RU2533001C2 - Fodder preparation method - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: food industry.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to the agriculture field, in particular, to fodder production. The method for fodder preparation involves vegetal raw materials milling, introduction of fodder additives represented by monocalcium phosphate, culinary salt and an ammonium additive with further enzymic bacterial hydrolysis with introduction of a preliminarily prepared starter containing ruminant animals paunch contents. Pulverised coniferous trees twigs are used as vegetal raw material. During the starter preparation one adds to ruminant animals paunch contents such paunch milled tissue; the fodder additives represented by monocalcium phosphate, culinary salt and an ammonium additive are introduced in the form of a solution acidified to pH=3-4 so that to condition the milled raw material moisture content to 55-60%. Then the raw materials are maintained under air-tight conditions until wood softening Then one introduces the liquid enzyme bacterial starter, proceeds with stirring and the mixture moisture content conditioning to 65-80%; then the mixture is maintained in anaerobic conditions for 12-48 h, with the produced fodder aired before feeding.

EFFECT: invention implementation ensures the fodder quality enhancement with simultaneous simplification of the fodder preparation and storage technology.

6 cl, 2 tbl, 10 ex

Description

The present invention relates to the field of agriculture, in particular to fodder production, and can be used to obtain high-quality feed from tree-shrub coniferous masses, including with therapeutic and prophylactic properties.

A known method of obtaining feed from tree-shrub coniferous mass, in which the mass is crushed, subjected to partial hydrolysis of wood, processing with yeast (Parakhin N.V., Kobozev I.V., Gorbachev I.V., Lazarev N.N., Mikhalev S .S. Feed production. M.: KolosS, 2006, p. 360-380).

The disadvantages of this method are:

- deficiency in the feed of phosphorus, calcium, crude protein, salt, poor digestibility of the feed; since a significant portion of soluble carbohydrates is used in yeast fermentation;

- poor preservation of vitamins contained in the needles, especially ascorbic acid and carotenoids during preparation and storage of feed, during processing of coniferous wood with an alkaline solution, vitamin C decomposes completely, and when treated with an acidic solution, lignin removal from raw tissue fiber practically does not occur, which worsens hydrolysis of fiber into simpler carbohydrates.

Close to the proposed technological solution is a method of silage of wood feed, in which the branches of trees and shrubs with leaves are silted together with straw, green mass. In this case, 30-40% of branch feed, 40-55% of straw, 30-31% of green mass are taken. A solution of 500-1000 l of water, 20 l of lactic acid or obrata, 10-15 kg of urea, 10-15 kg of table salt, 5 l of fermentation of lactic acid bacteria is added to 1 ton of dry wood feed. After a month and a half, the silo is ready for use (Vorobyev E.S., Vorobyeva L.N. Chemistry and feed quality. M: Rosselkhozizdat, 1977, p. 58).

The disadvantages of this method are:

- insufficiently high nutritional value of the feed;

- low content of minerals, vitamins;

- lactic acid bacteria poorly hydrolyze wood feed and straw, i.e. lignin-bound fiber is inaccessible for enzymatic-bacterial hydrolysis; as a result, silage is edible, but of poor quality in terms of biochemical properties and nutrition.

Closest to the proposed technical solution is a method of preparing feed from vegetable raw materials, including grinding vegetable raw materials, moisturizing, making feed additives, including crushed grain and grass meal, enzymatic-bacterial hydrolysis and steaming, and hydrolysis is carried out using pre-prepared starter culture based on the contents of the ruminant rumen at a temperature of 38-39 ° C. In this case, the starter culture is prepared by introducing enzyme preparations, herbal flour, sodium chloride, monocalcium phosphate, urea and water into the rumen of ruminants, mix them, and the resulting mixture is kept for 2-4 hours (Auth. Certificate. USSR No. 1287829, cl. A23K 1/165 "Method for the preparation of feed from plant materials).

The disadvantages of this method are:

- the complexity of the technology, because it is associated with the preparation of herbal flour and steaming straw, the preparation of yeast milk;

- enzymes, including pectofoetidine P10x, amylosubtilin GZx (bacterial amylase) slightly hydrolyze wood pulp, their optimum temperature is 50-55 ° C, pH 5.0-6.0; hydrolysis is carried out with air supply for 3 hours, which leads to the manifestation of putrefactive processes, the breakdown of vitamins, especially vitamin C;

- at the exit, the feed mass in the steamer-mixer is steamed to a temperature of 100 ° C for 30 minutes; this complicates the technology and leads to the breakdown of vitamins; especially ascorbic acid, as well as other biologically active substances;

- low efficiency of the method when applied as the main feed mass of wood-shrub coniferous mass; its healing properties are lost, since the bulk of the raw materials of the enzymatic-bacterial starter culture is periodically ventilated.

The objective of the invention is to improve the quality of feed and ensuring the rational use of wood-coniferous mass, i.e. coniferous lobnik, while simplifying the technology of preparation and storage of feed due to the fact that coniferous trees are rich in vitamins as raw materials, as well as by improving the chemical composition, preserving biologically active substances, enhancing fiber hydrolysis and protein synthesis, enrichment method and enzymatic-bacterial starter cultures with mineral elements, including trace elements, enzymes and lactic acid bacteria. Based on the improvement of these additives and the course of reactions in them, which ensure the synthesis of a preservative medium in the absence of high-temperature treatments, not only an improvement in the chemical composition, but also digestibility of the feed is provided. Moreover, this problem is solved on the basis of substances and technologies available for agriculture: vegetable ash, forestry waste, animal husbandry, crop production, products of large-tonnage production (fertilizers), acids, salts, preservatives; as well as such techniques as grinding, mixing, moistening, in addition, the preparation of feed is facilitated, and its quality is improved due to the fact that as a starter to get the next batch of feed, use part of the previously received batch, diluting it with a prepared solution and mixing with a previously prepared raw materials.

To solve this problem, in a method of preparing feeds, including grinding vegetable raw materials, adding feed additives to it, enzymatic-bacterial hydrolysis based on the introduction of pre-prepared starter culture, which contains the contents of the rumen of ruminants and cellulose-hydrolyzing enzymes diluted with water, using feed preparation monocalcium phosphate, sodium chloride and an ammonium supplement, taken as a raw material for the conifer trees, which are ground to flour, and in the preparation of seeds Asks in the contents of the rumen add its crushed tissue, table salt and other mineral additives are introduced in the form of a solution, acidified to pH 3-4, bringing the moisture of the crushed raw materials to 55-60%, keeping them without air until the wood softens, after which the raw materials are mixed with diluted to a liquid state with an enzymatic-bacterial starter culture, bringing the specified mixture to a moisture content of 65-80%, keeping it under anaerobic conditions for 12-48 hours or more, ventilating the resulting feed before feeding.

Ammonium sulfate is taken as an ammonium additive, and a preservative, which includes hydrochloric or sulfuric acid, is taken to acidify the solution.

To prepare the enzymatic-bacterial starter culture, a rumen and its contents are taken from ruminants with an increased ability to absorb lignified fiber (sheep, goats, moose).

, а сульфат аммония из расчета 1,0-1,2% N от сухого вещества сырья.The concentration of salt in a solution for wetting the raw material is 0.5-1.0%, monocalcium phosphate is added to it at a rate of 0.5-1.0% $$P{O}_{\mathrm{four}}^{---}$$

and ammonium sulfate at the rate of 1.0-1.2% N of dry matter of raw materials.

Sourdough is prepared by mixing the grinding of wood raw materials and grain with a crushed mixture of rumen and its contents in a ratio of 1: 1: 1-3: 3: 2, stirring and wetting with table salt solution while stirring to a moisture content of 65-80% and maintaining its temperature within 36-42 ° C for 5-12 hours, then preparing a creamy suspension from it, adding water heated to 40-45 ° C.

To obtain long-term storage fodder, in the preparation of an enzymatic-bacterial starter culture, sourdough from lactic acid bacteria is added, and varieties of avomorin (P, PC, PPK) are taken as cellulose-hydrolyzing enzymes.

A complex preparation of microelements, for example, Microel, is added to the solution for diluting the enzymatic-bacterial starter culture, in an amount that ensures their normative content in the prepared feed.

When preparing the next portion of the feed, a portion of the finished feed is taken as an enzymatic-bacterial starter culture, mixing it with prepared raw materials and adding an enzyme solution, trace elements and lactic acid starter to this mixture.

As an additive to macro- and microelements, plant mass is taken, dissolving it in water and acidifying the resulting solution to pH 4.5-5.5 with an acid preservative containing hydrochloric and sulfuric acids, using this acidified solution to dilute the enzymatic-bacterial starter culture or when mixing it with raw materials, and ash is taken taking into account the ash content of the latter and bringing the ash content in the dry matter of the feed to the recommended feeding standards.

The essential features characterizing the invention are a combination of feed preparation methods that maximally take into account the chemical and technological properties of wood-coniferous raw materials - coniferous tree branches, which increase the nutritional value of the feed mass, preserve biologically active substances in it and are simultaneously characterized by the availability and simplicity of their implementation.

This is ensured due to the fact that forestry waste is used as the initial plant material - coniferous lapnik, which has good long-term preservation, high content of biologically active substances: essential oils, vitamin C, carotene and other compounds that give medicinal and preventive properties to the feed. However, this raw material is enriched with lignified fiber, which impairs nutrition, and is characterized by a low content of protein, sugars, minerals.

The proposed set of features of the invention allows to eliminate this drawback while maintaining the positive properties of raw materials due to the fact that throughout the entire processing chain from preparing the raw materials to receiving, storing and using feed, a favorable environment is created that ensures the activation of enzymatic-bacterial hydrolysis of fiber and protein synthesis, while maintaining and increasing the concentration in the feed of useful compounds, including biologically active. This environment is created when a certain set of simple features of the proposed technical solution is fulfilled and is characterized by sufficient acidity (pH 4.5-5 and lower), lack of oxygen access, optimal temperature (no more than 42 ° C), formation of the ionic composition of the liquid fraction, which prevents harmful processes and activating useful, sufficient mineral macro- and microelements in it for the active activity of enzymes and beneficial microorganisms, as well as for animal nutrition. Moreover, the ion-salt composition of the solution in the feed is formed without the use of antiseptics and additional techniques, and it favors the acceleration of these processes, as well as the biological conservation of the organic mass of the feed.

The set of features of the proposed technical solution allows you to get not only high-quality feed, but use part of it as the basis of enzymatic-bacterial starter culture. This is ensured by the stability of the latter, as well as the good preservation of the chemical-technological properties of coniferous spruce branches, i.e. high keeping quality of raw materials and feed used for souring.

In addition, it has been proposed that the action of this starter culture be enhanced by adding an animal rumen to it, which is characterized by increased activity to absorb lignified fiber.

, которые присутствуют в растворе благодаря применению поваренной соли NaCl, кислотно-солевого консерванта (ВИК, К-2, С-2, ИБ-2, кислотной смеси соляного раствора HCl и серной кислоты H₂SO₄). Благодаря использованию в качестве аммонийной добавки сульфата аммония и поваренной соли среда обогащается ионами Na⁺ и SO₄.Due to the fact that conifer trees are used as raw materials, it is rich in biologically active substances, the decay of which is prevented by the fact that the crushed mass of the branches is moistened with acidified to pH 3-4 solution of sodium chloride and an acid preservative to a moisture content of 55-60% and stored in the future without air access, preventing the oxidation of vitamin C and carotenoids, the stabilization of which is favored by an acidic environment and the presence of dissolved glauber salt, i.e. Na ⁺ and $$S{O}_{\mathrm{four}}^{---}$$

that are present in the solution due to the use of sodium chloride NaCl, an acid-salt preservative (VIC, K-2, C-2, IB-2, an acid mixture of brine HCl and sulfuric acid H ₂ SO ₄ ). Due to the use of ammonium sulfate and sodium chloride as an ammonium additive, the medium is enriched with Na ⁺ and SO ₄ ions.

In addition, due to the milling of the conifer trees' linens to the state of wet flour and the soaking of the latter at a temperature of about 40 ° C in an anaerobic environment until the woody fabrics soften, the cellulose is partially hydrolyzed, although it is impregnated with lignin, which combines with acid residues to form soluble oxonium complexes . In this case, enrichment with salt occurs, and the pH of the fodder mass becomes 4-5, this helps to suppress putrefactive processes and enhances the activity of enzymatic-bacterial starter culture. Due to the fact that enzyme-bacterial starter cultures and an ammonium supplement are used to prepare food, the effect of which is most fully manifested at pH ~ 4, temperature ~ 40, sugar consumption for protein and lactic acid synthesis is increased, while according to the Le Chatelier rule, the hydrolysis of fiber is accelerated.

Moreover, the leaven is prepared on the basis of a crushed rumen of ruminants, and not just its contents. Grinding the rumen enriches the starter culture with enzymes and improves the microflora activity of the rumen contents; the competitiveness of the rumen increases due to the enrichment of the processed mass with table salt and the creation of a favorable environment, i.e. anaerobic conditions, favorable humidity and favorable temperature 39-42 ° C.

At lower and higher temperatures, enzymes are inactivated, and microorganisms develop worse. To prepare the enzymatic-bacterial starter culture, they take not just the contents of the ruminant rumen (young bull), but the rumen with its contents, which was obtained from ruminant species, which are characterized by a high ability to assimilate (digest) lignified cellulose (goats, sheep). However, the best effect was obtained when using the moose scar and its contents. In this case, the microflora obtained works more efficiently at a higher temperature than that taken from gobies, cattle, i.e. at a temperature of 39-42 ° C.

Unlike the prototype, fermentation microbiological processing and storage of plant mass is carried out under anaerobic conditions, which facilitates the process, prevents the development of putrefactive microflora, and feed ventilation, i.e. removal of unpleasant odors from it is carried out only before feeding the resulting feed, which is characterized by a pleasant slightly acidic odor after airing.

An enzymatic-bacterial starter culture is used to prepare the feed, which is easily renewed and is obtained very simply, i.e. by mixing wood-shrub flour with grain flour, as well as with rumen and its contents in a ratio of 1: 1: 1 -3: 3: 2, wetting this mixture to a moisture content of 65-80% with a weak solution (2-3%) of sodium chloride maintaining its temperature within 36-42 ° C for 5-12 hours. Under such conditions, the hydrolysis of wood pulp and the good reproduction of cellulose-hydrolyzing bacteria are accelerated. Such leaven can be stored for more than 12 hours.

When this bacterial starter is introduced into the wood-coniferous raw materials, it is diluted with water at 40-42 ° C to a creamy state, and the indicated mass is moistened with the specified mass to a moisture content of 65-80%. In this case, the mass was pre-enriched with salt and acid. This made it possible to create favorable conditions for the activity of useful introduced microflora and suppress putrefactive processes.

Moreover, the bacterial starter culture can be renewed and propagated, using part of it and mixing with grain and wood-shrub flour and warm (40-42 ° C) slightly acidic salt solution.

At the same time, monocalcium phosphate (CaHPO ₄ ) and ammonium sulfate (NH ₄ ) SO ₄ are added while mixing the ground woody-shrub pulp moistened with salt and acidified with an enzymatic-bacterial sourdough.

Due to this, ions are formed in the feed mass that have the ability to inhibit the destruction of vitamin C and carotene.

, а сульфат аммония из расчета 1,0-1,2 N от сухого вещества сырья, исключается острый дефицит или недостаток поваренной соли, фосфора и сырого белка в получаемом корме. В последнем нет избытка аммиака. При таких концентрациях активно действуют применяемые ферментативно-бактериальные системы.Due to the fact that the concentration of sodium chloride in the solution for wetting the source of crushed raw materials is 0.5-1.0%, monocalcium phosphate is added to it at a rate of 0.5-1.0% $$P{O}_{\mathrm{four}}^{---}$$

, and ammonium sulfate at the rate of 1.0-1.2 N from the dry matter of the raw material, eliminates an acute shortage or lack of sodium chloride, phosphorus and crude protein in the resulting feed. There is no excess ammonia in the latter. At such concentrations, the enzyme-bacterial systems used are actively acting.

The food can be stored for a long time with continued hydrolysis of the fiber, since in the preparation of the enzymatic-bacterial starter culture, the ferment of lactic acid bacteria is added, while avomorin (P, PC, PPC) is taken as cellulose-hydrolyzing enzymes, the optimal conditions for the action of these drugs are characterized by pH 3.5 -4.5, temperature 35-40 ° C, i.e. it is enhanced by other features of the proposed technical solution. There is their synergy, a positive impact when combined.

This is achieved by the fact that in the solution used to dilute the enzyme-bacterial starter culture, a complex preparation of microelements, for example, Microel, is added in an amount that ensures their content in the prepared feed at the level of animal feeding standards. The technology of preparation of feed is simplified without deterioration of its quality, due to the fact that for the preparation of the next batch of feed, a portion of the finished feed is taken as an enzymatic-bacterial starter culture, mixing it with prepared raw materials, adding a solution of ammonium sulfate and enzymes to this mixture, which, if necessary, are enriched with trace elements .

This method is provided due to the fact that both the raw materials and the starter culture in the form of the finished feed have a high keeping capacity, are well preserved with stirring. This is achieved through the use of the totality of the features of the proposed technical solution.

, способствующих сохранению витаминов, в т.ч. каротина.At the same time, the technology of preparation of feed is simplified, and its quality is improved due to the fact that as an additive of macro- and microelements, ash is taken, dissolving it in water, neutralizing the resulting solution with hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid, using it for dilution with enzymatic sourdough or mixing it with raw materials, and ash is taken taking into account the ash content of the raw material and bringing the ash content of the dry matter of the finished feed to the recommended feeding standards. In vegetable ash, the ratio of mineral elements is approximately the same as in fodder plants, therefore, a decrease in their deficit in the prepared feed can be achieved due to its correct dilution with water. The acidification of its solution is necessary to create a favorable environment for the storage of feed. It is carried out with hydrochloric acid to a pH of 4.5-5.5, as a result, a solution of harmless chloride of salts is formed, including cooking Na ⁺ and $$S{O}_{\mathrm{four}}^{--}$$

contributing to the preservation of vitamins, including carotene.

Moreover, a small excess of hydrochloric acid does not worsen the activity of the gastrointestinal tract of animals, it is produced by their pancreas.

The method was tested experimentally, feed prepared according to different versions of the experiment was laid in polymer containers (bags) placed in heat-insulating blocks with an additional shell made of foil isol and in a silo mass.

Example 1. Pine branches with needles, crushed with the help of DUK-1 (universal feed crusher), obtained by technological thinning of forest planting and logging, were moistened with sodium chloride solution, which was previously acidified to pH-3. The initial moisture content of the ground mass was 35%. For acidification, they took the preservative IB-2, consisting of sulfuric, hydrochloric acids and water. For every 0.93 L of water, 1 L of sulfuric acid battery (density 1.93) and 1.4 L of hydrochloric acid (density 1, 1.14) are consumed, the average density of the drug is 1.32. The working solution is prepared from 6 l of water and 1 l of the preparation IB-2.

As a preservative, as shown by the experiments of VNIIkormov named after V.R. Williams and the Moscow Agricultural Academy named after K.A. Timiryazeva conducted in different farms, you can take the drug VIC (26 sulfuric acid, 21.3 hydrochloric acid and 52.4 water, dissolving 1 liter in 6 liters of water), as well as drugs K-2, C-2, acid mixture sulfuric and hydrochloric acid. (21 liters of water, 1 liter of sulfuric acid, 1 liter of industrial hydrochloric acid).

. Для активации бактериального синтеза белка в раствор добавили 37 кг сульфата аммония, содержащего азота 21%, т.е. 78 кг, и 1,2% N на сухое вещество сырья, такая добавка составляет максимальное количество азота, которое может использоваться в бактериальном синтезе аминокислот, что составляет 7,5% сырого протеина в сухом веществе. Таким образом, концентрация солей в растворе составляет (51,6:701,6) - 7,4%.650 liters of water and 10 kg of salt (1.6%) were consumed per 1 ton of raw material; in addition, 4.6 kg of monocalcium phosphate CaHPO _{4 was} added to the solution, which corresponds to an addition of 3.25 kg or 0 to dry matter. 5% $$P{O}_{\mathrm{four}}^{--}$$

. To activate bacterial protein synthesis, 37 kg of ammonium sulfate containing 21% nitrogen, i.e. 78 kg, and 1.2% N per dry matter of raw materials, such an additive constitutes the maximum amount of nitrogen that can be used in bacterial synthesis of amino acids, which is 7.5% of crude protein in dry matter. Thus, the concentration of salts in the solution is (51.6: 701.6) - 7.4%.

The concentration of salts in the raw material increases (51.6: 1701.6) by more than 3%, which is sufficient to inhibit putrefactive processes, and in the absence of air and when the solution is acidified to pH 3, the mold is prevented from mass, its amount in the moistened state was about 1705 kg, while its humidity was equal to 59% (about 60%). To wet the feed, water heated to 50 ° C was used; after mixing it with the solution, the temperature was 42 ° C. Received 1660 kg of mass, with which further experiments were carried out according to examples 1-7. The mass was placed with a seal under a gas-impermeable film covered with straw of 50 kg (in 4-fold repetition) for 2 hours. The pulp softened, acquired a sweet, slightly acidic smell and taste.

Before preparing the raw materials, enzymatic-bacterial starter culture was prepared. For this, 50 kg of the contents of the scar were taken from a freshly caught bull. It was mixed with 50 kg of grinding pine branches and 50 kg of grinding grain of wheat. The mixture turned out to be 35% humidity. This mixture was poured and mixed with 140 L of a weak solution (1.0%) of sodium chloride. The temperature of the solution is 45 ° C. It turned out 290 kg of mass with a moisture content of 65-66%. It was kept for 12 hours at a temperature of 36 ° C. After that, this mixture was diluted with warm water (42 ° C) to a liquid creamy state (1750-1760 l). The mass of creamy yeast was 2030-2040 kg (l). Moistened to 60% humidity with an acidified solution, the main raw material containing the required amount of ammonium, monocalcium phosphate, table salt was diluted with sourdough prepared using simplified technology without the use of trace elements or glucose-hydrolyzing enzymes. Based on 1 ton of raw material moistened to a moisture content of 60%, 400 l of enzymatic-bacterial suspension was taken. Thus, with the obtained amount of creamy starter culture, it is possible to treat 5 tons of crushed wood-coniferous raw materials, previously moistened to a moisture content of 60%, or 2.9 tons of milled wood-coniferous mass with an initial moisture content of 35%. In this case, the moisture content of the feed mass treated with enzymatic-bacterial sourdough was about 70%, pH 4.5-5.5. The concentration of salts in it was 2%, incl. table salt 0.42%.

Ferment was added to the mass with stirring. Pilot feed samples (markers) were packed with a seal in 100-50 kg moisture-proof containers (bags). These bags were placed in the bulk of the feed, additionally covering it with a film and straw. At the same time, an experiment was carried out with the laying and ramming of feed in a thermally insulated solid container (barrels).

Subsequently, the feed mass was maintained for 48 hours without air at a temperature of 39-42 ° C. After this, the food was opened, ventilated and fed. The food had a pleasant smell; it was readily eaten by cows.

, 7,5-8,2% сырого протеина.When feeding such feed, even in the amount of 15 kg per 1 head, the animals required 63 g of NaCl, in the dry matter of the feed contained about 0.5% $$P{O}_{\mathrm{four}}^{---}$$

7.5-8.2% crude protein.

This feed contained about 10-15 mg% vitamin C and about 1.2-1.5% carotene, i.e. in dry matter, respectively 30-45 mg% and 3.6-4.0 mg%, i.e. even more than in good corn silage. In addition, terpenoids and other essential oils were contained in the feed.

Example 2. All operations were carried out in the same way as in example 1, but crushed tissue of the scar itself (40 kg of the contents of the scar; 10 kg of tissue of the scar) was added to the content of the bull’s scar. The results are shown in table 1.

The food obtained in Example 2 contained less crude fiber, but more crude protein and simple carbohydrates. This suggests that the addition of crushed tissue to the contents of the rumen during the preparation of enzymatic-bacterial starter culture promotes the hydrolysis of cellulose and the use of ammonium supplements in bacterial protein synthesis.

Example 3. All operations were carried out as in example 2, enzyme-bacterial starter culture was prepared on the basis of the use of sheep rumen and (coarse) and its contents. Moreover, the ratio of all components was the same as in example 1 and 2.

The results are presented in table 1. They indicate that when using enzymatic-bacterial starter culture, prepared on the basis of the use of the rumen and its contents taken from animals capable of more efficient absorption of lignified cellulose, better quality feed is obtained.

Example 4. All operations were carried out in the same way as in example 3, but when preparing the enzymatic-bacterial starter culture, adding lactic acid starter culture at the rate of: diluted culture in the ratio of 1 liter per 100 liters of water. In addition, cellulose-hydrolyzing enzymes are added: a mixture of varieties of avomorin (P, PK. PPK). Enzymes are taken at the rate of 2 kg per 1000 liters of water, or 0.8 kg per 400 liters of enzyme-bacterial starter culture. These enzymes work effectively at pH 3.5-5.0 at a temperature of 37-40 ° C.

Further experiments showed that one of the indicated brands of avomorin can be used. The feed was used 48 hours after laying in storage.

The results are shown in table 1. They indicate the acceleration of hydrolysis of fiber and improve feed quality when using enzymatic-bacterial starter culture, prepared with the introduction of these enzymes and a culture of lactic acid bacteria.

Example 5. All operations were carried out as in example 4, but the feed was used after 2 months of storage. The results are shown in table 1. They indicate that the feed quality during long-term storage did not deteriorate, and even improved for some indicators.

Example 6. All operations were carried out as in example 5, but in the preparation of the starter culture, microelements were added in the form of the preparation "Microel" 1 kg per 400 l of diluted creamy starter culture. The results are presented in table 1, they indicate that the effectiveness of the use of enzyme-bacterial starter culture has increased.

1. The quality of the feed with different options for its preparation (Moscow region. GPZ "Dawn of the Moscow region" Indicators Examples one 2 3 four 5 6 7 The moisture content of the finished feed,% 68.0 68.7 69.0 68.0 68.5 68.9 68,4 Content in feed,% Raw protein 2.98 3.01 3.37 3.68 3.72 3.84 3.86 Crude fiber 11.0 13.15 10.34 9.80 9.42 9.23 8.85 Sahara 3.0 3.28 3.47 5.12 5.24 5.59 5.58 Starch 2.07 2.09 3.86 4.26 4,52 4,58 4.67 Vitamins, mg% Carotene 2D 2.1 2,3 2.2 2.0 - 2.0 Vitamin C 12.6 12.8 12.7 12.5 13,2 13.0 12.9 The dry matter content,% Raw protein 9.31 9.71 10.87 11.50 11.80 12.34 12.21 Crude fiber 40.10 42.01 33.35 30.80 29.91 28.71 28.12 Sahara 9.40 10.47 11.19 16.00 16.63 17.97 17.65 Starch 6.46 7.31 12.45 13.00 14.35 14.72 14.77

Example 7. All operations were carried out as in example 6, but vegetable (wood) ash was added to the enzyme-bacterial starter culture when it was diluted with water instead of the Microel preparation. Moreover, it was initially dissolved at the rate of 1.2% per 1 ton of wetted raw material or 3% of the dry matter of the feed. To do this, when diluting the enzymatic-bacterial starter culture, 12 kg of ash per 400 l (or 30%) was added

Moreover, before diluting the enzymatic-bacterial starter culture with this ash solution, it is acidified to pH 4.5-5.5 using an acid preservative containing hydrochloric and sulfuric acids (IB-2, VIC, etc.). The results of the experiment indicate that the replacement of the drug "Microel" with ash dissolved in water, with acidification of the solution does not impair the quality of the feed. At the same time, there was no excess and deficiency of trace elements in the feed.

Under production conditions, on the farms of the Moscow, Kaluga, Yaroslavl regions, it was revealed that the quality of the feed is characterized by high rates if the feed is acidified to pH 3-4, bringing to a moisture content of 55-60%. With excess moisture and less acidity, the results deteriorate, mold may appear and a decrease in the vitamin value of the raw material.

To prepare the feed, it is necessary to moisten it with liquid sourdough up to 65-80%, keeping it under anaerobic conditions at a temperature of 39-42% for at least 12 hours. With a shorter duration of fermentation, the quality of the feed deteriorates. At temperatures below 39 ° C, the activity of enzymes and bacteria decreases, and the quality of the feed deteriorates. At a humidity of less than 65%, tamping of the feed and the creation of anaerobic conditions in it is difficult, acidification of the feed slows down, and its quality deteriorates. Drilling occurs, the transformation of nutrients into poorly digestible melanins and melanoidins. At a humidity of more than 80%, the solution flows out of the mass of the solution and the loss of sugars, acids and minerals with it.

It was established experimentally in production conditions that part of the obtained feed can be used as the basis for bacterial starter culture. This is proved by examples 8, 9, 10, which are part of an experiment conducted in the Yaroslavl region.

Example 8. All operations were carried out in the same way as in example 7. The food was stored for 30 days at a moisture content of 75%, fresh fresh enzymatic-bacterial starter culture was used. The results are shown in table 2.

Example 9. All operations were carried out in the same way as in example 8, but ready-made feed was used as a starter culture. At the same time, 10 parts of the finished feed prepared according to Example 8 were taken for 10 parts of the raw material treated with solutions to a moisture content of 60%. In this case, ammonium sulfate and mineral additives were added to the raw material as in Example 1-8.

In addition, while stirring the starter culture from the finished feed with raw materials, 150 kg of water was added per 1 kg of water, in which 1 kg of ash was dissolved (12 × 0.8 = 0.96≈1 kg), acidifying the solution to pH 4.4-5.0 by adding a cellulose hydrolyzing enzyme (avomarin) at the rate of 80% of the norm determined in example 4, i.e. 0.65 kg. To speed up the preparation of feed and improve its quality and safety, 4 l of lactic acid starter is added to the solution (see example 4; 5 l · 0.8 = 4 l).

The results are shown in table 2. They indicate that in examples 8 and 9 almost identical results were obtained, i.e. ready-made feed can be used as the basis of enzymatic-bacterial starter culture.

Example 10. All operations were carried out as in example 8, but the sourdough was prepared on the basis of the contents of the scar and its crushed tissue obtained from the moose. In this case, wood grinding, wheat flour and a mixture of the contents of the rumen and its tissue are taken in a ratio of 3: 3: 2, i.e. raw materials: preparation from the rumen - 6: 2 = 3; and in examples 8 and 9 1: 1: 1, i.e. 2: 1 = 2.

2. The quality of the feed with different options for its preparation (Yaroslavl region) Indicators Examples 8 9 10 The moisture content of the finished feed,% 74.9 75.1 74.6 Content in feed,% Raw protein 3.02 3.12 3.21 Crude fiber 7.22 6.70 6.60 Sahara 4.72 4.83 4.78 Starch 4,53 4.70 4.96 The dry matter content,% Raw protein 11.99 12.53 12.63 Crude fiber 28.80 26.92 26.02 Sahara 18.80 19.39 18.81 Starch 18.04 18.87 19.62

In addition, the temperature of the starter culture was maintained for 5-12 hours. The results are shown in table 2. They indicate that when using a mixture of rumen and its contents obtained from moose as the basis of sourdough, despite a decrease in its concentration, a decrease in temperature and exposure time (2.4 times), the best results are obtained than in example 8. This suggests that it is effective to use the rumen and its contents from animals, which has a high ability to absorb branch feed.

Thus, the combination of features of the proposed solution allows us to provide the most complete solution to the problem: improving the quality of feed and ensuring the rational use of wood-coniferous mass, i.e. coniferous lapnik while simplifying the technology of preparation and storage of feed. At the same time, a more rational use of forest resources is ensured, and the use of spruce branches and other forestry waste increases fire safety in the forests, improving their cultural condition.

Claims (6)

1. The method of preparation of feed, including grinding vegetable raw materials, making feed additives in the form of monocalcium phosphate, sodium chloride and ammonium additives and the implementation of enzymatic-bacterial hydrolysis based on the introduction of pre-prepared starter culture containing the contents of the rumen of ruminants, characterized in that as a vegetable raw material they take the coniferous tree lapnik, which is ground to a powdery state, and when preparing the starter culture, they add to the rumen content of the ruminant rumen its crushed fabric, and feed additives in the form of monocalcium phosphate, sodium chloride and ammonium additives are introduced in the form of a solution, acidified to pH 3-4, bringing the moisture content of the crushed raw materials to 55-60%, then the raw materials are kept without air until the wood softens, and then liquid enzymatic-bacterial starter culture is introduced into it, mixed and the mixture is brought to a moisture content of 65-80%, which is then kept under anaerobic conditions for 12-48 hours, ventilating the resulting feed before feeding, and to prepare another tion feed as enzymatically-bacterial starter used part of the finished feed, mixing it with the prepared raw materials and feed additives. 2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that ammonium sulfate is taken as an ammonium additive, and the acidification of a solution containing feed additives is carried out by adding a preservative solution, which includes hydrochloric or sulfuric acid. 3. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that for the preparation of the enzymatic-bacterial starter culture, crushed scar tissue and its contents are taken from ruminants with increased ability to assimilate lignified wood — sheep, goats, moose. 4. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the concentration of sodium chloride in the solution of feed additives is 0.5-1.0%, monocalcium phosphate is added at the rate of 0.5-1.0% PO ₄ ^3- , and ammonium sulfate from calculation of 1.0-1.2% of nitrogen from dry matter of raw materials. 5. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the leaven is prepared by mixing the grinding of wood raw materials and grain with a crushed mixture of scar tissue and its contents in a ratio of 1: 1: 1 - 3: 3: 2, the resulting mixture is moistened with a solution of sodium chloride to humidity of the mass is 65-80% and incubated for 5-12 hours at a temperature of 36-42 ° C, adding a complex preparation of macro- and microelements, for example "Microel", in an amount that ensures their normal content in the prepared feed. 6. The method according to claim 5, characterized in that as a macro and micronutrients take vegetable ash, dissolving it with water, bring the resulting solution to pH 4.5-5.5 with an acid preservative containing hydrochloric and sulfuric acids, and take the ash taking into account the ash content of plant materials, bringing its content in the dry matter of the feed to the recommended feeding standards.