RU2485477C1 - Method of evaluating technogenic environmental pollution with heavy metals - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: chemistry.

SUBSTANCE: method involves using as a bioindicator the aerial part of a ragweed plant (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.) in flowering phase, and making a conclusion on pollution of the investigated area if content of heavy metals is considerably higher than the maximum allowable concentration.

EFFECT: easy and more efficient evaluation.

3 ex, 1 tbl

Description

The invention relates to ecology, in particular to the field of environmental protection, and may find application in assessing the pollution of the territory with heavy metals.

There is a method where environmental assessment is carried out by sampling pine needles common, growing in the study area. It determines the content of chlorophyll and the activity of catalase and their composition determines the metabolic coefficients, which conclude environmental pollution (patent No. 2314349, published January 10, 2008).

However, the known method is quite complex and unrealizable, since pine is not found everywhere in technogenic pollution areas, and may not grow there at all.

There is a method in which the contamination of the territory is determined by only one factor - acidity of coniferous tree juice (patent No. 2375869 from 12/20/2009). However, the known method is also ineffective, due to the possible absence of conifers in the study area. In this case, it is impossible to determine the dose of the increase in the content of heavy metals, that is, the degree of contamination.

The closest technical solution is the method in which a bio-indicator plant growing on the territory of sanitary protection zones is used - Austrian wormwood (Artemisia austrica Jacq.). The assessment is carried out during the growing season, subjecting chemical analysis of the aerial mass of plants to the content of heavy metals (patent No. 2257597 dated 07/27/2005, IPC G01N 39/48).

The disadvantage of the prototype method is that sampling is carried out only once during the field season, and 20-30 pieces are taken for analysis. random plants. Due to the fact that in the process of plant development the content of heavy metals varies from minimum (stem phase) to maximum (flowering phase), one analysis is not enough to accurately determine environmental pollution.

In addition, wormwood does not grow everywhere, which complicates the assessment.

The technical result is a simplification of the method, the expansion of the assortment of plants bio-indicators.

The technical solution of the claimed object, in contrast to the prototype, lies in the fact that as a bioindicator use plants of ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.) in the flowering phase, and the assessment is carried out in three contrast zones and at heavy metal contents significantly exceeding the maximum permissible concentrations , make a conclusion about the contamination of the investigated area.

The method is as follows.

Wormwood leaves - quarantine weed of American origin - is widespread in Russia (the Far East, Siberia, the central and southern regions of the European part of the country, etc.). The main territory occupied by ambrosia is in the North Caucasus, Rostov and Volgograd regions and Primorsky Territory. Along the railways and highways, ragweed is also brought to the northern regions of Russia (Komi, Karelia, and the Murmansk region). The plant is unpretentious, found in large quantities and almost everywhere, in various environmental conditions, without avoiding technologically polluted territories.

The growing season is long and is 150-170 days. The flowering phase lasts more than 60 days, which allows the collection of aboveground mass during the period of maximum accumulation of heavy metals. According to their content, in this phase it is easy to identify plants with high sorption ability.

Comparison of the sorption abilities of different plants in the same phases of development, but in different environmental conditions allows us to identify species and cultures with maximum bioindication capabilities. In order to quantitatively determine the ability of ragweed to accumulate heavy metals in the aerial mass, in comparison with other crops with similar sorption properties (clover, alfalfa, sainfoin), experiments were conducted on the territory of a metallurgical plant, near a highway and in agricultural land.

Given the peculiarity of vascular plants to concentrate heavy metals at the beginning of the growing season in a minimal amount, with a gradual increase in their content to the flowering phase, bioindication assessment of several plant species was carried out in different development phases (stem, budding, flowering).

Example 1. On the territory of the plant "Electrozinc" (Vladikavkaz) were selected plants of ragweed, clover, alfalfa, sainfoin in three phases of development (stem, budding, flowering) and determined the content of cadmium (Cd), zinc (Zn) and lead (Pb )

The green mass of the studied plants was dried, crushed, and after mineralization, the content of heavy metals was determined in the laboratory, in accordance with GOST 26929-94.

Example 2. Along the Rostov-Vladikavkaz highway, plants (green mass) of ragweed, clover, alfalfa, sainfoin were selected in three development phases and analyzed for heavy metals, as in the first example.

Example 3. In the experimental field site of the North Caucasian Research Institute of Mining and Piedmont Agriculture (SKNIIGPSH), the content of heavy metals in ragweed, clover, alfalfa, sainfoin plants was studied in accordance with GOST 26929-94. The contents of cadmium (Cd), zinc (Zn) and lead (Pb) were determined.

The results of the experiments are summarized in table.

Table The content of heavy metals (mg / kg dry matter) Place of growth Type of plant Development phases shooting budding bloom one 2 3 four 5 Plant "Electrozinc" Cadmium (Cd) ragweed 3.42 4.32 4,52 clover 2.12 2.86 3.42 alfalfa 2.26 2.78 3.24 sainfoin 1.86 2.06 2.78 Motorway Rostov - Vladikavkaz Cadmium (Cd) ragweed 2.08 3.65 4.11 clover 1.78 3.04 3.86 alfalfa 1.96 3.96 4.02 sainfoin 1.65 2.92 3,58 Experimental field plot SKNIIIGPSH Cadmium (Cd) ragweed 0.89 1,1 1,2 clover 0.58 0.38 1.01 alfalfa 0.50 0.50 0.74 sainfoin 0.42 0.80 0.49 Maximum allowable concentration (MPC) 3.0 3.0 3.0

one 2 3 four 5 Zinc (Zn) Plant ragweed 314.02 325.89 968.6 Electrozinc clover 78.12 86.46 114.3 alfalfa 84.32 92.18 124.62 sainfoin 64,44 72.02 88.14 Motorway Rostov - Vladikavkaz Zinc (Zn) ragweed 236.73 280.25 620.0 clover 48.48 50.24 56.18 alfalfa 56.26 68.18 76.16 sainfoin 54.12 0.42 6.16 Experimental field plot SKNIIIGPSH Zinc (Zn) ragweed 44.47 139.12 156.18 clover 2.86 23.92 31.62 alfalfa 2.13 24.46 50.64 sainfoin 2.03 31,2 34.46 MPC 26.1 26.1 26.1 Plant "Electrozinc" Lead (Pb) ragweed 4.30 7.98 11.2 clover 1.12 3.12 6.46 alfalfa 1,62 3,58 6.12 sainfoin 0.86 2.18 2.92 Motorway Rostov - Vladikavkaz Lead (Pb) ragweed 3.24 7.64 8.22 clover 2,32 4.86 5.48 alfalfa 2.68 3.14 3.68 sainfoin 1.98 2.08 2,36 Experimental field plot SKNIIIGPSH Lead (Pb) ragweed 2.18 6.04 8.12 clover 0.86 3.08 4.12 alfalfa 1.12 2.15 5.16 sainfoin 1.76 3.12 5,0 MPC 5,0 5,0 5,0

From the data given in the table, it follows that in the zone of greatest pollution (Electrozinc plant) near ragweed in the flowering phase, the MPC of cadmium was exceeded by 1.5 times, zinc by 37 times, lead by 2.2 times. Other studied cultures in the flowering phase also exceeded the MPC of individual heavy metals. However, ragweed plants sorb heavy metals in much larger quantities than other studied cultures. Therefore, ragweed can serve as a more effective bio-indicator of environmental pollution.

Claims (1)

A method for assessing technogenic environmental pollution with heavy metals, including the use of an aerial part of a plant of ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.) as a bioindicator in the flowering phase and drawing up a conclusion on the contamination of the studied area at heavy metal contents significantly exceeding the maximum permissible concentrations.