RU2739220C1 - Solar aerostatical-mobile power plants (sampp) - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: electricity.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to high-altitude solar aerostatical-mobile power plants (SAMPP) for power supply to ground consumers. SAMPP includes aircraft lighter than air placed above atmospheric cloud layer, photovoltaic converters of solar radiation, remote power transmission system and ground energy receiving point (GERP). At that, SAMPP is made in the form of remotely controlled airship platform (AP) with electric motors, wherein in housing of AP there is a closed cavity filled with gas lighter than air, which outer surface is transparent for solar radiation, and the lower one is made of N > 1 mirror concentrators of solar radiation, each of which provides concentration of solar radiation on the surface of the photoconverter. Inside the housing of the AP there is additionally installed a converter of solar radiation into microwave radiation, combined with a photoconverter, an antenna microwave device with a control unit, radiator and thermal pipeline for heat removal, and on lower surface of AP there installed is thermodynamic air engine (TAE) and air braking anchors. At that, the TAE is connected to the heating line and equipped with a heating system for the air flow passing through the TAE, and the GERP is placed on the movable base and equipped with a reference microwave source and a tracking follow-up unit to convert microwave radiation into electric current.

EFFECT: technical solution of the proposed invention is aimed at achieving technical result consisting in increasing the number of consumers of electric power in spatially distributed hard-to-access regions of Russia, in increase of transmitted energy level and reliability of energy transmission to consumers irrespective of weather conditions and seasons, with smaller sizes of air and ground segments of solar energy system, in possibility of flexible and rapid redistribution of energy flows among ground-based energy consumers, reduction of zones and levels of environmental impact on habitat due to reduced size of energy flows; SAMPP can be used to suppress centres of nascent typhoon foci and other abnormal atmospheric phenomena, generation of which is associated with movement of air masses by exposing them to microwave radiation.

4 cl, 3 dwg

Description

TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to high-altitude solar mobile power plants (SAME) power supply to ground consumers, regardless of climatic and weather conditions. SAME with microwave mains are most preferable for building a distributed energy system in Russia and can fully ensure energy security and reliable power supply in remote and inaccessible territories of Siberia, the North and the Far East, which are not covered by centralized power supply.

LEVEL OF TECHNOLOGY

Known space solar power plants for providing electricity to ground consumers, including a solar power plant and a system for remote transmission of energy to the Earth in the form of microwave or laser radiation [invention application RU No. 94032672/11 from 09/08/1994, B64G 9/00; patent for invention RU No. 2094334 from 18.04.1994, B64G 1/44, K. Getland, "Space technology", M., ed. Mir, 1986, pp. 228-237].

The disadvantages of these power plants are:

A large-sized structure that cannot be transported into orbit entirely at a time, requiring a large number of launch vehicles and a complex expensive assembly in space;

A multistage solar energy conversion system with equipment with large weight and size parameters and a complex and heavy cable network, which increases the risk of failure of individual nodes and, in extreme cases, equipment as a whole;

When using a laser beam as a method of energy transmission, the absence of an energy receiving point above the cloudy zone will lead to the loss of a part of the radiation in the troposphere and, consequently, to a decrease in the efficiency of the process.

When a microwave beam is used as a method of energy transmission, which has a significant divergence, its area on Earth will reach large sizes, which requires the creation of the same sizes of a transmitting antenna up to 1 km and a receiving rectenna up to 10 km, which leads to both an increase in the cost of a power plant and decrease in the efficiency of its work

Also known is a power supply system for ground consumers from space, which includes at least one space solar power plant and a ground station for receiving energy transmitted from space solar power plants [copyright certificate SU No. 946372 from 31.10.1980, H01J 17/00, B64G 1 /ten].

There is also known a balloon-space energy system, which includes at least one space solar power plant and a ground station for receiving energy transmitted from a space solar power station, characterized in that the system is equipped with an intermediate station for receiving energy, which is an aircraft lighter than air in the form of a controlled tethered balloon with a service module mounted on it. At the same time, solar photoconverters and a laser directed to the space solar power plant are located on the surface of the said apparatus facing away from the Earth's surface, and infrared photoconverters and the above-mentioned service module for controlling the balloon are located on the surface facing the Earth's surface. In this case, the specified balloon is fixed above the cloud zone by means of a cable-cable connected to a ground-based energy receiving point.

The aerostatic-space power system according to claim 1, characterized in that the aircraft is lighter than air and is disk-shaped, and electric motors connected to the service module are uniformly mounted along the perimeter of its lateral surface.

The aerostatic-space energy system according to claim 1, characterized in that between the service module and the ground point for receiving energy on a cable-cable emerging from the service module, weightless aerostatic shells are sequentially fixed.

The aerostatic-space energy system according to claim 1, characterized in that the space solar power plant is a satellite placed in orbit, consisting of photoconverting modules independently of each other, a focusing mirror system, supercapacitors, a remote power transmission system, an instrument-assembly compartment with systems control, as well as systems for receiving control commands and issuing information about the state of the satellite to a ground point.

(Copyright certificate RU 2481252 C1 (application: 2011141939/11, 18.10.2011 B64G 1/42 (2006.01) В64В 1/50 (2006.01), published: 10.05.2013 Bull. No. 13).

However, the disadvantage of this invention is

To obtain large energy capacities of space power plants (for example, GW level), significant fields (5-10 km ² ) of photovoltaic panels are required. This requires the delivery and installation in space of large-sized structures that cannot be transported into orbit entirely at one time. It is required to carry out a large number of launches of launch vehicles, to carry out a complex, expensive assembly of large-sized structures in space.

Large weight and size parameters, complex network structure of the space segment is exposed to the aggressive environment of outer space, increases the risk of failure of its individual units and equipment as a whole;

Also known are solar high-altitude power plants based on tethered balloons. The most common types of tethered balloons are spherical shells filled with light gas and their cigar-shaped forms (respectively, patents RU 2046734 C1, 13.06.1991 and US 20090152391 A1, 04.03.2006), to which baskets are suspended from below using flexible slings (patent RU 2026238 C1, 21.11.1991), most often for the placement of energy systems, video surveillance systems, meteorological instruments, repeaters, etc. equipment. The use of solar high-altitude power plants based on tethered balloons can significantly reduce the cost of their creation and operation, as well as provide consumers with relatively cheap energy. However, high-altitude tethered balloon power plants have several disadvantages. So, for example, when the direction of the wind changes, the tether will twist and collapse. The use of tethered balloons requires the allocation of a large area of land, which is a problem in densely populated regions, industrial areas and areas of active farming.

When a tethered balloon is placed at an altitude of 20 km and a payload of 200 kg, the total mass of the system is 4 tons. If the cable is made of Kevlar, and its diameter is 9 mm, the mass of the cable is 2400 kg with a length of 30 km. In addition, an electrically conductive cable must be connected to the retaining cable. With an average energy load of 10-100 kW, its weight can be up to 700 kg / km, which significantly reduces the energy capabilities of tethered balloons. But you have to pay for everything. The payment will be the creation of exclusion zones, in which a ban on flights of other aircraft will be introduced, since when the cable collides with the aircraft, the latter will simply be cut. This circumstance limits the use of tethered airships in central Europe, but it can be very promising in northern Europe, America and Russia, that is, in countries with large territories, but with relatively low air traffic flows.

The closest technical solution to the proposed invention, taken as a prototype, is a high-altitude solar power plant located on aircraft lighter than air, on the surface of which flexible solar cells are applied, and the devices themselves are located above the cloud layer [patents for inventions: RU # 2377440 from 18.06. 2008, F03G 6/00; RU No. 2389900 from 16.03.2009, F03G 6/00].

However, the disadvantages of these power plants are:

The use of film photoconverters, which have a low efficiency by their physical nature;

Daily operations of winding and unwinding a rope-cable from the drum, which significantly increases the risk of an accident and wear of the unit.

Using only solar radiation to generate electricity only in good weather and climatic conditions.

Tethered balloons are extremely unstable in airspace and create significant obstacles to the movement of air transport.

Tethered balloons raised to significant heights (above 10-15 km) constitute a hindrance to air transport. In addition, they must lift heavy, thick-core cables required to transmit powerful energy flows. It is very difficult to provide such a carrying capacity; it is required to create balloons several hundred meters in diameter. The use of additional aerostatic unloading makes the entire system cumbersome and unstable to wind loads, which reduces its stability and reliability. The power transmission system based on tethered balloons, under the influence of wind gusts, will sharply change its spatial position, even with the use of additional stabilizing air electric motors, creating a real threat to air transport.

Tethered balloon systems are easily vulnerable to the effects of atmospheric electricity, lightning, and, in winter, icing of retaining cables and electric cables, which can lead to their breakage and, as a consequence, to man-made disasters.

Thus, the proposed high-altitude solar power plant based on tethered balloons does not provide an all-weather, reliability and flexibility of the power supply system, especially in places that are difficult to access for energy transmission, for example, in the regions of the Far North. And this greatly complicates and increases the cost of creating such systems.

DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION

The technical solution according to the proposed invention is aimed at achieving a technical result, which consists of:

в увеличении количества потребителей получаемой электроэнергии в пространственно-распределенных труднодоступных регионах России,

in increasing the number of consumers of received electricity in spatially distributed hard-to-reach regions of Russia,

в повышении уровня передаваемой энергии и надежности передачи энергии потребителям в независимости от погодных условий и времен года, при меньших размерах воздушного и наземного сегментов солнечной энергетической системы,

in increasing the level of transmitted energy and the reliability of energy transmission to consumers, regardless of weather conditions and seasons, with smaller air and ground segments of the solar energy system,

в возможности гибко и оперативно перераспределять энергетические потоки среди наземных потребителей энергии

in the ability to flexibly and quickly redistribute energy flows among land-based energy consumers

в уменьшении зон и уровней экологического воздействия на среду обитания за счет уменьшения размеров энергетических потоков,

in reducing the zones and levels of environmental impact on the habitat by reducing the size of energy flows,

Below, when disclosing the essence of the invention, describing its implementation and use, including in particular cases of implementation, other types of the achieved technical result will be named.

CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION

The specified technical result is achieved by the fact that, as in the well-known, taken as a prototype, solar balloon power plant, which includes an aircraft lighter than air, located above the cloudy layer of the atmosphere, photoelectric converters (PEC) of solar radiation, a remote power transmission system and a ground station energy reception (NPPE), differs in that SAME is made in the form of a remotely controlled airship platform (DP) disk-shaped with electric motors placed along its edges. At the same time, a closed cavity filled with a gas lighter than air is placed inside the DP body, the outer surface of which is transparent to solar radiation, and the lower one is composed of N> 1 mirror concentrators of solar radiation, each of which provides the concentration of solar radiation on the surface of the PVC. Moreover, a converter of solar radiation into microwave radiation, an antenna microwave device with a control unit, a radiator and a thermal main for removing heat are additionally installed inside the DP housing. A thermodynamic air engine (TVD) and air brake armatures are installed on the lower surface of the DP, and the HPT is connected to the thermal main and equipped with a heating system for the air flow passing through the HPT. And NPPE is placed on a movable base and equipped with a reference microwave source and a unit for tracking rectennas for converting microwave radiation into electric current. In this case, the stabilization of the position of the DP in the air space above the NPPE is carried out by creating the thrust of the screws of the DP electric motors and additional thrust of the DP by heating the air and accelerating its movement in the thermodynamic air engine DP. And the lifting force of the DP is provided by heating the gas medium inside the closed shell of the DP.

Additional stabilization of the DP relative to the NPPE is carried out by adjusting the volumes and spatial position of the DP air anchors. At the same time, the air anchors of the DP themselves are made in the form of closed film cavities filled with gases lighter and heavier than the environment, and are equipped with regulators of their volumes and spatial position relative to the DP.

With all this, SAME can be used to combat anomalous atmospheric phenomena, the origin of which is associated with the movement of air masses, by stabilizing the position of the DP in the Earth's airspace above the centers of nascent foci of typhoons and other anomalous phenomena, the origin of which is associated with the movement of air masses. and the implementation of an energetic effect on the said nucleation sites - microwave radiation.

The disk-shaped form of the DP allows to reduce the drag of the DP to wind air flows and at the same time to increase the lifting force of the DP during the operation of electric motors located at its edges.

The use of a closed cavity inside the DP body, filled with a gas lighter than air, the outer surface of which is transparent for solar radiation, and the lower one is composed of N> 1 mirror concentrators of solar radiation, allows tracking the Sun and providing a concentration of solar radiation 500-1000 times on the solar cell , which makes it possible to increase the efficiency of conversion of solar radiation into microwave radiation up to 40-60%. For example, based on the use of inverted metamorphic multi-junction (IMM) high-speed solar cells based on intermetallic semiconductors with three to 20 layers (IMM Inverted Meta Morphic Multi Junction solar cells).

(For reference, the efficiency of converting solar radiation into electricity at a solar radiation concentration of up to 500-1000 Suns can be 41.6-44.7 %% for 3-4-layer structures (3rd generation), 50% for 5-6-layer structures ( 4th generation) and 68.2% (theoretical limit) for 20-layer structures.)

At the same time, the size of the used converters decreases (20-30 times in diameter), therefore, the overall and weight characteristics of the converters and their cost are sharply reduced, reliability and durability increase (operation in a closed, protected space).

Solar energy is converted into microwave radiation and transmitted to Earth at the NPPE, where the received radiation is converted into electricity. Microwaves can be transmitted through the Earth's atmosphere at a frequency of 2.45 to 5.8 gigahertz, with little or no loss. The current level of development of microwave electronics allows us to speak of a rather high value of the efficiency of energy transfer of microwave radiation - about 70-75%.

However, a significant part of solar energy energy will be converted into thermal energy on the converter of solar radiation into microwave radiation. What to do with the released thermal energy at the BF? In the present application, it is proposed to direct part of the thermal energy, using a radiator inside the closed cavity of the DP, to heat the gaseous medium inside the closed cavity, thereby providing additional lifting force of the DP. And the other part of the thermal energy, along the thermal line for heat removal, is directed into the thermodynamic air engine of the DP, to create additional air thrust in it, by heating the air medium inside the thermodynamic air engine and accelerating its jet motion.

SAME is planned to be deployed at altitudes of 20-30 km. Why exactly 20-30 km, and not 10-12 km? The fact is that the wind force, reaching its maximum at altitudes of about 10 km (more than 30 m / s), decreases to heights of 20 km and is less than 10 m / s. In addition, with an increase in the lift height, the density of air masses and loads, acting on the construction of the DP, sharply decrease by 30-60 times. It is also important that passenger aircraft fly at altitudes up to 12 km and, therefore, airships will not interfere with air traffic.

But you have to pay for everything, and the size of the balloons, reaching a volume of hundreds of thousands of cubic meters of helium or hydrogen and a diameter of about hundreds of meters, will become the price. During the day, solar cells power the motors that hold the vehicles in place, as well as the communication equipment. But at night, solar panels are useless and you have to use the stored energy. Energy can also be stored in storage batteries, but they have a very large mass, so now the most promising is the use of fuel cells (cells).

The DP is planned to be placed in the stratosphere, in the zone of the cycle pause of wind currents. This zone is located between layers of air flows in the atmosphere, which have vectors of movement of air flows in the opposite direction. In this zone, the minimum wind loads on the DP. By lowering (raising) the air anchors into the air streams located above (below) the spatial position of the DP, it is possible to organize additional thrust, due to the impact above (below) the passing air flows on the shell of the air anchors. Thus, in conjunction with electric motors and thermodynamic air engines, the stabilization of the DP relative to the spatial zone of the NPET is provided. The efforts of the air anchors can be regulated by changing their spatial position (above, below) relative to the DP and the size of their shells (for example, pumping them with hot (cold) gas).

The NPPE is planned to be placed on a movable base. For this purpose, the NPPE is equipped with a reference microwave source and a block of tracking rectennas, which allows it to be relocated to any place convenient for consumers. And at the same time ensure the mutual conjugation of NPPE and DP, regardless of climatic conditions.

High-altitude airship platforms ensure their functioning in the stratosphere (17-35 km). From this height, anomalous atmospheric phenomena can be observed quite well, the origin of which is associated with the movement of air masses, for example, centers of incipient typhoons and other atmospheric anomalies. SAME can move freely in the stratosphere and stabilize its spatial position over the incipient anomalous atmospheric phenomena. SAME possesses a significant energy potential of microwave radiation, which allows it to exert energy influence on them with microwave radiation.

Thus, SAME acquires a new unique quality - an energetic effect on anomalous atmospheric phenomena, the origin of which is associated with the movement of air masses.

The proposed implementation of the system makes it possible to significantly increase the number of land-based energy consumers and ensure its supply to the spatially distributed hard-to-reach regions of Russia. This ensures increased flexibility and reliability of energy transmission to consumers, regardless of weather conditions, seasons. At the same time, the costs of assembling and operating the SAME are significantly reduced.

A significant advantage of the proposed technical solution is also that the increase in the energy potential of SAME can be carried out by increasing the size of the closed cavity of the film solar radiation concentrator DP

The essence of the present invention is illustrated in FIG. 1-3:

in fig. 1 - solar high-altitude balloon-mobile power plant (VAME), where

1 - remotely controlled airship platform (DP) with electric motors,

2 - thermal main for heat removal,

3 - electric motors DP with propellers,

4 - ground-based energy receiving point (NPES),

5 - a unit for tracking rectennas for converting microwave radiation into electric current,

6 - microwave antenna device with a control unit,

7 - thermodynamic air engine (TVD),

8 - N> 1 mirror concentrators of solar radiation,

9 - converter of solar radiation into microwave radiation,

10 - a closed cavity filled with a gas lighter than air, the outer surface of which is transparent to solar radiation,

11 - reference microwave source,

12 - DP radiator,

13 - service control module DP with instrumentation and assembly compartment,

14. - FEP solar panels,

in fig. 2 - diagram of the stabilization of the DP relative to the NPPE, where

1 - airship platform (DP) with electric motors,

3 - electric motors DP with propellers,

4 - ground-based energy receiving point (NPES),

7 - thermodynamic air engine (TVD),

10 - a closed cavity filled with a gas lighter than air, the outer surface of which is transparent to solar radiation,

14 - regulators of volumes and spatial position of air anchors,

15 - air brake anchors.

in fig. 3 is a diagram of the effect of microwave radiation from SAME on incipient foci of atmospheric anomalies, where

1 - airship platform (DP) with electric motors,

16 - the center of the center of the incipient anomalous phenomenon, in the airspace of the Earth.

The essence of the proposed technical solution is to create a flexible spatially distributed system of energy supply to ground and air consumers with energy over a large territory of the Earth's surface in any weather conditions, regardless of climatic and meteorological conditions.

A remotely controlled airship platform (DP) 1 with electric motors 3 is capable of moving and stabilizing its position above the cloud cover, at altitudes of 20-30 km, at specified points in the airspace of the Earth's surface.

Solar energy easily enters the surface of the DC 1. Part of the solar energy enters the peripheral part of the surface of the DC, where the panels of the FEP 14 are located and is converted into electric current. This energy is used to power the equipment and service control module 13, as well as electric motors 3 DP. The second part of the light energy passes through the transparent shell of the closed cavity 10 and N> 1 by mirror concentrators 8 is directed to the surface 9 of the solar radiation-to-microwave radiation converter. Mirror concentrators 8 concentrate solar radiation 500-1000 times on the surface of the solar-to-microwave-converter 9, which makes it possible to increase the efficiency of converting solar radiation into microwave radiation and significantly reduce the size of the converters themselves 9. Microwave radiation, using an antenna microwave device 6, directed to the reference microwave source 11, combined with the unit of tracking rectennas 5 and converted into electric current at the ground-based energy receiving point 4 (NPPE) to provide consumers with energy.

The service control module 13 provides control of the DP and its segments, security means, collection of data on the state of the atmosphere in the directions of energy transmission and in the locations of ground-based rectennas

GENERAL SCHEME OF FUNCTIONING OF SAME

Sunlight, concentrated on the converter of solar radiation into microwave radiation 9, is converted into microwave radiation and transmitted to the NPPE 4 through the layers of the atmosphere with practically no loss. Antenna microwave device 6, operating at frequencies 2.45, 4.8 GHz, taking into account navigation data and data on the state of the atmosphere, is strictly oriented to the reference microwave source 11, ground rectenna 5. The dimensions of the microwave antenna device 6 can be reduced to several meters, and the tracking unit Rectennas of microwave radiation 5 can be formed on the basis of highly efficient and reliable (with an efficiency of more than 80%) electronic cyclotron converters, insensitive to overloads, which is especially important for powerful systems of wireless energy transmission.

Possible reception areas are selected according to the minimum possible vertical angle, which excludes uncontrolled irradiation of industrial facilities, infrastructure, residential areas. At the same time, the atmosphere is practically all-weather radio-transparent for microwave systems, despite the high and dense clouds, including in the high latitudes of our country.

When the DC 1 is on the illuminated part of the Earth's surface, the energy of solar radiation on the solar panel of solar panels 14 is converted into an electric current necessary to power supercapacitors (not shown) and electric motors 3 with DC propellers, and the energy of solar radiation, concentrated on the solar radiation converter in the microwave radiation 9 is directed to the NPPE 4.

When DC 1 is on an unlit part of the Earth, the electric current required for the operation of DC 1 is generated from supercapacitors (not shown). This ensures round-the-clock operation of SAME.

SAME is an all-weather, robotic, high-energy, energy complex, located above the air transport routes and the cloud cover of the Earth. This property makes it possible to create a network of energy systems for operational energy supply of land-based stationary and mobile objects, as well as promising electric transport systems (automobile, river, sea, air transport, etc.).

The above listed distinctive features of the proposed high-altitude solar balloon-mobile power plant allow it to be used as a promising energy complex of the XXI century for power supply of ground and air objects in hard-to-reach regions of the globe.

Thus, the presented list of distinctive features is essential for solving the set goals and objectives and achieving a technical result.

Claims (4)

1. A solar high-altitude balloon-mobile power plant (SAME), which includes a lighter-than-air aircraft located above the cloud layer of the atmosphere, photovoltaic converters (PECs) of solar radiation, a remote power transmission system and a ground-based energy receiving station (NPES), characterized by the fact that that SAME is made in the form of a remotely controlled airship platform (DP) with electric motors, while a closed cavity filled with gas lighter than air is placed inside the DP body, the outer surface of which is transparent to solar radiation, and the lower one is made up of N> 1 mirror concentrators of solar radiation, each of which provides the concentration of solar radiation on the surface of the solar cell, and inside the housing of the DP, a solar radiation-to-microwave radiation converter, a microwave antenna device with a control unit, a radiator and a thermal main for heat removal are installed on the lower surface of the DP, and thermodynamic air is installed on the lower surface of the DP. th engine (TVD) and air brake armatures, and the HPT is connected to the thermal main and equipped with a heating system for the air flow passing through the HPT, and the NPPE is placed on a movable base and equipped with a reference microwave source and a unit for tracking rectennas for converting microwave radiation into electric current. 2. The solar high-altitude balloon-mobile power plant (SAME) according to claim 1, characterized in that the position of the DP in the air space above the NPPE is stabilized by creating the thrust of the screws of the DP electric motors, heating the gas medium inside the closed shell of the DP, heating the air environment and accelerating it motion in the thermodynamic air engine DP, as well as the regulation of the volume and spatial position of the DP air anchors. 3. The solar airmobile power plant (SAME) according to claim 1, characterized in that the air anchors of the DP are made in the form of closed film cavities filled with gases lighter and heavier than the environment, and are equipped with regulators of their volumes and spatial position relative to the DP. 4. A method of using SAME according to claim 1 for combating anomalous atmospheric phenomena, the origin of which is associated with the movement of air masses, characterized in that the position of the DP in the Earth's air space is stabilized above the centers of incipient foci of typhoons and other anomalous atmospheric phenomena, the origin of which is associated with the movement of air masses, and carry out an energetic effect on the said foci of nucleation by microwave radiation.

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