RU2619096C1 - Clock with analemma and method of displaying analemma - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: physics.

SUBSTANCE: clock with an analemma contains a body, a dial, a clockwork, an analog time indicator, a drive annual wheel, an analemma module containing a contour of the analematic "eight" and a sun pointer, while the analemma module additionally contains a radius cam and an angle cam kinematically connected with the drive wheel, while the angle cam drives the analemma disk wheel by means of the transfer mechanisms, and the radius cam transmits motion to the sun pointer by means of the transfer mechanisms so that, when the analemma disk rotates, the sun pointer moves strictly along the trajectory indicated by the contour of the analematic "eight".

EFFECT: simplifying the clock design with the analemma, reducing the overall clock dimensions with the analemma with simultaneous increasing the accuracy in displaying the true time on the clock and displaying the magnitude of the sun declination.

10 cl, 9 dwg, 1 tbl

Description

Technical field

The invention relates to the field of watch technology, to clockworks with an arrow indicating the time, and, more specifically, to mechanical watches and clockworks of a complicated type having an additional analemma display function that allows you to coordinate the average and true time, as well as determine the declination of the Sun.

State of the art

It is known that a sundial is fundamentally different from all other time measuring instruments. The fact is that they measure not the same intervals of time, like all other hours do, but the uneven movement of the Sun, which is not the same thing. The difference between average time and solar is described by the equation of time. In FIG. 1 is a graph showing how the time equations change over the course of a year. A positive value means that solar time is ahead of the average, and a negative value means that it is behind.

The determination of the true solar time, consistent with the movement of the Sun, is necessary both when navigating to correct the compass, and for some geophysical work, therefore, in order to determine the true solar time, in practice, special astronomical correction tables are used for the average time shown by an ordinary clock.

All watches except the solar measure equal intervals of time and show the average time. Gaps can be hours, minutes, seconds, or milliseconds. The smaller the difference between two identical measured intervals, the more accurate the clock and, therefore, the better. If the Sun were likened to an exact clock, then it would have to rotate around the Earth at a constant speed in a circular orbit located in the plane of the equator. Such a Sun is called phantom. All our modern ideas about time and the very system of its calculation are based on the movement of this same phantom Sun, which revolves around the Earth at a constant speed 24 hours a day. And this happens every day throughout the year. However, in reality, the orbit in which the Sun rotates around the Earth is elliptical, not circular. In addition, the axis of rotation of the Earth is inclined to the plane of rotation of the Sun (ecliptic) at an angle of 23.5 °. It is these two factors that lead to the fact that the real Sun behaves differently and, along with phantom average time, there is a true time that only a sundial can show.

The described discrepancy between the average time and the true one has a 6-month period and is equal to zero four times a year: on the days of the equinox and solstice. Due to the ecliptic equator mismatch factor (that is, due to the inclination of the earth's axis), the time equation varies from about -9.87 to +9.87 minutes during the year.

The second reason for the discrepancy between the average time and the true, that is, the equation of time, is that the annual movement of the Sun around the Earth occurs in an elliptical rather than circular orbit. At the beginning of the XVII century, the German astronomer Johannes Kepler discovered three laws of planetary rotation, of which the first two are related to the equation of time. The first law describes all possible orbits of the motion of celestial bodies relative to each other. In particular, when the Earth bends around the Earth in an elliptical orbit, the Earth is located in one of the foci of this ellipse, as shown in the figure on the left. In this case, point 1 corresponds to the maximum distance of the Sun from the Earth and is called the apogee. The minimum distance between the Earth and the Sun is reached at point 2, called the perigee. The Sun is closest to the Earth on January 3, and farthest is June 4. It should be noted that the point closest to the Sun is called perihelion, and the farthest point is called aphelion. Kepler’s second law states that when the sun moves in an elliptical orbit, its speed will not be constant, but will increase when approaching the Earth at the point of perigee and decrease at the point of apogee.

Thus, the equation of time consists of two discrepancies between the average and true time, that is, solar. The first discrepancy is due to the inclination of the earth's axis. And the second discrepancy stems from the fact that the sun does not move in a circular, but in an elliptical orbit. Since the discrepancies themselves are difficult to synchronize and have different meanings, the resulting graph of the time equation shown in FIG. 1, asymmetrical with respect to the zero value. The equation of time takes a positive value when the Sun crosses the local meridian earlier than the phantom Sun would do, moving uniformly in average time. A negative value means that the true time is late compared to the average. As can be seen in the graph depicted in FIG. 1, the value of the equation of time is zero four times a year: April 15, June 13, September 1, and December 25.

The graphically depicted 8-shaped curve of the equation of time with marks of true time at noon by average time or average time at noon by true time is usually called the analemma, which reflects the trajectory of the center of the true Sun relative to the average Sun.

In form, the analemma resembles an asymmetric figure of eight, which is the trajectory of the center of the sun described during the year, if its position is fixed at the same time of day, i.e. at the same moments of average solar time.

The presence of the analemma is determined by the inclination of the earth's axis and the elliptical shape of the orbit, which leads to different heights of the sun in the sky during the year at the same time, as well as different minimum heights at which the sun is in the sky at the same time of the day.

The tilt of the Earth affects the deviation of the Sun (the declination of the Sun) to the right or left at the same time of the day.

During the summer and winter solstices (June 21 and December 21), the midday sun is exactly above the North and South tropics, where the lines of longitude are closer to each other than at the equator.

During the summer and autumn equinoxes (March 21 and September 21), the sun at noon will be exactly above the equator, where the lines of longitude are further apart.

Local time is associated with longitude.

Twice a year, the speed of the sun increases in the direction from left to right or from east to west. This happens in spring and autumn. During winter and summer, the speed, on the contrary, decreases.

The inclination of the Earth also causes a change in the speed of the sun during the year from east to west, and from north to south.

Together, these factors lead to the fact that the analemma has the form of an asymmetric figure of eight, at the ends of which there are solstices, and at the intersection of the equinox.

The elliptical shape of the orbit causes the Earth to move faster while it is close to the sun (in early October and March).

When the Earth at the beginning of January reaches perihelion (closest to the Sun), then it moves at maximum speed.

In early March and October, reaching aphelion (as far away from the sun), and in early July, the Earth moves most slowly.

Due to the tilt of the Earth, the position of the Sun seems to be shifted left or right, relative to local time. These processes lead to the fact that during the year at the same time the Sun moves from left to right in a certain period with a maximum or minimum speed

The earth reaches the perihelion point between January 2 and 5, almost two weeks after the winter solstice (December 21).

Similarly, the Earth comes to aphelion between the 3rd and 7th of July, two weeks after the summer solstice (June 21).

The maximum and minimum speeds in elliptical orbit do not change the basic form of the analemma, but introduce asymmetry into the figure, that is, the winter loop is slightly larger than the summer one, as a result of which the points indicating the equinoxes are slightly removed from the intersection of the analemma.

Thus, by means of an analemma, one can explain why the shortest day does not coincide with the earliest dawn and late sunset and falls on different days of the calendar.

The values of the time equation for each day are given in astronomical yearbooks and calendars, however, their use does not allow to visually display the position of the center of the true Sun relative to the average Sun, the spring and autumn equinox, summer and winter solstices, therefore, they develop various devices for visual display of true solar time and determination time in the sun.

Known watches for indicating true solar time, disclosed in patent RU 2408043 C2. Famous watches are equipped with a device for displaying on an analemma the deviation of the position of the center of the true Sun relative to the average Sun, the spring and autumn equinox, summer and winter solstices, the operation of which is based on a mechanical tool that includes data templates for the equation of time and the daily change in declination of the Sun and an indication means associated with these templates made with the possibility of moving a visually perceptible indicator of the Sun by analemma.

This watch is the closest analogue (prototype) of the present invention.

The disadvantage of the prototype is the cumbersome design due to the use of a linear system of guides that make movement along the Cartesian coordinates of the cams. This also leads to the presence of a large number of discrete elements, which leads to a decrease in accuracy in the implementation of hours, since inaccurate execution of at least one element from a series leads to a chain of inaccuracies in the transmission system as a whole and further reduces the accuracy of displaying the true value of time on the analemma. In addition, in the known device it is impossible to skip the time indicator, for example, through the analemma.

Task and technical result

The technical problem solved by the present invention and the technical result achieved by using the present invention is to simplify the design of watches with analemma, reduce the overall dimensions of watches with analemma while improving accuracy when displaying the true time on the watch, displaying the declination of the Sun, and an approximate calendar dates.

Disclosure of invention

The goal, the required and obtained by using the invention technical result is achieved in that the watch with analemma contains a case, a dial, a clockwork, an analog time indicator, a drive annual wheel, an anemma module containing an anemmatic contour "eight" and a sun pointer, while the module the anemma further comprises a radius cam and an angle cam kinematically connected to the annual drive wheel, wherein the angle cam drives the disco wheel by means of gears ka analemma, and a radius cam through gears transmits movement to the sun pointer in such a way that when the analemma disk rotates, the sun pointer moves strictly along the path indicated by the contour of the anemmatic “eight”.

In addition, the annual drive wheel is kinematically connected with the clockwork. In this case, the kinematic connection can be carried out by means of a gearbox.

Also, the analemma disk is coaxially mounted on the axis of the anemma disk wheel and has on its surface an anemmatic “eight” contour. At the same time, the scale of the equation of time, declination of the Sun, date and month, as well as the time of sunrise and sunset can be plotted on the analemma index.

In addition, the angle cam interacts with the stylus of the radius cam.

At the same time, the watch can be both portable and stationary.

In this case, the clock mechanism can be basic, commercially available, both in a standard version and with additional refinement, for example, a clock mechanism for watches with a 24-hour dial, a clock mechanism for watches with the ability to display time in different cities of the world.

In addition, the clock mechanism can be either mechanical or electromechanical.

The goal, the required and obtained by using the invention, technical result is achieved by the fact that in the method of displaying the anemma on the watch by means of a mechanical module paired with the clock mechanism, and consisting, inter alia, of the analemma disk, with the anemmatic “eight” contour applied on it during rotation of the disk Analemma, the pointer of the Sun moves strictly along the trajectory indicated by this contour.

Brief Description of the Drawings

The invention is illustrated by drawings:

Structurally, in the preferred, but not the only obligatory embodiment shown in the drawings, the claimed watch with an analemma, i.e. The watch for true solar time includes the following details:

1 - case

2 - strap

3 - crown

4 hour hand

5 minute hand

6 - dial

7 - contour of the anemmatic "figure eight"

8 - sun pointer

9 - the declination scale of the Sun

10 - wheel disk analemma

11 - angle cam

12 - radius cam

13 - disk analemma

14 - reference bridge

15 - angle cam probe

16 - stylus cam radius

17 - gear rack

18 - time equation scale

19 - axis of rotation of the lever

20 - annual drive wheel

21 - scaling lever

22 - annual angle cam wheel

23 - guide the movement of the probe radius

24 - angle comb

25 - spring comb angle

26 - spring comb clearance play

27 - comb sampling backlash

28 - sun pointer lever

29 - trajectory of the sun on analemma

30 - annual radius cam wheel

In FIG. 1 is a graph depicting a change in the equation of time over a year.

In FIG. 2 shows the appearance of a watch with an analemma indicator on the dial 6 and the sun indicator 8 depicted.

In FIG. Figure 3 shows a variant of a desk clock with an anemma, which shows the contour of the anemhematic figure eight, a sun pointer 8, a dial 6, a watch case 1 and a time equation scale 18.

In FIG. 4 shows an embodiment of an anemma display mechanism (front view).

In FIG. 5 shows an embodiment of an anemma display mechanism (rear view).

In FIG. 6 shows the construction of a cam of radius 12.

In FIG. 7 shows the construction of the cam angle 11.

In FIG. Figure 8 shows a block diagram of the kinematic connection of the watch blocks with an analemma through an annual gearbox.

In FIG. Figure 9 shows a block diagram of the kinematic connection of watch blocks with an analemma through a calendar mechanism.

The implementation of the invention It is first of all necessary to note that in order to simplify the construction of the analemma module and the associated transmission mechanisms, it was proposed to convert the linear parameters of the equation of time and the angle of declination into polar coordinates, providing the necessary nonlinear displacement of the point on the plane. Since the declination of the Sun and the equation of time for each day of the calendar year are known, it is necessary to translate these data into polar coordinates. For this, it is necessary to calculate the radius r and the angle (p according to the formulas

where as x and y we use the equation of time and the declination angle, respectively, that is, x is the equation of time, and y is the declination angle.

The results are shown in table 1.

This data is used to design and build a radius cam (FIG. 6) and an angle cam (FIG. 7). Structurally select the largest and smallest value and, based on these values, build cam profiles.

Consider the watch device shown in FIG. 4 and in FIG. 5. The drive from the clockwork is transmitted to the annual drive wheel 20 (not shown in the drawings). For example, the daily wheel is driven from a standard watch wheel of a clock mechanism, which through a gearbox with a gear ratio of 365: 1 (73 × 5) of FIG. 8 drives a wheel 20, which makes one revolution per year. Wheel 20 drives the annual cam wheel of angle 22, which has a fixed connection with the cam of angle 11, as well as the annual cam wheel of radius 30, which has a fixed connection with the cam of radius 12. Thus, the cams of angle 11 and radius 12 make one revolution in year.

An angle cam 15 probe located at the end of the gear rack 17 is adjacent to the contoured surface of the angle cam 11. The gear angle 17 is engaged with the gear rack 17 and engages the second gear portion with the analemma disk 10. The axis of the anemma disk 10 is aligned with the axle directly the disk of analemma 13. The disk of anemma 13 has on its surface the contour of an anematic “figure eight” 7. A comb of a backlash sample 27, spring-loaded by a spring of a comb of a backlash sample 26, also interacts with the wheel of the disk of analemma 10.

A cam of a radius 16 interacts with a contoured surface of a cam of radius 12, which is located in the guide slot of the motion of a stylus of radius 23 formed on the supporting bridge 14. On the axis of rotation of the lever 19 there is a scaling lever 21, which transmits movement to the lever of the sun pointer 28. On the pointer lever The sun 28 is located directly pointer to the sun 8.

Rotating, the cam of the angle 11 moves the gear rack 17 and the comb of the angle 24 rotates the wheel of the disk analemma 10, and with it the disk analemma 13.

Rotating, a cam of radius 12 moves through a stylus of a cam of radius 16, the scaling lever 21 and the lever of the sun pointer 28, thereby moving the sun pointer 8.

Thus, the disk of analemma 13 with the analhematic figure eight contour applied on it 7 rotates clockwise and counterclockwise, at a given speed and direction of rotation, of the angle 11 set from the cam. At the same time, the sun pointer 8 reciprocates with the given speed and direction of motion, which is set from a cam of radius 12.

Moreover, the cams of radius 12 and angle 11 are calculated and set in such a way that the pointer of the Sun 8 moves strictly along the trajectory outlined by the contour of the anemmatic “figure eight” 7 of the rotating disk of analemma 13. Thus, the astronomical trajectory of the analemma is repeated.

Another embodiment of the watch is the combination of the same gear with a calendar mechanism. This option is not disclosed in the drawings, but may be understood by a person skilled in the art. As an example, a wheel is an asterisk with 365 teeth, spring-loaded with a lock, on the axis of which an arrow is mounted, showing both dates and months. The daily wheel turns this wheel once a day by one tooth, and the arrow on the axis shows the next date. To actuate the analemma, this sprocket can play the role of both an annual wheel and be kinematically connected with it. In addition, there are a number of calendar and astronomical functions having an annual cycle.

For example, a moving map of the starry sky, a pointer to sunrise and sunset, a pointer to the number of the year, etc.

Each of these options makes it possible to use the proposed solution not only in a stationary clock (floor, mantelpiece), but also in a portable clock (pocket, wrist, etc.).

Thus, the claimed invention solves the task set for it and ensures the achievement of the claimed technical result, which consists in simplifying the design of watches with analemma, reducing the overall dimensions of watches with analemma, increasing the accuracy of displaying the true time and displaying the declination of the Sun by eliminating a large number of discrete elements and development of a fundamentally new design of cam mechanisms of angle and radius.

Given the novelty of the set of essential features, the technical solution of the problem, the inventive step and the relevance of all the general and particular features of the claimed invention, proven in the section "prior art" and "Disclosure of the invention", proven in the section "Implementation and industrial implementation of the invention" technical feasibility and industrial applicability of the invention, solving inventive problems and confidently achieving the required technical result when implementing and using In the case of inventions, in our opinion, the claimed group of inventions satisfies all the eligibility requirements for inventions.

The analysis also shows that all the general and particular features of the invention are essential, since each of them is necessary, and all together they are not only sufficient to achieve the purpose of the invention, but also make it possible to realize the invention in an industrial way.

In addition, the analysis of the totality of the essential features of the invention and the uniform technical result achieved by using them shows the existence of a single inventive concept, a close and inextricable link between the watch with analemma and the way the anemma is displayed on the watch. This allows you to combine the invention in one application, that is, to provide the requirements of the criterion of unity of invention.

Claims (10)

1. An anemma watch, comprising a case, a dial, a clockwork, an analog time indicator, an annual drive wheel, an anemma module containing an anemmatic “eight” circuit and a sun pointer, characterized in that the anemma module further comprises a cam kinematically associated with the annual drive wheel radius and angle cam, while the angle cam by means of gears drives the analemma disk wheel, and the radius cam by means of gears transfers movement to the pointer Of the Sun in such a way that when the disk of the analemma rotates, the pointer of the Sun moves strictly along the trajectory indicated by the contour of the anemalmatic “eight”. 2. The watch according to claim 1, characterized in that the annual drive wheel is kinematically connected with the clockwork. 3. The watch according to claim 2, characterized in that the kinematic connection can be carried out by means of a gearbox. 4. The watch according to claim 1, characterized in that the analemma disk is coaxially mounted on the axis of the anemma disk wheel and has on its surface an anemmatic “eight” circuit. 5. The watch according to claim 1, characterized in that the scale of the equation of time, declination of the Sun, date and month, and also the time of sunrise and sunset can be plotted on the analemma pointer. 6. The watch according to claim 1, characterized in that the angle cam interacts with the stylus of the radius cam. 7. The watch according to claim 1, characterized in that the watch can be both portable and stationary. 8. A watch according to claim 1, characterized in that the clock mechanism can be basic, commercially available both as a standard and with additional refinement, for example, a clock mechanism for watches with a 24-hour dial, a clock mechanism for watches with the ability to display time in different cities of the world. 9. A watch according to claim 1, characterized in that the clock mechanism can be either mechanical or electromechanical. 10. A method for displaying an anemma on a watch by means of a mechanical module coupled to a clock mechanism and consisting of a radius cam and an angle cam kinematically connected to the annual drive wheel, wherein the angle cam drives the analemma disk by gears and the radius cam by gears transmits the movement to the Sun pointer in such a way that when the disk of the analemma rotates, the Sun pointer moves strictly along the trajectory indicated by the contour of the anemma Coy of the G8.

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