RU2511185C1 - Method of production of substrate blocks for growing oyster mushrooms - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to the field of agriculture and biotechnology. In the method agricultural wastes are mixed and moistened, the heat treatment of raw material by steam is carried out, the substrate is cooled, mycelium is placed in it, and the substrate blocks are formed using plastic bags. At that mixing and moistening of the raw material is carried out in a vessel having rotary blades and nozzles for water dosed supply. Formation of substrate blocks in plastic bags is carried out immediately after moistening the raw material, after which the substrate blocks are mounted vertically in the cassette-trolley. Then the substrate block is knotted. At that the processing of the blocks by steam is carried out through a metal tube connected to a source of steam through the common frame. The processing is carried out by steam having a temperature of 100-110°C for 1-1.5 hours. The substrate blocks are cooled to a temperature of 26-28°C in a room with the cold air supply. At that placing of mycelium is carried out in an inoculation room into a preliminary unleashed substrate block. Then the mycelium is mixed with the prepared substrate directly in the block using a rotary drill, after which the substrate block is knotted.

EFFECT: method enables to simplify the production of substrate blocks, to improve the quality of the prepared substrate, to improve productivity and quality of mushrooms.

Description

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to agriculture and biotechnology, and in particular to a technology for the artificial cultivation of common oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus) and the production of substrate blocks for it, and can be used for industrial cultivation of edible mushrooms.

State of the art

Currently, the intensive method of growing oyster mushrooms is quite relevant. Oyster mushroom is grown on agricultural waste and wood processing industry. A substrate is produced from the waste, from which blocks are then formed. There are a large number of technological options for the production of such substrate blocks.

In recent years, the heat treatment method has been used not only in small enterprises. This method uses xerothermal technology for the preparation of the substrate, which is related to hard pasteurization by the type of exposure: the air-dry substrate is heated to 100 ⁰ C with steam at atmospheric pressure in simple devices and to 102-103 ⁰ C on more modern equipment. Abroad, xerothermal processing is carried out as follows: 1-10 tons of straw is crushed to particles with a size of 15-20 mm, then fed with a screw into a container, where it is evenly distributed with a special device. 2.5 tons of dry, chopped straw are placed in one container. The container is made of heat-resistant stainless material and mounted on wheels. He is brought into the xerothermal processing chamber from the “dirty” zone. The xerothermal passage chamber itself is mounted in stainless steel and well insulated with glass wool. Low pressure steam at a temperature of 100 ⁰ C is supplied from a powerful steam boiler or steam generator. In order for the processing of the substrate to proceed uniformly, there is a circulation system for the air-steam mixture. The temperature of the substrate is taken by sensors and recorded by recorders. Processing management is computerized. The processing time is 1-1.5 hours. After processing, the camera is unloaded to the “clean” area with the “dirty” gates closed.

The steamed substrate is moistened (its humidity should be 65-70% before inoculation). Bactericidal preparations (sodium hypochlorite) or fungicides (foundationazole) are added to the water.

Then proceed to the introduction of mycelium. In recent years, several enterprises have appeared in Russia and Ukraine that use xerothermal processing.

Domestic mushroom producers use a device for steam decontamination and disinfection of clothes as a camera for xerothermic processing. The camera consists of four compartments. Steam is generated by a steam boiler. There is a system of circulation of the air-steam mixture inside the chambers. When xerothermic processing, there is practically no loss of dry mass, it does not require fresh air during the processing of the substrate, and it takes much less time.

Soaking the substrate in metal containers with a steam supply connected to them gives a good result. In addition, plant substrates used for the cultivation of oyster mushrooms can be steamed in feed tanks. Several options are possible here: either the substrate is preliminarily adjusted to a relative humidity of 70-75%, and then it is loaded into the forage tank and steam is supplied for 2-3 hours, or the dry substrate is loaded into the forage tank and then filled with hot water (80-85 ° FROM). A high temperature is also maintained by periodically supplying steam to the forage chamber. The processing time for wheat straw in this case will be 3-4 hours (Oyster mushroom cultivation. / Morozov AI - M .: ACT Publishing House LLC; Donetsk: Stalker, 2003, pp. 21-31).

A known method of growing edible mushrooms and the formation of substrate blocks during their cultivation (RF patent for the invention No. 2158074, A01G1 / 04, publ. 10.27.2000). In this method, the components for the substrate components for a specific type of mushroom are crushed, mixed. Next, the substrate is incubated, periodically interrupted and disinfected with steam or electric means, fill the chamber with substrate and mycelium. As necessary, biostimulants and other growth-promoting additives are added to the substrate. The chamber for forming the substrate block is made in the form of a mesh movable container, at the bottom of which there are wheels, and the side surface is formed of vertical generators and mesh and is covered by a removable flexible casing. A perforated pipe is installed vertically in the center of the chamber, the height of which exceeds the height of the chamber, with the possibility of supplying ionized air, water during irrigation, and liquid top dressing through the pipe cavity to the substrate block. After the growth of the mycelium in the mushroom block, the flexible casing is removed from the chamber and the latter is moved to the chamber of fruit formation and fruiting.

A disadvantage of the known method of growing and forming substrate blocks is that in addition to the film, expensive metal materials are also required in the form of forming rods and nets for the manufacture of the chamber. The consumption of substrate and seed mycelium is also significant.

A known method of growing oyster mushrooms (RF patent for the invention No. 2141753, A01G1 / 04, publ. 11/27/1999), including the preparation and disinfection of the substrate, the introduction of the mycelium into the substrate and the formation of mushroom blocks in plastic packaging with slots on the outer surface.

The disadvantage of this method is the rather high consumption of substrate and seed - mycelium, it is also possible overheating of the substrate blocks and their drying during periods of incubation and fruit formation.

A known method of growing higher mushrooms (RF patent for the invention No. 2101913, A01G1 / 04, publ. 01/20/1998), which consists in preparing the substrate, compacting it and making it into the forming container. In this case, the forming container is additionally lined with a flexible gasket inside, which is closed in the open part of the container and placed in the forcing room so that the closed part of the gasket is at the bottom, after which the forming container is removed.

The disadvantage of this method is the possibility of overheating of the substrate in the process of germination of the mycelium, the presence of removable containers for the formation of mushroom blocks of various shapes, which affects the reduction of yield of mushrooms and their cost when growing.

A known method of growing edible mushrooms and the formation of substrate blocks for their cultivation (RF patent for the invention No. 2292705, A01G1 / 04, publ. 02/10/2007), including the preparation and disinfection of the substrate, the introduction of the mycelium into the substrate and the formation of mushroom blocks in a plastic bag with slots . Mushroom blocks are made up of two chambers: one for the formation of the internal cavity, and the other for filling with the substrate. In the method of forming the substrate block, the mushroom block is formed from a polyethylene sleeve of a film by installing a replaceable forming element in one of the halves of the sleeve. Next, trimming and welding is carried out along the thickness of the sleeve in the longitudinal direction of the edges of the film, trimming and welding in the transverse direction of the other half. The film is turned over the free edge of the stocking on the first half of the sleeve with the formation between the films of both halves of the sleeve of the chamber. The latter is filled with a substrate, then a removable forming element is removed from the first half of the sleeve with the formation in the last internal cavity. The open part of the chamber with the substrate is closed with the free edges of the film of the second half to the first half of the polyethylene sleeve. The replaceable forming element is made of various geometric shapes, for example, cylindrical, with the formation of an internal cavity in the mushroom block with a diameter of 6-10 cm

The disadvantage of this method is the low suitability for industrial production, the duration of the development cycle of fungi, which contributes to the accumulation and development of pests and oyster mushrooms, as a rule, the natural cooling of the substrate without the use of antiseptic agents causes the development of parasitic microflora, which, depending on the season, leads to culling up to 10- 12% of mushroom blocks.

A known method of production of substrate blocks used on mushroom farms in China (magazine "School of mushroom farming", No. 1, 2, year of publication 2006). This method consists of the following steps:

- moistening of raw materials (sunflower husk) in special containers by pouring water;

- laying of raw materials in plastic bags, that is, the formation of substrate blocks (manually);

- placement of the formed substrate blocks on multi-tier carts and their installation in special autoclaves;

- heat treatment of the formed blocks in an autoclave by supplying steam with a temperature of up to 130 ⁰ C and overpressure for 1-1.5 hours;

- cooling the heat-treated substrate blocks to a temperature of 26-28 ⁰ C;

- inoculation of substrate blocks with oyster mushroom mycelium by making the required amount in the upper part of the block, without mixing;

- tying blocks.

This method uses mainly manual labor and requires the installation of expensive equipment, in particular an autoclave, and mycelium is introduced only into the upper part of the block and is not evenly distributed over the substrate block, which significantly increases the time for colonization of the substrate block with mycelium and the likelihood of competitive microflora (various types mold and bacteria) in non-colonized areas of the substrate.

The closest to the claimed technical solution for the combination of essential features and purpose is the method of production of substrate blocks, implemented on the production line of LLC Technik (http://technik1.ru/newmashina, publ. 2006), the method consists of the following steps:

- laying of raw materials in a machine with a drum rotating inside to prepare the substrate and its heat treatment;

- processing of raw materials with steam at a temperature of 100 ⁰ C for 1.5-2 hours;

- wetting the substrate by supplying a normalized amount of water to the machine;

- cooling the substrate by supplying sterile air into the machine;

- inoculation (adding fungal mycelium to the substrate) by adding the required amount to the machine and mixing it by rotating the drum;

- from the unloading hatches of the substrate machine, the substrate enters the conveyor, which is synchronized with the molder of the substrate blocks, which packs the substrate in plastic bags.

This method of production of substrate blocks requires significant financial costs for the purchase of equipment (this equipment can only be manufactured industrially). Another disadvantage of this method is the high probability of the development of competitive microflora, due to the need to unload the substrate onto a conveyor or even to the floor, which does not exclude the contact of the finished substrate with the environment. Moreover, even the creation of a sterile zone separating the feed zone of the feed from the discharge zone will not sufficiently reduce the risk of competitive microflora getting into the substrate.

Disclosure of invention

The objective of the invention is to provide a simple and reliable method for the production of substrate blocks for growing oyster mushrooms, ensuring the creation of optimal microclimate parameters to increase the yield of mushrooms and reduce costs when growing them.

The technical result of the present invention is to simplify the method of production of substrate blocks for growing oyster mushrooms, improve the quality of the prepared substrate by providing a process of uniform mixing of raw materials and, as a result, increase the yield and quality of mushrooms, reduce costs when growing them.

The specified technical result is achieved by the fact that in the known method for the production of substrate blocks for growing oyster mushroom ordinary, including mixing and moistening agricultural waste, heat treatment of raw materials with steam, cooling the substrate, adding mycelium to the substrate and forming substrate blocks using plastic bags, according to the invention, mixing and moistening of the raw materials is carried out in a container having rotating blades and nozzles for a metered supply of water; the formation of substrate blocks in plastic bags is carried out immediately after wetting the raw material; after which the substrate blocks are installed vertically in the cart-cart; then the substrate block is tied; moreover, the processing of the blocks with steam is carried out through a metal tube connected to a steam source through a common frame; the treatment is carried out with steam having a temperature of 100-110 ⁰ C for 1-1.5 hours; substrate blocks are cooled to a temperature of 26-28 ⁰ C in a room with cold air; moreover, the introduction of the mycelium is carried out in the inoculation room in a previously untied substrate block; then, the mycelium is mixed with the finished substrate directly in the block itself using a rotary drill, after which the substrate block is tied.

The implementation of the invention

The claimed method is a variation of the type of preparation of the substrate by xerothermy.

A method for the production of substrate blocks for growing oyster mushroom ordinary consists of the following steps.

- Raw materials - agricultural waste (for example, sunflower husk) is loaded into the tank. The tank is equipped with rotating blades for mixing and nozzles for dosed water supply. In this tank, the raw materials are uniformly soaked to the desired moisture level.

- Moistened raw materials directly from the tank with the help of a screw is fed into plastic bags to form a substrate block.

- The substrate blocks are mounted vertically in the cart-cart.

- Then, metal tubes connected to a steam source through a common frame are inserted into each substrate block. Each substrate block is knotted, after which steam with a temperature of 100-110 ⁰ С is supplied, steam is supplied for 1-1.5 hours, this temperature and exposure time will be sufficient for the death of competitive microflora both in the vegetative form and their spores.

- After the substrate blocks are transported to a room with cold air, in which they are cooled to a temperature of 26-28 ⁰ C, this temperature, based on many studies, is optimal for the normal development of oyster mushroom mycelium.

- After cooling, the blocks are transported to the inoculation room, for the introduction of mycelium, the substrate block is untied and the required amount of mycelium is introduced into it.

- Then, the mycelium is mixed with the finished substrate directly in the block using a rotary drill, after mixing, the block is tied.

The advantages of the above method:

1) in addition to the steam source, the purchase of expensive equipment is not required, all equipment can be manufactured independently;

2) at all stages, the substrate does not contact the environment, which practically minimizes the ingress of competitive microflora into the substrate, which in turn favorably affects the rate of substrate colonization;

3) mixing of the mycelium with the help of a rotary drill will allow not only to evenly distribute the mycelium throughout the substrate block, but also to ensure uniform density of the substrate throughout the block, which eliminates the appearance of anaerobic zones in the substrate block.

Thus, the claimed method ensures the achievement of the claimed technical result, namely improving the quality of the prepared substrate, increasing the yield and quality of mushrooms, reducing costs when growing them.

Claims (1)

A method for the production of substrate blocks for growing oyster mushroom ordinary, including mixing and moistening agricultural wastes, heat treatment of raw materials with steam, cooling the substrate, adding mycelium to the substrate and forming substrate blocks using plastic bags, characterized in that the mixing and moistening of the raw materials is carried out in a container having rotating blades and nozzles for dosed water supply; the formation of substrate blocks in plastic bags is carried out immediately after wetting the raw material; after which the substrate blocks are installed vertically in the cart-cart; then the substrate block is tied; moreover, the processing of the blocks with steam is carried out through a metal tube connected to a steam source through a common frame; the treatment is carried out with steam having a temperature of 100-110 ⁰ C for 1-1.5 hours; substrate blocks are cooled to a temperature of 26-28 ⁰ C in a room with cold air; moreover, the introduction of the mycelium is carried out in the inoculation room in a previously untied substrate block; then, the mycelium is mixed with the finished substrate directly in the block itself using a rotary drill, after which the substrate block is tied.