RU2326322C2 - Tank automatic loading system "skoropeya" - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: armoured vehicles.

SUBSTANCE: tank automatic loading system comprises a rack with a set of different types of rounds having a semi-combustible case, means of selecting a necessary round in response to a command and delivering it to a loading line, the means of feeding it to a fuze, the means for ramming shells to the barrel, a mechanism of automatic closing and opening of a breech, a mechanism of extraction and ejection of case sabots. The set of rounds is disposed in the stern part of the turret and has the form of a rack with cylindrical receptacles that are longitudinal towards the tank centre line. Between the rack and the gun breech there is a free operations compartment wherein a movable tray is arranged being capable of controlled spatial motion. On the opposite side of the rack there is a movable rounds ejector having a movable tray that is capable of spatial motion and fitted with a rammer. A movable armoured bulkhead is mounted between the stern recess containing the rack of rounds and the fighting crew cabin of the turret.

EFFECT: increasing the firing rate and improving the crew safety.

8 cl, 9 dwg

Description

The invention relates to armored vehicles, and more specifically to automatic tank loading systems.

Domestic tanks T-64, T-72, T-80 are equipped with automatic loading systems, which allowed, on the one hand, to increase the rate of fire, and on the other, to exclude the loader from the crew and reduce the crew to three people. The loading automatic machine includes a rotating ring conveyor with a vertical axis, located on the tank floor and containing radially located cartridges with shells and partially burning sleeves with powder charges, an elevator that lifts cartridges to the loading line, a chain recharger located in the pursuit of the tower, as well as an ejection device from tank pan burning cartridge case. (see Pat. RF №2204776 "Automatic loading of a tank gun").

The design of the machine has several disadvantages:

- the length of the projectile in this scheme cannot exceed the value of the inner radius of the annular conveyor. At the same time, the need to increase armor penetration with armor-piercing fired subcaliber shells (BOPS) requires a further increase in their length;

- loading in two stages (first a shell, then a cartridge case with a powder charge) increases the loading time, i.e. reduces rate of fire;

- before loading, it is necessary to remove the swinging part of the gun on the sending line, and after loading - return to the firing position, which also reduces the rate of fire;

- loading the ammunition in the ring conveyor on the floor of the vehicle through the cramped space of the fighting compartment is a long and laborious operation;

- the location of the ammunition on the tank floor behind relatively thin armor and in the same volume as the crew leads to the death of the latter when cumulative grenades of hand-held anti-tank grenade launchers fall into the space between the rollers and ignite the cartridges with a powder charge.

The present invention addresses these drawbacks. The technical solution consists in the fact that the shot is unitary, the set of shots is transferred to the rear of the turret and is made in the form of stacking with cylindrical nests longitudinal relative to the axis of the tank, between the stack and the breech of the gun there is a free operating compartment in which a movable tray is placed, made with the possibility of controlled spatial displacement, on the opposite side of the stacking there is a movable shot ejector with spatial displacement synchronized with displaced a movable tray, the movable tray is equipped with a rammer, a movable armored partition is installed between the stern niche of the turret containing stacking shots and the inhabited fighting compartment of the turret. In this case, options are considered with a fixed horizontal position of the tray and its translational movement in the case when the barrel is loaded onto a horizontal loading line before loading, and with a swinging tray in case of shooting with a fixed angle of elevation of the barrel.

The invention is illustrated by drawings: figure 1 - the main elements of the system; figure 2 - embodiments of the movable tray; figure 3 - diagram of a system of automatic loading; figure 4 - sequence of operations when loading; 5 is a unitary tank shot with armor-piercing feathered subcaliber projectile; 6 is a unitary tank shot with a high-explosive fragmentation projectile; Fig.7 - unitary tank shot with a hypersonic missile of kinetic action; Fig - loading the tank with ammunition using a loading machine; Fig.9 - layout of the tower with an offset arrangement of the charging system.

The loading system located in the tank tower (Fig. 1) contains the following main elements: stacking shots 1, an operating compartment 2 with a length equal to the stacking length, a movable tray 3 and an ejector 4. Variants with a fixed horizontal position of the tray are considered (Fig. 2a) ) in the case when the barrel before loading is displayed on a horizontal line of loading, and with a swinging tray (fig.2b) in the case of firing with a fixed elevation of the barrel (5 - unitary shot).

Figure 3 shows the second option.

The system is located in a tank tower containing a barrel 6 with a breech 7 and a bolt 8, and includes a stacking 1, a rack with slots 9 in which unitary shots 5 are placed, a movable tray 3 placed between the cartridge and the breech of the gun, having controlled spatial movement due to drives 10 and 11 and a controlled tilt angle using drive 12, a movable ejector of shots 4 from a cartridge with spatial movement, synchronized with the movement of the movable tray 3, the installer 14 of the projectile fuse, rammer shot 13, sliding on the guide tray.

To ensure the safety of the crew, it is planned to include the armored partition 15 (armored curtains) in the system, which separates the aft niche of the tower, which contains stacking shots, from the inhabited fighting compartment of the tower. Figure 3 shows the performance of raising the armored partition at the time of loading up. There are other design options for the execution of the armored partition.

The mechanism for extracting a sleeve from a breech tray and ejecting it outside the tank is not shown in FIG. 3. The manual loading mechanism used in the event of failure of the automatic loading system is also not shown. The rear wall 16 of the rear of the tower is made removable or folding or in the form of flaps, which provides easy access to the installation and quick equipment with shots. When loading, the location of shells of this type (BOPS, cumulative, high-explosive fragmentation, fragmentation-beam, guided, armor-piercing-kinetic missile, etc.) in the installation is recorded in the memory of the tank fire control unit.

The action of the system is as follows. When the gunner instructs to load a projectile of this type, the swinging tray moves from the lower position (Fig. 4a) up and across the stack and is installed in a horizontal position opposite the nest with the corresponding projectile. At the same time, a corresponding displacement of the ejector occurs (Fig. 4b).

The ejector pushes a unitary shot from laying on the tray (figv.). At the end of the firing of a projectile with a trajectory fuse, the cone of the installer 14 mounted on the tray slides over the head of the projectile and introduces the corresponding installation. After that, the tray is moved to the loading position while the tray is rotated in a vertical plane until the axis of the shot is aligned with the axis of the barrel (Fig. 4e). The rammer sends the shot into the barrel (Fig. 4e) and lowers to the lower position for the barrel to pass during rollback. The shutter closes. After that, a shot is fired.

The proposed loading system not only significantly (25-30%) increases the rate of fire, but also increases the safety of the crew. In the case of ignition of the powder charges in the stack due to hit by cumulative jets, bullets or fragments, the pressure of the combustion products will cause the back wall 16 to open or break down and the burning ammunition to be ejected out. The crew will be protected by an armored partition 15.

The analysis of various kinematic loading schemes with the initial vertical, inclined and horizontal arrangement of shots in the stack (including across and along the tank) showed that the last ("linear") scheme with the forward movement of shots along their axis and a moving tray is optimal, despite The large required length of the tower shoulder strap. The key to this is the transition to a unitary cartridge, which can dramatically reduce the total length of the shot by placing part of the projectile in a cartridge case with a powder charge. Figure 5 shows a unitary tank shot with an armor-piercing operable sub-caliber projectile (BOPS) containing a pallet 17, the burning part of the sleeve 18, a powder charge 19, a separating tray 20, an armor-piercing rod 21. In this case, 60% of the length of the projectile is placed in the sleeve. The length of the shot is 1200 mm, the length of the BOPS is 900 mm, the average diameter of the BOPS is 30 mm, the relative length is 30, the mass of the BOPS is 3.5 kg, the estimated armor penetration of a monolithic steel plate at a distance of 2000 m at an angle of 60 ° - 450 mm. BOPS with an extension of 30 is presented in US application No. 2004/0244631 A1. For comparison, data are given on BOPs ZBM22 Zakolka (Handbook of artillery ammunition to be disposed of and destroyed, edited by A.A. Kallistov, SP Nova, 1992): length 465 mm, average diameter 40 mm, relative length 11.6, weight 3.24 kg, armor penetration of 170 mm.

A large projectile length for smooth-bore guns is also suitable for caliber shells (cumulative, high-explosive fragmentation, fragmentation-beam, etc.) (Fig.6). The large length of the stabilizer rod allows you to bring its feathers into the unperturbed zone, as a result, to reduce their scope and aerodynamic drag of the projectile. Such a scheme is implemented in the design of 120 mm tank shell M830A1 USA.

Great prospects are opened by the possibility of increasing the length of the projectile in the development of fundamentally new tank ammunition, the so-called hypersonic armor-piercing missiles (see, for example, RF patent No. 2108537, also a 120 mm US X-ROD tank projectile. A tank shot with a hypersonic guided armor-piercing missile is shown in FIG. .7. It contains a partially combustible sleeve with a propellant powder charge, a connection unit 22 of the sleeve with a rocket, a rocket 12. The rocket contains a housing 24 with a nozzle block 25, a charge of solid fuel 26, an armor-piercing rod 27, a block control 28. These missiles are characterized by high elongation. In caliber 125 mm, the length of the rocket along with the sleeve 1200 mm. Thus, the total length of the stack and the operating compartment must be at least 2.4 m.

A significant advantage of the location of the installation (container, cartridge) in the rear of the tower is the ability to quickly re-equip the installation using a transport-loading machine 29 (Fig. 8). Such a system is used, for example, in the US XM2001 Cruzader self-propelled howitzer.

It is envisaged to carry out the laying of a replaceable, completely removed from the tower, which allows you to quickly replace the used laying with the equipped one. Such a system is used, for example, in the US MLRS multiple launch rocket system.

We also note that the placement of a large and long volume of "laying - operating compartment" in the tank turret may require a significant change in the design of the turret. One of the possible solutions is to offset the laying axis relative to the axis of the tower (Fig. 9). In this case, the crew is located in the lateral space of the tower 30. A reserve ammunition can be placed in space 31.

The linear scheme of automatic loading seems very promising with the further development of armored vehicles, namely:

- with an increase in the caliber of a tank gun, for example, up to 140 mm. Relevant developments are currently underway in a number of countries. For example, in the USA a prototype of the 140 mm XM 291 tank gun was developed;

- when switching to a structural design of a tank with an uninhabited tower. The linear scheme allows the most productive use of the volume of the tower;

- when switching to a structural design of a tank with an uninhabited tower. The linear scheme allows the most productive use of the volume of the tower;

- when switching to a turretless tank scheme. In this case, the laying is located in the tank body, while the laying axis is parallel to the axis of the tank. The stacking can be located in the front of the hull, and the operating volume in the back, while the shots are pushed out of the stacking backwards along the tank.

Claims (8)

1. Tank system of automatic loading, containing styling with a set of shots of various types with a partially burning sleeve, a device for selecting the desired shot on command and delivering it to the loading line, a shotgun for the shot in the barrel, a mechanism for automatically closing and opening the shutter, a mechanism for extracting and ejecting the pallet sleeves, characterized in that the shot is made unitary, the set of shots is located in the aft of the tower and is made in the form of stacking with cylindrical nests longitudinal with respect to the axis of the tank, between the stacking and the breech of the gun there is a free operating compartment in which a movable tray is placed, made with the possibility of controlled spatial movement, on the opposite side of the stacking there is a mobile ejector of shots with spatial movement synchronized with the movement of the movable tray, the movable tray is equipped with a rammer, and between the stern towers containing stacking shots, and the inhabited fighting compartment of the tower installed a movable armored partition. 2. The system according to claim 1, characterized in that the rammer is mounted on a movable tray with the ability to move along the tray using a drive. 3. The system according to claim 1, characterized in that when withdrawing the barrel before loading onto a horizontal loading line, the tray is rigidly fixed relative to the drive in a horizontal position. 4. The system according to claim 1, characterized in that when shooting with a fixed elevation of the barrel, the tray is made to swing relative to the drive. 5. The system according to claim 1, characterized in that the armored partition is made in the form of an armored plate equipped with a mechanism for automatic lifting before loading. 6. The system according to claim 1, characterized in that the rear wall of the tower is made removable or folding, or consisting of opening flaps. 7. The system according to claim 1, characterized in that it is configured to dock to a transport-loading machine and operate with it. 8. The system according to claim 1, characterized in that it is made with the possibility of extracting the spent stacking of shots from the tower and replacing it with the equipped one.

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