SE1151094A1 - A gradient welding bolt and method of manufacture - Google Patents

A gradient welding bolt and method of manufacture Download PDF

Info

Publication number
SE1151094A1
SE1151094A1 SE1151094A SE1151094A SE1151094A1 SE 1151094 A1 SE1151094 A1 SE 1151094A1 SE 1151094 A SE1151094 A SE 1151094A SE 1151094 A SE1151094 A SE 1151094A SE 1151094 A1 SE1151094 A1 SE 1151094A1
Authority
SE
Sweden
Prior art keywords
ond
materia
stud
moterio
tirst
Prior art date
Application number
SE1151094A
Other languages
Swedish (sv)
Other versions
SE536766C2 (en
Inventor
Erik Karlsson
Mohamed Radwan
Anders Bremmer
Katarina Flodstroem
Original Assignee
Diamorph Ab
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Diamorph Ab filed Critical Diamorph Ab
Priority to SE1151094A priority Critical patent/SE536766C2/en
Priority to PCT/SE2012/051250 priority patent/WO2013074028A1/en
Priority to EP12849649.4A priority patent/EP2780127A4/en
Publication of SE1151094A1 publication Critical patent/SE1151094A1/en
Publication of SE536766C2 publication Critical patent/SE536766C2/en

Links

Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
    • B23K35/22—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by the composition or nature of the material
    • B23K35/24—Selection of soldering or welding materials proper
    • B23K35/30—Selection of soldering or welding materials proper with the principal constituent melting at less than 1550 degrees C
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F7/00—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression
    • B22F7/02—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression of composite layers
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
    • B22F3/10—Sintering only
    • B22F3/105—Sintering only by using electric current other than for infrared radiant energy, laser radiation or plasma ; by ultrasonic bonding
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F7/00—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression
    • B22F7/06—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression of composite workpieces or articles from parts, e.g. to form tipped tools
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
    • B23K35/02—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by mechanical features, e.g. shape
    • B23K35/0255—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by mechanical features, e.g. shape for use in welding
    • B23K35/0288—Welding studs
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
    • B23K35/22—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by the composition or nature of the material
    • B23K35/24—Selection of soldering or welding materials proper
    • B23K35/30—Selection of soldering or welding materials proper with the principal constituent melting at less than 1550 degrees C
    • B23K35/3053—Fe as the principal constituent
    • B23K35/3093—Fe as the principal constituent with other elements as next major constituents
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
    • B23K35/22—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by the composition or nature of the material
    • B23K35/24—Selection of soldering or welding materials proper
    • B23K35/32—Selection of soldering or welding materials proper with the principal constituent melting at more than 1550 degrees C
    • B23K35/322—Selection of soldering or welding materials proper with the principal constituent melting at more than 1550 degrees C a Pt-group metal as principal constituent
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
    • B23K35/22—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by the composition or nature of the material
    • B23K35/24—Selection of soldering or welding materials proper
    • B23K35/32—Selection of soldering or welding materials proper with the principal constituent melting at more than 1550 degrees C
    • B23K35/325—Ti as the principal constituent
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K9/00—Arc welding or cutting
    • B23K9/20—Stud welding
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K9/00—Arc welding or cutting
    • B23K9/20—Stud welding
    • B23K9/207—Features related to studs
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B35/00—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
    • C04B35/622—Forming processes; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
    • C04B35/64—Burning or sintering processes
    • C04B35/645—Pressure sintering
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B37/00—Joining burned ceramic articles with other burned ceramic articles or other articles by heating
    • C04B37/02—Joining burned ceramic articles with other burned ceramic articles or other articles by heating with metallic articles
    • C04B37/021—Joining burned ceramic articles with other burned ceramic articles or other articles by heating with metallic articles in a direct manner, e.g. direct copper bonding [DCB]
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B37/00—Joining burned ceramic articles with other burned ceramic articles or other articles by heating
    • C04B37/02—Joining burned ceramic articles with other burned ceramic articles or other articles by heating with metallic articles
    • C04B37/023—Joining burned ceramic articles with other burned ceramic articles or other articles by heating with metallic articles characterised by the interlayer used
    • C04B37/026—Joining burned ceramic articles with other burned ceramic articles or other articles by heating with metallic articles characterised by the interlayer used consisting of metals or metal salts
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F2998/00—Supplementary information concerning processes or compositions relating to powder metallurgy
    • B22F2998/10—Processes characterised by the sequence of their steps
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F2999/00—Aspects linked to processes or compositions used in powder metallurgy
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K2103/00—Materials to be soldered, welded or cut
    • B23K2103/02—Iron or ferrous alloys
    • B23K2103/04—Steel or steel alloys
    • B23K2103/05—Stainless steel
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K2103/00—Materials to be soldered, welded or cut
    • B23K2103/08—Non-ferrous metals or alloys
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K2103/00—Materials to be soldered, welded or cut
    • B23K2103/08—Non-ferrous metals or alloys
    • B23K2103/10—Aluminium or alloys thereof
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K2103/00—Materials to be soldered, welded or cut
    • B23K2103/08—Non-ferrous metals or alloys
    • B23K2103/14—Titanium or alloys thereof
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K2103/00—Materials to be soldered, welded or cut
    • B23K2103/18—Dissimilar materials
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K2103/00—Materials to be soldered, welded or cut
    • B23K2103/18—Dissimilar materials
    • B23K2103/26—Alloys of Nickel and Cobalt and Chromium
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K2103/00—Materials to be soldered, welded or cut
    • B23K2103/50—Inorganic material, e.g. metals, not provided for in B23K2103/02 – B23K2103/26
    • B23K2103/52—Ceramics
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B2235/00—Aspects relating to ceramic starting mixtures or sintered ceramic products
    • C04B2235/65—Aspects relating to heat treatments of ceramic bodies such as green ceramics or pre-sintered ceramics, e.g. burning, sintering or melting processes
    • C04B2235/656—Aspects relating to heat treatments of ceramic bodies such as green ceramics or pre-sintered ceramics, e.g. burning, sintering or melting processes characterised by specific heating conditions during heat treatment
    • C04B2235/6562—Heating rate
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B2235/00—Aspects relating to ceramic starting mixtures or sintered ceramic products
    • C04B2235/65—Aspects relating to heat treatments of ceramic bodies such as green ceramics or pre-sintered ceramics, e.g. burning, sintering or melting processes
    • C04B2235/66—Specific sintering techniques, e.g. centrifugal sintering
    • C04B2235/666—Applying a current during sintering, e.g. plasma sintering [SPS], electrical resistance heating or pulse electric current sintering [PECS]
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B2237/00—Aspects relating to ceramic laminates or to joining of ceramic articles with other articles by heating
    • C04B2237/02—Aspects relating to interlayers, e.g. used to join ceramic articles with other articles by heating
    • C04B2237/12—Metallic interlayers
    • C04B2237/123—Metallic interlayers based on iron group metals, e.g. steel
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B2237/00—Aspects relating to ceramic laminates or to joining of ceramic articles with other articles by heating
    • C04B2237/30—Composition of layers of ceramic laminates or of ceramic or metallic articles to be joined by heating, e.g. Si substrates
    • C04B2237/32—Ceramic
    • C04B2237/34—Oxidic
    • C04B2237/343—Alumina or aluminates
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B2237/00—Aspects relating to ceramic laminates or to joining of ceramic articles with other articles by heating
    • C04B2237/30—Composition of layers of ceramic laminates or of ceramic or metallic articles to be joined by heating, e.g. Si substrates
    • C04B2237/32—Ceramic
    • C04B2237/34—Oxidic
    • C04B2237/345—Refractory metal oxides
    • C04B2237/348—Zirconia, hafnia, zirconates or hafnates
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B2237/00—Aspects relating to ceramic laminates or to joining of ceramic articles with other articles by heating
    • C04B2237/30—Composition of layers of ceramic laminates or of ceramic or metallic articles to be joined by heating, e.g. Si substrates
    • C04B2237/40—Metallic
    • C04B2237/401—Cermets
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B2237/00—Aspects relating to ceramic laminates or to joining of ceramic articles with other articles by heating
    • C04B2237/30—Composition of layers of ceramic laminates or of ceramic or metallic articles to be joined by heating, e.g. Si substrates
    • C04B2237/40—Metallic
    • C04B2237/405—Iron metal group, e.g. Co or Ni
    • C04B2237/406—Iron, e.g. steel
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B2237/00—Aspects relating to ceramic laminates or to joining of ceramic articles with other articles by heating
    • C04B2237/50—Processing aspects relating to ceramic laminates or to the joining of ceramic articles with other articles by heating
    • C04B2237/58—Forming a gradient in composition or in properties across the laminate or the joined articles
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B2237/00—Aspects relating to ceramic laminates or to joining of ceramic articles with other articles by heating
    • C04B2237/50—Processing aspects relating to ceramic laminates or to the joining of ceramic articles with other articles by heating
    • C04B2237/76—Forming laminates or joined articles comprising at least one member in the form other than a sheet or disc, e.g. two tubes or a tube and a sheet or disc
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B2237/00—Aspects relating to ceramic laminates or to joining of ceramic articles with other articles by heating
    • C04B2237/50—Processing aspects relating to ceramic laminates or to the joining of ceramic articles with other articles by heating
    • C04B2237/80—Joining the largest surface of one substrate with a smaller surface of the other substrate, e.g. butt joining or forming a T-joint

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Composite Materials (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Powder Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Compositions Of Oxide Ceramics (AREA)
  • Earth Drilling (AREA)

Abstract

A weld stud adapted to be welded against a substrate. The weld stud (1;10;21;31;41) comprising: a first (I), second (II) and third (III) portion. The first portion comprises a first material M1, and the second portion comprises a second material M2, weldable to the substrate (2). The third portion comprises at least one of: a material being weldable to the substrate, and a flux material adapted to facilitate the welding of the second material M2 to the substrate, wherein the weld stud comprises a length axis (LA) running through said first, second and third portion, and wherein the third portion comprises a cross section (B-B) perpendicular to the length axis having a smaller area (a2) than the average cross-section area (a1) of the first and second portions perpendicular to the length axis. The first material M1 and second materials M2 are joined with a gradual transition (5), the first material M1 is not weldable to the substrate, and the second material M2 is weldable to the substrate, and the first and second portions comprises a sintered gradual transition region comprising a mix of the first M1 and the second M2 materials.

Description

A GRADIENT WELD STUD AND METHOD OF PREPARATION Technico| tie|d
[0001] The present invention relotes generally to o we|dob|e component with ogrodient structure going trom one moteriol which is we|dob|e to o substrote, to osecond moteriol which is not we|dob|e to the some substrote, ond o method ot preporotion ot such os o shope by sintering, preterobly by spork plosmo sintering (SPS).
Bockground ort
[0002] The use ot ceromic ond cermet moteriols os weor protection ond weorports is ottroctive due to their hordness ond thus their resistont to weor. A cermet iso composite moteriol composed ot ceromic (cer) ond meto||ic (met) moteriols.Tungsten corbide (WC), otten reterred to os cemented tungsten corbide or hordmetol, tor exomple, is extensive|y used in the mining ond construction industry osheovy weor components. Some consider the moteriol to be o ceromic ond some ocermet moterio|. lt is the oddition ot o meto||ic binder, genero||y cobo|t, nicket, iron,or their equivolent thot genero||y mokes the corbide o cermet ond ditterentiotes ittrom tru|y britt|e moterio|s, thot is, the ceromic tomi|y ot moterio|s. The term"cemented" is o|so used to show thot the corbide o||oy powder includes on omountot meto||ic binder. During the sintering process, the tungsten corbide portic|es ore coptured in the meto||ic binder ond cemented together by torming o meto||urgico| bond.
[0003] Ceromic moteriols ond cermets ore not we|dob|e by noture, hence the useot other ioining methods such os brozing. Brozing is o re|otive|y s|ow monutocturingprocess compored to we|ding ond hos |imitotions in where it con be used. These |imitotions hove in turn limited the scope ot using these moteriols tor weor protection ond weor ports.
[0004] There is o c|eor drowbock in thot the most desiroble moteriols tor weorprotection cannot be produced or tostened with the optimol technology tor their intended use, in other words they connot be we|ded.
[0005] Mony meto|s ond thermoplostics con be welded, but some ore eosier to we|d thon others.
[0006] Arc we|ding is o tusion we|ding process thot uses e|ectricity to generotethe heot needed to me|t the bose metols. Stud we|ding is on industrio||y moturetechno|ogy, which is o kind ot orc we|ding. By |eoding current through o bo|t, nut orother specio||y tormed ports, the component is we|ded onto onother meto| port bythe heot generoted through e|ectrico| resistonce. There ore three ditterent types otstud we|ding techniques; Drown Arc (DA), Short Cycle (SC) ond CopocitorDischorge (CD).
[0007] DA studs ore typico||y looded with on oluminium t|ux boll on the we|d end,which oids in the we|ding process. The DA studs ore used o|ong with o ceromic ringor inert gos to protect the [oint trom oxidotion during the me|ting phose ot thewe|ding process. SC ond CD studs ditter trom DA studs in thot the studs do notrequire t|ux nor the oxidotion protection in torm ot o ceromic ring or inert gos during we|ding, due to shorter we|ding times thon tor DA.
[0008] Stud we|ding is very versotile. Portoble stud we|ding mochines oreovoiloble. We|ders con o|so be outomoted, with controls tor orcing ond opp|yingpressure. Typico| opplicotions inc|ude outomobile bodies, e|ectrico| ponels, shipbui|ding ond building construction.
[0009] There is o wide ronge ot ditterent we|d studs mode trom stee| ovoiloblethot ore used os we|d-on weor protection. To ochieve o high weor resistonce ot thestee|, the we|d studs ore otten tempered. However, due to the heot during the we|ding process, the properties ot the tempered stee| might be compromised. Even the best tempered stee| is a|so much sotter than ceramic materials, and therefore has a shorter |itespan in wear applications.
[OOi O] Previous inventions tor ioining ot ditterent materials in a we|d stud aregenerally based on mechanica| anchoring or surface coatings. US patent5,054,98O describes a composite we|dab|e stud consisting ot two ditterent meta|s ioined mechanica||y.
[OOi i] US patent ó,8óO,ó87 describes an a|uminum stud with a surtace coating ot titanium.
[OOi 2] The German company BETEK produces a we|dab|e stud comprisingtungsten carbide, where a so|id cemented tungsten carbide core is shrink-titted to astee| body which in turn tits a stud welding machine. The downside with thisproduct is the more comp|icated manutacturing process, where the cementedtungsten carbide needs to be sintered, the stee| body needs machining and tina||ythe two components are ioined by shrink-titting. Also, it the ceramic core ta||s out, the wear protection is severe|y reduced.
Summory of invention [OOi 3] An obiect is to provide o we|d stud of o functiono||y groded moterio|(FGM) component prepored by sintering, preferobiy by spork p|osmo sintering(SPS), where o we|dob|e moterio| bose is combined with on outer surfoce of odifferent, non-we|dob|e moterio|. The component is intended for weiding to o substrote.[OOi 4] Another obiect is to provide o method of preporotion of soid we|d stud.
[OOi 5] A we|d stud odopted to be we|ded ogoinst o substrote is provided. Thewe|d stud comprises o first, second ond third portion. The first portion comprises ofirst moterio| Mi, the second portion comprises o second moterio| M2, we|dob|e tothe substrote, ond the third portion comprises ot |eost one of: o moterio| beingwe|dob|e to the substrote, ond o f|ux moterio| odopted to foci|itote the weiding ofthe second moterio| M2 to the substrote. The we|d stud further comprises o lengthoxis running through soid first, second ond third portion. The third portion compriseso cross section perpendicu|or to the length oxis hoving o smo||er oreo thon theoveroge cross-section oreo of the first ond second portions perpendicu|or to thelength oxis. The first moterio| Mi ond second moterio| M2 ore bonded with ogroduo| tronsition, wherein the first moterio| Mi is not we|dob|e to the substrote,ond the second moterio| M2 is we|dob|e to the substrote. Furthermore, the first ondsecond portions comprise o sintered tronsition region comprising o mix of the first Mi ond the second M2 moteriois.
[OOi ó] By providing the FGM we|d stud, o non-we|dob|e moterio| con be we|dedonto o substrote which mokes it possible to oppiy moterio|s with superior properties to substrotes by meons of weiding.
[OOi 7] According to one embodiment, the we|d stud comprises o rounded (4) or topered (4o;4b) portion odopted to initiote contoct with the substrote which is crucia| tor a homogeneous me|t ot the materia|s and the best possib|e resu|t whenwelding. The rounded or tapered portion may comprise a t|ux tor taci|itating and/or improving the we|d between the substrate and the we|d stud. [00i 8] The non-we|dab|e surtace can preterab|e be ot a ceramic material or a cermet.
[0019] The non-we|dab|e surtace preterably has a good wear resistance. Otherdesirab|e properties ot this surtace can be low weight, high corrosion resistance and an insu|ating nature.
[0020] The non-we|dab|e surtace can have ditterent shapes, such as t|at, tapered and spherica|.
[0021] One suitable wear resistant materia| ot this invention is tungsten carbide (WC), otten reterred to as cemented tungsten carbide or hard meta|.
[0022] Other suitable materia|s are ceramic oxides, nitrides, borides or other carbides.
[0023] Especia||y a|uminium oxide (A|2O3) and zirconium oxide (ZrOQ) are suitable tor this invention.
[0024] The non-we|dab|e materia| can a|so be a meta| or meta| a||oy which is not we|dab|e to the substrate.
[0025] The we|dab|e materia| is preterably a meta| or meta| a||oy, but can a|so bep|astic. Examples ot we|dab|e meta|s, including their a||oys are a|uminium, nickel,gold, p|atinum, titanium, tanta|um and zirconium. Further, stee| and some stain|ess stee| a||oys (300 and 400 series) are we|dab|e.
[0026] The we|dab|e materia| is preterably a stee| a||oy or a stain|ess stee| a||oy.
[0027] According to one embodiment, the we|d stud is o FGM we|d stud mode otstee|/cemented tungsten corbide (stee| / WC-Co FGM).
[0028] According to onother embodiment, the we|d stud is o FGM we|d stud otstoinless steel /cemented tungsten corbide (SS / WC-Co FGM).
[0029] According to onother embodiment, the we|d stud is o FGM we|d stud otstoinless steel or stee| /oluminium oxide (SS / A|2O3 FGM).
[0030] According to onother embodiment, the we|d stud is o FGM we|d stud ot stoinless stee| or stee| /zirconium oxide (SS / ZrO2 FGM).
[0031] ln onother embodiment, the non-we|dob|e moteriol Mi does not comprise 100% ot one moteriol, but o|so some portion ot the we|dob|e moteriol.
[0032] By torming the FGMs into we|d studs tor stud welding, cermets ondceromic moteriols con eosily be we|ded in o quick monner using o commercio||y ovoi|ob|e technology, which hos previously not been possib|e.
[0033] The shope ot the we|d stud con be ochieved directly through the sintering, or the stud con be mochined to proper geometry otter the sintering.
[0034] A cy|indrico| shope with sphericol cross section is very common tor we|d studs, ond is one shope possible tor the present invention.
[0035] The shope ot the we|d stud is however not limited to the sphericol cross-section, but the cross-section con o|so be squore, rectongulor, hexogonol, octogonol or ot other simi|or shopes.
[0036] A tip or o s|ight|y conicol structure ot the we|ding surtoce is in mony cosessuitoble tor the we|d studs. This shope con be mochined otter the sintering or the component con be sintered into this shope.
[0037] A ho|e in the tip of the conicol port con be formed for receiving o piece ors|ug of we|ding flux which moy be aluminium or some other similor moteriol used os flux in we|ding.
[0038] The weor resistont moteriol of o gradient we|d studs is present throughoutthe weor surfoce ond the grodient region, because of the groduol compositionolchonge between the two moteriols. This further improves the weor properties ondthe lifespon of the components, compored to components with o weor resistont surfoce cooting.
[0039] A ceromic moterio|'s properties such os hordness ore not offected by the heot during o we|ding process, ond the properties wi|| not chonge ofter the we|ding.
[0040] The invention o|so relotes to o method for producing the we|d stud. Morespecifico||y the invention relotes to o method for producing o ceromic orcermet/meto| FGM, shoped os o we|d stud. The method comprises the following steps:[0041] i) Forming o FGM powder structure
[0042] 2) Sintering of the prepored FGM-structure with the spork piosmo sinteringtechnique (SPS).
[0043] 3) Performing necessory finishing of the FGM component by methods such os b|osting, cutting, turning, grinding, mi||ing ond possib|e oddition of o f|ux.
Brief description of drowinqs
[0044] Some possib|e embodiments wi|| now be described, by woy of exomple, with reference to the occomponying drowings, in which:
[0045] Fig. i shows o we|d stud according to one embodiment hoving otunctiono||y groded moterioi structure, where portion I comprises o weor resistontport, portion || comprises o we|dob|e port ond portion 5 comprises o groduo| tronsition between the two moteriois with tour intermediote ioyers i-iv,
[0046] Fig. 2 shows o we|d stud i in on embodiment simi|or to thot ot tig. i, the ditterence being thot there is o third portion |||, consisting ot two topered ports 4ob,
[0047] Fig. 3o, 3b shows o we|d stud in on embodiment simi|or to thot ot tig. iond tig.2, the ditterence being thot the third portion ||| hos o sphericoi ond trustoconicoi sho pe, respectively,
[0048] Fig. 4 shows o we|d stud occording to on embodiment in which the we|dstud comprises o grodient portion 5 being on intermediote region comprising o mix ot non-we|dob|e ond we|dob|e moterioi,
[0049] Fig. 5 is o perspective view ot o we|d stud occording to ony ot the embodiments ot tigs. i - 4 when we|ded onto o substrote 2,
[0050] Fig. ó shows the we|d stud in torm ot o nut hoving o p|uro|ity ot we|d t|ux portions, [005i] Fig. 7 shows o scoop tor excovotors comprising we|d studs occording to ony ot the embodiments herein,
[0052] Fig. 8 shows o dri|| bit tor o rock dri|| comprising we|d studs occording to ony ot the embodiments herein,
[0053] Fig. 9 shows o teed ro||er tor exompie tor o torest horvester heod comprising we|d studs occording to ony ot the embodiments herein.
Detailed description
[0054] A tunctiona||y graded materia| (FG/vi) is a materia| design concept whichprovides a ioining solution to incorporate incompatib|e properties ot two dissimi|armaterials, such as the heat, the wear, and the oxidation resistance ot a ceramic or acermet, such as tor example cemented tungsten carbide, with the high toughness,the high strength, we|dabi|ity and machinabi|ity ot a metal, such as stee|, by p|acinggraded composite inter|ayers ot the two materia|s between the pure end |ayers. Atunctiona||y graded materia| is thus a materia| bonded with a gradua| transition trom at |east a tirst to at |east a second materia|.
[0055] FGMs can be prepared through ditterent techniques such as conventionalpowder meta||urgy processing, vapour deposition and sintering techniques. Thespark p|asma sintering method (SPS), a|so reterred to as tor example tie|d assistedsintering technique (FAST), is a powertu| sintering technique which a||ows very rapidheating under high mechanica| pressures. This process, hereatter reterred to as SPS,has proved to be very we|| suited tor the production ot tunctiona||y gradedmateria|s. Other sintering techniques could possib|y a|so be used tor preparing FGMs, such as tor example direct hot-pressing, hot-pressing or hot isostatic pressing.
[0056] A t|ux is to be understood as a chemical c|eaning agent, t|owing agent, orpuritying agent used in we|ding tor preventing oxides trom torming on the surtaceot the mo|ten meta| and/or absorbing impurities. The t|ux cou|d tor examp|ecomprise a piece ot a|uminium, however it is a|so conceivab|e that the t|ux is a t|ux comprising ammonium ch|oride, hydroch|oric acid, zinc ch|oride or borax.
[0057] Embodiments wi|| now be described in more detai| under reterence to theaccompanying drawings. A|| examp|es herein should be seen as part ot the genera|description and theretore possible to combine in any way in genera| terms. Again, individual teatures ot the various embodiments and methods may be combined or exchonged unless such combination or exchonge is cIeorIy controdictory to theoverall tunction ot the tunctionoIIy groded moterioi shope or its method ot production.
[0058] Fig. i shows on exompie ot o metoI / ceromic FGM with o grodedportion 5 consisting ot severoi composite Ioyers, there is o groduoi voriotion ot themicrostructure with the compositionoI chonge. The motrix is repIoced groduoIIy trommetoI to ceromic, ond the microstructure protiIe vories concurrentIy trom II o puremetoI , iii-iv o metoI-rich region (the ceromic porticIes ore dispersed in metoImotrices), i-ii o ceromic-rich region (the metoI motrix diminishes ond turns intodiscrete phoses or porticIes in ceromic motrices), to tinoIIy (portion I) o pureceromic. This grodient in the composition-microstructure-properties oIong the FGM is the key tor its stobiIity ond pertormonce.
[0059] Fig. 2 shows o weId stud i occording to one embodiment. The weId stud i is odopted to be weIded ogoinst o substrote (shown os reterence numeroI 2 in tig. 5) by meons ot e|ectric resistonce weIding. In e|ectric resistonce weIding heot isgeneroted by the eIectricoI resistonce ot the moterioi to be weIded which mokes oportion ot the moterioi ot the weId stud i ond o portion ot the substrote meIt ondthus torming the weId between the weId stud i ond the substrote. The tirst portion Iot the weId stud i comprises o tirst moterioi Mi which is o moterioi which is notpossibIe to weId ogoinst the substrote. The moterioi Mi couId tor exompIe be oceromic, cermet or po|ymer moterioi. The moterioi Mi couId be o weor resistontmoterioi odopted to increose the weor resistonce ot weId stud or o chemicoIIyresistont moterioi odopted to increose the chemicoI resistonce ot weId stud i . TheweId stud i turther comprises o second portion II comprising o second moterioi M2being o moterioi weIdobIe ogoinst the substrote. The second moterioi M2 couId torexompie comprise stee| or stoinIess stee|. The tirst portion I is ioined to the secondportion II by meons ot the weId stud hoving o tunctionoIIy groded region comprising o mix ot the moteriois Mi ond M2, such thot the moteriois ot portion I ond portion II 11 ore moterioiiy bonded. The we|d stud turther comprises o third portion ||| comprisingtwo topered portions 4o, 4b such thot the third portion comprises o cross sectionperpendiculor to the |ength oxis ot the we|d stud i hoving o smo||er oreo thon theoveroge cross-section oreo ot the tirst ond second portions perpendiculor to thesome |ength oxis. The topered portions 4o, 4b ore needed to initiote the weidingprocess ond could turthermore comprise o t|ux tor tociiitoting the weiding ot the second moterioi M2 ogoinst the substrote.
[OOóO] Fig. 3o shows o we|d stud i occording to on embodiment similor to theembodiment ot tig.i , with the ditterence thot the third portion ||| comprises orounded portion 4 which, iust os the topered portions ot tig. i, is needed to initiotethe weiding, ond cou|d oiso comprise o t|ux tor tociiitoting the weiding ot the second moterioi M2 ogoinst the substrote.
[OOói] Fig. 3b shows o we|d stud i occording to on embodiment similor to theembodiment ot tig.i, with the ditterence thot the third portion ||| comprises otrustoconicoi portion 4 which is used to initiote the weiding, ond cou|d oisocomprise o t|ux tor tociiitoting the weiding ot the second moterioi M2 ogoinst the su bstrote.
[OOó2] Fig. 4 shows on embodiment ot the we|d stud i very similor to theembodiment shown in tig. 2, the ditterence being thot the we|d stud ot tig. 4 hos otronsition region 5 which is o substontioi port ot the we|d stud i . The tronsitionregion 5 comprising o mix ot the moteriois ot the tirst I ond second || portions ondcreotes the moterioi ioint between the tirst ond second portion. The we|d stud hos o|ength oxis LA running through soid tirst |, second || ond third ||| portion. The thirdportion ||| comprises o cross section B - B perpendiculor to the |ength oxis LA hovingo smo||er oreo 02 thon the overoge cross-section oreo oi ot the tirst ond secondportions perpendiculor to the |ength oxis LA, in tigure 4 shown with the cross-section A - A, os the we|d stud ot tig. 4 is cyiindricoi ond thus hos on equoi cross-section 12 over the entire Iength ot the weId stud i. The sintered groded region comprises omix ot the tirst Mi ond the second M2 moteriois which could be o mix creoting ogroduoi voriotion in composition, smoothIy or stepwiseIy, throughout the tronsitionregion 5. The moterioi Mi could in one exompIe be tungsten corbide ond themoterioi M2 could be steel ond the grodient chonge throughout the third portioncouId be 20voI% (i.e. 80/20, 60/40, 40/60, 20/80 voI%). The tirst I ond secondII portion moy comprise the tirst Mi ond second M2 moterioi in its pure torm,respectiveiy, or it moy comprise o mix ot the moteriois Mi ond M2, with thepercentoge ot M2 being higher in the second portion II thon in the tirst portion, ond the percentoge ot Mi being higher in the tirst portion I thon in the second portion II.
[0063] Fig. 5 shows the weId stud i occording to ony ot the embodiments hereinwhen weIded to o substrote 2 such thot o weId 3 is tormed between the substrote 2 ond the weId stud i, tixoting the weId stud i to the substrote 2.
[0064] Fig. 6 shows on embodiment ot the weId stud i0 in which the weId studi0 hos the shope ot o nut comprising internoi threods i5 enobiing the tixotion ot onobiect hoving externoi threods to the nut i0. The weId nut i0 comprises o tirstportion I comprising o tirst moterioi Mi, oIone or in combinotion with ot Ieost osecond moterioi M2, the moterioi ot the tirst portion I is not weIdobIe to the substrotebut chosen tor the reoson ot o porticuIor moterioi property, which moy be omechonicoI property, such os good weor resistonce, or o chemicoI property, suchos good chemicoI resistonce. The weId nut turther comprises o second portion IIcomprising o moterioi weIdobIe ogoinst the substrote. The weId nut i0 turthercomprises o third portion III comprising o pIuroIity ot rounded portions needed toinitiote the weIding process. The rounded portions i4 couId be topered or otherwiseshoped such thot they hove o cross section oreo being smoIIer thon the overogecross-section oreo ot the weId nut tor initioting the weIding process. The pIuroIity otrounded portions i4 moy comprise o tIux tor tociIitoting ond/or improving the weId between the weId nut i0 ond the substrote 2. 13
[0065] The we|d nut is to be seen os on example showing thot there is no|imitotion to the shope in which the we|d stud moy be produced os |ong os the bosicprincip|e ot o tirst non-we|dob|e moterio| integroted with o we|dob|e moterio| opp|ies.
[0066] Fig. 7 shows o scoop 20 tor on excovotor comprising o substrote 22odopted to torm the scoop 20. The substrote 22 is tor exomp|e stee| or o stee|bosed o||oy such os stoin|ess stee|. The scoop 20 turthermore comprises we|d studs2i , occording to ony ot the embodiments herein, we|ded to the substrote 22 torimproving the weor resistonce ot the scoop 20. ln tig. 7 the we|d studs 2i oreshown we|ded to the side ot the scoop 20, however it is equo||y conceivoble thotthe we|d studs 2i ore we|ded to the tront 23 ot the scoop, the inside 24 ot thescoop 20, or the teeth 25 ot the scoop 20. The scoop 20 shown in tig. 7 is to beseen os on exomp|e ot on opp|icotion oreo ot the we|d studs 2i occording to ony ot the embodiments disc|osed under reterence to tigs. 2 - ó.
[0067] Fig. 8 shows o dri|| bit 30 tor o rock dri||. The dri|| bit 30 comprises osubstrote 32 odopted to be rototed tor exerting o dri||ing torce on o torget moterio|,such os o rock wo|| or o sediment |oyer. The dri|| bit 30 turthermore comprises we|dstuds 3i o, 31 b, occording to ony ot the embodiments herein, we|ded to the topsurtoce ot the substrote 32 (the we|d stud 3io) ond o|ong the periphery or |otero|surtoce ot the substrote 32 (the we|d stud 3i b). As the we|d studs 3io, 3i b torexomp|e comprises o ceromic or cermet moterio| they substontio||y improve theweor resistonce ot the dri|| bit 30 ot the some time os they ore eosy to opp|y orrep|oce os they con be we|ded directly on to the substrote 32 by meons otresistonce we|ding. The dri|| bit 30 shown in tig. 8 is to be seen os on exomp|e oton opp|icotion oreo ot the we|d studs 3io, 3i b occording to ony ot the embodiments disc|osed under reterence to tigs. i - 5. 14
[0068] Fig. 9 shows o roller 40 for feeding, for example for use in o foresthorvester heod. The ro||er 40 comprises we|d studs 41 according to ony of theembodiments disc|osed herein. According to the embodiment disc|osed in fig. 9 thero||er 40 comprises o substrote 42 hoving o substontio||y circu|or periphery odoptedto rotote for feeding for exomp|e |ogs when horvesting. The we|d studs 41 orewe|ded to the circu|or periphery of the substrote 42. The ro||er 40 shown in fig. 9 isto be seen os on exomp|e of on opplicotion oreo of the we|d studs 41 occording to ony of the embodiments disc|osed under reference to figs. 2 - ó.
[0069] The invention o|so re|otes to o method for producing we|d studs occordingto ony one of the embodiments herein. More specifico||y the invention re|otes to omethod for producing o ceromic or cermet / meto| FGM, shoped os o we|d stud.
The method comprises the following steps:
[0070] 1) Forming o FGM powder structure, wherein the first moterio| surfocecomprises up to 100% of the first moterio| M1, the we|dob|e second surfocecomprises up to 100% of the second moterio| M2, ond the intermediote grodedregion hos severo| or ot |eost one composite inter|oyers together creoting onintermediote groded composite region, essentio||y consisting of on intermix of thefirst M1 , second M2 ond possible o third moterio| M3, by |ooding mixtures of o|||oyers in order, |oyer by |oyer, into o sintering too| co||ed die, preferob|y consisting of grophite ond of o desirob|e shope such os cy|indrico| or rectongu|or.
[0071] 2) Sintering of the prepored FGM-structure with the spork p|osmo sinteringtechnique (SPS).
[0072] 3) Performing necessory finishing of the FGM component by methods such os b|osting, cutting, turning, grinding, mi||ing ond possib|e oddition of o f|ux.
[0073] The storting moterio|s (M1, M2) moy be de|ivered continuous|y into o sintering die in which the moterio| is sintered, creoting ot |eost one inter|oyer with gradua| variation in composition, smooth|y or stepwise|y, throughout the FGMshape consisting ot ditterent mixtures ot the materia|s. As is we|| known in the ort,sintering additives may turther be added to the tirst and/or the second material Mi,M2 in order to improve its properties. The gradient region may turther comprise atleast one more material, with an expansion coetticient intermediate to the two outer materials.
[0074] The ingredients ot each composite interlayer may be automatically ormanua||y weighed ond mixed, by dry mixing or wet mixing, unti| homogeneity, ondit necessary dried and sieved. According to one example, the numbers ot gradedlayers are between two and twenty. However, other numbers ot layers are ot coursea|so possible. The change in composition proti|e along the layers can be |inear as we|| as non-|inear
[0075] ln order to decrease the temperature-rise |oca||y in one ot the materials,genera||y in the meta|, M2, an e|ectrica||y insu|ating |ayer ot an e|ectrica||y insu|ating powder or coating can be inserted in the FGM structure.
[0076] The whole die is according to this example pre-pressed by cold uniaxial pressing prior to sintering.
[0077] ln one embodiment a we|dab|e metal substrate is used as a base in theFGM structure prior to sintering, and the powder layers are ioined with thewe|dab|e substrate during the sintering. ln such a case the production costs can be reduced as the amount ot powder is reduced.
[0078] Cutting can preterably be pertormed with techniques such as laser cutting, water [et cutting, cutting whee|, p|asma cutting or wire EDM. 16
[0079] ln one embodiment the outer surtaces ot materia| Mi and M2 are t|at andpara||e|, shaped during the sintering by the so ca||ed pressing punches, which torm the sintering tool together with the die, these punches having t|at surtaces.
[0080] ln another embodiment at |east one ot the pressing punches has a non t|atsurtace, giving at |east one ot the FGM component surtaces a non-t|at nature, to reduce the amount ot tinishing needed.
[0081] ln one embodiment the FGM components are sintered one at a time, in a sing|e sintering too|.
[0082] ln another embodiment severa| FGM components are sintered simu|taneous|y in a mu|ti-component sintering too|.
[0083] ln another embodiment one |arge FGM component is sintered at a time, which is subsequently cut into sma||er components.
[0084] ln one embodiment the we|dab|e end ot the gradient we|d stud and themeta| substrate to which it is to be attached are being brought together in a substantia||y para||e| relationship, and thereatter we|ded.
Examples
[0085] The present invention is turther i||ustrated by the to||owing experimenta|resu|ts, which should not |imit the c|aims in any way. For example, other meta|s and ceramics can be used. Other sintering techniques than SPS can a|so be used.
[0086] A stee| / WC-Co FGM was designed to comprise tour compositeinter|ayers between the pure stee| and tungsten carbide |ayers at the two ends. Thecomposites consisted ot stee| - cemented carbide mixtures with a 20vo|% gradientchange (i.e. 80/20, 60/40, 40/60, 20/80 vo|%). A die tor production ot 6 cy|indrica| components was used. The tota| six |ayers tor each component were 17 iooded in order, ioyer by ioyer, in o grophite die ond o BN insuioting ioyer wosinterposed between the punch ond the steel ioyer. The WC hod o Co content ot i i% ond the groin size wos opproximoteiy 2 pm. The steel hod o D50 size ot i0pm. The die wos sintered in o SPS unit ot i i00 °C during ó minutes ond ot opressure ot 30 MPo. The heoting rote wos 50 °C/min. The sintering took ploce invocuum. The dimension ot the sintered FG/vis wos øi 2x22 mm. The stee| surtoce otthe FGM wos turned into o s|ight|y conicoi shope, o smo|| ho|e wos mode in thestee| ond oiuminium wos odded os tlux. The components were we|ded onto stee| substrotes through drown orc stud weiding.
[0087] A FGM component ot stoiniess stee| ond yttrio-stobiiized zirconio wossintered with the SPS technoiogy in o sing|e component grophite too|. Thedimensions ot the sintered component were ø20xi 7 mm. The component wossintered ot i i00 °C during 22 minutes ond ot o pressure ot 75 MPo. The heotingrote wos 50 °C/min. The sintering took ploce in vocuum. The stoiniess stee| port otthe component wos turned into o s|ight|y conicoi shope ond oiuminium wos odded os tlux.
[0088] A FGM ot stoiniess stee| ond oiumino wos prepored, with zirconio os onodditive in the intermediote ioyer. 2i ditterent powder mixtures were prepored tromthe moteriois stoiniess stee| SUS3ióL (D90 < 22 pm), A|2O3 (i 00 nm) ond/orZrO2(3Y) (D50=0.ó pm). The sompie wos densitied with SPS ot i i00 °C tor 30minutes. The sintering took ploce in vocuum. The SPS pressure wos kept ot 75 MPo.A heoting rote ot i00 °C/ min wos oppiied. The FGM wos produced os o cyiinder with o diometer ot 20 mm ond o height ot 22 mm.
[0089] lt wi|| be opprecioted thot the tigures described ore tor i||ustrotion only ondore not in ony woy restricting the scope ot the invention. Pieose note thot ony embodiment or port ot embodiment os we|| os ony method or port ot method cou|d 18 be combined in ony woy. A|| examples herein should be seen os port ot the generol description ond therefore possible to combine in ony woy in generol terms.

Claims (5)

1. 9 i) A we|d stud odopted to be weided ogoinst o substrote, the we|d stud(i ;i O;2i ,'3i ;4i) comprising: CJ. b. o tirst (|), second (||) ond third (|||) portion, ond whereinthe tirst portion comprises o tirst moterio| Mi, ond the second portion comprises o second moterio| M2, weldoble to the substrote (2), ond the third portion comprises ot |eost one ot: o moterio| being weldobleto the substrote, ond o t|ux moterio| odopted to toci|itote the we|ding ot the second moterio| M2 to the substrote, wherein the we|d stud comprises o |ength oxis (LA) running through soid tirst,second ond third portion, ond wherein the third portion comprises ocross section (B-B) perpendicu|or to the length oxis hoving o smo||eroreo (o2) thon the overoge cross-section oreo (o() ot the tirst ondsecond portions perpendicu|or to the length oxis, chorocterized in thotthe tirst moterio| Mi ond second moterio|s M2 ore ioined with ogroduo| tronsition (5) , ond wherein the tirst moterio| Mi is notweidoble to the substrote, ond the second moterio| M2 is weldoble tothe substrote, ond wherein the tirst ond second portions comprises osintered groduo| tronsition region comprising o mix ot the tirst Mi ond the second M2 moterio|s.
2. ) The we|d stud occording to c|oim i, wherein the third portion comprises o rounded (4) or topered (4o;4b) portion odopted to initiote contoct with the substrote when welding.
3. ) The we|d stud according to any ot c|aims i and 2, wherein the materia| Miis a materia| selected trom: a ceramic materia|, a cermet materia|, a meta| not we|dab|e to the substrate, and a polymer materia|.
4. ) The we|d stud according to c|aim 3, wherein the materia| Mi is a materia| selected trom: an oxide, a nitride, a carbide or a boride.
5. ) The we|d stud according to any ot c|aims 3 and 4, wherein the materia| Mi turther contains sintering additives. ó) The we|d stud according to any ot the above c|aims, wherein the materia| Mi turther contains some ot the we|dab|e materia| M2. 7) The we|d stud according to any ot the above c|aims, wherein the we|dab|e materia| M2 is a meta| or meta| a||oy. 8) The we|d stud according to c|aim 7, wherein the we|dab|e materia| M2 is amateria| se|ected trom: a|uminium, nici and zirconium or their a||oys, stee| and stain|ess stee|. 9) The we|d stud according to any ot the above c|aims, wherein the we|dab|e materia| M2 is a materia| se|ected trom stee| and stain|ess stee|, iO) The we|d stud according to any ot the above c|aims, wherein thewe|dab|e materia| M2 is a materia| se|ected trom stee| and stain|ess stee|,and the non-we|dab|e materia| M2 comprises at |east one ot cemented tungsten carbide, a|uminum oxide, and zirconium oxide. 21 1 1) The we|d stud according to ony ot the obove cloims, wherein the third portion comprises o t|ux moterio| comprising o|uminum. 12) Method ot monutocturing the we|d stud according to ony ot the obove c|oims, the method comprising: o. preporing o powder compound comprising the tirst moteriol M1 ondsecond moteriol M2 tor sintering, ondb. sintering the powder compound tor preporing o sintered moteriol bonded with o groduol compositionol tronsition region. 13) The method occording to c|oim 12, wherein the step ot sintering ot the powder compound is pertormed by meons ot spork plosmo sintering (SPS). 14) The method occording to ony ot c|oim 12 ond 13, wherein the methodturther comprises ot |eost one ot: blosting the sintered moteriol, cutting thesintered moterioi, turning the sintered moterioi, grinding the sintered moterio|, mi||ing the sintered moterioi ond odding o t|ux to the sintered moterioi. 15) The method ot monutocturing the we|d stud occording to ony ot cloims12 - 14, wherein the method turther comprises plocing o meto| substrotecomprising the second moteriol M2 in contoct with the powder compound,ond wherein the sintering ot the powder compound ioins the so|id piece to the sintered moteriol. 1ó) A ro||er tor teeding, wherein the ro||er (40) comprises we|d studs (41) occording to ony cloims 1 - 11. 22 17) The roller according to cloim tó, wherein the roller compríses osubstrote (42) hovíng o substontíolly circulor periphery tor teedíng, ond wherein the we|d studs ore we|ded to the circulor periphery ot the substrote. 18) The ro||er according to ony one ot cloíms tó ond 17, wherein the ro||er is o teed ro||er tor o horvester heod.
SE1151094A 2011-11-18 2011-11-18 Welding bolt with a gradient structure, method of making it and feed roller comprising welding bolt SE536766C2 (en)

Priority Applications (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
SE1151094A SE536766C2 (en) 2011-11-18 2011-11-18 Welding bolt with a gradient structure, method of making it and feed roller comprising welding bolt
PCT/SE2012/051250 WO2013074028A1 (en) 2011-11-18 2012-11-14 A gradient weld stud and method of preparation
EP12849649.4A EP2780127A4 (en) 2011-11-18 2012-11-14 A gradient weld stud and method of preparation

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
SE1151094A SE536766C2 (en) 2011-11-18 2011-11-18 Welding bolt with a gradient structure, method of making it and feed roller comprising welding bolt

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
SE1151094A1 true SE1151094A1 (en) 2013-05-19
SE536766C2 SE536766C2 (en) 2014-07-22

Family

ID=48429960

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
SE1151094A SE536766C2 (en) 2011-11-18 2011-11-18 Welding bolt with a gradient structure, method of making it and feed roller comprising welding bolt

Country Status (3)

Country Link
EP (1) EP2780127A4 (en)
SE (1) SE536766C2 (en)
WO (1) WO2013074028A1 (en)

Family Cites Families (11)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4389462A (en) * 1981-07-08 1983-06-21 Cabot Corporation Process for enclosing a pin shank within an enclosing member and article produced thereby which is substantially devoid of a gap between the enclosing member and the head of the pin
DE8612330U1 (en) * 1986-05-05 1986-06-26 AVT Anti-Verschleiss-Technik GmbH, 5860 Iserlohn Wear-resistant studded bolt
DE4431563A1 (en) * 1994-09-05 1996-03-07 Kloeckner Humboldt Deutz Ag Wear-resistant surface armor for the rollers of high-pressure roller presses for pressure reduction of granular goods (documents for P 44 44 337.4 given)
JPH09194909A (en) * 1995-11-07 1997-07-29 Sumitomo Electric Ind Ltd Composite material and its production
US6089444A (en) * 1997-09-02 2000-07-18 Mcdonnell Douglas Corporation Process of bonding copper and tungsten
US5988488A (en) * 1997-09-02 1999-11-23 Mcdonnell Douglas Corporation Process of bonding copper and tungsten
US6503575B1 (en) * 2000-05-22 2003-01-07 Praxair S.T. Technology, Inc. Process for producing graded coated articles
US8349396B2 (en) * 2005-04-14 2013-01-08 United Technologies Corporation Method and system for creating functionally graded materials using cold spray
JP2009129637A (en) * 2007-11-21 2009-06-11 Harison Toshiba Lighting Corp Sealing member, and bulb
KR100967629B1 (en) * 2008-02-14 2010-07-07 한양대학교 산학협력단 Functionally gradient material, Method for manufacturing the same, Apparatus for manufacturing the same and Method for Functionally gradient material bonding between dissimilar materials using the same
SE534696C2 (en) * 2010-03-26 2011-11-22 Diamorph Ab A functional gradient material component and method for producing such component

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
WO2013074028A1 (en) 2013-05-23
EP2780127A1 (en) 2014-09-24
SE536766C2 (en) 2014-07-22
EP2780127A4 (en) 2015-09-30

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
FI118518B (en) Method for Making a Multi-Material Component or Structure and Using a Multi-Material Component or Structure
JP5005262B2 (en) Cutting tool made of surface-coated cubic boron nitride-based ultra-high pressure sintered material that exhibits excellent surface finish accuracy over a long period of time in high-speed cutting of hardened steel
AU2001275856C1 (en) Reducing metals as a brazing flux
US10046437B2 (en) Abrasive article having abrasive segments with shaped gullet walls
EP2716618A1 (en) Joint of metal material and ceramic-carbon composite material, method for producing same, carbon material joint, jointing material for carbon material joint, and method for producing carbon material joint
Perrett et al. Friction stir welding of industrial steels
JP2008272929A (en) Cutting tool insert
EP3199290B1 (en) Friction stir welding tool member formed from silicon nitride sintered body and friction stir welding apparatus using same
KR20130041187A (en) Pcbn material, tool elements comprising same and method for using same
JP5686253B2 (en) Cutting tool made of surface-coated cubic boron nitride-based ultra-high pressure sintered material with excellent peeling resistance
EP2821166B1 (en) A method for manufacturing a wear resistant component comprising mechanically interlocked cemented carbide bodies
SE1151094A1 (en) A gradient welding bolt and method of manufacture
KR101690516B1 (en) Polycrystalline diamond compact having multiplex sintered polycrystalline diamond and the manufacturing method thereof
JP6745059B2 (en) Composite sintered body cutting tool
WO2017038855A1 (en) Composite member and cutting tool
JP2008018509A (en) Cutting tool made of surface coated cubic boron nitride-base very high pressure sintered material exhibiting excellent chipping resistance in high-speed continuously cutting hard material hard to cut
JP4985914B2 (en) Cutting tool made of super-high pressure sintered material with surface-coated cubic boron nitride based on excellent finish surface accuracy
JP4883478B2 (en) Cutting tool made of surface-coated cubic boron nitride-based ultra-high pressure sintered material that exhibits excellent finished surface accuracy over a long period of time in high-speed continuous cutting of hard difficult-to-cut materials
JP6039477B2 (en) Cutting tools
JP2008018505A (en) Cutting tool made of surface coated cubic boron nitride-base very high pressure sintered material exhibiting excellent chipping resistance in high-speed cutting hard material hard to cut
JP2012179674A (en) cBN INSERT
KR101310206B1 (en) Hige toughness functional graded hard metal tool for friction stir joining and manufacturing method thereof
JP4883477B2 (en) Cutting tool made of surface-coated cubic boron nitride-based ultra-high pressure sintered material that exhibits excellent fracture resistance in high-speed intermittent cutting of high-hardness steel
Boretius et al. Wear protection coatings generated by brazing, sintering and heat treatment in vacuum
JP2007090371A (en) Stock for wire drawing die, and wire drawing die