RU2657605C2 - Device rescue of submariner and method for lifting it on surface - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: rescue work.

SUBSTANCE: diving equipment is made in the form of a container with the dimensions, allowing to place one person in it and to make release from the sunken submarine through the existing release devices. The equipment is equipped with devices for viewing the surrounding space, a float with an antenna serving to transmit the signal about the accident, the designation of the accident site, and also the means of communication between the diver and the surface. The tether connects the float and the antenna with a radio transmitter located in the container and is designed for winding and fixing with a coil and a stopper. Equipment is equipped with an audible alarm and information display for audio and visual alerts and informing divers about the parameters of external hydrostatic and internal pressure of gas media and about passage of decompression mode.

EFFECT: invention increases safety and reduces the time for the submariner to rise to the surface from an emergency submarine.

2 cl, 2 tbl

Description

The described inventions relate to diving equipment - means for rescuing submariners and how to raise them to the surface.

Diving equipment is a combination of diving equipment, technical equipment and property designed to provide diving descents, the work of divers and raising them to the surface, as well as to ensure the life of divers under high pressure gas environment [1, p. 1].

Diving equipment as a set of devices and protective clothing worn by a diver, ensure its vital activity at high pressure of the surrounding water or gas environment and work in water [1, p. 6]. They are divided into:

- by depth of use - on equipment for shallow and medium depths and on deep-sea diving equipment;

- according to the method of providing a respiratory gas mixture - to stand-alone and hose;

- according to the method of maintaining the required composition of the respiratory gas mixture — to the ventilated one, with an open breathing pattern, with semi-closed and closed breathing patterns (regenerative);

- by the method of thermal protection - for electric, water, unheated (with passive protection);

- by the method of isolating the body from the environment - with full insulation (wetsuits and wetsuits of the "dry" type - water and gas impermeable) and with partial insulation (wetsuits and wetsuits of the "wet" type - water and gas permeable) [2, Art. four].

The diving equipment includes:

- respiratory equipment (breathing apparatus, helmets, masks, hoses for supplying respiratory gas mixtures);

- means of isolating the body from environmental influences (overalls, wetsuits, diving shirts);

- Means of passive thermal protection (underwear, knitted and woolen underwear, insulation);

- means of active thermal protection (suits for water and electric heating, autonomous sources of heat and electric current, distribution and control devices for heating a diver, breathing gas mixture heaters, hot water hoses and electric cables);

- Means of regulating buoyancy and ensuring stability (inflatable vests, cargoes, galoshes, bots, etc.);

- means of communication;

- orientation tools (depth gauge, watch, compass, etc.);

- devices (knife, flippers, a protective device for welding, for emergency lifting, etc.) [1], [2].

Known soft diving equipment, which is made of rubber. It does not isolate the diver from the effects of environmental pressure (water). Soft diving equipment is used when performing a wide variety of diving operations: when raising sunken ships, building dams of power plants, laying submarine cables, emergency exit from a submarine, etc. The main disadvantage of soft diving equipment is that when descending to great depths, raising a diver to the surface requires prolonged decompression [2].

When lifting a diver in soft diving equipment from the side of an emergency submarine, it is necessary to observe a certain lifting speed and adhere strictly to the decompression mode. Violation of the decompression regime can lead to barotrauma and decompression sickness. For the correct choice of decompression mode, special tables are used (tables 1 and 2) [2].

Table 1 shows that when climbing from a depth of 100 m after a stay of more than 25 minutes the diver needs 14 stops at 42, 39, 36, 33, 30, 27, 24, 21, 18, 15, 12, 9, 6 and 3 m with a total duration of more than 8 hours. Over such a period of time, he may run out of air, overcooling, weather deteriorate, etc. Therefore, reducing the time the diver is under pressure is extremely important when he rises to the surface and during the rescue operation.

To accelerate the process of lifting divers to the surface, a diving bell is used, which, after climbing to the surface, is attached to the pressure chamber and gradually reduces the pressure in the pressure chamber according to the decompression tables. However, the preparation of this diving technique requires a lot of time, and it is not designed for a large number of people. While the exit of personnel from an emergency submarine with prolonged exposure to high pressure in partially flooded compartments is characterized by a large number of people reaching the surface of up to 100 people in a relatively short time. In this case, even specially equipped vessels cannot ensure the safety of personnel lifting.

The diving bell is a sealed, robust vessel designed for transporting divers to a depth, to the object of work and back to the surface, with their subsequent transfer to a diving pressure chamber. The main elements of the diving bell have a design similar to the corresponding elements of the diving pressure chamber [1, p. 10].

The diving pressure chamber is also a sealed strong vessel and is designed to ensure the life of divers under conditions of excessive internal pressure of the gas or water environment and to conduct diving operations, as well as for the treatment of occupational diseases of divers [1, p. 7]. The pressure chamber is equipped with gas supply and life support systems, viewing windows, hatches, sound and light alarms, intercoms, lighting. It is used for underwater training, medical examination and decompression of divers after they are under water [4, p. 39].

Other diving devices are also known:

- evacuation diving altitude chamber or rescue diving altitude chamber, which is a long-stay diving altitude chamber as part of the evacuation diving system, designed to accommodate and stay divers in it when evacuating them from the emergency complex of the emergency facility in order to decompress [1, p. 65 ];

- diving half-bell - a means of immersing divers under water and lifting them to the surface, made in the form of a waterproof dome with an open lower part, ensuring the preservation of a gas cushion in it, in which the diver can breathe without using a breathing apparatus [1, p. 11];

- observing diving bell - diving bell having a sealed compartment, designed to be a person in it under normal atmospheric pressure [1, p. 12],

- transportable diving altitude chamber - a diving altitude chamber, designed to transport the diver located in it at elevated pressure of the gaseous medium and equipped for this with an autonomous life support system.

These diving devices are not individual rescue equipment for divers (divers), and they are not intended to be used to exit an emergency submarine through its release devices, such as torpedo tubes or airlock.

Reducing the time of ascent of divers to the surface can be achieved through the use of baroque overalls [3]. The jumpsuit is a soft diving equipment, the body of which is made of durable material, which can withstand excessive internal pressure of the gas medium pumped into the suit and necessary for decompression of the diver. The composition of baroque overalls includes [1], [3], [4]:

- a diving balloon with specially prepared compressed air, gases or breathing gas mixtures;

- air distribution diving shield with gas shutoff valves and diving manometers, designed for controlled supply of compressed air to diving equipment;

- electronic sensors of internal and external pressure;

- grass safety valve, providing for the etching of the excess volume of the respiratory gas mixture from the cavities of diving equipment into the environment and preventing a dangerous increase in pressure in them, carried out manually or automatically;

- a parachute necessary to slow the ascent of a diver to the surface using the free ascent method;

- a control device (controller) with electronic sensors of internal and external pressure, an air distribution diving shield with gas shut-off valves and a grass safety valve with electric actuators, designed to automatically control the excess internal pressure of the gaseous medium in diving equipment.

The overalls are designed for a small excess internal pressure of the gaseous medium, the need for which arises in the final section of the diver’s rise from a great depth, which is the longest and most responsible.

So, in the example considered above, in the case of a diver raising to the surface from a depth of 100 m and staying there for 25 minutes, instead of 14, the diver will need to make 5 stops at depths of 42, 39, 36, 33 and 30 m, spending it is 54 min (tab. 1). If the excess internal pressure of the gaseous medium corresponding to a depth of 30 m (0.3 MPa) is kept in a spacesuit, then the diver can be raised further without stopping by the free ascent method. The time remaining for decompression of 435 minutes (7.25 hours) can be spent on the surface in anticipation of help. When the diver rises from a depth of 45 m and the excess internal pressure of the gaseous medium remains in the 1.5 atm (0.15 MPa) spacesuit corresponding to a depth of 15 m, the diver can come to the surface without stopping for decompression (Table 2), since the first a stop is foreseen in the worst case at a depth of 15 m [4].

The method of lifting a diver from a depth to the surface of the water using the above prototype - baro-overalls is known and includes the following [4]:

- in strict accordance with the existing decompression rules, the diver is raised to a depth at which the excess pressure of the water corresponds to the maximum excess internal pressure of the gaseous medium in the suit for which it is designed;

- record the excess internal pressure of the gas medium in the spacesuit at the achieved level equal to the excess external pressure of the water at the calculated depth;

- they raise the diver to the surface using the free ascent method without stops;

- after rising to the surface, gradually, in accordance with the program (mode), decompression reduces the excess internal pressure of the gas medium in the spacesuit to atmospheric using automatic (from the controller) or manual control of the air distribution diving shield with gas shutoff and grass safety valve.

The disadvantage of this prototype - overalls, is its poor protection against possible damage when in contact with sharp metal objects during the ascent of a diver from an emergency submarine. Violation of the tightness of the overalls disables it and makes it impossible to regulate the excess internal pressure of the gas medium.

The aim of the invention is to develop a device designed for safe and quick ascent of a diver to the surface from an emergency submarine, which has a strong and sealed hull that can withstand the calculated values of both the external pressure of the water and the internal pressure of the gas medium, automatic and manual control of excess internal gas pressure environments that allow decompression of the diver, communications with management and rescuers located on the surface.

The proposed device is an individual rescue tool for the submariner - a diving complex, the elements of which are structurally and functionally combined [1] to ensure safe and quick ascent of the diver from the emergency submarine to the surface, it is a sealed durable vessel in which are installed:

- sealed hatch for entry and exit of the diver,

- a diving balloon with specially prepared compressed air, gases or breathing gas mixtures,

- a parachute

- an air distribution diving shield with gas shutoff valves and diving manometers, designed for controlled supply of compressed air into the vessel, and equipped with an electric drive to provide both automatic and manual opening (closing),

- electronic sensors of internal and external pressure,

- a device for decompression, including a grass safety valve, which ensures that an excess volume of the respiratory gas mixture is etched from the vessel into the environment and prevents a dangerous increase in pressure in it, equipped with an electric drive and for automatic and manual opening (closing), a control device (controller) and related electronic sensors of internal and external pressure, electric drives of the air distribution diving shield with shut-off and regulating gas fittings and grass sheath safety valves intended for automatic (manual) regulation of excessive internal pressure of the gas medium in the internal volume of the vessel [1], [4],

- means of communication,

- heating device,

- a current source to ensure the operation of the decompression device, communications and heating devices.

The proposed diving complex, unlike the known prototype devices, is made in the form of a container with dimensions that can accommodate one person and release from a sunken submarine through existing release devices (a torpedo tube, airlock, etc.), is equipped with devices for overview of the surrounding space (porthole or video system with a video camera installed on the outside and a screen (display) inside the container), devices that ensure the buoyancy of the container and self its rise to the surface (inflatable bags, gas generator, parachute), with a float with an antenna, which serves to transmit an alarm signal, designate the scene of the accident, as well as to connect the diver to the surface, a cable cable connecting the float and the antenna to a radio transmitter located in the container, as well as a reel and stopper for winding the cable and fixing it, an audible alarm and an information display for audible and visual warning and informing the diver about the parameters of the external hydrostatic and morning pressure of the gaseous medium, about the passage of the decompression mode and other important information. In fact, the proposed diving complex is a barometric container.

A method is proposed for raising a submariner (diver) from a depth using diving equipment (complex), in which the submariner is placed inside the diving equipment (complex) and loaded into the launching device (torpedo tube, lock chamber, etc.), the inner hatch of the exhaust device is closed, equalized the pressure inside the exhaust device with the external, open the external hatch of the exhaust device and produce diving equipment (complex) with the inside of the submariner out, inflate the air bags and they cause the submarine to rise to the surface using the free ascent method without stops, as they ascend, if necessary, open the brake parachute to slow down the ascent speed, measure the external hydrostatic and internal pressure of the gas medium automatically or manually using electronic sensors or manometers, during and after lifting to the surface using a decompression device, gradually, in accordance with the decompression program (mode), reduce the excess internal pressure of the gas medium water in diving equipment (complex) to atmospheric automatically or in manual mode.

Unlike the known prototype methods, the barometric container discussed above, developed for use in submarine exhaust devices (torpedo tubes, airlocks, etc.), is used as diving equipment (complex) to inform the submariner when lifting to the surface and on the surface about the parameters of the external hydrostatic and internal pressure of the gaseous medium in the container, the stages of decompression and other necessary data using an audio and visual signal device, (display), if it is impossible for the container to emerge for any reason, to communicate with the management, rescuers, ships and vessels located on the surface, use a communication device with a float and an antenna located in it, for which the stopper is removed from the coil and under by the action of the buoyancy of the float, a cable-cable is uncoiled connecting the antenna to the container and allows the float to surface.

Information sources

1. Diving technique. Terms and Definitions. GOST 52119-2003. - M .: Gosstandart, 2003.

2. The rules of the diving service of the Navy. In 3 parts. PVS Navy - 2002. - M .: Military Publishing House, 2002.

3. Rescue equipment for the submariner. Patent for invention No. 2110438 of November 15, 1996. - M.: Rospatent, 1998.

4. Diving equipment and a method of lifting a diver. Application for invention No. 2014109530 dated 12.03.2014. - M .: FIPS, 2015.

5. Naval Dictionary / Ch. ed. V.N. Chernavin. - M .: Military Publishing, 1989 .-- 511 p.

Claims (2)

1. Diving equipment, which is a diving complex, the elements of which are structurally and functionally combined to ensure the safe and quick lifting of the submarine or diver from the emergency submarine to the surface, made in the form of a sealed durable vessel in which a sealed hatch for entering and exiting the submarine is installed, diving balloon with compressed air or breathing gas mixture, air distribution diving shield with gas shutoff valves and diving gauges designed for the controlled supply of compressed air or respiratory gas mixture into the vessel and equipped with an electric drive to provide both automatic and manual opening or closing, electronic sensors of internal and external pressure, grass safety valve, which allows etching of the excess volume of air or respiratory gas mixture from the vessel into environment and preventing a dangerous increase in pressure in it, equipped with an electric drive for automatic and manual opening or closing, a decompression device, including a control device and associated electronic sensors of internal and external pressure, electric diving shield air actuators with gas shutoff valves and a grass safety valve designed to automatically or manually control excess internal air or gas pressure in the internal the volume of diving equipment, a heating device, devices providing buoyancy of diving equipment and independently lifting it to the surface, a current source to ensure the operation of the decompression device, communication equipment and heating devices, characterized in that it is made in the form of a container with dimensions that can accommodate one person and release from a sunken submarine through existing release devices , equipped with devices for viewing the surrounding space - a porthole and / or video system with a video camera installed on the outside and the screen inside, a float with an antenna that serves to signaling the accident, designating the place of the accident, as well as for connecting the diver to the surface, the cable, connecting the float and antenna to a radio transmitter located in the container, as well as a coil and stopper for winding the cable and fixing it, an audible alarm and an information display for sound and visual warning and informing the diver about the parameters of the external hydrostatic and internal pressure of the gas medium and about the passage of the decompression mode. 2. A method for raising a submariner from depth to the surface of the water from an emergency submarine, in which the submariner is placed inside the diving equipment and loaded into the launching device, close the internal hatch of the exhaust device, equalize the pressure inside the exhaust device with the external one, open the external hatch of the exhaust device and produce submariner outward, inflate the air bags and ascend to the surface by the method of free ascent without stops, as they emerge, if necessary, open the brake a parachute to slow down the ascent rate, measurements of the external hydrostatic and internal pressure of the gas medium are carried out automatically or manually using electronic sensors or manometers, during and after lifting to the surface with the help of a decompression device, gradually, in accordance with the decompression program, the excess internal pressure of the gas medium is reduced in diving equipment up to atmospheric, automatically or in manual mode, characterized in that the bar is used as diving equipment The tricky container, intended for use in submarine exhaust devices, inform the submariner about the parameters of the external hydrostatic and internal pressure of the gas medium in the container and the stages of decompression using an audio and visual signaling device, if the container cannot be floated for any reason to communicate with the management, rescuers, ships and vessels located on the surface, use a communication device with a float and an antenna located in it, for which by a stopper and a coil under the action of the lifting force of the float cable is unwound the cable connecting the antenna to the container and provide ascent of the float to the surface, after the ascent of the float to the surface they represent the accident site and communicated via radio communication with the management and rescuers.