SE1551391A1 - Engineered wood products and methods of their manufacture - Google Patents
Engineered wood products and methods of their manufacture Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- SE1551391A1 SE1551391A1 SE1551391A SE1551391A SE1551391A1 SE 1551391 A1 SE1551391 A1 SE 1551391A1 SE 1551391 A SE1551391 A SE 1551391A SE 1551391 A SE1551391 A SE 1551391A SE 1551391 A1 SE1551391 A1 SE 1551391A1
- Authority
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- Sweden
- Prior art keywords
- wood
- lamellae
- major
- base surface
- laminated
- Prior art date
Links
- 239000002023 wood Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 256
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 51
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims description 23
- 241000446313 Lamella Species 0.000 claims abstract description 44
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 28
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 31
- 239000003292 glue Substances 0.000 claims description 29
- 230000002787 reinforcement Effects 0.000 claims description 18
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 claims description 17
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 claims description 13
- 238000004026 adhesive bonding Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 210000001145 finger joint Anatomy 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000005452 bending Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000010030 laminating Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 241001502208 Schumannella Species 0.000 claims 3
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 53
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 9
- 239000002861 polymer material Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000007769 metal material Substances 0.000 description 5
- 210000002105 tongue Anatomy 0.000 description 5
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000004814 polyurethane Substances 0.000 description 3
- 241000507564 Aplanes Species 0.000 description 2
- 229920001971 elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005187 foaming Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000003801 milling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011120 plywood Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920002635 polyurethane Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 2
- JOYRKODLDBILNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl urethane Chemical compound CCOC(N)=O JOYRKODLDBILNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011093 chipboard Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000295 complement effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001808 coupling effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000013013 elastic material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002708 enhancing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001125 extrusion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002657 fibrous material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009408 flooring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003780 insertion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000037431 insertion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000013067 intermediate product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005304 joining Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010985 leather Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000005445 natural material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003014 reinforcing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002356 single layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008961 swelling Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920002725 thermoplastic elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B27—WORKING OR PRESERVING WOOD OR SIMILAR MATERIAL; NAILING OR STAPLING MACHINES IN GENERAL
- B27B—SAWS FOR WOOD OR SIMILAR MATERIAL; COMPONENTS OR ACCESSORIES THEREFOR
- B27B1/00—Methods for subdividing trunks or logs essentially involving sawing
- B27B1/005—Methods for subdividing trunks or logs essentially involving sawing including the step of dividing the log into sector-shaped segments
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B27—WORKING OR PRESERVING WOOD OR SIMILAR MATERIAL; NAILING OR STAPLING MACHINES IN GENERAL
- B27F—DOVETAILED WORK; TENONS; SLOTTING MACHINES FOR WOOD OR SIMILAR MATERIAL; NAILING OR STAPLING MACHINES
- B27F1/00—Dovetailed work; Tenons; Making tongues or grooves; Groove- and- tongue jointed work; Finger- joints
- B27F1/16—Making finger joints, i.e. joints having tapers in the opposite direction to those of dovetail joints
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B27—WORKING OR PRESERVING WOOD OR SIMILAR MATERIAL; NAILING OR STAPLING MACHINES IN GENERAL
- B27G—ACCESSORY MACHINES OR APPARATUS FOR WORKING WOOD OR SIMILAR MATERIALS; TOOLS FOR WORKING WOOD OR SIMILAR MATERIALS; SAFETY DEVICES FOR WOOD WORKING MACHINES OR TOOLS
- B27G11/00—Applying adhesives or glue to surfaces of wood to be joined
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B27—WORKING OR PRESERVING WOOD OR SIMILAR MATERIAL; NAILING OR STAPLING MACHINES IN GENERAL
- B27M—WORKING OF WOOD NOT PROVIDED FOR IN SUBCLASSES B27B - B27L; MANUFACTURE OF SPECIFIC WOODEN ARTICLES
- B27M3/00—Manufacture or reconditioning of specific semi-finished or finished articles
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B27—WORKING OR PRESERVING WOOD OR SIMILAR MATERIAL; NAILING OR STAPLING MACHINES IN GENERAL
- B27M—WORKING OF WOOD NOT PROVIDED FOR IN SUBCLASSES B27B - B27L; MANUFACTURE OF SPECIFIC WOODEN ARTICLES
- B27M3/00—Manufacture or reconditioning of specific semi-finished or finished articles
- B27M3/0013—Manufacture or reconditioning of specific semi-finished or finished articles of composite or compound articles
- B27M3/0026—Manufacture or reconditioning of specific semi-finished or finished articles of composite or compound articles characterised by oblong elements connected laterally
- B27M3/0053—Manufacture or reconditioning of specific semi-finished or finished articles of composite or compound articles characterised by oblong elements connected laterally using glue
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B27—WORKING OR PRESERVING WOOD OR SIMILAR MATERIAL; NAILING OR STAPLING MACHINES IN GENERAL
- B27M—WORKING OF WOOD NOT PROVIDED FOR IN SUBCLASSES B27B - B27L; MANUFACTURE OF SPECIFIC WOODEN ARTICLES
- B27M3/00—Manufacture or reconditioning of specific semi-finished or finished articles
- B27M3/0013—Manufacture or reconditioning of specific semi-finished or finished articles of composite or compound articles
- B27M3/006—Manufacture or reconditioning of specific semi-finished or finished articles of composite or compound articles characterised by oblong elements connected both laterally and at their ends
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B27—WORKING OR PRESERVING WOOD OR SIMILAR MATERIAL; NAILING OR STAPLING MACHINES IN GENERAL
- B27M—WORKING OF WOOD NOT PROVIDED FOR IN SUBCLASSES B27B - B27L; MANUFACTURE OF SPECIFIC WOODEN ARTICLES
- B27M3/00—Manufacture or reconditioning of specific semi-finished or finished articles
- B27M3/0013—Manufacture or reconditioning of specific semi-finished or finished articles of composite or compound articles
- B27M3/0086—Manufacture or reconditioning of specific semi-finished or finished articles of composite or compound articles characterised by connecting using glue
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
- E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
- E04B1/02—Structures consisting primarily of load-supporting, block-shaped, or slab-shaped elements
- E04B1/10—Structures consisting primarily of load-supporting, block-shaped, or slab-shaped elements the elements consisting of wood
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
- E04C2/00—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels
- E04C2/02—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by specified materials
- E04C2/10—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by specified materials of wood, fibres, chips, vegetable stems, or the like; of plastics; of foamed products
- E04C2/12—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by specified materials of wood, fibres, chips, vegetable stems, or the like; of plastics; of foamed products of solid wood
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
- E04C2/00—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels
- E04C2/30—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by the shape or structure
- E04C2/34—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by the shape or structure composed of two or more spaced sheet-like parts
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
- E04C2/00—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels
- E04C2/44—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by the purpose
- E04C2/50—Self-supporting slabs specially adapted for making floors ceilings, or roofs, e.g. able to be loaded
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
- E04C3/00—Structural elongated elements designed for load-supporting
- E04C3/02—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces
- E04C3/12—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of wood, e.g. with reinforcements, with tensioning members
- E04C3/122—Laminated
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
- E04C3/00—Structural elongated elements designed for load-supporting
- E04C3/02—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces
- E04C3/12—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of wood, e.g. with reinforcements, with tensioning members
- E04C3/14—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of wood, e.g. with reinforcements, with tensioning members with substantially solid, i.e. unapertured, web
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
- E04C3/00—Structural elongated elements designed for load-supporting
- E04C3/02—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces
- E04C3/29—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces built-up from parts of different material, i.e. composite structures
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
- E04C3/00—Structural elongated elements designed for load-supporting
- E04C3/02—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces
- E04C3/29—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces built-up from parts of different material, i.e. composite structures
- E04C3/292—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces built-up from parts of different material, i.e. composite structures the materials being wood and metal
Abstract
The present disclosure provides a laminated wood product (260, 260', 261', 271, 271', 280) for use as a construction element. Such a product comprises a plurality of adjacent wood lamellae (20a, 20b), each having a longitudinal direction which is substantially parallel with a principal fiber direction of the respective wood lamella, and a generally trapezoidal cross section providing a major base surface (bs1), a minor base surface (bs2) and a pair of opposing side surfaces (ss1, ss2). The lamellae are glued together side surface (ss1) to side surface (ss2), such that major base surfaces (bs1) of immediately adjacent lamellae face opposite directions. The major base surfaces (bs1) define respective major surfaces of the wood product. A thickness of the wood product, as seen in a direction perpendicular to the major surfaces, is about 6-30 cm, preferably 8-26 cm.Elected for publication: Fig. 4c
Description
ENGINEERED WOOD PRODUCTS AND METHODS OF THEIRMANUFACTURE Technical Field The present disclosure relates to wood-based constructioncomponents and methods of their manufacturing. ln particular, the disclosurerelates to construction components which make better use of the raw materialand/or which provide enhanced strength properties as compared toconventional construction components.
The disclosure relates to laminated elements for making ceilings and/orfloors.
The disclosure also relates to engineered load bearing components,such as joists, beams and light weight panels.
The disclosure also relates to so called rib slab elements for use asfloor elements.
The disclosure also relates to laminated boards, in particular single-plyboards and multi-ply boards.
The disclosure also relates to components for making elongateconstruction elements intended for receiving a load in a longitudinal direction, such as pillars or columns.
BackgroundEngineered wood products, i.e. products which are made up of a plurality of wood pieces that are glued together, are known as such.Examples of engineered wood products include floor and ceilingelements, glulam beams and joists, rib slabs and plywood boards.Such engineered wood products are typically provided by a processwherein a wood log is sawn according to a cross sectional pattern of mutuallyorthogonal cuts, after which the thus provided planks are dried, formatted (planed), graded and then glued together. 2 One disadvantage of such engineered wood products is the waste ofmaterial provided by the mismatch between log's natural generally circularcross section and the orthogonal cut-based sawing pattern traditionally used.
Another disadvantage of such engineered products is that theorthogonal cut-based sawing pattern results in wood pieces having differentstrength and/or warp properties.
There is a general need for engineered wood products which makebetter use of the raw material, such that less waste of material is providedand wood products having better strength and warp properties can beprovided.
Summarylt is a general object of the present disclosure to provide engineered wood products, which make better use of the raw material and which havebetter strength than comparative (in terms of weight and volume) existingengineered wood products.
The invention is defined by the appended independent claims.Embodiments are set forth in the appended dependent claims, in the followingdescription and in the attached drawings.
According to a first aspect of a first concept, there is provided alaminated wood product for use as a construction element, comprising aplurality of adjacent wood lamellae, each having a longitudinal direction whichis substantially parallel with a principal fiber direction of the respective woodlamella, and a generally trapezoidal cross section providing a major basesurface, a minor base surface and a pair of opposing side surfaces. Thelamellae are glued together side surface to side surface, such that major basesurfaces (bs1) of immediately adjacent lamellae face opposite directions. Themajor base surfaces (bs1) define respective major surfaces of the woodproduct. A thickness of the wood product, as seen in a direction perpendicularto the major surfaces, is about 6-30 cm, preferably 8-26 cm.
A laminated wood product as described above can be used as a wall,roof, floor or ceiling element, making optimum use of the portions of the wood 3 having the highest strength while at the same time minimizing waste ofmaterial.
The lamellae may present year rings, wherein year rings at the majorbase surface have a greater bending radius than year rings at the minor basesurface.
An edge portion of the wood product may present means formechanically connecting the wood product in at least one direction to anotheridentical wood product.
The edge portion may be the long side edge portion (parallel with thelongitudinal direction of the wood lamellae) and/or the short side edge portion,which may be perpendicular to the long side edge portion.
The connecting means may comprise at least one of a tongue and/or agroove extending substantially parallel with the base surfaces for providing amechanical connection in a direction perpendicular to the base surfaces, andlocking member extending substantially perpendicular to the base surfacesfor providing a mechanical connection in a direction parallel with the basesurfaces and perpendicular to the longitudinal direction.
Hence, mechanical locking may be provided for preventing adjacentlaminated wood products from separating in an out-of-plane direction(typically vertically, when used as floor or ceiling element) and/or in an in-plane direction (typically horizontally).
Major and minor base surfaces, which may be provided by a pair ofimmediately adjacent lamellae, and which face the same direction, may besituated in a common plane.
Such a laminated wood product may present smooth, planar principalsurfaces.
At least some major and minor base surfaces, which are provided by apair of immediately adjacent lamellae, and which face the same direction,may be situated in spaced apart planes.
Such laminated wood products may present an enhanced ratio ofheight and/or stiffness to weight.
The base surfaces may taper along said longitudinal direction. 4 Such lamellae provide optimal use of the raw material.
Alternatively, the base surfaces may present a substantially constantwidth along the longitudinal direction.
Such lamellae may be easier to produce, especially from a populationof logs with varying diameter.
The wood lamellae may be glued together by means of a glue that issuitable for wet gluing.
Wet gluing, e.g. using a urethane or polyurethane based glue, hasproven to be an effective way of gluing together wood that has not beensubjected to drying. While the drying process often causes some warping,which means that formatting of the dried wood pieces may be necessary priorto gluing, wet gluing will reduce the waste of material by making use of theformat achieved in the sawing of the log when producing the billet.
According to a second aspect,,there may be provided an elongatelaminated wood product, comprising at least two laminated wood products asdescribed above, which are joined together in an end-to-end manner,preferably by means of a fingerjoint.
The elongate laminated wood product may comprise at least two pairsof laminated wood products, which are joined together in an end-to-endmanner by a respective joint, wherein said joints may be offset from eachother in the longitudinal direction, preferably by 10-50 % of a length of thelaminated wood products.
According to a third aspect, there is provided a method of making alaminated wood product for use as a ceiling or floor element having majorsurfaces and a thickness as seen in a direction perpendicular to the majorsurfaces, of about 6-30 cm, preferably 8-26 cm. The method comprisesproviding a plurality of wood lamellae, each having a longitudinal directionwhich is substantially parallel with a principal fiber direction of the respectivewood lamella, and a generally trapezoidal cross section providing a majorbase surface, a minor base surface and a pair of opposing side surfaces,applying glue to the side surfaces, arranging the wood lamellae side surfaceto side surface (ss2), such that major base surfaces of immediately adjacent 5 Iamellae face opposite directions and the base surfaces define the respectivemajor surfaces of the wood product, pressing the side surfaces towards eachother for a sufficient time to bond the wood lamellae to each other to form abillet, and cutting the thus formed billet along a plane parallel with theIongitudinal direction and perpendicular to the major surfaces to form a plank.
The method may further comprise subjecting the wood Iamellae to adrying step prior to the application of glue.
The method may further comprise subjecting the billet to a drying stepsubsequent to the bonding.
The method may further comprise forming locking means along at leastone long side edge of the plank.
According to a fourth aspect, there is provided use of a laminated woodproduct as described above as a wall, roof, floor or ceiling element.
Such a wall, roof, floor or ceiling element may be a load bearingelement.
According to a first aspect of a second concept, there is provided abeam, which is at least partially formed of wood-based material and whichpresents a Iongitudinal direction and a principal transverse load direction,perpendicular to the Iongitudinal direction.
A flange portion of the beam comprises a wood lamella, having aIongitudinal direction which is substantially parallel with a principal fiberdirection of the wood lamella, and a generally trapezoidal cross sectionproviding a major base surface, a minor base surface and a pair of opposingside surfaces. As seen in the transverse load direction, the wood lamella isarranged such that its major base surface is closer to an outermost part of thebeam than the minor base surface.
The "principal transverse load direction" may be defined as a directionin which the beam is intended to receive its main load. That is, a directionwhich is perpendicular to a Iongitudinal direction of the beam and typicallyalso perpendicular to an upper surface of the beam. ln the case when thebeam has an elongate cross section, the principal load direction will typicallybe parallel with a major side of this cross section. For a beam that is 6 positioned horizontally, the principal transverse load direction will be a verticaldirection.
The terms "flange" and "web" are used herein in their ordinary sensesin the field of load-bearing beams.
Such a beam will make optimum use of the natural strength of thewood, while reducing waste of material.
The beam may comprise a pair of wood lamellae, which form part of arespective flange and major base surfaces of which face opposite directions.
Hence, the beam may be designed to achieve maximum strength inboth bending directions.
The wood lamellae may be connected to each other minor basesurface to minor base surface.
Such a beam can be made from only two lamellae or extendedlamellae and be formed to make maximum use of the strength of the wood inboth bending directions.
The wood lamellae may be spaced apart by a generally planar webmember, a major plane of which being parallel with the transverse loaddirection.
Such a beam will provide a greater moment of inertia and can bedesigned to readily replace existing engineered wood beams.
The web member may be joined to the flange portion by means ofglued joint, preferably a glued fingerjoint.
The flange portion may be formed by a set comprising at least twowood lamellae, which are glued together side surface to side surface, suchthat major base surfaces of immediately adjacent lamellae face oppositedirections.
Hence, the flange portion can be provided with any width while stillmaking optimum use of the raw material and minimizing material waste.
The flange portion may be formed by at least two sets of woodlamellae, which sets are glued together base surface to base surface.
Hence, a flange portion providing very high bending stiffness may beprovided. 7 The flange portion may be formed by a single wood lamella.
Such a beam may be compactly designed.
The beam may further comprise at least one elongate reinforcementelement, which extends at an angle less than 45° to the principal transverseload direction.
The reinforcement element may extend through at least one of theflange portions.
According to a second aspect, there is provided a building element,comprising at least two beams as described above, which are identicallyoriented and spaced apart in a direction perpendicular to the longitudinaldirection and to the transversal load direction, and a pair of face panels,arranged on opposite sides of the beams as seen in the transversal loaddirection, such that the beams are sandwiched by the face panels.
Such a building element can be used as a floor element, a ceilingelement or for any other load bearing surface.
At least one of the face panels may be formed by at least two elongatemembers, longitudinal directions of which extend non-parallel to thelongitudinal directions of the beams, preferably approximately perpendicularto the longitudinal directions of the beams.
According to a third aspect, there is provided a method of making abeam, which is at least partially formed of wood-based material and whichpresents a longitudinal direction and a principal transverse load direction,perpendicular to the longitudinal direction, the method comprising providing atleast two wood lamellae, each having a longitudinal direction which issubstantially parallel with a principal fiber direction of the respective woodlamella, and a generally trapezoidal cross section providing a major basesurface, a minor base surface and a pair of opposing side surfaces, forming aflange portion of the beam by arranging said wood lamellae such that theirminor base surfaces face each other, and directly or indirectly connecting thewood lamellae to each other.
The method may further comprise connecting the minor base surfacesdirectly to each other. 8 The method may further comprise providing a web member andconnecting the web member to the wood lamellae, such that a major surfaceof the web member extends in parallel with the transversal load direction.
The method may further comprise providing a set comprising at leasttwo wood lamellae, which are glued together side surface to side surface,such that major base surfaces of immediately adjacent lamellae of the setface opposite directions, and forming the flange portion from the set.
The method may further comprise gluing together at least two sets ofwood lamellae base surface to base surface.
According to a first aspect of a third concept, there is provided a ribslab, comprising at least one panel presenting a first face, coinciding with amain face of the rib slab, a plurality of elongate beams, which extend inparallel with, and spaced from, each other, and which are bonded to a secondface of the panel. The beams are formed by wood lamellae, each having alongitudinal direction which is substantially parallel with a principal fiberdirection of the respective wood lamella, and a generally trapezoidal crosssection providing a major base surface, a minor base surface and a pair ofopposing side surfaces.
Such a rib slab can be produced with less waste of raw material andhigher strength to weight ratio than existing wood based rib slabs.
The rib slab may further comprise a second panel, which is bonded tothe beams, such that the beams are sandwiched between the panels.
The rib slab may further comprise a second plurality of elongatebeams, which extend in parallel with, and spaced from, each other, and whichare bonded to a second face of the second panel, and a third panel, which isbonded to the second plurality of beams, such that the second plurality ofbeams are sandwiched between the second and third panels. ln the rib slab, major base surfaces of adjacent beams may faceopposite directions.
Alternatively, major base surfaces of adjacent beams may face the same direction. 9 The wood lamellae may be spaced apart by a distance correspondingto 10-300 % of a major base surface width, preferably 50-200 % or 50-100 %. ln particular wood lamellae which are closely spaced apart, say 10-100% or 10-50 % of the width, may be used to provide noise attenuatingproperties.
According to a second aspect, there is provided a rib slab systemcomprising a pair of rib slabs described above, wherein at least two of thewood lamellae of each rib slab is bonded to its associated panel by its minorbase surface, such that the wood lamellae provide a respective undercutedge, and wherein one of the rib slabs is suspended from the other one of therib slabs by engagement of the undercut edges.
Such a rib slab may be used to attenuate impact sounds and reducevertical propagation of such sounds. ln the rib slab system, the rib slabs may be connected mechanically toeach other.
For example, the connection between the two rib slabs could be purelymechanical, that is without glue, which would allow the slabs to move slightlyrelative each other, with some hysteresis being provided in the joint area. ln the rib slab system a sound attenuating device may be arrangedbetween surfaces forming said engagement.
Such a sound attenuating device may further reduce transfer of soundin the direction perpendicular to the rib slab system.
According to a third aspect, there is provided a method of making a ribslab, comprising providing at least one panel presenting a first face,coinciding with a main face of the rib slab, and bonding a plurality of elongatebeams to a second face of the panel, such that they extend in parallel with,and spaced from, each other. The beams may be formed by wood lamellae,each having a longitudinal direction which is substantially parallel with aprincipal fiber direction of the respective wood lamella, and a generallytrapezoidal cross section providing a major base surface, a minor basesurface and a pair of opposing side surfaces.
According to a first aspect of a fourth concept, there is provided alaminated wood board, presenting a principal plane, the board comprising aplurality of elongate wood lamellae, which are glued together alonglongitudinal planes, wherein at least some pairs of wood lamellae are gluedtogether along a plane, which provides an angle of less than 30° to theprincipal plane, preferably less than 23° or less than 18°.
Such laminated wood boards provide great potential in that they makeoptimum use of the wood raw material, as mentioned above, but also in thatthey may be provided with relatively isotropic properties. That is, year ringscan be a more even orientation over the entire surface of the board.
At least some pairs of wood lamellae may be glued together along aplane, which is substantially perpendicular to the principal plane.
The board may present a thickness in a direction perpendicular to theprincipal plane, a length in a longitudinal direction and a width in a directionperpendicular to the longitudinal direction. The thickness may be less than1/10 of the width, preferably less than 1/20, less than 1/30, 1/40, 1/50 or 1/70of the width.
Year rings exposed at a face which is perpendicular to the principalplane and to a principal fiber direction of the wood, may present a tangent,which at no portion of the face presents an angle smaller than 60° to theprincipal plane, preferably smaller than 40°, smaller than 40° or smaller than20°.
Preferably, this will apply to substantially all year rings, such as at least90 % of the year rings, preferably at least 95 % of the year rings or at least 99% of the year rings.
According to a second aspect, there is provided a multi-layer laminatedwood product, comprising at least two laminated wood products as describedabove, wherein the laminated wood products are laminated principal plane toprincipal plane.
Such a laminated wood product may achieve very good strength properties. 11 The laminated wood products may be arranged with their respectiveIongitudinal directions in a non-parallel manner, preferably substantiallyperpendicular to each other.
The multi-layer laminated wood product may comprise at least threelaminated wood products, which are arranged with alternating longitudinaldirections. ln the multi-layer product, at least 90 %, preferably at least 95 % ofyear rings visible at a cross section of the product, perpendicular to thelongitudinal direction of the lamellae, may present an angle to the principalplane, which is greater than 70°, preferably greater than 75°, greater than 77°or greater than 80°.
However, the angle will always be less than 90° The multilayer laminated wood product may further comprise a layerwhich is formed of a plurality of adjacent wood lamellae, each having aIongitudinal direction which is substantially parallel with a principal fiberdirection of the respective wood lamella, and a generally trapezoidal crosssection providing a major base surface, a minor base surface and a pair ofopposing side surfaces, wherein the lamellae are glued together side surfaceto side surface, such that major base surfaces of immediately adjacentlamellae face opposite directions.
Such a laminated wood product can be given very high strength in alldirections.
According to a third aspect, there is provided a method of making alaminated wood product, comprising providing a billet formed of a plurality ofadjacent wood lamellae, each having a Iongitudinal direction which issubstantially parallel with a principal fiber direction of the respective woodlamella, and a generally trapezoidal cross section providing a major basesurface, a minor base surface and a pair of opposing side surfaces, whereinthe lamellae are glued together side surface to side surface, such that majorbase surfaces of immediately adjacent lamellae face opposite directions,wherein the base surfaces define principal planes of the billet, cutting the billet along cutting planes which are substantially perpendicular to the 12 principal plane of the billet and parallel with the Iongitudinal direction of thewood lamellae, such that planks are formed having major planes which aredefined by the cutting planes, applying glue to Iongitudinal edges of theplanks, pressing the planks together along a direction which is parallel withthe major plane of the planks for a sufficient time to bond the wood lamellaeto each other to form the laminated wood product.
According to a fourth aspect, there is provided a method of making amulti-layered laminated wood product, the method comprising laminatingtogether at least two laminated wood products produced according to themethod set forth above.
The laminated wood products may be arranged with fiber directionsbeing non-parallel, preferably orthogonal.
The method may further comprise providing a second billet formed of aplurality of adjacent wood lamellae, each having a Iongitudinal direction whichis substantially parallel with a principal fiber direction of the respective woodlamella, and a generally trapezoidal cross section providing a major basesurface, a minor base surface and a pair of opposing side surfaces, whereinthe lamellae are glued together side surface to side surface, such that majorbase surfaces of immediately adjacent lamellae face opposite directions,wherein the base surfaces define principal planes of the second billet,laminating the laminated wood product to the second billet with its principalplane parallel to the principal plane of the second billet.
According to a first aspect of a fifth concept, there is provided alaminated wood product for use as a pillar or pylon, comprising a plurality ofwood lamellae, each having a Iongitudinal direction which is substantiallyparallel with a principal fiber direction of the respective wood lamella, and agenerally trapezoidal cross section providing a major base surface, a minorbase surface and a pair of opposing side surfaces, wherein the lamellae areglued together side surface to side surface, wherein the wood productcomprises at least one first pair of adjacent wood lamellae, which are gluedtogether side surface to side surface such that their major base surfaces face 13 directions which form an angle of less than 90° to each other, less than 60° orless than 30°.
Such a wood product can be used to provide an elongate constructionelement which is adapted for receiving a load in a longitudinal direction. Such|oads may be compressive and/or tensile.
The laminated wood product may comprise 3-15 wood lamellae whichare glued together side surface to side surface such that major base surfaceof any adjacent pair of said wood lamellae face directions which form anangle of less than 90° to each other, less than 60° or less than 30°.
The laminated wood may comprise at least one second pair ofadjacent wood lamellae, which are glued together side surface to side surfacesuch that their major base surfaces face opposite directions.
The laminated wood product may present a generally facetted convexface, exposing more major base surfaces than minor base surfaces and agenerally facetted concave face, exposing more minor base surfaces thanmajor base surfaces. ln any of the methods disclosed above, a wood billet may be formedaccording to the following method, comprising: providing a half log havingsemi cylindrical cross section, cutting the half log along at least one radialcutting plane to form a wood lamella, planing pith and bark side portions ofthe wood lamella such that the wood lamella is formed into a generallytrapezoidal cross section providing a major base surface, a minor basesurface and a pair of opposing side surfaces, applying glue to the sidesurfaces, arranging the wood lamellae side surface to side surface, andpressing the sides surfaces towards each other for a sufficient time to bondthe wood lamellae to each other to form a the laminated product. ln this method, the wood lamellae may be arranged such that majorbase surfaces of immediately adjacent lamellae face opposite directions andthe base surfaces define the respective major surfaces of the wood product.
The method may further comprise cutting the thus formed billet along aplane parallel with the longitudinal direction and perpendicular to the majorsurfaces. 14 The method may further comprise subjecting the wood lamellae to adrying step prior to the application of glue.
The term "drying" is understood as deliberately subjecting the object toa controlled environment for a time sufficient for the object to attain a moisturelevel of below 30 % by dry mass, preferably below than 25 %.
The method may further comprise subjecting the bi||et to a drying stepsubsequent to the bonding. ln the method, the bark side portion may be used as a referencesurface for planing the pith side portion, such that the base surfaces thusprovided taper along a longitudinal direction of the lamellae.
Alternatively, in the method, the pith side portion may be used as areference surface for planing the bark side portion, such that the base surfaces thus provided are substantially rectangular.
Brief Description of the Drawinqs Figs 1a-1h schematically illustrate a method of making an intermediateproduct in the form of a bi||et.
Fig 2a is a schematic side view of a system for producing woodlamellae Fig. 2b is a schematic sectional view taken along line A-A of Fig. 2a.
Figs 3a-3b schematically illustrate a bi||et formed according to analternative method.
Figs 4a-4f schematically illustrate a method of making a constructionelement which is useful for making ceilings and/or floors.
Figs 5a-5d schematically illustrate an alternative method of making aconstruction element, which is useful for making ceilings and/or floors.
Figs 6a-6i schematically illustrate a method of making load bearingconstruction elements.
Figs 7a-7f schematically illustrate a method of making panels.
Figs 8a-8e schematically illustrates a method of making a single plyboard.
Figs 9a-9b schematically illustrates a method of making a multi-plyboard.
Figs 10a-10h schematically illustrates methods of making a pillar or anarcuate structure.
Detailed DescriptionThe description will initially be directed to a new method of making a wood billet. This wood billet forms the starting material for making thelaminated wood product which will be described with reference to thesubsequent drawings.
The machine concept is merely one example of a way of producingsuch lamellae, and is not intended to limit the scope of protection.
Fig. 1a schematically illustrates a log 2, which has been cutlongitudinally into two halves 2'. The log 2 may have been debarked prior tothis cutting. The cutting may be performed by any type of cutting device, suchas, but not limited to, a saw, e.g. a circular saw or a band saw.
Fig. 1b schematically illustrates a log half 2' after it has been providedwith a longitudinally extending groove 23 along its pith and cut longitudinallyinto six radial sections 2"a, 2"b, as will be further described with reference toFigs 2a-2b.Fig. 1c schematically illustrates processing of one of the radialsections 2"a, 2"b into a lamella 20a, 20b. The lamella 20a, 20b is subjected toforming of base surfaces bs1, bs2, to form a lamella 20a, 20b, which willpresent a trapezoidal cross section.
The base surfaces bs1, bs2 thus formed comprise a major basesurface bs1, which is formed by tool 31 closest to the bark of the log andalong the bark side. The base surfaces further comprise a minor base surfacebs2, which is formed close to the pith and parallel with the major base surfacebs1 by tool 32.
The tools 31, 32 may be any type of tool capable of forming a planarsurface, including but not limited to milling cutters, circular saw blades orband saw blades. 16 The first tool 31, which forms the major base surface bs1, is arrangedto use the bark side as reference, such that the major base side bs1 is formedalong a direction parallel with the bark side.
The second tool 32, which forms the minor base surface bs2, isarranged to use the major base surface and/or the bark side as a reference,such that the minor base surface bs2 is formed along a direction parallel withthe major surface and/or the bark side.
The cross section of the lamellae 20a, 20b is trapezoidal having aconstant height. With the major base surface bs1 being formed substantiallyparallel with the bark, and with the log presenting a frusto-conical shape, it isrecognized that the major base surface bs1 will taper along the centraldirection of the log C. That is, the log will taper in a direction towards the topof the tree from which it was formed. This direction is also parallel with theprincipal fiber direction of the log and of the wood lamellae.
Moreover, the minor base surface bs2 will also taper along the centraldirection C of the log.
The fact that the radius of the log would also diminish towards the topof the tree from which it was formed, implies that while the amount of materialremoved at the bark side, by tool 31, in the forming of the major base sidesbs1 will be substantially constant along the length of the lamella 20a, 20b, asseen in the radial direction.
However, the amount of material removed at the pith side, by tool 32,will diminish towards as seen in the direction towards the top of the tree fromwhich the lamella 20a, 20b was formed.
Referring to Fig. 1d, after the lamellae 20a, 20b have been formed,each lamella will have a major and a minor base surface bs1, bs2 and a pairof side surfaces ss1, ss2, which will be identical.
Referring to Fig. 1e, every second lamella 20b will now be turned orflipped about 180° about its longitudinal axis and about 180° about an axisperpendicular to the longitudinal axis and perpendicular to the major basesurface bs1, such that the lamellae will become positioned as illustrated in 17 Fig. 1e. That is, the directions of taper Ca and Cb will extend in oppositedirections.
At this point, the base surfaces of every pair of adjacent wood Iamellae20a, 20b will taper towards substantially opposite directions. Moreover, majorbase surfaces bs1 of every pair of adjacent wood |ame||ae will facesubstantially opposite directions, i.e. one upwards in Fig. 1e and the otherone downwards in Fig. 1e.
At this point, the wood may still be "wet", that is, its moisture contentmay be more than 25 % by dry mass, preferably more than 30 %. Hence, thewood has not been subjected to any accelerated or intentiona| drying, such askiln drying. When wet gluing, it is recommended to reduce the amount of freewater on the wood surface to a minimum. Hence, a brief surface drying step,basically having no effect except for on the very surface, may be performed,e.g. by means of a fan. Fig. 1f schematically i||ustrates the two |ame||ae 20a,20b when arranged adjacent each other, side surface ss1 to side surface ss2and with base surfaces bs1, bs2 of the pair of thus adjacent Iamellae 20a,20b tapering in opposite directions.
Referring to Fig. 1g, there is i||ustrated a pair of glue applicators 33a,33b, which apply glue to side surfaces of lamellae 20a, 20b, respectively. Asingle, or even more, glue applicators may be used.
The |ame||ae are then arranged as i||ustrated in Fig. 1g, i.e. with thebase surfaces bs1, bs2 of every pair of adjacent wood Iamellae 20a, 20btapering towards substantially opposite directions and major base surfacesbs1 of every pair of adjacent wood Iamellae facing substantially oppositedirections.
The glue used is a glue adapted for wet gluing wood, such as a wateractivated glue. One example of such glue is a polyurethane (PU) based glue.
The Iamellae 20a, 20b will be subjected to a pressing tool 34 pressingthe |ame||ae 20a, 20b together in directions perpendicular to the basesurfaces 20a, 20b and/or parallel with base surfaces 20a, 20b andperpendicular to the longitudinal axes C. 18 Depending on the design of the pressing equipment, the billet 200 thatis formed may be of a predetermined length or it may be continuous in adirection perpendicular to the |ame||ae fiber direction and parallel with thebase surfaces bs1, bs2, that is, |ame||ae are added to one end of the billetand fed into the press while at the output side of the press, pieces of the billet200 are sawn off at predetermined intervals.
As i||ustrated in Fig. 1h, after the gluing process, an intermediate woodproduct, here referred to as a "bi||et" 200 is provided, made up of wood|ame||ae 20a, 20b glued together first side surface ss1 to first side surface ss1and second side surface ss2 to second side surface ss2. ln the i||ustrated example, the billet 200 consists of a single layer of|ame||ae 20a, 20b, which are arranged side surface to side surface and withmajor base surfaces bs1 of immediately adjacent |ame||ae facing oppositedirections and with base surfaces bs1, bs2 of immediately adjacent |ame||aetapering in width in opposite directions. lt is noted that an alternative billet may be produced from logs whichare sawn according to Figs 1a-1 b and wherein the |ame||ae are formed withthe pith side as a reference. Such |ame||ae may have constant cross section,such that base surfaces will be rectangular rather than tapering in width.
Fig. 2a is a schematic side view of a device 300 for producing wood|ame||ae 20a, 20b from a half-log 2". The device comprises a groove cutter311 and a set 312 of radial cutters 321a, 321b, 321c, 321d and 321e.Moreover, the device 300 may comprise a conveyor arrangement 300a, 300b,300c for causing relative movement between the log and the cutters 311, 312.Typically, the log may be moved relative to stationary cutters 311, 312.However, it is also possible to provide cutters 311, 312, which are capable ofmoving along the length of the half-log 2".
The half log 2' has typically been longitudinally cut in half prior to beingintroduced into the device 300. That is, the log has been cut longitudinallyalong a plane containing a central axis C of the log. The log may have beenpre-cut into an appropriate length, such as 1-10 m, preferably 1-5 m, 1-3 m or1-2 m. Moreover, the log may have been wholly or partially debarked. Hence, 19 the log can be said to present a planar surface 22 and a convex surface 21.For practical reasons, the log may be conveyed with its planar surface facingdownwardly and oriented horizontally.
Fig. 2b is a cross sectiona| view taken along line A-A in Fig. 2a. ln Fig.2b, it is illustrated how the groove cutter 311 provides a longitudinal groove atthe central portion of the log, i.e. at the pith area.
The groove cutter 311 may be formed as a circular, rotatable cutterhaving a cutting edge with a cross section that corresponds to a desired crosssection of the groove 23.
The groove 23 formed by the groove cutter 311 may presents asubstantially concave surface, which may be substantially half circular, orwhich may be polygonal.
The groove cutter 311 may extend upwardly from a support on whichthe log is to be supported with its planar surface 22 facing downwardly.
Figs 3a-3b illustrate an alternative way of forming a billet.
Referring to Figs 3a-3b, it is noted that lamellae 25a, 25b may also beformed using the pith side as a reference, in which case a constant crosssection may be achieved and the base surfaces will be substantiallyrectangular, without taper.
The lamellae may be glued together when in the wet state, asdescribed above, or in a dry state, potentially subsequent to a formingoperation, such as planing.
As illustrated in Fig. 3a, such lamellae may be individuallyjoined byjoints J1, which may be fingerjoints or the like, so as to provide extendedlamellae 26a, 26b, which each is made up of a plurality of lamellae 25a; 25b.
As illustrated in Fig. 3b, such lamellae 25a, 25b or extended lamellae26a, 26b may be used to form a billet 260, which is similar to the billet 200previously discussed.
This billet 260 may be provided with reinforcements R1, which mayextend perpendicular to the longitudinal direction of the lamellae and inparallel with the principal surface.
Such reinforcements R1 may be provided by a rod made of wood orpolymer material, that is, preferably a material which can be sawn withoutcausing damage to the sawing equipment. The reinforcement may be bondedto the structure by glue. lt is also possible to make the reinforcement from ametallic material.
Such reinforcements may be useful and optional for any type of billetdescribed herein.
Referring to Figs 4a-5d, the description will now focus on aconstruction element and a method of its fabrication. Such constructionelements may be used as a floor or ceiling element, or as a wall or roofelement. Yet another use may be as a noise reduction wall.
Fig. 4a schematically illustrates a billet 200, which may be the result ofthe process described with reference to Figs 1a-1 h.
Such a billet, when formed to a suitable thickness, may be used as aceiling or floor element. Typical thicknesses for such floor or ceiling elementsmay be on the order of 50-300 mm. Particular thicknesses may be 80, 100,120, 140, 160, 180, 200, 220, 240 or 260 mm, with a tolerance of +/- 5 %,preferably +/- 2 %, +/- 1 % or +/- 0.5 %.
The billet may have a width which may be on the order of 50-150 cm.For example, the billet may be produced to provide a standard width, such as62 cm or 62.5 cm. the billet may also be produced with a width forming amultiple (X2, X3, X4, etc) of such a standard width. Preferably, the width maybe on the order of 50-100 cm, e.g. 60-80 cm.
The billet may be produced to any length. Typical lengths for elementsof the present type may be up to 15 m. Lengths may vary from 2-15 m,preferably 3-15 m, 3-10 m, 5-15 m or 5-10 m.Referring to Fig. 4b, in order toprovide a construction element 260, such as a floor or ceiling element, havinga desired length, billets 261 may be joined by means of any type ofjoint J2,such as a fingerjoint, in a per se known manner. Many different types offinger joints are known. The fingers of the joint may extend in any direction,including parallel with the principal plane of the billet or orthogonal to theprincipal plane of the billet.Referring to Fig. 4c, the billet 261' or construction 21 elements 260' may be provided with mechanical locking devices J3a, J3b forproviding mechanical interconnection between identical floor or ceilingelements.
As illustrated, such mechanical Iocking devices J3a, J3b may providemechanical connection in a direction perpendicular to the principal plane ofthe floor or ceiling element.
Moreover, such mechanical locking devices may give room for suchshrinkage and/or swelling as occurs as a consequence of variations inhumidity and temperature.
The locking devices prevent the formation of gaps (or at least visiblegaps) between elements, thus enhancing appearance and preventing draft orspreading of fire. ln the particular example, the Iocking devices J3a, J3b comprise atongue and groove joint (the function of which is known per se), which hereincludes a pair of tongues and a matching pair of grooves. lt is recognizedthat other types of locking devices for providing mechanical interconnectionperpendicular to and/or parallel with the principal plane can be provided.Inspiration for such locking devices may be found in the field of mechanicallyinterconnectable floor panels. ln the particular example, the mechanical Iocking devices J3a, J3bextend along long side edges of the floor or ceiling element, i.e. substantiallyparallel with a principal fiber direction of the wood lamellae making up thebillet(s). lt is conceivable to also provide mechanical Iocking devices on shortside edges of the floor or ceiling elements. Such short side mechanicalIocking devices may be identical with, or different from, the ones provided onthe long sides.
Moreover, it is conceivable also to provide mechanical interconnectionin a direction perpendicular to the joint edge, i.e. typically horizontally whenthe panel is used as a floor or ceiling element. Hence, adjacent panels can beprevented from separating horizontally from each other. As is known in the 22 flooring industry, it may be desirable to provide a stronger such horizontaljoint on short side edges than on long side edges.
Fig. 4d illustrates, in cross section, a pair of interconnected floorconstruction elements of the kind described in Fig. 4c.
Glue may, but need not, be applied to the locking device(s) before thefloor or ceiling elements are joined by a horizontal movement whereby thetongue is driven into the groove.
Fig. 4e schematically illustrates an alternative mechanical lockingdevice, which is based on the floor or ceiling elements being formed withgrooves J3a on both long sides, wherein a separate tongue J3c is insertedinto the grooves and the floor or ceiling elements are interconnected asdescribed with respect to Fig. 4d.
The separate tongue may be formed of a wood material, which may bethe same or different from that of which the floor or ceiling elements areformed. For example, it is possible to use a wood material having betterstrength properties. Alternatively, the separate tongue may be formed of apolymer material, a wood based material (MDF, HDF, particle board, chipboard, plywood) or even a metallic material.
Fig. 4f schematically illustrates a construction element 280 which hasbeen formed from a plurality of elongate planks 260, which are formed fromplanks 261 that are joined in an end-to end manner, just like illustrated in Fig.4b, by means of a joint J2, which may be a fingerjoint or the like. ln Fig. 4f, however, at least two such elongate planks 260 are joinedalong a plane that is parallel with the longitudinal direction and perpendicularto the principal plane.
Moreover, joints J2, such as finger joints, of immediately juxtaposedelongate planks 260 are offset relative one another in the longitudinaldirection. The offset may correspond to 5-50 % of a length of the planks 261,preferably 10-30 % of said length.
Such a construction element 280 may present enhanced strength ascompared to the ones illustrated in Fig. 4b. 23 Figs 5a-5d schematically illustrate another embodiment of aconstruction element, such as a floor or ceiling element 270.
As is shown in Fig. 5a, the billet is formed differently from that of Fig.4a in that adjacent lamellae 25a, 25b are slightly offset in a directionperpendicular to the principal plane of the floor or ceiling element 270.
For example, the lamellae 25a, 25b may be offset by a distancecorresponding to 1-50 % of the lamellae height, preferably 5-30 % or 10-20%.
Hence, the construction elements 270, 271 thus formed will not have asmooth upper surface but one with grooves. Such grooves may, but need not,be filled with a filler, e.g. an expanding/foaming filler.
As illustrated in Figs 5b-5d, this billet formed into elongate constructionelements 271' by cutting cuts S3, lengthwise joining J4 and forming ofmechanical locking devices J5just like the one illustrated in Fig. 4a.
Offset arrangements such as illustrated in Fig. 4f is also possible.
Referring to Figs 6a-6f, the description will now focus on a beam and amethod of its fabrication.
Fig. 6a schematically illustrates an I- or H-beam 500, the flange portion502, 503 of which is formed from a billet of the type disclosed in Fig. 1h. Theweb portion 501 of this beam may be formed by any type of sheet shapedmaterial, such as wood material, wood based material, polymer material(including reinforced/composite polymer material) or even metallic material.
The beam illustrated in Fig. 6a thus comprises a pair of flange portions502, 503 including a plurality of adjacent wood lamellae 20a, 20b, eachhaving a longitudinal direction which is substantially parallel with a principalfiber direction of the respective wood lamella, and a generally trapezoidalcross section providing a major base surface bs1, a minor base surface bs2and a pair of opposing side surfaces ss1, ss2. ln the flange portion, thelamellae are glued together side surface ss1 to side surface ss2, such thatmajor base surfaces bs1 of immediately adjacent lamellae face oppositedirections. The major base surfaces bs1 define respective major surfaces ofthe flange portion. 24 The web portion may be connected to the flange portion by means ofglue. Optionally, a mechanical connection may be provided, including atongue and groove joint, a fingerjoint (extending along a length direction ofthe beam), a plurality of fasteners, such as wood plugs, polymer plugs, nailsor screws. lt is noted that the beam 500 may be designed with only one flange502, 503 portion and that other beam configurations may be provided,including L-beams and W-beams. lt is noted that the beam 500 of Fig. 6a may be formed from a billetprovided from lamella having tapering (lamellae 20a, 20b) or rectangular(lamellae 25a, 25b) base surfaces.
The beam 510 illustrated in Fig. 6b is formed with each flange portion512, 513 provided from a single wood lamella having a longitudinal directionwhich is substantially parallel with a principal fiber direction of the woodlamella, and a generally trapezoidal cross section providing a major basesurface bs1, a minor base surface bs2 and a pair of opposing side surfacesss1, ss2.
The flange portions 512, 513 may be attached to the web portion 511in the same manner as disclosed with respect to Fig. 6a. ln this embodiment, it is preferred that the wood lamellae presentrectangular base surfaces.
The beam 520 illustrated in Fig. 6c is formed with only flange portions522, 523 according to the same principle as the one in Fig. 6b, but with noseparate web portion. lnstead, the tapering cross section of the lamellae provides thenarrower "web-like" portion of the beam in Fig. 6b.
The interconnection of the lamellae may be provided according to thesame principles as for the connection to the web in Figs 6a and 6b. ln this embodiment, it is preferred that the wood lamellae presentrectangular base surfaces.
The beam 530 illustrated in Fig. 6d is very similar to the one disclosedin Fig. 6a, but with each flange portion 532, 533 formed of three adjacent wood lamellae 20a, 20b, each having a longitudinal direction which issubstantially parallel with a principal fiber direction of the respective woodlamella, and a generally trapezoidal cross section providing a major basesurface bs1, a minor base surface bs2 and a pair of opposing side surfacesss1, ss2. ln the flange portion, the lamellae are glued together side surfacess1 to side surface ss2, such that major base surfaces bs1 of immediatelyadjacent lamellae face opposite directions. The major base surfaces bs1define respective major surfaces of the flange portion.
The flange portions 532, 533 present a width that tapers towards theweb, which is a consequence of the fact that the two outer lamellae arearranged with their major base surfaces facing away from the web portion,while the major base surface of the respective middle lamella faces, and isconnected to, the web portion.
The flange portions 532, 533 may be attached to the web portion 531in the same manner as disclosed with respect to Fig. 6a.
Fig. 6e schematically illustrates a beam which is very similar to that ofFig. 6d, but where the flange portion is provided from at least two layers ofadjacent wood lamellae 20a, 20b, each having a longitudinal direction whichis substantially parallel with a principal fiber direction of the respective woodlamella, and a generally trapezoidal cross section providing a major basesurface bs1, a minor base surface bs2 and a pair of opposing side surfacesss1, ss2. ln the flange portion, the lamellae are glued together side surfacess1 to side surface ss2, such that major base surfaces bs1 of immediatelyadjacent lamellae face opposite directions. The layers are connected to eachother base surface to base surface. The connection may be provided by glueor in the same manner as disclosed with respect to Fig. 6a regarding theattachment of the flange portion to the web portion.
The flange portions 542, 543 present a width that tapers towards theweb, which is a consequence of the fact that the two outer lamellae arearranged with their major base surfaces facing away from the web portion,while the major base surface of the respective middle lamella faces, and isconnected to, the web portion 541. 26 The flange portions 542, 543 may be attached to the web portion 541in the same manner as disclosed with respect to Fig. 6a. lt is noted that an arbitrary number of layers may be provided for eachflange portion.
Fig. 6f discloses a sandwich construction 550, wherein a number ofbeams 552, 553, which can be formed as disclosed with reference to any oneof Figs 6a-6e, are sandwiched between a pair of boards 554, 555.
The boards 554, 555 may be provided from any type of board material,including wood material, wood based material, polymer material (includingreinforced/composite polymer material) or even metallic material. ln particular, the boards may be formed from the single-ply or multi-plymaterials that are discussed with respect to Figs 1h, 4a-4e, 5a-5d, 8a-8d or9a-9b.
The beam portion(s) may be connected to the board by glue and/or bymeans of mechanical fastening devices, including tongue-and-groove orfinger type joints, wood plugs, fasteners (screws, nails) etc.
Fig. 6g-6h schematically illustrate a reinforced beam 560, 560',comprising a reinforcement element 565, which extends at an angle less than45° to the principal transverse load direction. Preferably, the reinforcementelements extends at an angle less than 30°, less than 20°, less than 10° orabout parallel with the principal transverse load direction.
The reinforcement element may extend at least partially through at least oneof the flange portions, preferably at least partially through both. Moreover,where the beam presents a web portion, the reinforcement element mayextend through this web portion as well.
The reinforcement element may be formed of wood or polymermaterial, that is, preferably a material which can be sawn without causingdamage to the sawing equipment. Preferably, the reinforcement may beformed of a wood material having greater strength than the wood from whichthe beam is formed.
The reinforcement may be bonded to the structure by glue. lt is also possible to make the reinforcement from a metallic material. 27 lt is possible to provide a plurality of reinforcement elements along thelength of a beam. For example it may be possible to provide 1-10reinforcement elements per meter in length.
Each reinforcement element 565 may have a diameter of about 5-50mm, preferably about 15-40 or about 20-30 mm. A length of the reinforcementelement may be on the order of 70-100 % of a thickness of the beam as seenin a direction of insertion of the reinforcement element.
Referring to Fig. 6g, a joint 566 between the flange portions 562, 563may be have the form of a fingerjoint, having fingers with a heightcorresponding to 10-50 % of a height of the flange portion 562, 563,preferably about 15-30 %.
Referring to Fig. 6h, side portions of the flange portions may be cutaway so as to provide side surfaces 5621, 5631, which are substantially flatand substantially perpendicular to the principal load bearing surface of thebeam.
Referring to Fig. 6i a plurality of beams 560' such as the one illustratedin Fig. 6h may be arranged side by side with side surfaces 5621, 5631contacting each other, in a juxtaposed manner and joined to each other, e.g.by glue, such that a slab like structure 570 is formed.
Reinforcement elements such as described with respect to Figs 6g-6imay be used with any of the beams disclosed with respect ot Figs 6a-6f.
Referring to Figs 7a-7f, the description will now focus on a rib slab 600,620, 630, 630', 640 and on a method of its fabrication. A rib slab is essentiallya light weight construction element intended for providing a floor or a ceiling.That is, the construction element is light weight in the sense that it is acomposite structure formed of a board and a plurality of reinforcing elementsin such a way that the structure will provide voids, thus reducing weight. ln Fig. 7a, there is illustrated a basic version of a rib slab 600,comprising a panel portion 601 and a plurality of rib portions 602, 603.
The panel portion 601 may be provided from any type of boardmaterial, including wood material, wood based material, polymer material (including reinforced/composite polymer material) or even metallic material. 28 ln particular, the panel portion 601 may be formed from the single-plyor multi-ply materials that are discussed with respect to Figs 1h, 4a-4e, 5a-5d,8a-8d or 9a-9b.
The rib portions 602, 603 may be provided from wood Iamellae, eachhaving a longitudinal direction which is substantially parallel with a principalfiber direction of the wood lamella, and a generally trapezoidal cross sectionproviding a major base surface bs1, a minor base surface bs2 and a pair ofopposing side surfaces ss1, ss2.
The rib portions 602, 603 may be arranged to extend substantiallyparallel to each other and laterally spaced apart. The lateral spacing may bedetermined based on the strength requirement of the respective rib slab.
Typical spacing may be on the order of 1-5 times a width of the majorbase surfaces of the Iamellae, preferably 1-2 times.
The panel portion 601 may be connected to the rib portions by meansof glue. Optionally, a mechanical connection may be provided, including atongue and groove joint, a fingerjoint (extending along a length direction ofthe beam), a plurality of fasteners, such as wood plugs, polymer plugs, nailsor screws.
The rib portions 602, 603 may be connected to the panel portion bytheir major base surfaces bs1 or by their minor base surfaces bs2.
As an alternative, the rib portions 602, 603 may be connected to thepanel portion alternatingly by major base surfaces bs1 and minor basesurfaces bs2.
Fig. 7b schematically illustrates a rib slab 610 which may be formedjust like the one in Fig. 7a, but with a pair of panel portions 601, 604sandwiching the rib portions 602, 603. The forming of the rib slab in Fig. 7amay be the first step of forming the rib slab of Fig. 7b.
Fig. 7c schematically illustrates a rib slab 620 comprising three panelportions 601, 604, 605 and two layers of rib portions 602, 603; 612, 613,wherein rib portions and panel portions are arranged alternatingly, as seen ina direction perpendicular to the principal face of the rib slab. Forming of the 29 rib slab 600, 610 as illustrated in Figs 7a and/or Fig. 7b may be the first stepor steps in the forming of the rib slab of Fig. 7c.
Fig. 7d schematically illustrates a rib slab 630, comprising an upperpart 601, 602, 603 which is formed like the one illustrated in Fig. 7a, and alower part 632, 633, which is suspended from the upper part 601, 602, 603.The lower part 631, 632, 633 may also comprise a panel portion 633 and a ribportion 632. The panel portion 633 may be formed of any of the materialspreviously discussed for panel portions.
The rib portion 632 may be formed by a plurality of lamellae, eachhaving a longitudinal direction which is substantially parallel with a principalfiber direction of the wood lamella, and a generally trapezoidal cross sectionproviding a major base surface bs1, a minor base surface bs2 and a pair ofopposing side surfaces ss1, ss2. ln the lower part 631, 632, 633, at least some lamellae are connectedto the panel portion by their minor base surfaces bs2, such that the lamellaeprovide undercut edges.
These lamellae may be positioned such that their undercut edges canengage correspondingly arranged undercut edges of rib portions 603 of theupper part, such that the lower part is suspended from the upper part. ln particular, a pair of adjacent lamellae 631, 632 at the lower portionmay be arranged such that their respective undercut edges engage arespective undercut edge of a rib of the upper part. That is, a rib which isconnected to the panel portion of the upper part by its minor base surface.
The connection between the upper and lower portions may be entirelymechanical, i.e. without glue.
Such a rib slab 630 can be used to reduce impact sound and othersounds which would be transmitted through coupling, for example through aceiling. ln particular it may reduce propagation of impact noise in the verticaldirection, past the rib slab, such as between floors of a building.
Fig. 7e schematically illustrates a rib slab 640 which is formedaccording to the principles set forth above, but with a higher density of ribportions 641, which are laterally spaced with a distance (at the lamella major base surface) which is less than the width of the lamella major base surface,preferably on the order of 10-90 % of the width of the lamella major basesurface.
Such a rib slab 640 can be used to reduce noise, especially in thespace below the rib slab and in particular reverberation-related noise. Hence,it may be used to provide a noise attenuating, yet decorative, ceiling.
Fig. 7f schematically illustrates a rib slab 630', which is similar to theone disclosed in Fig. 7d, but wherein a sound attenuating device 635 isarranged between contact surfaces between the beams 602 and 631, 632.
This sound attenuating device 635 may extend over all or part of thecontact surfaces (i.e. the surfaces that would have contacted each other butfor the sound attenuating device 635).
The sound attenuating device may be formed of a material havingreduced sound coupling properties as compared to the material from whichthe beams are formed. For example, the sound attenuating device may beformed of a rubber elastic material, such as rubber, thermoplastic elastomer,polyurethane, combinations thereof, or the like. As other options, the soundattenuating device may comprise an expanded polymer material, a wood fibermaterial (including pulp based materials), a 2D or 3D woven or nonwovenmaterial, or a soft natural material, such as leather, sponge, or the like.
Hence, the sound attenuating device may be a separate part, which isarranged between and optionally adhered to the beams.
As another alternative, the sound attenuating device may be formed insitu, e.g. by means of extrusion of a cooling, hardening, setting, cross-linkingand/or foaming composition Figs 8a-8e schematically illustrate a method of forming a boardmaterial from a billet, such as the one disclosed in Fig. 1h.
Referring to Fig. 8a, the starting material is, as mentioned, a billet 200,which is formed of a plurality of adjacent wood lamellae 20a, 20b, eachhaving a longitudinal direction which is substantially parallel with a principalfiber direction of the respective wood lamella, and a generally trapezoidalcross section providing a major base surface bs1, a minor base surface bs2 31 and a pair of opposing side surfaces ss1, ss2. ln the billet, the lamellae areglued together side surface ss1 to side surface ss2, such that major basesurfaces bs1 of immediately adjacent lamellae face opposite directions. Themajor base surfaces bs1 define respective major surfaces of the billet.
Alternatively, the bi||et 260 as disclosed with respect to Figs 3a-3b maybe used.
Referring to Fig. 8b, the bi||et 200 is sawn up by cuts S4 which arepreferably perpendicular to the major surface of the bi||et and parallel with thelongitudinal direction of the lamellae, thus providing a p|ura|ity of planks 701having a width corresponding to a thickness of the bi||et 200.
Referring to Fig. 8c, after the sawing, the planks 701 may be subjectedto a drying step.
Optionally, the planks 701 may then be formatted, such as planed.
Referring to Fig. 8d, g|ue may then be applied to long side edges of theplanks by means of a g|ue applicator 710, after which the planks 701 areglued together long side to long side, such that major surfaces of the planksdefine a major surface of the board.
At this point, the planks 701 may be subjected to pressingperpendicularly to the longitudinal edges by means of a press 711. That is,the longitudinal edges which are glued together are also pressed together.Optionally, the planks may also be subjected to pressing in a directionperpendicular to the major surfaces.
Referring to Fig. 8e, the board 700 thus formed may be sawn up intopanels 702 of a desired shape and size by means of a saw 712.
These panels 702 may then be used, for example in providing panelsor boards for use in any of the products (e.g. rib slab, glulam beams, ceilingor floor elements, etc.) discussed above, or as a general board material.
Referring to Fig. 9a, a p|ura|ity of such panels 702 may be laminatedmajor surface to major surfaces to form a multi-ply board 703 comprising two,three, or more, layers. Typically, the number of layers may be an unevennumber, such as 1, 3, 5, 7 etc. Adjacent panels 702 may be arranged with 32 their principal fiber directions in a non-parallel manner, such as, but notlimited to, perpendicular to each other.
Referring to Fig. 9b, the panels 702 thus formed may, alternatively oras a complement, be laminated to a bi||et 200, 260, such as the one disclosedin Fig. 1h or 3b. For example, a pair of panels 702 may sandwich the bi||et200, 260. ln such an embodiment, the panels 702 may be arranged with theirprincipal fiber directions being substantially parallel, while the principal fiberdirection of the bi||et 200, 260 may be non-parallel with those of the panels,e.g. perpendicular.
Referring to Figs 10a-10h, the description will now be directed to amethod of making a pillar or beam 820, 830, 840, 850, 860 adapted forreceiving a load in its longitudinal, or axial, direction. Such products maypotentially be used as columns, pillars, pylons, poles, pipes, tubes or barrels.
Fig. 10a illustrates a bi||et 200, 260 such as the one disclosed in Fig.1h or 3b, that is, a bi||et, which is formed of a plurality of adjacent woodlamellae 20a, 20b, each having a longitudinal direction which is substantiallyparallel with a principal fiber direction of the respective wood lamella, and agenerally trapezoidal cross section providing a major base surface bs1, aminor base surface bs2 and a pair of opposing side surfaces ss1, ss2. ln thebi||et, the lamellae are glued together side surface ss1 to side surface ss2,such that major base surfaces bs1 of immediately adjacent lamellae faceopposite directions. The major base surfaces bs1 define respective majorsurfaces of the bi||et.
As illustrated in Fig. 10b, the bi||et 200 may be sawn along a plurality ofcuts S6, S7, which are parallel with a principal fiber direction of the lamellae,and which are perpendicular or non-perpendicular to the major surface of thebi||et, depending on which parts are being formed and for which type ofstructure. Hence, a plurality of elements 800 are formed, each of which beingmade up of more than one of the lamellae. The elements 800 may be provided with joint portions to form joinable elements 800'. 33 As illustrated in Fig. 10c, such joinable elements 800' may be joinedtogether by joints J6, short end to short end, for example by finger jointing,thus forming an elongate element 810.
As illustrated in Fig. 10d, a plurality of such elongate elements 810may be connected long side to long side to form a pillar 820. ln the exampleof Fig. 10d, 12 such elongate elements 810 have been joined together bygluing and optionally additional mechanical fasteners.
The structure thus formed presents a polygonal cross section withfacetted inner and outer faces. lt is recognized that the structure may be subjected to milling, lathing orgrinding to provide a desired final shape thereof, such as circular. Providedthat sufficient material thickness is provided, other shapes, such as barrelshapes may be provided, should the structure be used as a column.
Referring to Fig. 10e, there is disclosed an alternative design forproviding a 12-sided pillar or column 830. The mutually identical elongateelements 831 from which this pillar or column is made up may be providedeither according to the method disclosed in Figs 10a-10c, or according to themethod disclosed with reference to Fig. 3a-3b, that is individual lamellaewhich are joined together end to end, e.g. by fingerjointing.
Figs 10f-10h schematically illustrate the freedom of design provided bythe present concept.
Thus, tube cross sectional shapes may be provided which aresymmetric about e.g. a vertical plane through a centre of gravity of the tube.
As another option, tube cross sectional shapes may be provided whichare asymmetric about such a vertical plane. ln Fig. 10f, a 12 sided pillar or column 840 having an approximatelyrectangular cross section is provided by a combination of elongate elements831, 810, or by a combination of elongate elements, billets and extendedlamellae. ln Fig. 10g, a 12 sided pillar or column 850 having an approximatelytriangular cross section is provided, also by a combination of elongate 34 elements 831, 200, or by a combination of elongate elements, billets andextended lamellae. ln Fig. 10h, an arched or arcuate structure 860 is provided, also by acombination of elongate elements, or by a combination of elongate elements861 (formed analogously with the elements 810), billets and extendedlamellae.
Such arched structures may be used as ceiling or wall elements and may be formed with any symmetric or asymmetric curvature.
Claims (67)
1. A laminated wood product (260, 260', 261', 271, 271', 280) foruse as a construction element, comprising: a plurality of adjacent wood lamellae (20a, 20b), each having aIongitudinal direction which is substantially parallel with a principal fiberdirection of the respective wood lamella, and a generally trapezoidal crosssection providing a major base surface (bs1), a minor base surface (bs2) anda pair of opposing side surfaces (ss1, ss2), wherein the lamellae are glued together side surface (ss1) to sidesurface (ss2), such that major base surfaces (bs1) of immediately adjacentIamellae face opposite directions, wherein the major base surfaces (bs1) define respective majorsurfaces of the wood product, and wherein a thickness of the wood product, as seen in a directionperpendicular to the major surfaces, is about 6-30 cm, preferably 8-26 cm.
2. The laminated wood product as claimed in claim 1, wherein theIamellae present year rings, and wherein year rings at the major base surface(bs1) have a greater bending radius than year rings at the minor base surface(bs2).
3. The laminated wood product as claimed in any one of thepreceding claims, wherein an edge portion of the wood product presentsmeans (J3a, J3b, J3c) for mechanically connecting the wood product in at least one direction to another identical wood product.
4. The laminated wood product as claimed in claim 3, wherein saidconnecting means comprise at least one of: a tongue and/or a groove extending substantially parallel with the basesurfaces for providing a mechanical connection in a direction perpendicular to the base surfaces, and 36 Iocking member extending substantially perpendicular to the basesurfaces for providing a mechanical connection in a direction parallel with thebase surfaces and perpendicular to the Iongitudinal direction.
5. The laminated wood product as claimed in any one of claims 1-4, wherein major (bs1) and minor (bs2) base surfaces, which are provided bya pair of immediately adjacent lamellae (20a, 20b, 25a, 25b), and which facethe same direction, are situated in a common plane.
6. The laminated wood product as claimed in any one of claims 1-4, wherein major (bs1) and minor (bs2) base surfaces, which are provided bya pair of immediately adjacent lamellae (20a, 20b, 25a, 25b), and which face the same direction, are situated in spaced apart planes.
7. The laminated wood product as claimed in any one of claims 1-6, wherein the base surfaces (bs1, bs2) taper along said longitudinal direction.
8. The laminated wood product as claimed in any one of claims 1-6, wherein the base surfaces (bs1, bs2) present a substantially constant width along the longitudinal direction.
9. The laminated wood product as claimed in any one of claims 1-8, wherein the wood lamellae (20a, 20b, 25a, 25b) are glued together bymeans of a glue that is suitable for wet gluing.
10.laminated wood products as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, An elongate laminated wood product, comprising at least two which are joined together in an end-to-end manner, preferably by means of afingerjoint (J1, J2, J4). 37
11. The elongate Iaminated wood product as claimed in claim 10,comprising at least two pairs of Iaminated wood products, which are joinedtogether in an end-to-end manner by a respective joint (J4), wherein saidjoints are offset from each other in the longitudinal direction, preferably by 10- 50 % of a length of the Iaminated wood products.
12. ceiling or floor element having major surfaces and a thickness as seen in a A method of making a Iaminated wood product for use as a direction perpendicular to the major surfaces, of about 6-30 cm, preferably 8-26 cm, the method comprising: providing a plurality of wood lamellae, each having a longitudinaldirection which is substantially parallel with a principal fiber direction of therespective wood lamella, and a generally trapezoidal cross section providinga major base surface (bs1), a minor base surface (bs2) and a pair ofopposing side surfaces (ss1, ss2), applying glue to the side surfaces (ss1, ss2), arranging the wood lamellae side surface (ss1) to side surface (ss2),such that major base surfaces (bs1) of immediately adjacent lamellae faceopposite directions and the base surfaces (bs1, bs2) define the respectivemajor surfaces of the wood product, pressing the side surfaces towards each other for a sufficient time tobond the wood lamellae to each other to form a billet (200, 260), and cutting the thus formed billet along a plane parallel with the longitudinaldirection and perpendicular to the major surfaces to form a plank.
13.subjecting the wood lamellae to a drying step prior to the application of glue. The method as claimed in claim 12, further comprising
14.subjecting the billet (200, 260) to a drying step subsequent to the bonding. The method as claimed in claim 12, further comprising 38
15. The method as claimed in any one of claims 12-13, furthercomprising forming Iocking means (J3a, J3b) along at least one long sideedge of the plank.
16. Use of a laminated wood product as claimed in any one of claims 1-11 as a wall, roof, floor or ceiling element.
17. A beam (500, 510, 520, 530, 540, 560, 560', 570), which is atleast partially formed of wood-based material and which presents alongitudinal direction and a principal transverse load direction, perpendicularto the longitudinal direction, characterized in that a flange portion (502, 503, 512, 513, 522, 523, 532, 533, 542, 543,552, 553, 562, 563) of the beam comprises a wood lamella (20a, 20b), havinga longitudinal direction which is substantially parallel with a principal fiberdirection of the wood lamella, and a generally trapezoidal cross sectionproviding a major base surface (bs1), a minor base surface (bs2) and a pairof opposing side surfaces (ss1, ss2), wherein, as seen in the transverse load direction, the wood lamella isarranged such that its major base surface (bs1) is closer to an outermost part of the beam than the minor base surface (bs1).
18. The beam as claimed in claim 17, wherein the beam comprisesa pair of wood lamellae, which form part of a respective flange and majorbase surfaces of which face opposite directions.
19. The beam as claimed in claim 18, wherein the wood lamellaeare connected to each other minor base surface to minor base surface.
20. The beam as claimed in claim 18, wherein the wood lamellaeare spaced apart by a generally planar web member (501, 511, 531, 541), amajor plane of which being parallel with the transverse load direction. 39
21. The beam as claimed in c|aim 20, wherein the web member isjoined to the flange portion by means of glued joint, preferably a glued finger joint.
22. The beam as claimed in any one of claims 17-21, wherein theflange portion is formed by a set comprising at least two wood Iamellae, whichare glued together side surface (ss1) to side surface (ss2), such that majorbase surfaces (bs1) of immediately adjacent lamellae face oppositedirections.
23. The beam as claimed in c|aim 22, wherein the flange portion isformed by at least two sets of wood Iamellae, which sets are glued togetherbase surface to base surface.
24. The beam as claimed in any one of claims 17-21, wherein the flange portion is formed by a single wood lamella.
25. A beam as claimed in any one of claims 17-24, furthercomprising at least one elongate reinforcement element (565), which extends at an angle less than 45° to the principal transverse load direction.
26. The beam as claimed in c|aim 25, wherein the reinforcementelement (565) extends through at least one of the flange portions.
27. A building element, comprising: at least two beams (500, 510, 520, 530, 540, 560, 560', 570) asclaimed in any one of claims 17-25, which are identically oriented and spacedapart in a direction perpendicular to the longitudinal direction and to thetransversal load direction, and a pair of face panels (554, 555), arranged on opposite sides of thebeams as seen in the transversal load direction, such that the beams aresandwiched by the face panels.
28. The building element as claimed in claim 27, wherein at leastone of the face panels is formed by at least two elongate members,longitudinal directions of which extend non-parallel to the longitudinaldirections of the beams, preferably approximately perpendicular to the longitudinal directions of the beams.
29. A method of making a beam, which is at least partially formed ofwood-based material and which presents a longitudinal direction and aprincipal transverse load direction, perpendicular to the longitudinal direction,the method comprising: providing at least two wood lamellae, each having a longitudinaldirection which is substantially parallel with a principal fiber direction of therespective wood lamella, and a generally trapezoidal cross section providinga major base surface (bs1), a minor base surface (bs2) and a pair ofopposing side surfaces (ss1, ss2), forming a flange portion of the beam by arranging said wood lamellaesuch that their minor base surfaces face each other, and directly or indirectly connecting the wood lamellae to each other.
30. The method as claimed in claim 29, further comprisingconnecting the minor base surfaces directly to each other.
31. The method as claimed in claim 29, further comprising providinga web member and connecting the web member to the wood lamellae, suchthat a major surface of the web member extends in parallel with the transversal load direction. 41
32. The method as claimed in any one of claims 29-31, furthercomprising: providing a set comprising at least two wood lamellae, which are gluedtogether side surface (ss1) to side surface (ss2), such that major basesurfaces (bs1) of immediately adjacent lamellae of the set face oppositedirections, and forming the flange portion from the set.
33. The method as claimed in c|aim 32, further comprising gluingtogether at least two sets of wood lamellae base surface to base surface.
34. A rib slab (610, 620, 630, 630', 640), comprising: at least one panel (601, 604, 605, 633) presenting a first face,coinciding with a main face of the rib slab, a plurality of elongate beams (602, 603, 612, 613, 632, 633, 641),which extend in parallel with, and spaced from, each other, and which arebonded to a second face of the panel, characterized in that the beams are formed by wood lamellae (20a, 20b), each having alongitudinal direction which is substantially parallel with a principal fiberdirection of the respective wood lamella, and a generally trapezoidal crosssection providing a major base surface (bs1), a minor base surface (bs2) and a pair of opposing side surfaces (ss1, ss2).
35. The rib slab as claimed in c|aim 34, further comprising a secondpanel, which is bonded to the beams, such that the beams are sandwichedbetween the panels.
36. The rib slab as claimed in c|aim 35, further comprising: a second plurality of elongate beams, which extend in parallel with, andspaced from, each other, and which are bonded to a second face of thesecond panel, and 42 a third panel, which is bonded to the second plurality of beams, suchthat the second plurality of beams are sandwiched between the second andthird panels.
37. The rib slab as claimed in any one of claims 34-36, whereinmajor base surfaces of adjacent beams face opposite directions.
38. The rib slab as claimed in any one of claims 34-36, wherein major base surfaces of adjacent beams face the same direction.
39. The rib slab as claimed in any one of claims 34-38, wherein thewood lamellae are spaced apart by a distance corresponding to 10-300 % ofa major base surface width, preferably 50-200 % or 50-100 %.
40. A rib slab system comprising a pair of rib s|abs as claimed inc|aim 34, wherein at least two of the wood lamellae of each rib slab is bondedto its associated panel by its minor base surface (bs2), such that the woodlamellae provide a respective undercut edge, and wherein one of the rib s|abs is suspended from the other one of the ribs|abs by engagement of the undercut edges.
41. The rib slab system as claimed in c|aim 40, wherein the rib s|absare connected mechanically to each other.
42. The rib slab system as claimed in c|aim 40 or 41, wherein asound attenuating device (635) is arranged between surfaces forming saidengagement.
43. A method of making a rib slab, comprising:providing at least one panel (601, 604, 605, 633) presenting a firstface, coinciding with a main face of the rib slab, 43 bonding a plurality of elongate beams (602, 603, 612, 613, 632, 633,641) to a second face of the panel, such that they extend in parallel with, andspaced from, each other, wherein the beams are formed by wood lamellae (20a, 20b), eachhaving a Iongitudinal direction which is substantially parallel with a principalfiber direction of the respective wood Iamella, and a generally trapezoidalcross section providing a major base surface (bs1), a minor base surface(bs2) and a pair of opposing side surfaces (ss1, ss2).
44. A laminated wood board (702), presenting a principal plane, theboard comprising a plurality of elongate wood lamellae, which are gluedtogether along Iongitudinal planes, wherein at least some pairs of wood lamellae are glued together alonga plane, which provides an angle of less than 30° to the principal plane,preferably less than 23° or less than 18°.
45. The laminated wood board as claimed in claim 44, wherein atleast some pairs of wood lamellae are glued together along a plane, which issubstantially perpendicular to the principal plane.
46. The laminated wood board as claimed in claim 44 or 45, whereinthe board presents a thickness in a direction perpendicular to the principalplane, a length in a Iongitudinal direction and a width in a directionperpendicular to the Iongitudinal direction, wherein the thickness is less than 1/10 of the width, preferably lessthan 1/20, less than 1/30, 1/40, 1/50 or 1/70 of the width.
47. The laminated wood product as claimed in any one of claims 44-46, wherein year rings exposed at a face which is perpendicular to theprincipal plane and to a principal fiber direction of the wood, present atangent, which at no portion of the face presents an angle smaller than 60° to 44 the principal plane, preferably smaller than 40°, smaller than 40° or smallerthan 20°.
48. A multi-layer laminated wood product (703, 704), comprising atleast two laminated wood products (702) as claimed in any one of claims 44-47, wherein the laminated wood products are laminated principal plane toprincipal plane.
49. A multi-layer laminated wood product as claimed in claim 48,wherein the laminated wood products are arranged with their respectivelongitudinal directions in a non-parallel manner, preferably substantiallyperpendicular to each other.
50. The multi-layer laminated wood product as claimed in claim 48or 49, comprising at least three laminated wood products, which are arrangedwith alternating longitudinal directions.
51. The multi-layer product as claimed in any one of claims 48-50,wherein at least 90 %, preferably at least 95 % of year rings visible at a crosssection of the product, perpendicular to the longitudinal direction of thelamellae, present an angle to the principal plane, which is greater than 70°, preferably greater than 75°, greater than 77° or greater than 80°.
52. The multilayer laminated wood product as claimed in any one ofclaims 48-51, further comprising a layer which is formed of a plurality ofadjacent wood lamellae (20a, 20b), each having a longitudinal direction whichis substantially parallel with a principal fiber direction of the respective woodlamella, and a generally trapezoidal cross section providing a major basesurface (bs1), a minor base surface (bs2) and a pair of opposing sidesurfaces (ss1, ss2), wherein the lamellae are glued together side surface(ss1) to side surface (ss2), such that major base surfaces (bs1) ofimmediately adjacent lamellae face opposite directions.
53. Method of making a laminated wood product, comprising: providing a billet formed of a plurality of adjacent wood lamellae (20a,20b), each having a longitudinal direction which is substantially parallel with aprincipal fiber direction of the respective wood Iamella, and a generallytrapezoidal cross section providing a major base surface (bs1), a minor basesurface (bs2) and a pair of opposing side surfaces (ss1, ss2), wherein the lamellae are glued together side surface (ss1) to sidesurface (ss2), such that major base surfaces (bs1) of immediately adjacentlamellae face opposite directions, wherein the base surfaces define principalplanes of the billet, cutting the billet along cutting planes which are substantiallyperpendicular to the principal plane of the billet and parallel with thelongitudinal direction of the wood lamellae, such that planks are formedhaving major planes which are defined by the cutting planes, applying glue to longitudinal edges of the planks, pressing the planks together along a direction which is parallel with themajor plane of the planks for a sufficient time to bond the wood lamellae toeach other to form the laminated wood product.
54. A method of making a multi-layered laminated wood product, themethod comprising laminating together at least two laminated wood productsproduced according to the method set forth in claim 53.
55. The method as claimed in claim 54, wherein the laminated woodproducts are arranged with fiber directions being non-parallel, preferably orthogonal.
56. The method as claimed in claim 54 or 55, further comprising: providing a second billet formed of a plurality of adjacent woodlamellae (20a, 20b), each having a longitudinal direction which is substantiallyparallel with a principal fiber direction of the respective wood Iamella, and a 46 generally trapezoidal cross section providing a major base surface (bs1), aminor base surface (bs2) and a pair of opposing side surfaces (ss1, ss2), wherein the |ame||ae are glued together side surface (ss1) to sidesurface (ss2), such that major base surfaces (bs1) of immediately adjacent|ame||ae face opposite directions, wherein the base surfaces define principalplanes of the second billet, laminating the laminated wood product to the second billet with itsprincipal plane parallel to the principal plane of the second billet.
57. A laminated wood product (820, 830, 840, 850, 860) for use as apillar or pylon, comprising: a plurality of wood |ame||ae (20a, 20b), each having a longitudinaldirection which is substantially parallel with a principal fiber direction of therespective wood lamella, and a generally trapezoidal cross section providinga major base surface (bs1), a minor base surface (bs2) and a pair ofopposing side surfaces (ss1, ss2), wherein the |ame||ae are glued together side surface (ss1, ss2) to sidesurface (ss1, ss2), wherein the wood product comprises at least one first pair of adjacentwood |ame||ae, which are glued together side surface (ss1) to side surface(ss2) such that their major base surfaces (bs1) face directions which form an angle of less than 90°, preferably less than 60° or less than 30°.
58. The laminated wood product as claimed in claim 57, wherein thewood product comprises 3-15 wood |ame||ae which are glued together sidesurface to side surface such that major base surface of any adjacent pair ofsaid wood |ame||ae face directions which form an angle of less than 90°,preferably less than 60° or less than 30°.
59. The laminated wood product as claimed in claim 57 or 58, wherein the wood product comprises at least one second pair of adjacent 47 wood lamellae, which are glued together side surface to side surface suchthat their major base surfaces (bs1) face opposite directions.
60. The laminated wood product as claimed in any one of claims 57-59, wherein the wood product presents a generally facetted convex face,exposing more major base surfaces than minor base surfaces and a generallyfacetted concave face, exposing more minor base surfaces than major basesurfaces.
61. A method of forming a wood billet for use in the methods asclaimed above, the method comprising: providing a half log having semi cylindrical cross section, cutting the half log along at least one radial cutting plane to form awood lamella, planing pith and bark side portions of the wood lamella such that thewood lamella is formed into a generally trapezoidal cross section providing amajor base surface (bs1), a minor base surface (bs2) and a pair of opposingside surfaces (ss1, ss2), applying glue to the side surfaces (ss1, ss2), arranging the wood lamellae side surface (ss1) to side surface (ss2),and pressing the sides surfaces towards each other for a sufficient time tobond the wood lamellae to each other to form a the laminated product.
62. The method as claimed in claim 61, wherein the wood lamellaeare arranged such that major base surfaces (bs1) of immediately adjacentlamellae face opposite directions and the base surfaces (bs1, bs2) define therespective major surfaces of the wood product.
63. The method as claimed in claim 61 or 62, further comprisingcutting the thus formed billet along a plane parallel with the longitudinaldirection and perpendicular to the major surfaces. 48
64. The method as claimed in any one of claims 61-63, furthercomprising subjecting the wood |ame||ae to a drying step prior to theapplication of glue.
65. The method as claimed in any one of claims 61-63, furthercomprising subjecting the bi||et to a drying step subsequent to the bonding.
66. The method as claimed in any one of claims 61-65, wherein thebark side portion is used as a reference surface for planing the pith sideportion, such that the base surfaces thus provided taper along a |ongitudina|direction of the |ame||ae.
67. The method as claimed in any one of claims 61-66, wherein thepith side portion is used as a reference surface for planing the bark sideportion, such that the base surfaces thus provided are substantia||yrectangular.
Priority Applications (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
SE1551391A SE542164C2 (en) | 2015-10-28 | 2015-10-28 | Laminated wood products and methods of their manufacture |
EP16859170.9A EP3368254B1 (en) | 2015-10-28 | 2016-10-27 | Method of manufacture of an engineered wood product |
PCT/IB2016/056462 WO2017072687A1 (en) | 2015-10-28 | 2016-10-27 | Engineered wood products and methods of their manufacture |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
SE1551391A SE542164C2 (en) | 2015-10-28 | 2015-10-28 | Laminated wood products and methods of their manufacture |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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SE1551391A1 true SE1551391A1 (en) | 2017-04-29 |
SE542164C2 SE542164C2 (en) | 2020-03-03 |
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SE1551391A SE542164C2 (en) | 2015-10-28 | 2015-10-28 | Laminated wood products and methods of their manufacture |
Country Status (3)
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EP (1) | EP3368254B1 (en) |
SE (1) | SE542164C2 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2017072687A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (2)
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AT522067B1 (en) * | 2019-02-07 | 2020-08-15 | Tgw Mechanics Gmbh | Transport carrier system and hanging conveyor device with transport carriers for transporting hanging goods |
NO345746B1 (en) * | 2019-12-11 | 2021-07-12 | Fss Tre As | A self-extinguishing cross laminated timber (CLT) element |
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FR800888A (en) * | 1935-04-24 | 1936-07-21 | Non-deformable and economical wooden panels | |
GB781627A (en) * | 1955-06-28 | 1957-08-21 | Gottfried Esser | Improvements in or relating to composite wooden beams |
GB825399A (en) * | 1957-06-20 | 1959-12-16 | Eric Sigfrid Persson | Wooden beam |
GB1412903A (en) * | 1972-07-18 | 1975-11-05 | Dantani Plywood Co | Process for producing sliced veneer and fancy plywood therefrom |
US4111247A (en) | 1977-01-13 | 1978-09-05 | Weyerhaeuser Company | Log cutting and rejoining process for lumber manufacture |
US4122878A (en) * | 1977-12-14 | 1978-10-31 | Baltek Corporation | Technique for converting balsa logs into panels |
US4301202A (en) * | 1978-06-26 | 1981-11-17 | Baltek Corporation | Technique for converting balsa logs into panels |
IT1116595B (en) * | 1979-06-05 | 1986-02-10 | Franciosi Giovanni | METHOD AND DEVICE FOR THE SEGATION OF TRUNKS EQUIPPED WITH A NATURAL CONICITY TO OBTAIN THE MAXIMUM PERFORMANCE IN PARALLEL BEAMS WITH RECTANGULAR SECTION WITH TOLERANCES OF USE |
US4476663A (en) * | 1983-08-15 | 1984-10-16 | Bikales Victor W | Structure with composite members |
WO1989004747A1 (en) * | 1987-11-27 | 1989-06-01 | Andrew Karl Knorr | Method of sawing timber and timber products formed thereby |
DE9316636U1 (en) * | 1993-10-30 | 1994-01-20 | Holzbau Kraemer Gmbh | Endless timber bar |
US5438812A (en) * | 1993-12-23 | 1995-08-08 | Regents Of The University Of Minnesota | Hollow veneered pole |
US5987845A (en) * | 1998-05-08 | 1999-11-23 | Laronde; Mark J. | Post cover with tongue and groove joint |
DE10135123A1 (en) * | 2001-07-19 | 2002-02-14 | Fries Petra | Wooden beam made from round wood pieces and segments in the form of triangular bars |
DE10161024A1 (en) * | 2001-12-12 | 2002-10-17 | Fries Petra | Laminar beam of trapezoid-section strips has identical triangular strips placed asymmetrically, with no common cut point |
DE10150466A1 (en) * | 2001-10-16 | 2003-05-22 | Ralph Kirst | Solid wood element and method for its production |
CH697568B1 (en) * | 2003-02-03 | 2008-12-15 | Waelti Holzbau Ag | Wooden beam has two wooden profiles that are parallely arranged and stuck together, where wooden profiles have triangular transverse profile that is equal-sided with base sides and opposite capped tips |
US20080003395A1 (en) * | 2006-06-30 | 2008-01-03 | Futong Cui | Durable premium wood boards and process for producing the same |
JP2008106429A (en) * | 2006-10-23 | 2008-05-08 | Sekisui Chem Co Ltd | Tabular building material |
FR2922565B1 (en) * | 2007-10-23 | 2009-12-25 | Wood Winner | PANEL OF WOOD |
AT11958U1 (en) * | 2010-09-07 | 2011-08-15 | Hans-Peter Ing Leitinger | PROCESS FOR PROCESSING RAW ROUNDWOOD AND WEDGE-LINKED WOOD COMPOSITE PRODUCTS |
BE1020031A5 (en) * | 2011-06-24 | 2013-04-02 | Patrick Moutschen | BEAM WITH INTEGRATED HUMIDITY DETECTION MEANS. |
AP2014007554A0 (en) * | 2011-09-02 | 2014-04-30 | Spencer Drake Trust | Construction timber |
DE202013006624U1 (en) * | 2013-07-23 | 2013-08-06 | Daniel Heite | Crossed plywood from wedge boards |
-
2015
- 2015-10-28 SE SE1551391A patent/SE542164C2/en unknown
-
2016
- 2016-10-27 WO PCT/IB2016/056462 patent/WO2017072687A1/en active Application Filing
- 2016-10-27 EP EP16859170.9A patent/EP3368254B1/en active Active
Also Published As
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EP3368254A4 (en) | 2019-12-04 |
EP3368254B1 (en) | 2023-08-09 |
WO2017072687A1 (en) | 2017-05-04 |
EP3368254C0 (en) | 2023-08-09 |
SE542164C2 (en) | 2020-03-03 |
EP3368254A1 (en) | 2018-09-05 |
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