RU2510130C2 - Electric spark energy generator - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: electricity.

SUBSTANCE: device comprising the first and second electrodes separated with a gas discharge gap, a source of high voltage, the first pole of which is connected to the first electrode, and the second one - to the first lead of the first inductance, the second output of which is connected to the second electrode, is additionally equipped with the set of the first electrodes, separated by gas discharge gaps in respect to the second electrode, and a set of sources of high voltage, the first poles of each one being connected to one of the first electrodes of the set of the first electrodes, and the second poles of the sources of high voltage from the set of high voltage sources are connected to the first lead of the first inductance. The second lead is arranged as sectional, and the first electrodes are separated between each other by insulating partitions, with the possibility to create separate gas cavities between the second electrode and each first electrode.

EFFECT: increased stability, reliability and efficiency of energy conversion during operation.

2 cl, 4 dwg

Description

The invention relates to the electric power industry, in particular to power plants designed to receive electric energy from a gas electric discharge, and can be used in power supply systems of various fields of the national economy: industry, agriculture, transport and household facilities.

Known devices for producing electrical energy using a high density discharge [1]. Its disadvantage is that it has a low energy output and cannot be used for industrial purposes.

A device for producing electrical energy is known - a Tesla transformer, which is an electric device of a transformer type, used to excite high-voltage high-frequency oscillations and consisting of two inductors inserted into each other, a spark gap and an electric capacitor, as well as a high-voltage voltage source [2]. Its disadvantage is the low efficiency

Closest to the claimed device for producing electric energy is a device [3] for producing electric energy, consisting of a low-voltage to high-voltage converter connected to an external source of electric energy, which is supplied through a diode to a charging electric capacitor, from which the accumulated charge through the arrester is periodically supplied to the first inductor, inside which is coaxially mounted with the second inductor with an increased number of turns, which is with condensate rum tuned to resonance with a period of a discharge spark gap and with which the voltage across the diode is transmitted to the charging electrical capacitor, and the electrical energy output external consumer is done via a third inductance coil mounted coaxially to the first two, related mutual induction and is connected to the rectifier.

In this device, the arrester is made in the form of the first and second electrodes separated by a gas discharge gap, and the low-voltage converter of the external source of electrical energy to high performs the functions of a secondary source of high voltage.

The disadvantage of this device is the unstable, unreliable operation of the device as a whole and the low efficiency of converting energy stored by a charging electric capacitor into electrical energy transmitted to the consumer. These shortcomings are due to the fact that up to 90% of the energy stored by the charging electric capacitor from the high voltage source is converted by electric arc discharge between the electrodes in the spark gap into heat and electromagnetic radiation energy in the light wavelength range, which leads to rapid erosion of the electrodes spark gap and (self-generation mode is violated, the steepness of the fronts of the pulses decreases, etc.).

The technical result of the claimed invention is to increase the stability, reliability and efficiency of energy conversion during operation of the device.

The technical result of the claimed invention is achieved by the fact that in an electric spark energy generator containing a spark gap made in the form of the first and second electrodes separated by a gas discharge gap, a high voltage source, the first pole of which is connected to the first electrode, and the second to the first output of the first inductance, the second output of which is connected to the second electrode, the spark gap further comprises a set of first electrodes separated by gas discharge gaps with respect to the second electrode y, and a set of high voltage sources, the first poles of each of which are connected to one of the first electrodes of the set of first electrodes, and the second poles of high voltage sources from the set of high voltage sources are connected to the first output of the first inductance, while the second electrode is made sectional, and the first the electrodes are separated by insulating partitions, with the possibility of the formation of separate gas cavities between the second electrode and each first electrode.

In this case, the control inputs of the voltage sources are connected to the outputs of a phase generator configured to supply a control sequence of pulses to the control inputs of the high voltage sources with the possibility of alternating switching of the voltage sources by the phase generator, the generator being provided with a second inductance made in the form of a resonant LC circuit inductively coupled to the first inductance, and the phase generator is configured to change the frequency of the control in series sti pulses of the phase generator.

The conditions for increasing the stability, reliability and efficiency of energy conversion during operation of the device in the claimed invention are the use of avalanche electric discharge pulses with a duration of not more than (50-60) ns, which is achieved by supplying high voltage pulses from a high voltage source with a duration of not more than (50-60) not to the first and second electrodes of the arrester through the first inductor and, accordingly, passing current pulses through the first inductor in the duration of no more than (50-60) with steep leading and trailing edges (with a front duration of not more than 10 ns). The use of an avalanche electric discharge with a duration of no more than (50-60) does not significantly reduce the erosion of the electrodes, reduce energy costs for their thermal heating, as well as for photoionization of gas.

According to numerous studies carried out in the 20th century [4–6], it was established that the development of an electric discharge in a gas gap begins with the appearance of initiating electrons at the cathode, emitted from the cathode under the action of an electric field E generated in the cathode – anode gap d. These electrons in the electric field E of the cathode-anode gap move with acceleration to the anode and at the same time ionize the molecules of the surrounding gas due to the kinetic energy of the electrons, which is much larger than the ionization energy of the molecules of the surrounding gas. In the process of impact ionization of a gas, a space charge of electrons and ions is formed in the cathode-anode gap, and the increase in the number N of electrons and ions is avalanche-like, forming an avalanche of electrons and ions. Since the speed of movement of electrons to the anode is much higher (up to 1840 times) than the speed of movement of ions to the cathode, the avalanche in the gap between the cathode and anode takes the form of a droplet elongated in the direction of the anode, with a negative electron charge concentrated in its head and a positive charge in its tail ions. In this case, the increase in the number N of electrons and ions in the avalanche proceeds exponentially, and the ion current induced at the electrodes is 1840 times less than the electron current of the avalanche head induced at the same electrodes.

Obviously, if an electron current pulse I ₀ leaves the cathode, then the induced current pulse J _a at the anode will be equal to the sum of the currents I _{0 of} all avalanche electrons:

$$J_a=I_0*N_{\mathrm{to}},A,\left(\mathrm{one}\right)$$

Thus, each electron emitted from the cathode under the influence of a pulse electric field, due to impact ionization in the gas gap creates cathode - anode is at least N _to secondary electrons without the cost of energy from the electric field pulse source E and the electron current I _0.

The conditions for increasing the output energy in the claimed invention are also high spatial gradients of the magnetic field strength on the outer and inner surfaces of the inductors, which is achieved by passing short-duration current pulses with steep leading and trailing edges through the first inductor. Steep edges of the current pulse are achieved by using a high-speed switch-arrester connected to a short-voltage source. duration of high voltage pulses. In an avalanche discharge, a current pulse occurs when a high potential difference is reached at the poles of the voltage source, and the discharge ceases after the potential difference between the poles of the voltage source disappears.

Figure 1 shows a diagram of an electric spark energy generator, the output generates energy in the form of direct current and voltage. Figure 2 shows a diagram of an electric spark energy generator, the output of which generates energy in the form of alternating current and voltage of industrial frequencies (for example, in the range from 50 Hz to 1000 Hz). Figure 3 shows a design variant of a spark gap with a set of the first. electrodes and one central second electrode. Figure 4 shows a variant of the circuit diagram of high voltage sources, made, for example, based on the well-known flay-back circuit.

The generator of figure 1 contains a set of first electrodes 1-10, a second electrode 11, which are separated by gas gaps 12. The first electrodes 1-10 are separated by partitions 13 and are fixed in the holder 14. The partitions 13 and the holder 14 are made of insulating material. The first electrodes 1-10 are connected to the first, for example, negative, output pole of the high voltage sources 15-24, respectively. The control inputs 25-34 of the sources 15-24 are connected respectively to the outputs 35-44 of the control pulses of the phase pulse generator 45, the input 46 of which is connected to a common wire, for example, ground, and also to the first terminal 47 of the inductance L1 and to the second, for example, positive , the poles of the outputs of sources 15-24 high voltage. The second terminal 48 of the inductance L1 is connected to the second electrode 11. The inductance L1 is inductively connected to the inductance L2, which together with the capacitor C1 forms the circuit L2C1, the terminal O of which is connected to the input 46 of the generator 45 of the phase pulses and to a common wire, for example, ground. An inductance branch 49 L2 is connected to the anode of the diode VD1, the cathode of which is connected to the terminals 50 of the capacitor C2 and the resistor R1, which respectively perform the functions of a filter and a load of the generated energy consumer. The terminals 51 of the capacitor C2 and the resistor R1 are connected by a common wire, for example, grounding, as well as the signal input 52 of the phase pulse generator 45, the input 53 of which is connected to the terminals 50 of the capacitor C2 and the resistor R1.

To start the spark electric energy generator at the initial moment of time, an external source of electricity B1 is used, which can be used as an electric network, battery or electric battery connected to the phase pulse generator 45 and sources 15-24 through a key 54, the potential output 55 of which is connected to the input 56 of the supply voltage of the generator 45 phase pulses and sources 15-24 (not shown in figure 1). The output 57 of the generator 45 of the phase pulses is connected to the control input 58 of the key 54 with the ability to control the on / off key 54 by the control pulses from the output 57 of the generator 45 of the phase - pulses.

The generator of FIG. 2 contains elements and connections between them similar to those of the generator and the connections between them of the generator of FIG. 1. The differences are that the generator of FIG. 2 further comprises an inductance L3 also inductively coupled to the inductance L1. In this case, the inductance L3 together with the capacitor C3 forms a circuit L3C3, the output of which is connected to the input 0 of the circuit L2C1 and the input 59 of the generator 45 phase pulses and with a common wire, for example, ground. The inductance branch L3 60 is connected to the anode of the diode VD2, the cathode of which is connected to the terminals 61 of the capacitor C4 and the resistor R1, which respectively perform the functions of a filter and a load of the generated energy consumer. The terminals 61 of the capacitor C4 and the resistor R1 are connected to the signal input 52 of the phase pulse generator 45, the input 53 of which is connected to the terminals 50 of the capacitor C2 and the resistor R1.

The spark gap of FIG. 3 contains first electrodes 1-16 fixed in cooling tubes 17-32 installed in the holder 33, a second electrode 34, partitions 35-50 between the first electrodes 1-16 and the cover 51, 52. Holder 33, partitions 35 -50 and covers 51, 52 form separate gas cavities 53-68 between the first electrodes 1-16 and the second electrode 34. The holder 33, the partitions 35-50 and the covers 51, 52 are made of an insulating material, for example, fluoroplastic.

The high voltage source in Fig. 4 is made, for example, on the basis of the well-known flay-back circuit and contains a field effect transistor VT1, the drain of which is connected to the primary winding W1 of the output transformer Tr, and the source And with a common wire. The circuit is supplied with a voltage from an external source of electric power B1, see Fig. 1 or 2. A series of control pulses from a phase pulse generator 45 are supplied to the gate 3 of the transistor VT1. The form of a series of control pulses is shown in diagram a) of Fig. 4. The output of such a high voltage source is the secondary winding W2 of the output transformer Tr, at the terminal U of which, relative to the common wire, a high voltage pulse of about 10 kV and a duration of not more than 100 nanoseconds of the form shown in diagram b) of FIG. 4 is generated. The magnitude of the inductance of the winding W1 is 1 μH, the winding W2 is 400 μH, the transformation coefficient Tr is 20.

The spark electric power generator of FIG. 1 operates as follows.

When the generator starts, the key 54 is closed and the supply voltage of the battery B1 is supplied to the input 56 of the supply voltage of the generator 45 phase pulses and the voltage inputs of the sources 15-24 high voltage. The generator 45 at its outputs 35-44 generates a sequence of control voltage pulses. In this sequence of control pulses to two adjacent terminals (e.g., terminals 35 - 36) pulse generator 45 phase shifted with each other by an interval t _sd duration equal to:

t _sd = T / (n-1), where - T is the period of the sequence of control pulses at the output (for example, 35), n is the number of first electrodes (for example, 10, see figures 1 and 4). The duration τ _and the control pulses themselves are not more than 0.05 * T, and the steepness of the trailing edges t _f is not more than 10 nanoseconds.

The sequence of control pulses from the outputs 35-44 are supplied respectively to the inputs 25-34 of the voltage sources 15-24 made according to the scheme of flyback converters of the input voltage of the control pulses in Fig.4. These sources 25-34 along the trailing edge of the control voltage pulses form at their outputs (winding W2 of the transformer Tr in Fig. 4) a sequence of short high voltage pulses of up to 10 kV and a duration of up to 60 nanoseconds that are supplied to the first electrodes 1-10 of the arrester. The high voltage pulses of each source 15-24 sequentially pierce the gas spaces between the first electrodes and the second electrode 11 (see figure 1), creating short avalanche discharges in them and, accordingly, current pulses in the inductance L1. The frequency of the current pulses F in the inductance L1 will be equal to (n / T). Studies show that their power is about 1 MW, and the duration is about 100 nanoseconds. In this case, an avalanche discharge in each gas gap creates in the inductance L1 creates its current pulses. Thus, a pulsed magnetic field of increased energy is formed around the inductance L1, which is transferred to the inductance L2 due to the inductive coupling between L1 and L2. The L2C1 circuit has a high Q factor and is tuned to resonance at a frequency of F = (n / T). The L2C1 loop averages the pulse energy of the avalanche discharge over the period (1 / F) = (T / n) and accumulates it in the form of the reactive energy of the loop. The selection of the generated energy in the load - the resistor R1 is carried out from the tap 49 of the inductance L2 of the circuit L2C1. a constant voltage is obtained, which is obtained by rectifying the diode VD1 of the alternating voltage of the inductance L2 removed from the tap 49 and filtering the voltage at the load R1. To stabilize the generation mode, the output voltage of the load R1 is supplied to the inputs 52, 53 of the phase generator 45, which regulates the frequency of the control voltage pulses at the input of sources 15-24, and therefore the frequency of avalanche discharges in the spark gap and the frequency of current pulses F in the inductance L1, so that the current pulse frequency F was equal to the resonant frequency of the circuit L2C1, and the voltage at the load R1 was maximum. This allows you to get the maximum amount of generated energy.

The electrospark power generator of FIG. 2 operates similarly to the above process for the electrospark power generator of FIG. 1. The difference lies only in the fact that the selection of the generated energy is carried out from the taps 49 and 50 of the inductance L2, L3, respectively. This allows you to compensate for the DC component on the load R1. The circuit L2C1 and L3C2 are tuned to different resonant frequencies F1 and F2. The frequency of the current pulses F in the inductance L1 is set in the middle of the interval F1 and F2. In the process, the phase generator 45 changes the frequency of the control pulses at the input of the sources 15-24 with a deviation, for example, 50 Hz. In this case, an alternating voltage of industrial frequencies is generated at the load R1.

INFORMATION SOURCES

1. US patent No. 5018189.

2. Eichenwald A.A. Electricity. M., type. THEM. Kushnerova, 1918. Tesla's experiments. S.434-436.

3. Patent RU No. 2261521, Device for producing electric energy, IPC ⁷ H02N 11/00, prior. May 12, 2005

Claims (2)

1. Electrospark energy generator containing the first and second electrodes separated by a gas discharge gap, a high voltage source, the first pole of which is connected to the first electrode, and the second to the first terminal of the first inductance, the second terminal of which is connected to the second electrode, characterized in that the generator further comprises a set of first electrodes separated by gas discharge gaps with respect to the second electrode, and a set of high voltage sources, the first poles of each of which are connected are connected to one of the first electrodes of the set of first electrodes, and the second poles of the high voltage sources from the set of high voltage sources are connected to the first output of the first inductance, while the second electrode is made sectional, and the first electrodes are separated by insulating partitions, with the possibility of formation of separate gas cavities between the second electrode and each first electrode. 2. The spark electric energy generator according to claim 1, characterized in that the control inputs of the voltage sources are connected to the outputs of the phase generator, configured to supply control inputs of the pulse sequence to the control inputs of the voltage sources with the possibility of alternating switching on the phase generator of voltage sources, the generator being provided with a second an inductance made in the form of a resonant LC circuit inductively coupled to the first inductance, the phase generator being configured to changes in the frequency of the control sequence of pulses of the phase generator.

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