator variables, e.g. SoC involving only voltage measurements
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
    • H01M10/425—Structural combination with electronic components, e.g. electronic circuits integrated to the outside of the casing
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
    • H01M10/48—Accumulators combined with arrangements for measuring, testing or indicating the condition of cells, e.g. the level or density of the electrolyte
    • H01M10/482—Accumulators combined with arrangements for measuring, testing or indicating the condition of cells, e.g. the level or density of the electrolyte for several batteries or cells simultaneously or sequentially
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
    • H01M50/20—Mountings; Secondary casings or frames; Racks, modules or packs; Suspension devices; Shock absorbers; Transport or carrying devices; Holders
    • H01M50/204—Racks, modules or packs for multiple batteries or multiple cells
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
    • H01M50/20—Mountings; Secondary casings or frames; Racks, modules or packs; Suspension devices; Shock absorbers; Transport or carrying devices; Holders
    • H01M50/249—Mountings; Secondary casings or frames; Racks, modules or packs; Suspension devices; Shock absorbers; Transport or carrying devices; Holders specially adapted for aircraft or vehicles, e.g. cars or trains
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
    • H01M50/50—Current conducting connections for cells or batteries
    • H01M50/502—Interconnectors for connecting terminals of adjacent batteries; Interconnectors for connecting cells outside a battery casing
    • H01M50/509—Interconnectors for connecting terminals of adjacent batteries; Interconnectors for connecting cells outside a battery casing characterised by the type of connection, e.g. mixed connections
    • H01M50/51—Connection only in series
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
    • H01M50/50—Current conducting connections for cells or batteries
    • H01M50/502—Interconnectors for connecting terminals of adjacent batteries; Interconnectors for connecting cells outside a battery casing
    • H01M50/509—Interconnectors for connecting terminals of adjacent batteries; Interconnectors for connecting cells outside a battery casing characterised by the type of connection, e.g. mixed connections
    • H01M50/512—Connection only in parallel
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—ELECTRIC POWER NETWORKS; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or discharging batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/50—Circuit arrangements for charging or discharging batteries or for supplying loads from batteries acting upon multiple batteries simultaneously or sequentially
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—ELECTRIC POWER NETWORKS; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or discharging batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/50—Circuit arrangements for charging or discharging batteries or for supplying loads from batteries acting upon multiple batteries simultaneously or sequentially
    • H02J7/52—Circuit arrangements for charging or discharging batteries or for supplying loads from batteries acting upon multiple batteries simultaneously or sequentially for charge balancing, e.g. equalisation of charge between batteries
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—ELECTRIC POWER NETWORKS; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or discharging batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/50—Circuit arrangements for charging or discharging batteries or for supplying loads from batteries acting upon multiple batteries simultaneously or sequentially
    • H02J7/575—Parallel/serial switching of connection of batteries to charge or load circuit
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—ELECTRIC POWER NETWORKS; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or discharging batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/90—Regulation of charging or discharging current or voltage
    • H02J7/96—Regulation of charging or discharging current or voltage in response to battery voltage
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M7/00—Conversion of AC power input into DC power output; Conversion of DC power input into AC power output
    • H02M7/42—Conversion of DC power input into AC power output without possibility of reversal
    • H02M7/44—Conversion of DC power input into AC power output without possibility of reversal by static converters
    • H02M7/48—Conversion of DC power input into AC power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H02M7/483—Converters with outputs that each can have more than two voltages levels
    • H02M7/4835—Converters with outputs that each can have more than two voltages levels comprising two or more cells, each including a switchable capacitor, the capacitors having a nominal charge voltage which corresponds to a given fraction of the input voltage, and the capacitors being selectively connected in series to determine the instantaneous output voltage
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M7/00—Conversion of AC power input into DC power output; Conversion of DC power input into AC power output
    • H02M7/42—Conversion of DC power input into AC power output without possibility of reversal
    • H02M7/44—Conversion of DC power input into AC power output without possibility of reversal by static converters
    • H02M7/48—Conversion of DC power input into AC power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H02M7/483—Converters with outputs that each can have more than two voltages levels
    • H02M7/49—Combination of the output voltage waveforms of a plurality of converters
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2240/00—Control parameters of input or output; Target parameters
    • B60L2240/40—Drive Train control parameters
    • B60L2240/54—Drive Train control parameters related to batteries
    • B60L2240/547—Voltage
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M2220/00—Batteries for particular applications
    • H01M2220/20—Batteries in motive systems, e.g. vehicle, ship, plane
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—ELECTRIC POWER NETWORKS; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or discharging batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/50—Circuit arrangements for charging or discharging batteries or for supplying loads from batteries acting upon multiple batteries simultaneously or sequentially
    • H02J7/52—Circuit arrangements for charging or discharging batteries or for supplying loads from batteries acting upon multiple batteries simultaneously or sequentially for charge balancing, e.g. equalisation of charge between batteries
    • H02J7/56—Active balancing, e.g. using capacitor-based, inductor-based or DC-DC converters

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Sustainable Energy (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Transportation (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Aviation & Aerospace Engineering (AREA)
  • Secondary Cells (AREA)
  • Charge And Discharge Circuits For Batteries Or The Like (AREA)
  • Electric Propulsion And Braking For Vehicles (AREA)

Abstract

A battery module comprising a plurality of battery cell units (1), each one comprising: a battery cell (2) having a first pole (3) and a second pole (4), and a switch circuit (5), comprising a plurality of switches (8, 11, 12), and a switch controller (14) arranged to control the switches (8, 11, 12) of the switch circuit (5) to enter either of a first state, in which the battery cell (2) is connected in parallel with a neighboring battery cell, and a second state, in which the battery cell (2) is connected in series with a neighboring battery cell. The battery module is configured to control the switching between the first and second states on a probabilistic basis.

Description

A method of controlling the output voltage of a batterymodule comprisinq a pluralitv of switched batterv cell units,and a battery module TECHNICAL FIELD The present invention relates to a method of controlling the outputvoltage of a battery module, said module comprising: a plurality ofbattery cell unit, each one comprising: a battery cell having a firstpole and a second pole, and a switch circuit, comprising a pluralityof switches, and a switch controller arranged to control theswitches of the switch circuit to enter either of a first state and a second state.
The invention also relates to such a battery module. lf all theswitch circuits are in the first state, the battery cell units will beconnected in parallel, such that a minimum output voltage isobtained from the battery module, and if all switch circuits of thebattery module are in the second state, the battery cell units willbe connected in series, such that a maximum output voltage isobtained from the battery module. By controlling the switchcircuits, it is thus possible to control to output voltage of the batterymodule to levels between the minimum and maximum output vohage.BACKGROUND ln an electrical vehicle, energy is stored in a battery pack,consisting of one or more battery modules, each having a numberof battery cells. The cells typically have a low voltage, in the orderof a couple of Volts. The electric machines driving the vehicle typically need an alternating current, with a voltage in the order of hundreds of volts. The battery packs therefore contain hundredsof cells connected in series, to obtain the maximum voltageneeded by the engine. To convert this high constant voltage to analternating voltage of variable amplitude, a device called inverteris used. The inverter converts the constant voltage to an alternating, typically sinusoidal voltage, of variable amplitude.
There are inefficiencies involved in the conversion by the inverterof the constant high voltage to a variable voltage. Therefore, onemay propose a battery with internal switches, which connects anddisconnects individual cells, in order to achieve an alternatingvoltage at the terminals of the battery pack. The switches must becontrolled in some manner by a master controller, which decides what voltage is currently needed.
Since the number of cells in a battery pack is large, in the order ofhundreds, a very large number of switches need to be controlled,if each cell is to be switched on or off individually. The cells couldbe grouped together, with the groups switched on or off together,but this reduces the granularity of the possible output voltage ofthe battery. Also, to know which switch to switch on or off, themaster controller must possess detailed knowledge of the layout of the battery pack, i.e. which cell is adjacent to which switch, etc.
Another problem with the present technology is that the internalpower losses of the battery are not minimized. Using a largebattery pack of serially connected cells, the maximum outputvoltage is n*Ucell, where n is the number of cells, and Ucell is thevoltage of each cell. lf, for example, half of this maximum voltageis needed at some instance, the power lost due to internal resistance of the cells is (l)^2*Rcell*n/2, where I is the current drawn from the battery pack, and Rcell is the internal resistanceof a battery cell. However, if the battery pack had been arrangedinto two groups of equally many cells, the cells in each group wereserially connected, and the two groups were connected in parallel,losses due to internal resistance reduced to2*(l/2)^2*Rcell*n/2 = (l/2)^2*Rcell*n = 1/4*(l)^2*Rcell*n. Thus, the internal losses were halved, by configuring the battery pack Were optimally for this specific output voltage.
Another problem is battery pack balancing. lf the cells of a batterypack are connected in series, there is a need to introduce extracircuits to transfer electrical charge between the cells, in order to balance the state of charge throughout the pack.SUMMARY lt is an object of the present invention to propose a battery moduleand a method of controlling the output voltage of that batterymodule, which, with a minimal amount of communication,reconfigures the battery module to minimize the internal losses atevery instant. lt is also an object of the invention to present abattery module and a method for controlling the output voltagethereof that alleviate the need for balancing circuits, since the cellsat certain points in time are connected in parallel, thereby facilitating automatic balancing.
The objects of the invention are achieved by means of a methodof controlling the output voltage of a battery module. The batterymodule comprises a plurality of battery cell units, each one comprising: - a battery cell having a first pole and a second pole, and - a switch circuit, comprising - a first input connected to a first output via a first switch,- a second input connected to a second output via a secondswitch, and- a third switch, via which the second input is connected to thefirst output, wherein the first pole of the battery cell isconnected to the first input and the second pole is connectedto the second input.The battery module further comprises a switch controller arrangedto control the switches of the switch circuit to enter either of-a first state in which the first input is connected to the firstoutput, and the second input is connected to the secondoutput, and the second input is disconnected from the firstoutput, and- a second state in which the first input is disconnected from thefirst output, and the second input is disconnected from the secondoutput and connected to the first output.The method comprises the steps of:- measuring an output voltage V of the battery module at one ofthe first and second outputs,- generating a differential value by measuring a difference betweenthe measured output voltage V and a reference voltage Vref, saidreference voltage Vref being within a range from a nominalminimum output voltage Vmin of the battery module to a nominalmaximum output voltage Vmax of the battery module,- generating a probability value p on basis of the differential value,said probability value being proportional to an absolute value ofthe differential value, and being within an interval representing 0%to 100% probability,- generating a random number r, by means of a random number generator, within said interval, - comparing the probability value p with the random number r, and,a) if the switch circuit is in the first state and V-Vrefr, the state is changed to the second state, or, b) if the switch circuit is in the second state and V-Vref>Oand p>r, the state is changed to the first state, or,c) if p=O, and the switch circuit is in the first state or in the second state, the state is not changed. lf p=r or p The present invention proposes a layout of the battery module withswitches, and a control strategy, which, with a minimal amount ofcommunication, reconfigures the battery module to minimize theinternal losses at every instant. The invention also alleviates theneed for balancing circuits, since the cells at certain points in timeare connected in parallel, facilitating automatic balancing. Theproposed control strategy consists of a master controller,comprising the voltage regulator and the switch controller, whichat each instance possesses knowledge of the necessary outputvoltage from the battery, i.e. the reference voltage. The mastercontroller is able to broadcast a signal to all of the switches in thebattery module. Note that the same signal is sent to all switches, hence only a single communication channel is needed.
A characteristic of the invention is the probabilistic nature of thecontrol of the switch circuits. The switch controllers receive aprobability of changing their state, the probability value. Eachswitch controller, in combination with the random numbergenerator, has a way of internally "rolling a dice", to determine its action. This means that although each switch controller receives the same signal (probability value), the switches behave differently(depending on the number generated by the random numbergenerator), an objective that would be more complicated to achieve if using a completely deterministic switch logic.
The master controller measures the current output voltage, andcompares it to the desired value, the reference voltage. lf theoutput voltage is higher than the reference voltage, the voltageregulator outputs a differential value >O, and if it is lower than thereference voltage, the voltage regulator outputs a differential value< O. The specific choice of the value may be done in a number ofways, for example a standard proportional integral derivative(PID)-controller.
The switches located between the battery cells receive a controlsignal (change state or remain), and update their state at somefrequency, for example once every millisecond. All coordination isconducted through the control signal, which leads to the batterycells configuring themselves into parallel groups of serially coupled cells.
Compared to a deterministic solution, which presumes that eachbattery cell has a predetermined voltage, the present probabilisticapproach will automatically adapt the states of the switch circuits,and thus the output voltage to any unforeseen deviation in voltage(or charge) contribution of any of the battery cells. Since thecontrol scheme for the switches has a random element, theresulting parallel groups are not constant, but vary over time, allowing different cells to equalize their charge with each other.
Losses due to internal resistance are minimized, since the cellsare constantly reconfigured into the optimal number of parallelgroups.
The master controller needs no knowledge of the internalconfiguration of the battery module, it only measures outputvoltage and sends a control signal accordingly. Hence, the conceptis very modular, and it is possible for example to add or removebattery cells with corresponding switch units, with original functionality maintained.
Only a single one-way communications channel is required fromthe master controller to the switches of the respective switch circuits.
The probabilistic nature of the control system is essential. lf allswitch circuits reacted deterministically, then a certain controlsignal which made one switch circuit change its state, would alsochange the state of every other switch circuit, creating a too largestep in output voltage. By the randomness of the control scheme,it is possible to change the state of only one (or possibly a couple)switch circuits at a time, keeping the possible overvoltage to withinreasonable limits.
According to one embodiment, the probability value p isproportional to the difference between the measured outputvoltage V and the reference voltage Vref. The nominal minimumand maximum output voltages set the limits of the differentialvalue. The differential value is preferably multiplied with a factor that results in a suitable range for the probability value, for example such that the probability value may range from O to 100.The random number generator may then be configured to generateintegers from O to 100. The voltage of each battery cell and thenumber of battery cells may also be taken into consideration whendeciding which factor to use for the generation of the probability value on basis of the differential value.
According to one embodiment, -the nominal minimum voltage Vmin corresponds to a state inwhich all the battery cells of the battery module are connected inparallel with each other, and -the nominal maximum voltage Vmax, corresponds to a state inwhich all the battery cells of the battery module are connected inseries with each other.
The method thereby comprises the steps of - measuring a difference between the measured output voltage andthe one of the nominal minimum voltage and the nominal maximumvoltage that is closer to the reference voltage than to the measuredoutput voltage - generating a modifying value, which is proportional to saidmeasured difference, and - modifying the differential value on basis of the modifying value,wherein the probability value is generated on basis of said modified differential value.
Thereby, the probability value is modified in order to compensatefor the number of battery cells (switch circuits) being in a specificstate. lf all battery cells are connected in parallel (first state), andan increased output voltage is requested, i.e. the reference voltage is higher than the nominal minimum output voltage, a lot of switch circuits could potentially switch to the second state.However, if all switch circuits but one or a few more ones arealready in the second state, and an increased output voltage isrequested, only said one or more switch circuits can accomplishthis increase of the voltage output. Therefore, the probability forthose one or more switch circuits to change state should beincreased in order to have a quick response from the system andquickly reach the requested output voltage, i.e. the referencevoltage. The system would function without this compensation, butwould be slower the more close to the minimum and maximum nominal output voltage that the reference voltage is.
According to one embodiment, the modifying of the differentialvalue comprises the step of dividing the differential value with the modifying value.
According to one embodiment, the method comprises repeatingthe steps of the method with a predetermined frequency. Themethod is an iterative method of reaching a requested outputvoltage, i.e. the reference voltage. lt is a matter of choice to selecta suitable frequency. For example, the steps of the method may be repeated each microsecond.
The objects of the invention are also achieved by means of abattery module for a vehicle, the battery module comprising aplurality of battery cell units. Each battery cell unit comprises: - a battery cell having a first pole and a second pole, and - a switch circuit, comprising - a first input connected to a first output via a first switch, - a second input connected to a second output via a secondswitch, and-third switch, via which the second input is connected to thefirst output.The first pole of the battery cell is connected to the first input andthe second pole is connected to the second input.The battery module further comprises switch controller arrangedto control the switches of the switch circuit to enter either of-a first state in which the first input is connected to the firstoutput, and the second input is connected to the secondoutput, and the second input is disconnected from the firstoutput, and- a second state in which the first input is disconnected fromthe first output, and the second input is disconnected fromthe second output and connected to the first output,The switch controller comprises an input for receiving a probabilitysignal that indicates a probability for the switch circuit to enter thefirst state or the second state.The battery module further comprises- a voltage regulator configured to measure an output voltage atone of the first and second outputs, to compare the measuredoutput voltage with a reference voltage, the reference voltage Vrefbeing in a range from a nominal minimum output voltage Vmin ofthe battery module to a nominal maximum output voltage Vmax ofthe battery module, and the voltage regulator being configured togenerate a differential value on basis of the comparison, and togenerate a probability value on basis of the differential value, theprobability value being proportional to an absolute value of the differential value, and being within an interval representing from 11 0% to a value corresponding to 100% probability, and transmit theprobability value to the switch controller, and- a random number generator generating a random number r withinthe interval.The switch controller is configured to receive the random number,comparing the probability value with the random number, and,a) if the switch circuit is in the first state and V-Vrefr, to change the state to the second state, or,b) if the switch circuit is in the second state and V-Vref>Oand p>r, to change the state to the first state, or,c) if p=O, and the switch circuit is in the first state or in the second state, the state is not changed.
According to one embodiment, the probability value is proportionalto the difference between the measured output voltage and the reference voltage.
According to one embodiment, the method comprises that - the nominal minimum voltage Vmin corresponds to a state inwhich all the battery cells of the battery module are connected inparallel with each other, and that - the nominal maximum voltage Vmax, corresponds to a state inwhich all the battery cells of the battery module are connected inseries with each other, wherein the voltage regulator is configuredto - measure a difference between the measured output voltage andthe one of the nominal minimum voltage and the nominal maximumvoltage that is closer to the reference voltage than to the measured output voltage 12 - generate a modifying value, which is proportional to saidmeasured difference, and - modify the differential value on basis of the modifying value,wherein the probability value is generated on basis of said modified differential value.
According to one embodiment, the voltage regulator comprises-a first differential amplifier circuit configured to generate adifferential signal which is proportional to the difference betweenthe measured output voltage and the reference voltage, and- a modifying circuit which comprises -a second differential amplifier circuit.The second differential amplifier circuit is configured to measure a) the difference between a nominal maximum output voltageof the battery module and the measured output voltage for the casein which the reference voltage is higher than the measured outputvoltage and b) the difference between a nominal minimum output voltageof the battery module and the measured output voltage for the casein which the reference voltage is lower than the nominal minimumoutput, andconfigured to generate a modifying value which isproportional to the measured difference, and-a divider configured to generate said modified differential value by dividing said differential value with the modifying value.
According to one embodiment, the battery module comprises a pole shifting arrangement. 13 The invention also relates to a vehicle comprising a battery module according the invention.
According to one embodiment, energy for propulsion of the vehicleis electric energy stored in one or more batteries carried by thevehicle, the vehicle comprising at least one battery moduleaccording to the invention, and wherein an engine of the vehicle for the propulsion of the vehicle is an electric motor.
The invention also relates to a computer program comprising acomputer program code for causing a computer to implement amethod according to the invention when the computer program is executed in the computer.
The comprising a non-transitory data storage medium which can be invention also relates to a computer program productread by a computer and on which the program code of a computer program as disclosed hereinabove.
The invention also relates to an electronic control arrangement ofa motor vehicle comprising an execution means and a data storagemedium which is connected to the execution means and on whichthe computer program code of a computer program product according to the invention is stored.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING Fig. 1 is a schematic representation of a part of a battery module according to the invention, 14 Fig. 2 is a detailed representation of an embodiment of a voltage regulator according to the present invention, Fig. 3 is a representation of a battery module provided with a pole shifting arrangement, Fig. 4, is a schematic representation of a vehicle according to the invenüon, Fig. 5 is a flow scheme showing a first embodiment of the method of the present invention, and Fig. 6 is a flow scheme showing a second embodiment of the method of the present inventionDETAILED DESCRIPTON OF EMBODIMENTS Reference is made to fig. 1, in which a first embodiment of abattery module according to the present invention is shown. Onlya part of the module is shown, and it should be understood thatthe battery module may comprise a plurality of battery cell unitslike the one shown in fig. 1, connected to each other in accordancewith the teaching of the invention and as indicated in, for example,fig. 4.
The battery module comprises a plurality of battery cell units 1,each one comprising: a battery cell 2 having a first pole 3 and asecond pole 4, and a switch circuit 5. The switch circuit 5comprises a first input 6 connected to a first output 7 via a firstswitch 8, a second input 9 connected to a second output 10 via asecond switch 11, and a third switch 12, via which the second input 9 is connected to the first output 7. The first pole 3 of the battery cell 2 is connected to the first input 6 and the second pole 4 is connected to the second input 9.
The battery module also comprises a switch controller 14 arrangedto control the switches 8, 11, 12 of the switch circuit 5 to entereither of a first state in which the first input 6 is connected to thefirst output 7, and the second input 9 is connected to the secondoutput 10, and the second input 9 is disconnected from the firstoutput 7, and a second state in which the first input 6 isdisconnected from the first output 7, and the second input 9 isdisconnected from the second output 10 and connected to the first output 7.
The switch controller 14 comprises an input 15 for receiving aprobability signal p that indicates a probability for the switch circuit to enter the first state or the second state.
The battery module further comprises a voltage regulator 16configured to measure an output voltage V at one of the first andsecond outputs 7, 10, to compare the measured output voltage Vwith a reference voltage Vref. The reference voltage Vref is in arange from a nominal minimum output voltage Vmin of the batterymodule to a nominal maximum output voltage Vmax of the batterymodule. The voltage regulator 16 is configured to generate adifferential value d on basis of said comparison, and to generatea probability value p on basis of the differential value d. Theprobability value p is proportional to an absolute value of thedifferential value d, and is within an interval representing from O to a value corresponding to 100% probability. The voltage 16 regulator 16 is configured to transmit the probability value p to the switch controller 14.
The battery module further comprises a random number generator17 generating a random number r within said interval. The switchcontroller 14 is configured to receive the random number r, tocompare the probability value p with the random number r, and,a) if the switch circuit 5 is in the first state and V-Vrefr,to change the state to the second state, or, b) if the switch circuit 5 is in the second state and V-Vref>O andp>r, to change the state to the first state, or, c) if p=O, and the switch circuit 5 is in the first state or in the second state, not to change the state.
The probability value p is proportional to the difference between the measured output voltage V and the reference voltage Vref.
Reference is now made to fig. 2, which shows a further developedembodiment of the voltage regulator. The nominal minimumvoltage Vmin corresponds to a state in which all the battery cells2 of the battery module are connected in parallel with each other.The nominal maximum voltage Vmax, corresponds to a state inwhich all the battery cells of the battery module are connected inseries with each other. The voltage regulator 16 is configured tomeasure a difference between the measured output voltage V andthe one of the nominal minimum voltage Vmin and the nominalmaximum voltage Vmax that is closer to the reference voltage Vrefthan to the measured output voltage V. The voltage generator 16is also configured to generate a modifying value m, which isproportional to said measured difference. The voltage regulator is thereby configured to modify the differential value d on basis of 17 the modifying value m, wherein the probability value p is generated on basis of the thus modified differential value dmod.
The voltage regulator 16 comprises a first differential amplifiercircuit 18 configured to generate a differential value d which isproportional to the difference between the measured outputvoltage V and the reference voltage Vref, and a modifying circuit19. The modifying circuit comprises a second differential amplifiercircuit 20 which is configured to measure the difference betweena nominal maximum output voltage Vmax of the battery moduleand the measured output voltage for the case in which thereference voltage Vref is higher than the measured output voltage,and configured to generate a modifying value m which isproportional to the measured difference. This is the case shown infig. 2.
The modifying circuit 20 is also configured to measure thedifference between a nominal minimum output voltage of thebattery module and the measured output voltage for the case inwhich the reference voltage is lower than the measured outputvoltage V and configured to generate a modifying value m which is proportional to the measured difference.
The voltage regulator 16 further comprises a divider 21 configuredto generate said modified differential value dmod by dividing said differential value d with the modifying value m. ln fig. 2, reference number 32 indicates a component in which thedifferential value d is multiplied with a factor K, preferably chosen with regard to the nominal maximum output voltage Vmax and the 18 nominal minimum output voltage Vmin such that the differentialvalue will have a value in the range of -1 to 1. Reference number33 indicates a component in which the modified differential valuedmod beforehand with regard to the possible upper and lower limits of is multiplied with a factor k, for example chosen onthe resulting product between the differential value d and themodifying value m such that the absolute value of the modifieddifferential value dmod results in a probability value that is in asuitable range, for example the range from O to 100. The randomnumber generator may then suitable be configured to generate an integer with the range of O-100.
The voltage regulator 16 does not necessarily have to include themodifying circuit 20, but it should be understood that the inclusionof the modifying circuit results in a quicker response of the voltageregulator 16 as the reference voltage Vref and the output voltageV get closer to either of the nominal minimum voltage Vmin or the nominal maximum voltage Vmax.
Reference is made to fig. 3. The battery module may according tothis embodiment comprise a pole-shifting arrangement. ln theembodiment shown the pole-shifting arrangement comprises apole-shifting control module 22 and controllable switches 23, 24,25, 26, which are provided at opposite ends of the battery moduleand via which the battery module is connected to a load. By meansof the pole-shifting arrangement, the battery module can deliveran alternating current to an AC motor. lf no alternating current,AC, is required by the load connected to the battery module, the pole-shifting arrangement may be excluded. 19 Reference is made to fig. 4. The invention comprises a vehicle 27,which comprises a battery module 28 according to the presentinvention, as disclosed hereinabove. Energy for propulsion of thevehicle 27 is electric energy stored in one or more batteries 29carried by the vehicle 27 and comprising at least one batterymodule 28 according to embodiments of the present invention. Anengine 30 of the vehicle 27 for the propulsion of the vehicle 27 is an electric motor, typically an AC motor.
A method of controlling the output voltage of a battery module isaccording to one embodiment of the invention implemented bymeans of the battery module as disclosed hereinabove. Themethod, as shown in fig. 5, thus includes the steps:S1) measuring an output voltage V of the battery module at one ofthe first and second outputs 7, 10, generating a differential valued by measuring a difference between the measured output voltageV and a reference voltage Vref, said reference voltage Vref beingwithin a range from a nominal minimum output voltage Vmin of thebattery module to a nominal maximum output voltage Vmax of thebattery module,S2) generating a probability value p on basis of the differentialvalue d, said probability value being proportional to an absolutevalue of the differential value d, and being within an intervalrepresenting 0% to 100% probability,S3) generating a random number r, by means of a random numbergenerator 17, within said interval,S4) comparing the probability value p with the random number r,and, a) if the switch circuit 5 is in the first state and V-Vref<0, and p>r, the state is changed to the second state, or, b) if the switch circuit 5 is in the second state and V-Vref>Oand p>r, the state is changed to the first state, or,c) if p=O, and the switch circuit 5 is in the first state or in thesecond state, the state is not changed.Reference is made to fig. 6. lf the modifying circuit 20 isincorporated in the voltage regulator 16, step S2 of the methoddescribed above comprises the following steps:S2a) measuring a difference between the measured output voltageV and the one of the nominal minimum voltage Vmin and thenominal maximum voltage Vmax that is closer to the referencevoltage than to the measured output voltage,S2b) generating a modifying value m, which is proportional to saidmeasured difference, andS2c) modifying the differential value d on basis of the modifyingvalue m, wherein the probability value is generated on basis of said modified differential value dmod.
Above described method steps may according to embodiments ofthe invention be repeated with a predetermined frequency, forexample each microsecond, in order to achieve an output voltageV which is equal to or as close as possible to the requestedreference voltage Vref, which may change as a result of changingload. The voltage regulator, the switch controller and the randomnumber generator are thus configured to perform said steps at said frequency.
The invention also relates to a computer program comprising a computer program code for causing a computer to implement a 21 method according to the invention when the computer program is executed in the computer.
The comprising a non-transitory data storage medium which can be invention also relates to a computer program productread by a computer and on which the program code of a computer program as disclosed hereinabove.
The vehicle 27 shown in fig. 4 comprises an electronic controlarrangement 31 that comprises an execution means and a datastorage medium which is connected to the execution means andon which the computer program code of a computer programaccording to the invention is stored.

Claims (15)

1. A method of controlling the output voltage of a battery module, said module comprising: a plurality of battery cell units (1), each one comprising: - a battery cell (2) having a first pole (3) and a second pole (4), and - a switch circuit (5), comprising - a first input (6) connected to a first output (7) via a first switch(8), - a second input (9) connected to a second output (10) via asecond switch (11), and - a third switch (12), via which the second input (9) isconnected to the first output (7), wherein the first pole (3) ofthe battery cell (2) is connected to the first input (6) and the second pole (4) is connected to the second input (9), - a switch controller (14) arranged to control the switches (8, 11, 12) of the switch circuit (5) to enter either of -a first state in which the first input (6) is connected to thefirst output (7), and the second input (9) is connected to thesecond output (10), and the second input (9) is disconnectedfrom the first output (7), and - a second state in which the first input (6) is disconnectedfrom the first output (7), and the second input (9) isdisconnected from the second output (10) and connected tothe first output (7), said method comprising the steps of: - measuring an output voltage V of the battery module at one of the first and second outputs (7, 10), 23 - generating a differential value d by measuring a difference between the measured output voltage V and a reference voltage Vref, said reference voltage Vref being within a range from a nominal minimum output voltage Vmin of the battery module to a nominal maximum output voltage Vmax of the battery module, - generating a probability value p on basis of the differential value d, said probability value being proportional to an absolute value of the differential value d, and being within an interval representing 0% to 100% probability, - generating a random number r, by means of a random number generator (17), within said interval, - comparing the probability value p with the random number r, and,a) if the switch circuit (5) is in the first state and V-Vrefr, the state is changed to the second state, or, b) if the switch circuit (5) is in the second state and V-Vref>Oand p>r, the state is changed to the first state, or,c) if p=O, and the switch circuit (5) is in the first state or in the second state, the state is not changed.
2. A method according to claim 1, characterized in that theprobability value p is proportional to the difference between the measured output voltage V and the reference voltage Vref.
3. A method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that - the nominal minimum voltage Vmin corresponds to a state inwhich all the battery cells of the battery module are connected inparallel with each other, and that - the nominal maximum voltage Vmax, corresponds to a state in which all the battery cells of the battery module are connected in 24 series with each other, and that the method comprises the stepsof - measuring a difference between the measured output voltage andthe one of the nominal minimum voltage and the nominal maximumvoltage that is closer to the reference voltage than to the measuredoutput voltage - generating a modifying value m, which is proportional to saidmeasured difference, and - modifying the differential value d on basis of the modifying valuem, wherein the probability value is generated on basis of said modified differential value.
4. A method according to claim 3, characterized in that themodifying of the differential value d comprises the step of dividing the differential value d with the modifying value m.
5. A method according to any one of claims 1-4, characterized inthat it comprises repeating the steps of the method with a predetermined frequency.
6. A battery module for a vehicle, said battery module comprisinga plurality of battery cell units (1), each one comprising:- a battery cell (2) having a first pole (3) and a second pole (4),and- a switch circuit (5), comprising- a first input (6) connected to a first output (7) via a first switch(8),- a second input (9) connected to a second output (10) via a second switch (11), and - a third switch (12), via which the second input (9) isconnected to the first output (7),- wherein the first pole (3) of the battery cell (2) is connectedto the first input (6) and the second pole (4) is connected tothe second input (9),- a switch controller (14) arranged to control the switches (8, 11,12) of the switch circuit (5) to enter either of-a first state in which the first input (6) is connected to thefirst output (7), and the second input (9) is connected to thesecond output (10), and the second input (9) is disconnectedfrom the first output (7), and- a second state in which the first input (6) is disconnectedfrom the first output (7), and the second input (9) isdisconnected from the second output (10) and connected tothe first output (7),- wherein the switch controller (14) comprises an input (15)for receiving a probability signal that indicates a probabilityfor the switch circuit (5) to enter the first state or the secondstate,and the battery module further comprises- a voltage regulator (16) configured to measure an output voltageV at one of the first and second outputs (7, 10), to compare themeasured output voltage with a reference voltage Vref, saidreference voltage Vref being in a range from a nominal minimumoutput voltage Vmin of the battery module to a nominal maximumoutput voltage Vmax of the battery module, and said voltageregulator (16) being configured to generate a differential value don basis of said comparison, and to generate a probability value pon basis of the differential value d, said probability value being proportional to an absolute value of the differential value d, and 26 being within an interval representing from 0% to a valuecorresponding to 100% probability, and configured to transmit theprobability value p to the switch controller (14), and- a random number generator (17) configured to generate arandom number r within said interval,- wherein the switch controller (14) is configured to receive therandom number r, and to compare the probability value p with therandom number r, and,a) if the switch circuit (5) is in the first state and V-Vrefr, to change the state to the second state, or,b) if the switch circuit (5) is in the second state and V-Vref>Oand p>r, to change the state to the first state, or,c) if p=O, and the switch circuit (5) is in the first state or in the second state, the state is not changed.
7. A battery module according to claim 6, characterized in thatthe probability value p is proportional to the difference between the measured output voltage V and the reference voltage Vref.
8. A battery module according to claim 6 or 7, characterized inthat - the nominal minimum voltage Vmin corresponds to a state inwhich all the battery cells (2) of the battery module are connectedin parallel with each other, and that - the nominal maximum voltage Vmax, corresponds to a state inwhich all the battery cells of the battery module are connected inseries with each other, and that the voltage regulator (16) isconfigured to - measure a difference between the measured output voltage and the one of the nominal minimum voltage Vmin and the nominal 27 maximum voltage Vmax that is closer to the reference voltage Vrefthan to the measured output voltage V, - generate a modifying value m, which is proportional to saidmeasured difference, and - modify the differential value d on basis of the modifying value m,wherein the probability value p is generated on basis of said modified differential value dmod.
9. A battery module according to any of claims 6-8, characterizedin that the voltage regulator (16) comprises-a first differential amplifier circuit (18) configured to generate adifferential value d which is proportional to the difference betweenthe measured output voltage V and the reference voltage Vref, and- a modifying circuit (19) which comprises-a second differential amplifier circuit (20) which isconfigured to measure a) the difference between a nominal maximum output voltageof the battery module and the measured output voltage for the casein which the reference voltage is higher than the measured outputvoltage and b) the difference between a nominal minimum output voltageof the battery module and the measured output voltage for the casein which the reference voltage is lower than the measured outputvoHage,and configured to generate a modifying value m which isproportional to the measured difference, and-a divider (21) configured to generate said modified differentialvalue dmod by dividing said differential value d with the modifying value m. 28
10. A battery module according to any one of claims 6-9,characterized in that it comprises a pole shifting arrangement(22-26).
11. A vehicle (27), characterized in that it comprises a battery module (28) according to any one of claims 6-10.
12. A vehicle (27) according to claim 11, characterized in thatenergy for propulsion of the vehicle (27) is electric energy storedin one or more batteries (29) carried by the vehicle (27) andcomprising at least one battery module (28) according to any oneof claim 6-10, and that an engine (30) of the vehicle (27) for the propulsion of the vehicle (27) is an electric motor.
13. A computer program comprising a computer program code forcausing a computer to implement a method according to any oneof claims 1-5 when the computer program is executed in the computer.
14. A computer program product comprising a non-transitory datastorage medium which can be read by a computer and on whichthe program code of a computer program according to claim 13 is stored.
15. An electronic control arrangement (31) of a motor vehicle (27)comprising an execution means and a data storage medium whichis connected to the execution means and on which the computerprogram code of a computer program product according to claim 14 is stored.
SE1951438A 2019-12-12 2019-12-12 A method of controlling the output voltage of a battery module comprising a plurality of switched battery cell units, and a battery module SE543842C2 (en)

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SE1951438A SE543842C2 (en) 2019-12-12 2019-12-12 A method of controlling the output voltage of a battery module comprising a plurality of switched battery cell units, and a battery module
US17/781,654 US12337720B2 (en) 2019-12-12 2020-12-08 Controlling a battery module comprising a plurality of switched battery cell units
EP20899475.6A EP4073919A4 (en) 2019-12-12 2020-12-08 CONTROL OF A BATTERY MODULE COMPRISING A PLURALITY OF SWITCHED BATTERY CELL UNITS
BR112022010044-2A BR112022010044B1 (en) 2019-12-12 2020-12-08 CONTROL OF A BATTERY MODULE COMPRISING A PLURALITY OF SWITCHED BATTERY CELL UNITS
CN202080083031.1A CN114762238A (en) 2019-12-12 2020-12-08 Controlling a battery module comprising a plurality of switching cell units
PCT/SE2020/051176 WO2021118436A1 (en) 2019-12-12 2020-12-08 Controlling a battery module comprising a plurality of switched battery cell units

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