RU2656800C2 - Method of the air cleaning of carbon dioxide and device for its implementation - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: rescue service.

SUBSTANCE: group of inventions refers to the field of air purification from carbon dioxide in hermetically sealed rooms in the event of emergency situation in the absence of electricity. Method of the air cleaning of carbon dioxide in hermetically sealed rooms, according to which the carbon dioxide absorption is carried out by a chemical absorber, which is suspended in a room. According to the invention, carbon dioxide chemical absorber in the form of a sheet material is produced by the absorbent composition application onto the fibrous substrate, comprising calcium hydroxide (mass fraction is not less than 60%), potassium and / or sodium hydroxide, water and polymer binder in the form of sheet material with a thickness of no more than 2 mm, wherein the sheets are joined together by ties creating a three-dimensional structure in the suspended state. Air purifying from carbon dioxide device in hermetically sealed spaces, contains a housing, into which a container with a chemical absorber is placed. According to the invention, the container is made in the form of a gas-tight enclosure, in which the carbon dioxide chemical absorber is placed in the form of a sheet material which, for use, is unfolded into the three-dimensional structure in the form of a vertical festoon.

EFFECT: group of inventions provides a simplification of the method and improvement of the air purification from carbon dioxide efficiency, as well as an increase in the packing density and ease of the air purification from carbon dioxide device bringing into operation position.

7 cl, 18 dwg

Description

The group of inventions relates to the field of air purification from carbon dioxide in hermetically sealed rooms in the event of an emergency in the absence of electricity.

A device for emergency ventilation of pressure chambers is known, which contains a cartridge with a chemical absorber for cleaning carbon dioxide from the air and an air blower through the cartridge (Pat. RF 2194551, IPC АВВ 11/00, 2000). The supercharger comprises a two-shouldered rocker arm with foot platforms swinging around a central fixed hinge. Traction of bellows closed on both sides by lids is pivotally attached to each arm of the rocker arm, with irrevocable suction valves located in the lower lids and pressure valves in the upper ones. Discharge valves are connected by flexible hoses to the cartridge.

The device does not require external energy for the operation of the supercharger, however, it requires the expenditure of human forces, which, when an emergency occurs, are an important resource.

This problem is solved in a method of purifying air from carbon dioxide in the absence of electricity using a chemical absorber based on sheet lithium hydroxide obtained by extrusion (application WO 2007117266, IPC A61H 31/00, 2007). Extruded sheets contain polyethylene as a binder. Many sheets of a chemical absorber are suspended in the body of a protective structure. Thus, air is accessible to the surface of the solid chemical absorber for purification from carbon dioxide.

However, polyethylene, being a material with low gas permeability, blocks the access of gas to absorbing particles, as a result of which the sorption capacity for carbon dioxide and the protective time of the device are reduced.

A device is known for purifying air from carbon dioxide in the absence of electricity, comprising a housing and a container with a chemical absorber of carbon dioxide based on lithium hydroxide made in the form of briquettes with through holes (RF patent 2158148, IPC A62B 11/00, 1999). The density of the briquette is 0.75 kg / DM ³ . When storing the device in a room, the container is placed in the case and is pressed by the lid. During the operation of the main means of air regeneration in a hermetically sealed room (in the presence of electricity), the device for purifying carbon dioxide from the air is stored in a room in a specially designated place. In the event of an accident (in the absence of electricity), the container is removed from the housing and suspended in a convenient place. In this case, the briquettes of the chemical absorber move apart with the formation of a certain distance between them. The absorption of carbon dioxide from indoor air occurs in the mode of natural convection on the surface of open briquettes of a chemical absorber. Moreover, the distance between the briquettes provides the development of convective flow.

However, the use of chemical absorbers based on lithium hydroxide in human life support systems is associated with the need to clean the air supplied to the user's breath from caustic lithium dust. In emergency systems, it is not possible to direct air to dust after-treatment, and lithium briquettes are in close proximity to the user, which creates the risk of chemical burns to the respiratory system and the skin of the user.

In addition, when using a chemical absorber in the form of briquettes with through holes, an insufficiently high speed of the process of chemisorption of carbon dioxide from air develops, which leads to a decrease in the time of the protective action of the device.

The objective of the invention according to the method is to simplify the method and improve the efficiency of air purification from carbon dioxide.

The solution of the problem by the method is ensured by the fact that according to the method of purifying air from carbon dioxide in hermetically sealed rooms, in which the absorption of carbon dioxide is carried out by a chemical absorber that is suspended in the room, the chemical carbon dioxide absorber is made in the form of sheet material with a thickness of not more than 2 mm, containing an absorbing composition based on calcium hydroxide.

A chemical absorber in the form of a sheet material is obtained by applying an absorbing composition containing calcium hydroxide (mass fraction of not less than 60%), potassium and / or sodium hydroxide, water and a polymer binder onto a fibrous substrate.

The implementation of a chemical absorbent of carbon dioxide in the form of a sheet material with a thickness of not more than 2 mm containing an absorbing composition based on calcium hydroxide provides a high rate of the process of chemisorption of carbon dioxide from air due to the highly developed phase contact surface, which leads to an increase in the reactivity of the chemical absorbent.

The use of a chemical absorber of carbon dioxide for air purification, consisting of calcium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide and / or sodium, water and a polymeric binder, which provides strong retention of particles of the chemical absorber, almost completely eliminates dusting of the material, which ensures safety for the user. Even if a small amount of dust occurs during the development of a chemical absorber, the occurrence of chemical burns of the respiratory system and the skin of the user is excluded, since the dust is calcium carbonate, an inert non-toxic substance widely used in the national economy.

In addition, the cost of a chemical absorber based on calcium hydroxide is 2-3 times lower than the cost of a chemical absorber based on lithium hydroxide.

The objective of the invention on the device is to increase the packing density and ease of bringing into working position.

The solution of the problem of the device is ensured by the fact that in the device for purifying carbon dioxide from air in hermetically sealed rooms, comprising a housing in which a container with a chemical absorber is placed, the container is made in the form of a gas-tight shell in which a chemical carbon dioxide absorber is placed in the form of a sheet material.

The chemical absorber can be made in the form of a roll of plates rolled in a spiral.

The chemical absorber can be made in the form of a package of plates with the configuration of the internal cavity of the body (round, rectangular, etc.), interconnected by flexible bonds.

Flexible connections can be equipped with spacers and fasteners.

The round chemical absorber plates can be rotated relative to each other during folding.

Rectangular-shaped chemical absorber plates can be upper and lower sides connected by flexible connections in series with each other in the form of an accordion.

The implementation of the container in the form of a gas-tight shell, in which a chemical absorber of carbon dioxide is placed, provides long-term storage of the chemical absorber in hermetically sealed rooms when the ambient pressure changes, excluding its chemical interaction with carbon dioxide.

The implementation of the chemical absorber in the form of a roll of rectangular plates, rolled up in a spiral, provides the convenience and maximum possible packing density of the chemical absorber for long-term storage, high packing density, but is characterized by a longer time to bring into operation and placement of the device in an indoor environment when an emergency occurs situation.

The implementation of the chemical absorber in the form of a package of plates with the configuration of the internal cavity of the body (round, rectangular, etc.) interconnected by flexible connections, less convenient when packaging, is characterized by a lower packing density, but provides mobility for bringing into position and placing the device in the room in case of emergency.

The supply of flexible connections with spacer inserts ensures the formation and maintenance of the necessary distance between the plates of the chemical absorber during operation to ensure the development of convective flow.

The supply of flexible connections with fasteners provides the convenience of placement in any hermetically sealed room.

The rotation of the plates of the chemical absorber of a round shape relative to each other when folding into a package provides a more dense packing of the chemical absorber in the housing by placing spacer inserts around the circumference.

The connection of the rectangular absorber plates of the chemical absorber with the upper and lower sides with flexible ties in series with each other in the form of an accordion provides the convenience of laying the chemical absorber in a tight package during storage and the convenience of bringing them into working position.

When storing the device in the room, the plates of a rectangular chemical absorber are rolled up and placed in the device case. In the event of an accident (in the absence of electricity), the roll with the plates is removed from the housing, unwound and suspended in a convenient place using fasteners in the form of clamps.

In a more preferred embodiment of the invention, the plates of the chemical absorber of any convenient shape (round, rectangular, etc.) are connected by a flexible connection and are placed in the device case in the form of a package of plates. In the event of an accident (in the absence of electricity), the package of plates of the chemical absorber moves apart with the formation of a certain distance between the plates. Moreover, the distance between the plates ensures the development of convective flow and intensifies the convection process as a whole. From the point of view of maximum filling of the working space, the preferred shape of the plates is rectangular.

The absorption of carbon dioxide from indoor air occurs in the mode of natural convection on the surface of open plates of a chemical absorber.

A device for cleaning air from carbon dioxide in various embodiments is presented in the drawings, where

FIG. 1 - view of the device during storage in the room (plates of the chemical absorber are rolled up);

FIG. 2 is the same as in FIG. 1, top view;

FIG. 3 - view of the device during operation (plates of a chemical absorber are suspended in the room);

FIG. 4 is an end view of the plates, a view along arrow A of FIG. 3;

FIG. 5 is a view of the device when stored indoors (the plates of the chemical absorber are folded in a packet);

FIG. 6 is the same as in FIG. 5, top view;

FIG. 7 - view of the device during operation (one of the options for a sliding package of plates);

FIG. 8 is the same as in FIG. 7, top view;

FIG. 9 - spacer insert in the working position;

FIG. 10 - position in terms of spacer inserts when rotating the plates of the chemical absorber relative to each other;

FIG. 11 is the same as in FIG. 10 is a side view;

FIG. 12 is a view of a device with rectangular plates when stored indoors (plates of a chemical absorber are folded in a packet);

FIG. 13 is the same as in FIG. 12, top view;

FIG. 14 - view of the device during operation (one of the options for a sliding package of plates in the form of an accordion with central spacer inserts);

FIG. 15 is a view of a package with rectangular plates with spacer inserts brought out on a side surface of a package of plates of a chemical absorber;

FIG. 16 is a view of a spacer insert in a working position;

FIG. 17 is the same as in FIG. 15, top view;

FIG. 18 is a graph of comparative tests of devices.

The list of items indicated in the drawings

1. housing;

2. container;

3. chemical absorber;

4. roll;

5. cap;

6. crimp ring;

7. removable handle;

8. clamp;

9. suspension;

10. hook;

11. a package of plates of a chemical absorber;

12. flexible communication;

13. spacer rate;

14. the bracket.

One embodiment of a device for purifying carbon dioxide from air (FIGS. 1 and 2) comprises a housing 1, in which a container 2 is placed in the form of a gas-tight sealed shell made of Terafol material, which is an aluminum foil plated from the inside with polyethylene and lavsan from the outside. The container 2 contains a chemical absorber of carbon dioxide 3, made in the form of rectangular plates of a fibrous substrate, impregnated with an absorbing composition based on calcium hydroxide, and rolled up into a roll 4. The housing 1 is closed on top by a cover 5, the connector between the housing 1 and the cover 5 is sealed with a compression ring 6. A removable handle 7 is installed on the lid 5, made with a pointed end for dismantling the crimp ring 6. Fasteners in the form of clamps 8, suspensions 9, hooks 10 shown in FIG. 3 and 4.

The second variant of the device for purifying carbon dioxide from air (Figs. 5 and 6) comprises a housing 1 in which a container 2 with a chemical absorbent of carbon dioxide 3 is placed, made in the form of round plates of a fibrous substrate impregnated with an absorbing composition based on calcium hydroxide, folded in the package 11. The housing 1 is closed on top by a cover 5, the connector between which is sealed by a crimp ring 6. A removable handle 7 is installed on the cover 5, made with a pointed end for dismantling the crimp ring 6. In such a device, as shown in FIG. 7, the plates of the chemical absorber 3 are interconnected by flexible bonds 12, the upper ends of which are connected and provided with a fastener in the form of a hook 10. On the flexible connections 12 between the plates of the chemical absorber 3 spacer inserts 13 are installed with a length equal to the experimentally selected gap between the plates of the chemical absorber 3. The number of flexible bonds depends on the geometric dimensions of the plates of the chemical absorber 3. In FIG. 8 and 9 show a device with three flexible connections 12.

In FIG. 10 and 11 show in plan the position of the spacer inserts 13 when the plates of the chemical absorber 3 are rotated relative to each other when folding the plates 11 into a package.

The third version of the device for purifying carbon dioxide from air (FIGS. 12 and 13) comprises a rectangular housing 1, in which a container 2 with a chemical absorbent of carbon dioxide 3 is placed in the form of rectangular plates folded into a bag 11. The housing 1 is closed on top by a lid 5, the connector between which is sealed with a crimping ring 6. A removable handle 7 is mounted on the cover 5 with a pointed end for dismantling the crimping ring 6. In such a device, as shown in FIG. 14, the plates of the chemical absorber 3 are interconnected by a central flexible connection 12, the upper end of which is connected to the fastener in the form of a hook 10. Spacer inserts 13 are installed on the flexible connection 12 between the plates of the chemical absorber 3. FIG. 14 shows a device in which the sides of the plates of the chemical absorber 3 are interconnected in the form of an accordion. In FIG. 15 and 16 show a device folded in the form of a package of plates of a chemical absorber 3, spacer inserts 13 are displayed on the sides of the package of plates 11. In FIG. 14 and 17 show the connection of the sides of the plates of the chemical absorber 3 with brackets 14.

The density of the chemical absorber in the container is 0.8-1 kg / dm ³ depending on the presence and number of elements providing a flexible connection of the plates of the chemical absorber 3.

The device operates as follows.

In the event of an emergency, the removable handle 7 is separated from the lid 5, by means of which the crimp ring 6 is removed and after removing the lid 5 from the housing 1, the container 2 is removed. The chemical absorber 3 is removed from the container 2 in the form of a roll 4 (option 1), or in the form a package of plates 11 (options 2 and 3), after which the chemical absorber 3 is placed in a hermetically sealed room.

Roll 4 is unwound on separate plates of a chemical absorber 3, which are fixed with fasteners in the form of clamps 8 on suspensions 9 (Figs. 3 and 4). Suspensions 9 are attached by hooks 10 to the ceiling or walls of a hermetically sealed room.

The package of plates 11 of the chemical absorber according to the second embodiment of the invention is suspended in a convenient place on the hook 10, using a loop at the upper end of the flexible connections 12 (Fig. 7 and 8). The plates of the chemical absorber 3 are moved apart under the influence of their own weight on the length of the flexible connection 12 with the formation between the plates of a certain gap, adjustable spacer insert 13.

The package of plates 11 of the chemical absorber according to the third embodiment of the invention is suspended in a convenient place on the hook 11, using a loop at the upper end of the flexible ties 12 (Fig. 14). In this case, the free ends of the plates of the chemical absorber 3 are moved apart under the influence of their own weight on the length of the flexible connection 12 with the formation between the plates of a certain gap in the middle of the plates, adjustable spacer insert 13.

On the surface of the open plates of the chemical absorber 3, a process of chemical interaction of carbon dioxide and calcium hydroxide occurs. The chemical reaction is accompanied by the release of heat, which creates a convective flow along the plates of the chemical absorber, which helps to improve the diffusion of carbon dioxide through the carbonized crust deep into the plate of the chemical absorber.

The use of a chemical absorber of carbon dioxide, consisting of calcium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide and / or sodium, water and a polymer binder, can almost completely eliminate dusting and significantly reduce the release of alkaline aerosol, which completely eliminates the risk of chemical burns to the respiratory system and skin of the user. So, according to the results of photoelectrocolorimetric analysis of air samples for alkaline aerosol content during operation of the device is not more than 0.05 mg / m ³ (the maximum permissible concentration for air in the working area is 0.5 mg / m ³ ).

Example 1

In a sealed chamber with a volume of 6 m ³ at a temperature of 20 ° C, an initial volume fraction of carbon dioxide in the air of 0.8%, and supplying carbon dioxide into the chamber with a volumetric flow rate of 20 dm ³ / h, a device in the form of a roll of rolled up rectangular chemical absorber plates was tested size 120 × 1000 mm with a volume of 2.5 dm ³ . The density of the chemical absorber was about 1 kg / dm ³ . During the tests, the plates of the chemical absorber were placed in the chamber parallel to each other with a gap between them of about 50 mm (see Fig. 3). The tests were carried out until the volume fraction of CO ₂ in the chamber reached 1.5%. According to the literature [A man under water and in space: proceedings of a symposium on toxicology in closed ecological systems. - M .: Military Publishing, 1967. - 392 p.] 1.5% CO ₂ are the limit in conditions of prolonged isolation of a person.

Test Results:

- time of protective action - 26 hours;

- the amount of absorbed carbon dioxide is 471 dm ³ ;

- specific sorption capacity - 188 dm ³ / dm ³ ;

- the minimum volume fraction of carbon dioxide in the chamber during testing is 0.02%.

Example 2

In a sealed chamber with a volume of 6 m ³ at a temperature of 20 ° C, an initial volume fraction of carbon dioxide in the air of 0.8%, and supply of carbon dioxide to the chamber with a volumetric flow rate of 20 dm ³ / h, the device was tested in the form of a package of round absorber plates with a diameter of 160 mm volume of 2.5 dm ³ . The density of the chemical absorber was about 0.8 kg / dm ³ . During the tests, the plates of the chemical absorber were moved apart to a length of 1000 mm with a gap between them of 20 mm (see Fig. 7). The tests were carried out until a volume fraction of CO ₂ in the chamber of 1.5% was reached.

Test Results:

- time of protective action - 22 hours;

- the amount of absorbed carbon dioxide is 380 dm ³ ;

- specific sorption capacity - 152 dm ³ / dm ³ ;

- the minimum volume fraction of carbon dioxide in the chamber during testing is 0.2%.

Example 3

In a sealed chamber with a volume of 6 m ³ at a temperature of 20 ° C, an initial volumetric fraction of carbon dioxide in air of 0.8% and a supply of carbon dioxide into the chamber with a volumetric flow rate of 20 dm ³ / h, the device was tested in the form of a package of rectangular absorbent plates of size 120 × 240 mm volume of 2.5 dm ³ . The density of the chemical absorber was about 0.9 kg / dm ³ . During the tests, the plates of the chemical absorber were moved apart by a length of 1000 mm with a gap between them of 1 to 20 mm (see Fig. 14). The tests were carried out until a volume fraction of CO ₂ in the chamber of 1.5% was reached.

Test Results:

- time of protective action - 23.5 hours;

- the amount of absorbed carbon dioxide is 400 dm ³ ;

- specific sorption capacity - 160 dm ³ / dm ³ ;

- the minimum volume fraction of carbon dioxide in the chamber during testing is 0.5%.

To compare the properties of the devices of example 1-3, the device according to the patent of the Russian Federation 2158148 was tested in an airtight chamber with a volume of 6 m ³ at a temperature of 20 ° C, an initial volume fraction of carbon dioxide in air of 0.8% and a flow of carbon dioxide into the chamber with a volumetric flow rate of 20 dm ³ / h The volume of briquettes of the chemical absorber was also equal to 2.5 dm ³ .

Test Results:

- time of protective action - 21 hours;

- the amount of absorbed carbon dioxide is 375 dm ³ ;

- specific sorption capacity - 150 dm ³ / dm ³ ;

- the minimum volume fraction of carbon dioxide in the chamber is 0.8%.

As can be seen from the data presented, the devices of example 1-3 have a longer protective action compared to the device according to the patent of the Russian Federation 2158148.

In FIG. 18 shows graphs of comparative tests of the device of example 1 and the device according to the patent of the Russian Federation 2158148.

From the graphs in FIG. 18 it is seen that for 17 hours from the start of operation, the device of example 1 maintains a volume fraction of carbon dioxide in the chamber of less than 0.2%. When testing the device according to the patent of the Russian Federation 2158148, the volume fraction of carbon dioxide in the chamber does not fall below 0.8% throughout the entire test period and gradually increases so that after 17 hours from the start of testing it becomes more than 1.4%.

Thus, the use of the proposed group of inventions improves the efficiency of air purification from carbon dioxide and increases the protective action of the device due to the increased reactivity of the chemical absorber and its packing density.

Claims (7)

1. The method of purification of air from carbon dioxide in hermetically sealed rooms, according to which the absorption of carbon dioxide is carried out by a chemical absorber, which is suspended in the room, characterized in that the chemical carbon dioxide absorber in the form of a sheet material is obtained by applying an absorbing composition containing hydroxide on a fibrous substrate calcium (mass fraction of not less than 60%), potassium and / or sodium hydroxide, water and a polymer binder in the form of sheet material with a thickness of not more than 2 mm, and sheets with They are interconnected by bonds creating a three-dimensional structure in a suspended state. 2. A device for cleaning air from carbon dioxide in hermetically sealed rooms, comprising a housing in which a container with a chemical absorber is placed, characterized in that the container is made in the form of a gas-tight shell in which a chemical absorber of carbon dioxide is placed in the form of a sheet material, which for Use unfolds in a three-dimensional structure in the form of a vertical garland. 3. The device according to claim 2, characterized in that the garland is made in the form of a roll of plates rolled in a spiral for storage in a container. 4. The device according to p. 2, characterized in that the garland is made in the form of a package of plates with the configuration of the internal cavity of the body (round, rectangular, etc.), interconnected by flexible connections. 5. The device according to paragraphs. 2 and 4, characterized in that the flexible connections are provided with spacer inserts and fasteners. 6. The device according to paragraphs. 2 and 4, characterized in that the garland contains plates in the form of disks, which when folded are rotated relative to each other. 7. The device according to paragraphs. 2 and 4, characterized in that the garland contains rectangular plates, two opposite edges of which are connected by flexible connections in series with each other in the form of an accordion.

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