RU2535753C1 - Measurement method of influence of sun exposure angle on productivity of lawn grass - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: measurement equipment.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to arrangement of lawns in city streets. A measurement method of influence of sun exposure angle on productivity of lawn grass involves separation of a section with test grass cover; then, in the same section, groups of trial areas are marked; while marking, distance between centres of the trial areas is considered, and after cutting the grass samples are subject to tests and as per test results laws of influence of distances on grass sample parameters are detected. Either visually or on the map grass lawn sections are separated, trial areas for grass sample cutting are prepared in them; at arbitrary location of streets, number of all trial areas is equal to at least five in the sections, at least three with sun beam illumination at different angles in horizontal plane; with that, sun exposure angle of a trial area is calculated as equal to a total angle from sunrise to sunset on measurement day with subtraction of all shadow angles from buildings and trees.

EFFECT: invention allows improving functional capabilities of the method in trial lawn areas and other places, where shadowing from buildings and trees occurs, and therefore, a sun exposure angle of grass plants in trial areas is formed.

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Description

The invention relates to urban lawns with grass cover of various spatial orientations relative to illumination by sunlight and can be used in a comprehensive environmental assessment of urban development. The invention can also be used to take into account the impact on the yield and other properties of grass lawn separately standing objects (buildings and trees).

A known method of measuring grass cover on the catchment area according to the length and fall of tributaries according to patent No. 2293290, MKI G01C 13/00, including the distribution of tributaries by distinctive groups by the presence of vegetation in the territories of the river basin and its tributaries, assessing the impact of distinctive orographic features of the landscape, located on the catchment.

The disadvantage is the high aggregation of vegetation without separation by plant formations and landscape elements of the catchment area. At the same time, the city and its lawns are not taken into account at all.

There is also a known method of testing grass according to patent No. 2380891, which includes the allocation of a plot with the test grass cover, then groups of test plots are marked on this plot, the distances between the centers of the test plots are taken into account, and after cutting the grass sample, they are tested and the patterns of influence are revealed according to the test results distances to grass sample rates.

The disadvantage is that it is impossible to identify the patterns of influence of the angle of illumination from sunrise to sunset, minus the angle of shading from buildings and trees, on the productivity of grass cover. At the same time, urban development in the prototype was not considered at all.

EFFECT: increased functionality of the method for trial plots of lawns and other places where shading from buildings and trees occurs on a plot with grass cover and thereby an angle of illumination of grass plants at trial plots is formed.

This technical result is achieved by the fact that the method of measuring the influence of the angle of illumination on the productivity of the grass of the lawn, including the allocation of the plot with the test grass cover, then groups of test plots are marked on this plot, the distances between the centers of the test plots are taken into account, and after cutting the grass sample, they are tested and according to the test results, patterns of the influence of distances on the parameters of grass samples are revealed, characterized in that sections of the grass lawn are distinguished visually or on a map laid sample plots for cutting grass samples, then map the illumination angles are determined for each area as the difference between total angle from sunrise to sunset and the angle shadowing from buildings and trees.

With an arbitrary arrangement of streets, all test sites of at least five in areas of at least three are illuminated by sunlight at different angles in the horizontal plane, and the angle of illumination of the test site will be equal to the total angle from sunrise to sunset on the day of measurement, minus all shading angles from buildings and trees.

The essence of the technical solution lies in the fact that any geodesic location of a city street is considered when a smaller angle of illumination is formed in the section of the general angle from sunrise to sunset at a particular site or its groups, as the difference between the total angle and the angle of shading from buildings and trees.

A positive effect is achieved by the fact that with an arbitrary arrangement of streets, all test sites (at least five) in areas (at least three) are illuminated at different angles in the horizontal plane. The angle of illumination of the test site will be equal to the total angle from sunrise to sunset on the day of measurement, minus all shading angles from buildings and trees.

The novelty of the technical solution lies in the fact that there is a clear geodetic reference of all test sites in at least three areas relative to standing buildings and trees according to the values of the angle of illumination of this test site.

The proposed technical solution has significant features, novelty and a significant positive effect. We have not found any materials discrediting the novelty of the technical solution.

Figure 1 shows the layout of five test plots of grass (marked with dots) measuring 1.00 × 1.00 m relative to the rays at sunrise, noon, and at sunset in the first section along Petrova Street at an angle of 70 degrees to the east (shading by trees and buildings); figure 2 shows the location of five test sites near a residential building; figure 3 shows the location of another five test sites near the school; figure 4 is a graph of the mass of samples of grass depending on the angle of illumination; figure 5 shows the residues after the formula for influencing the sample weight of fresh grass angle of illumination.

The method of measuring the influence of the angle of illumination on the productivity of grass lawn contains the following steps.

On any street, first choose the side of the street with a grassy lawn. Then, the angle of illumination is determined on the map as the difference between the total angle from sunrise and sunset and the shading angles from various objects. In our example, the shading objects were buildings and trees. The grass is affected by car exhaust. But at the same time, the difference in the mass of the cut grass sample is strongly influenced by the angle of illumination during daylight hours.

Visually or on a map, sections of the grass lawn are highlighted, and trial plots for cutting grass samples are laid on them. Then, the illumination angles for each plot are determined from the map, and this angle is calculated as the difference between the total angle from sunrise to sunset and the angle of shading from buildings and trees.

With an arbitrary arrangement of streets, all test sites of at least five in areas of at least three are illuminated by sunlight at different angles in the horizontal plane.

Moreover, the angle of illumination of the test site will be equal to the total angle from sunrise to sunset on the day of measurement, minus all the shading angles from buildings and trees.

Example. Of great importance in the life of plants are physico-chemical factors. The value of illumination in plant life is enormous. With the participation of light, photosynthesis processes occur. Under better lighting conditions, plants grow and develop more intensively, their fruiting increases and the quality of seeds improves.

The light regime in cities is characterized by a significant decrease in the arrival of solar radiation due to dust and smoke in the air. In cities with multi-story and tight development, plants are shaded or experience a significant reduction in daylight hours.

Plants adapt to both surplus and lack of sunlight. This is expressed by a change in the productivity of the shaded area of the grass cover. And the productivity of the lawn is measured by the mass of the cut off aerial parts of the grass at the test sites.

In the summer of 2012, experiments were conducted on grass samples taken from 15 test sites measuring 1.00 × 1.00 m in three different areas.

In FIG. 1 shows the dispositions of the first section for taking five samples on the left side of ul. Petrova.

A template with an internal section of 1 m ^{2 was} applied on a plot of grass selected for five samples, and then the entire grass was cut with scissors flush with the soil surface. The cut grass was immediately weighed directly near the site on a portable electronic scale and the initial mass of the sample was determined. The journal indicated the date and time of weighing in hours and minutes, and then noted the periods in minutes between slices at other sites.

The results obtained are listed in table 1.

The cutting time was taken into account from the moment the first sample was taken, that is, on July 14, 2012 at 5 hours and 45 minutes. The angle of illumination was measured in a satellite image by a protractor. At the same time, Petrova Street was at an angle of 20 ° from the north (70 ° to the east).

The angle of illumination φ can be calculated, knowing the time of sunrise and sunset according to local meteorological data.

On the day of the experiment, 07/14/2012, the sunrise is 04:21, the sunset is 21:33 meridian time.

For the first plot (Fig. 1) of grass sampling, the entire angle of illumination was 135 degrees, and it is almost constant for all five test sites.

For the second section (Fig. 2), the illumination angle was 180 degrees, and for the third section (Fig. 3) 123 degrees. Squares show trial plots of grass samples in the plots.

Arrows indicate the direction of incident sunlight.

The data in table 1 was placed in a CurveExpert software environment. At the same time, it turned out that the cutting time had little effect on the change in the mass of the sample, and in 0.95 hours or 57 minutes the grass did not have time to dry in the morning.

Three sections on five test sites of the lawn are different in terms of illumination, but in terms of the angle of illumination they should give a general pattern (Fig. 4) in the form of a formula

where m is the mass of the sample of grass, g; φ is the angle of illumination, deg.

The line runs between the points and therefore is an average curve. The dispersion and correlation coefficient equal to 0.8316 are shown in the upper right corner of the graph. Then the tightness of the factorial connection will be strong, that is, above 0.7. Therefore, the influence of the angle of illumination on the mass of cut raw grass of the lawn has a high adequacy.

Residues from model (1) are shown in FIG. 5. In the third section, the accuracy of the points is very high, since there are no additional shading objects opposite the school. In the first section, there is a scatter of points due to the influence of distances from trees to the centers of the test sites. And in the second section there is a parking lot (black square), which very much additionally affects the development and growth of grass on the lawn.

Thus, the regularity of the influence of the angle of illumination on the productivity of urban lawns was revealed for 15 samples of grass in three different sites that have different sources of air pollution.

The proposed method can be applied in environmental monitoring of the urban environment by the properties of the cut grass sample from the test site near the trees growing on the city lawn. Taking into account the angle of illumination, which will be different on different lawns due to shading trees and buildings, allows us to determine the productivity of grass cover in its pure form and to assess the quality of the environment using this indicator.

Claims (1)

The method of measuring the influence of the angle of illumination on the productivity of the grass of the lawn, including the allocation of the plot with the test grass cover, then groups of test plots are marked on this plot, the distances between the centers of the test plots are taken into account, and after cutting the grass sample, they are tested and the patterns of influence are revealed according to the test results distances on indicators of grass samples, characterized in that areas of the grass lawn are highlighted visually or on a map, test areas for cutting samples are laid on them grass, and with an arbitrary location of the streets, all test sites take at least five in areas, at least three, illuminated by sunlight at different angles in the horizontal plane, while the angle of illumination of the test site is calculated equal to the total angle from sunrise to sunset on the day of measurement minus all shading angles from buildings and trees.

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