RU2728600C1 - Method for automotive roads phytoremediation - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: ecology.SUBSTANCE: invention relates to the field of ecology, in particular, to air cleaning of motor roads with the help of plants-accumulators of harmful substances. Method involves using plants accumulating toxic and harmful substances. Along the roads, plants are planted with stripe 3–4 m wide. Plants accumulating toxic and harmful substances used are a mixture of plants of different families of the following composition, %: Solanaceae – 40–50; Cruciferae – 20–30; Asteraceae (Compositae) – 20–25; Leguminosae grasses – 10–15; Gramineae grasses – 10–15. At the end of the vegetation period, the plants are mown and reclaimed; in the following years, plant sowing is used.EFFECT: method provides higher efficiency of air cleaning on highways by using a set of plants possessing accumulating ability to sorb toxicants from air.3 cl, 1 tbl, 2 ex

Description

The invention relates to the field of ecology, in particular, to cleaning the air of highways using plants - accumulators of harmful substances.

In recent decades, atmospheric air has been intensely polluted by the introduction or formation of pollutants in it in concentrations that exceed the quality standards or the level of natural content, which have a harmful effect on the body. Harmful substances emitted into the air by road transport amount to millions of tons and exceed the limits of the atmosphere's ability to self-purify and have a detrimental effect on human health, as well as on the physiology and safety of cultivated plants in nearby fields.

The known method, in which air purification is carried out using plants that, using the root system, extract heavy metals from the soil and aboveground organs from the air (US patent No. 7049492 I1 "Thlaspi caerulescens subspecies for cadmium and zinc recovery"). Contributors Vin Ming Li, Rums L. Chaney, Roger D. Reeves, J. Scott Angle, Alan J.M. Baker).

However, in the known method, the productivity of plants is low, growth rates are low, insufficient absorption of harmful air substances, low limitation of the plant used.

There is also known a method whereby using plants to reduce the content of toxic substances from the soil. These are annual legume plants that absorb heavy metals through the root system. In this case, a biological product is used for the growth rate after cutting the cut plants (RF patent No. 2659231, publ. 20.06.2018).

In the known technical solution, plants of one family of leguminous herbs are used, which form an insufficient above-ground mass, as a result of which the ability to absorb toxicants from the air is limited.

There is also known a method where ash, poplar, birch and elm trees are used as air remediation plants (Naumenko O.A., Sokolova O.Ya., Bibartseva E.V. "Problems of ecology of the Southern Urals" // Bulletin of the Orenburg State University No. 10 (185), 2015, pp. 225-228).

The disadvantage of this method is the presence of trees on the roads, accumulating over the years a huge amount of cadmium and other harmful chemicals that pollute the roadways.

The closest technical solution is the "Phytoremediation method for cleaning soils contaminated with heavy metals", a method characterized in that during the growing season in small areas, plants are isolated that absorb heavy metals as much as possible, choosing indicator species (patent No. 2665073, publ. 28.08.2018 ., А01В 79/02, В09С 1/00), selected as a prototype.

The prototype method has the following disadvantages:

- the accumulating capacity of the samples is determined in 5 stages, which complicates the method;

- to determine toxicants in plants, cover only a part of the area where the accumulating capacity of plants is isolated;

- carry out analyzes only on natural and dominant plants;

- the issue of reducing harmful substances in the air is not resolved, since analyzes are carried out from the growing plants and plants with a small ability to accumulate air toxicants (meadow clover, coltsfoot, dandelion) are isolated.

The technical result of the invention is to simplify the method, increase the efficiency of air purification on highways, by using a set of plants with a hyperaccumulating ability to adsorb toxicants from the air.

The technical result is achieved by the fact that the proposed method of phytoremediation of highways, including the use of plants accumulating toxic and harmful substances, in which, unlike the prototype, plants are sown along roads, a strip width of 3-4 m, and as plants accumulating toxic and harmful substances used a mixture of plants of various families of the following composition,%:

- nightshade 40-50

- cruciferous 20-30

- Asteraceae (Compositae) 20-25

- legumes 10-15

- cereal herbs 10-15

2. A method of phytoremediation of highways, according to claim 1., characterized in that the plants are mown and utilized at the end of the growing season.

3. The method of phytoremediation of highways, according to claim 1., characterized in that in subsequent years self-seeding of plants is used.

Plants of the Solanaceae family are significant properties of adsorbing cadmium compounds:

- physalis-like nicandra (Nicandra phisaloides L.), the height of which reaches more than 1 meter;

- petunia (Petunia Juss);

- physalis (Physalis L);

- nightshade (Solarium, L).

These are annual plants that grow everywhere along roads, in wastelands. Sowing such herbs significantly clears the air not only from cadmium compounds (more than 70% from the soil, more than 30% from the air), but also other harmful substances. Taking into account such possibilities of nightshades, their number prevails in relation to other selected species for phytoremediation (40-50%).

From the cruciferous family are sown:

- winter camelina (Camelina silvestris Waller), which is characterized by a large number of leaves at a height of 70 cm.The leaves and stems are pubescent, due to which more harmful substances are absorbed from the air, including mercury and arsenic compounds, which is not inherent in other plant families, growing on roadsides.

- common rape (Barbarea vulgaris R.BR.), which is common throughout Russia. Found in wastelands, gardens, along roads. The stem is straight, branched, reaching a height of 30 - 80 cm.

The Asteraceae family is represented by:

- common chicory (Cichorium intubus L.), widespread in the natural phytocenosis of roadside strips, reaching a height of up to 1.5 meters. The root system penetrates deeply into the soil, the leaves are large. Possesses high accumulating properties, absorbs a number of harmful substances from the air (hydrocarbons, carbon oxides, chlorine compounds, exhaust gases, etc.)

- high elecampane (Inula helenium L.) - a perennial herb up to 1.5 meters high. The stem is erect, pubescent, furrowed, branched at the top. Leaves are large, alternate, whole, oblong-elliptical. The rhizome is thick (up to 5 cm), fleshy, often multi-headed. The adventitious roots extend from the rhizome.

Leguminous herbs (legume family) are annual species of Trifolium (incarnatum, alexandrinum, resupinatum), are well leafy and are able to absorb a significant amount of toxic elements.

Representatives of the cereal family were:

- plants of the paiza culture (barnyard grass - Echinochloa frumenta). During the ripening period, it reaches a height of more than 1 m and, in an amount of 10-15% of the total volume of grass, supplements the action of herbs-accumulators of air pollution, absorbing elements of cobalt, iron, magnesium dioxides and other elements).

- Plants of the common broomstick (Apera spica-venti), which has lamellar leaves: flat, rough, helical, without hairs; the auricle of the sheath is absent; the uvula is evenly deep and gracefully incised. The stem is straight or elbowed, up to 30 ... 120 cm high (optionally biennial, that is, sometimes wintering), less often one-year. Seedlings appear in autumn and spring.

Justification of the parameter by the sowing width, within 3-4 meters, has been proven experimentally. Less than 3 meters of strip does not allow achieving the desired effect on the sorption of toxic substances.

Example 1. On a section of the Vladikavkaz-Rostov highway, 100 km long, strips of 3 m wide were prepared on the roadside. After processing the soil and rolling the strips, a mixture of small-seeded grasses was sown: Nikandra in an amount of 40% of the seeding rate per hectare, that is, 7 kg / ha, winter camelina 3 kg / ha, chicory 4 kg / ha, paise and clover (Trifolium incarnatum) 2 kg / ha. The sown grasses were left for 2-3 years for self-renewal.

Example 2. On a plot 10 km long and 4 m wide, a mixture of herbs was similarly sown: Nikandra 9 kg / ha, winter camelina 5 kg / ha, chicory 5 kg / ha, paizu and annual clover at 3 kg / ha.

The substantiation of the selected parameters of the method according to the number of crops sown were established experimentally and the results of the experiments are summarized in Table 1.

In addition to these toxicants, the indicators of carbon oxides, sulfur, chlorine bromides, nitrogen oxides, and fuel hydrocarbons decreased in the air.

Thus, due to the accumulating ability of plants, it is possible to reduce the amount of toxic elements in the air and preserve the environment and human health.

When using plants - hyperaccumulators, the amount of harmful substances in the atmosphere is significantly reduced and the ecological situation on the roads improves.

Claims (4)

1. A method of phytoremediation of highways, including the use of plants that accumulate toxic and harmful substances, characterized in that plants are sown along roads, a strip width of 3-4 m, and a mixture of plants of different families is used as plants accumulating toxic and harmful substances the following composition,%: nightshade 40-50 cruciferous 20-30 aster (Compositae) 20-25 legumes 10-15 cereal herbs 10-15 2. The method of phytoremediation of highways according to claim 1, characterized in that the plants are mowed and disposed of at the end of the growing season. 3. The method of phytoremediation of highways according to claim 1, characterized in that in subsequent years self-seeding of plants is used.