KR20170003288A - Functional Additives food for immune - Google Patents
Functional Additives food for immune Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- KR20170003288A KR20170003288A KR1020150093757A KR20150093757A KR20170003288A KR 20170003288 A KR20170003288 A KR 20170003288A KR 1020150093757 A KR1020150093757 A KR 1020150093757A KR 20150093757 A KR20150093757 A KR 20150093757A KR 20170003288 A KR20170003288 A KR 20170003288A
- Authority
- KR
- South Korea
- Prior art keywords
- ginseng
- stevia
- weight
- extract
- mixture
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K10/30—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of plant origin, e.g. roots, seeds or hay; from material of fungal origin, e.g. mushrooms
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
Landscapes
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Animal Husbandry (AREA)
- Food Science & Technology (AREA)
- Zoology (AREA)
- Biotechnology (AREA)
- Physiology (AREA)
- Mycology (AREA)
- Molecular Biology (AREA)
- Botany (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Fodder In General (AREA)
Abstract
Description
The present invention relates to a functional feed additive for immunity enhancement, which is capable of enhancing the immunity of aquatic aquatic products such as swine, cattle, and fish, Which is superior in prevention of premature diarrhea due to intestinal inflammation.
Antibiotics, growth promoters, microbes, nutrients, etc. have been added to feeds for livestock for a long time. In particular, antibiotics are added to diets in a very small amount to prevent diseases of livestock or to treat non-clinical diseases, To promote growth and promote feed efficiency.
However, most of the farmers in the two axes feed on artificially added antibiotics of chemical composition without feeding commercial feeds. The addition of antibiotics is also used to prevent infection by pathogenic microorganisms, but it also has the effect of increasing feed efficiency and weight gain by improving digestibility of feed through antibiotic feeding.
However, the most problematic aspect of the use of antibiotics is that the antibiotics remain in the meat and eggs due to the residual problem, which causes the person to take antibiotics secondarily.
In particular, abuse of antibiotics (sustained feeding with antibiotics added artificially added to livestock feed) may result in resistance to the livestock itself, and persistent ingestion of antibiotic residue livestock products may result in human resistance, Causing serious health problems.
As such, antibiotic resistance in livestock products is recognized as a social problem, and it is impossible to secure competitiveness in the livestock industry.
Recently, in accordance with the trend of the times, we have greatly reduced the antibiotics for feed additives and introduced the HACCP (Food Hazard Management Critical Control Point) for feeds. As a result of strict management of feed hygiene, various candidate substances Is desperately required.
In order to meet such demands, antibiotic substitutes for feed additives are known as probiotics, herbal materials, natural minerals, and feed additives based on organic acids.
Accordingly, in Patent Document 1, it has been found that, in Patent Literature 1, any one or more selected from the group consisting of licorice, creation, persimmon, rhododendron, rosemary, malt, Patent Document 2 proposes a feed for livestock that can prevent the abuse of antibiotics. In Patent Document 2, granules are obtained by pulverizing and drying granules of gold, Seokchangpo, Safflower, safflower, And an improvement in feed conversion ratio has been proposed.
However, the above Patent Documents 1 and 2 have a difficulty in anticipating the effect of enhancing the immunity of aquatic aquatic products using biomaterials, and they are insufficient for effectively preventing diarrhea caused by viruses and germs in marine aquatic products.
In order to solve such problems, the present invention utilizes a mixture of ginseng and gill roots mixed with stevia extract, which enhances immunity of aquatic aquatic products such as pigs, cattle, and fishes, The present invention provides a functional feed additive for immunity enhancement, which is excellent in promoting effect, and is particularly excellent in prevention of premature diarrhea caused by viruses and germs of the aquatic aquatic products.
According to an aspect of the present invention,
The present invention provides a functional feed additive for immunity enhancement characterized by comprising a mixture of Stevia extract, Gosam and Korean ginseng.
Herein, the ginseng is preferably composed of a high-grade ground product, and the ginseng is preferably a ginseng ground product.
Preferably, the mixture further comprises the stevia crushed product and the steviol glycosides.
In particular, the mixture may contain 5 to 10% by weight of the stevia extract, 5 to 10% by weight of the ginseng, 3 to 8% by weight of the ginseng, 80 to 85% by weight of the stevia crushed product, 2 to 7% by weight of the steviol glycoside .
Furthermore, it is preferable that the ginseng is composed of a ginseng extract, and the ginseng is a ginseng extract.
Further, it is preferable that the above-mentioned mixture further comprises the steviol glycoside.
In particular, the mixture is preferably composed of 85 to 90% by weight of the stevia extract, 5 to 10% by weight of the ginseng, 3 to 8% by weight of the ginseng, and 2 to 7% by weight of the steviol glycoside.
The above-mentioned Stevia extract is preferably composed of Stevia fermentation broth obtained by inoculating yeast and lactic acid bacteria into Stevia's hot-water extract solution and fermenting and aging.
The present invention not only enhances the anti-infectivity by enhancing the immunity of aquatic aquatic products such as swine, cattle, and fish, but also has an excellent growth promoting effect. Particularly, prevention of premature diarrhea caused by viruses and bacteria of the aquatic aquatic products is excellent have.
Hereinafter, the functional feed additive for immunity enhancement of the present invention will be described in detail as follows.
The functional feed additive for immunity enhancement of the present invention is largely composed of a mixture of a ginseng extract and a ginseng extract.
First, the stevia extract is composed of Stevia fermentation broth fermented and aged by inoculating yeast and lactic acid bacteria into Stevia's hot-water extract solution.
The Stevia hot-water extract is prepared by drying, pulverizing, extracting and concentrating Stevia leaves and stems.
In the drying step, leaves and stem portions of the stevia are selected and collected, and the collected leaves and stem portions are naturally dried or forced dried. The harvested leaves and stems may be dried naturally, but more preferably, the dried leaves and stems are forcedly dried using a dryer to uniformly and quickly dry the harvested leaves and stem parts.
And, it is preferable that the moisture content of the stevia is dried to less than 15% at 60 캜 to 90 캜.
When the moisture content of the stevia is more than 15%, the extraction yield is lowered due to the high moisture content, which is disadvantageous in the subsequent concentration process.
The grinding step is a step of pulverizing the leaves and stem of the dried Stevia to a predetermined size so as to more effectively extract the active ingredient contained in the stevia leaves and stems in the extraction step, which is the next step.
It is most preferable that the extraction efficiency is lowered as the particle size of the pulverized product of the stevia leaves and stems becomes larger. Therefore, it is most preferable to grind the pulverized product so as to adequately filter the pulverized product when the solid particles are separated from the pulverized product.
In the extracting step, the leaves and stems of the Stevia pulverized are put into an extraction container to produce an extract of the stevia extract.
It is of course possible to extract only the leaves of Stevia or extract the active ingredient using only the stevia stem, or extract the active ingredient by mixing an appropriate amount of stevia leaves and stem.
At this time, a solvent mixed with water, water, alcohol or the like may be used in order to more effectively extract the active ingredient of the comminuted Stevia. In addition, an effective ingredient may be extracted from the pulverized product in a vacuum state under a pressure of atmospheric pressure or higher, have. When the active ingredient is extracted from the pulverized product under atmospheric pressure or higher, the effective ingredient contained in the pulverized product can be effectively extracted as the boiling point of the water containing the pulverized product is lowered.
The concentrating step is a step of concentrating the extract liquid extracted in the extracting step.
The extracted solution is transferred to a concentration tank, and the concentration tank is brought into a state below atmospheric pressure, and then heated to 55 ° C to 62 ° C and concentrated for 9 to 12 hours.
At this time, in order to prevent the effective ingredient of the stevia from sticking to the inner circumferential surface of the thickener, it is preferable to heat and concentrate the thickener while stirring the extracted liquid of the thickener.
Then, it is preferable to concentrate the extract solution by applying heat to the concentrating tank in an atmosphere in the concentrating tank in a vacuum state. When the pressure in the concentrator is lower than atmospheric pressure, the boiling point of the extract is relatively low compared to the boiling point of the atmospheric pressure. Thus, less energy is consumed and the effective ingredient of the extract is protected and energy efficiency can be maximized. There is an advantage that it is possible to greatly shorten the time required for the operation.
Yeast and lactic acid bacteria are inoculated into the Stevia hot-water extract solution obtained in the above-mentioned concentration step, and fermented and aged Stevia fermentation broth is produced.
The yeast may be Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and the lactic acid bacteria may be Lactobacillus plantarum.
In order to obtain a stevia fermentation broth, it is preferable to inoculate the yeast and the lactic acid bacteria, ferment the stevia concentrate at 20 ° C to 30 ° C for 3 to 5 days, and aged at 25 ° C to 30 ° C for 180 days.
When the fermentation is carried out for less than 3 days, there is a problem that the necessary number of lactic acid bacteria is not sufficient. If the fermentation is carried out for more than 5 days, the increase in the number of necessary live bacteria is insignificant and the fermentation efficiency is greatly deteriorated.
Next, the stevia extract is mixed with the ginseng and corn gum to prepare a mixture.
The ginseng and the ginseng may be composed of the ginseng powder and the ginseng powder, or the ginseng extract and the ginseng extract.
When the gosam and ganoderma lucidum are composed of the ground gypsum powder and the gypsum ground powder, it is preferable that the mixture is further blended with the stevia ground powder and the steviol glycoside.
Particularly, the mixture may contain 5 to 10% by weight of the stevia extract, 5 to 10% by weight of the high-grade ground powder, 3 to 8% by weight of the ground wort, 80 to 85% by weight of the stevia ground wort, 7% by weight.
If the high-grade ground product is mixed in an amount of less than 5 wt%, the pharmacological effect of the high-grade ginseng can not be expected. If the high-grade ground product is mixed in an amount of more than 10 wt%, the bitter taste of the ginseng is too strong, have.
If the crushed material is mixed with less than 3% by weight, the pharmacological effect of the crushed gourd can not be maximized. If the crushed gourd is mixed with more than 8% by weight, the cost of the gourd becomes too high and economically difficult.
When the steviol glycosides are mixed in an amount of less than 2% by weight, a sweet taste can not be expected as a sweetener. If the steviol glycosides are mixed in an amount of more than 7% by weight, the unit price of the steviol glycosides becomes too high and economically difficult.
When the ginseng extract and the ginseng extract are composed of the ginseng extract and the ginseng extract, the steviol glycosides are preferably added to the mixture.
At this time, the mixture is composed of 85 to 90% by weight of the stevia extract, 5 to 10% by weight of the ginseng extract, 3 to 8% by weight of the herbal extract, and 2 to 7% by weight of the steviol glycoside.
If the ginseng extract is mixed at less than 5% by weight, the pharmacological effect of the ginseng can not be expected. If the ginseng extract is mixed in an amount of more than 10% by weight, the bitterness of the ginseng is too strong to be used as a feed additive.
If the herbal extract is less than 3% by weight, the pharmacological effects of the herbal extract can not be maximized. If the herbal extract is mixed with the herbal extract in an amount exceeding 8% by weight, the unit price of the herbal extract becomes too high and economically difficult.
When the steviol glycosides are mixed in an amount of less than 2% by weight, a sweet taste can not be expected as a sweetener. If the steviol glycosides are mixed in an amount of more than 7% by weight, the unit price of the steviol glycosides becomes too high and economically difficult.
Hereinafter, the functional food additives for immunomodulating the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the following examples, but the scope of the present invention is not limited to the following examples.
[Example 1]
Leaves and stem parts of stevia plants were selected and collected, and the collected leaves and stems were dried in a dryer at 80 ° C for 24 hours.
The dried stevia leaves and stalks were pulverized, and the pulverized leaves and stems were mixed at a weight ratio of 3: 7. The pulverized leaves were placed in a nonwoven fabric in 6 kg units, and 18 pellets were placed in an extraction container containing 1050 L of water. Leaves and stem were extracted from the active ingredient to make a stevia hot water extract.
The Stevia hot-water extract solution was placed in a concentration tank, heated at 110 ° C under a negative pressure for 18 hours and stirred to obtain a concentrate.
Then, the concentrate was placed in a fermentation vessel, followed by fermentation for 3 days at 23 ° C in the presence of Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast and Lactobacillus plantarum lactic acid bacteria, followed by 28 ° C , And stevia extract was obtained in a stabilized state by aging for 180 days.
Next, a pulverized mixture consisting of 5% by weight of the above-mentioned stevia extract, 5% by weight of the high-grade ground powder, 3% by weight of the ground powder and 2% by weight of steviol glycosides was added to 85% by weight of the stevia ground product, An additive was obtained.
[Example 2]
A liquid mixture was obtained by mixing 5% by weight of gossam ginger extract, 3% by weight ginger extract and 2% by weight of steviol glycoside in 90% by weight of stevia extract to obtain a feed additive of Example 2. The stevia extract used was Stevia extract prepared in the same manner as in Example 1.
[Example 3]
A liquid mixture comprising 15% by weight of the extract of Gossam gambus, 10% by weight of the ginger extract and 5% by weight of the steviol glycoside was added to 70% by weight of the stevia extract to obtain the feed additive of Example 3. The stevia extract used was Stevia extract prepared in the same manner as in Example 1.
[Experimental Example 1] Tests of gain amount, feed intake and feed conversion rate
0.2% by weight of the functional feed additives of Examples 1 to 3 were mixed with 0.2% by weight of carrageenic oil to 40 calves in the morning and evening, and the compound feed was fed in increments of 5 kg to 10 dogs at intervals of 12 days, Respectively. For the first 12 days, 10 kg / day was fed 10 kg / day for the first 12 days, 15 kg / day for the next 12 days, 20 kg / day for the next 12 days, and 25 kg / day for the next 14 days. The nutrient contents of the fed diets were as shown in Table 1, and the results of the weight gain, feed intake and feed rate test results are shown in Table 2.
Use of feed
3 months before birth
3 months to 6 months
ingredient
content
Crude fat
Crude fiber
Views min
calcium
sign
TDN
3.0% or more
15.0% or less
10.0% or less
0.8% or more
1.2% or less
72%
1.7% or more
15.0% or less
11.0% or less
0.9% or more
1.2% or less
70%
※ Total digestible nutrients (TDN): Total amount of digestible nutrients
(Kg)
(Kg)
(Kg)
(Kg)
1) Feed rate for concentrate feed intake
As the feed amounts of the forage and compound feeds were almost the same, the results of the average of the total of 10 dogs showed that the weight gain of the feed dogs of Example 2 was the best at 42.6 kg and the increase of the body weight was 5.1% , And the feeding amount of Example 1 was 41.1 kg, and the average amount of gain of 1.48 kg per pair was different. The control was 40.5 kg, which was larger by 0.6 kg and 2.1 kg than the feeds of Examples 1 and 2, respectively. On the other hand, the control group and the feed group of Example 3 showed almost similar results.
On the other hand, the standard error of the initial body weight of control was 4.9, which means that the body weight variation among the individuals was large, while the minimum body weight was 48.5 kg for females, while the largest individual was male for 106.2 kg .
As a result of examining the distribution of the individuals of the male and female, 4, 2, 2, 4, and 3, respectively, of the control, 4, It was regrettable that the cancer and the water could not be separated and tested, but it was considered that only the male should be tested in the efficacy test. In addition, the standard error of 7.5 in the final body weight of the control was interpreted as a result of including the minimum body weight and the maximum body weight, and the weight gain of each body was 21.5 kg and 53.8 kg, respectively. In the case of the other treatments, relatively uniform weight was disclosed, and in the case of the feed of Example 2, the weight gain was the best even though the number of females was 4, showing that the feed of Example 2 was the best in the calf.
[Experimental Example 2] Test for increasing immunity of fowl
The feeding effect of the feed additive of Example 2 was observed by examining the diarrhea occurrence rate (pre-diarrhea) before 7 days of age of the fed calf by feeding 0.1% of the fed feed amount to 60 pregnant women receiving the pregnancy feed . The concentration of dietary fat and TMR in the pregnant womb was similar to that of the control group. The feed additive of Example 1 was mixed with 0.1% of the concentrated feed, and the incidence of diarrhea in the calf born after the pregnancy was shown in Table 3 .
As shown in Table 3 above, the feed additives of Example 2 were fed to the pregnant women, resulting in a total of 8 cases in which 56 diarrheal calves had developed premature diarrhea or viral diarrhea within 1 week, Most of the calves were diarrhea and diarrhea was caused by the administration of other medicines, and the calves were able to grow without any problems. In case of the farms tested, the cost of administration of the medicines was considerably consumed due to premature diarrhea of the calves. There was no problem due to diarrhea without a large cost during the feeding of the feed additive of Example 2.
Of the total 56 animals, 23 of them did not have diarrhea at all, accounting for 41.1% of all diarrhea. The number of individuals who had primary diarrhea within one week, ie, those who had diarrhea, were 14.3% .
On the other hand, the total number of individuals showing secondary diarrhea was 7.1% in all four animals. This was mainly due to ingestion of mother's food or other foreign matter by curiosity about new feeding of calf, do.
If you can not treat early diarrhea within 7 days of actual farming, it can lead to the death of your dog, and it will have a great effect on late growth due to diarrhea.
Claims (8)
Characterized in that the ginseng is made of a high-grade ground product, and the ginseng is made of ground ginseng.
Wherein the mixture is further mixed with the stevia crushed product and the steviol glycoside.
The mixture may contain 5 to 10% by weight of the stevia extract, 5 to 10% by weight of the ginseng, 3 to 8% by weight of the ginseng, 80 to 85% by weight of the stevia pulverized product and 2 to 7% by weight of the steviol glycosides Functional feed additives for immunity enhancement characterized.
Wherein the ginseng is composed of a ginseng extract, and the ginseng is a ginseng extract.
Wherein the mixture further comprises the steviol glycosides.
Wherein the mixture comprises 85 to 90 wt% of the stevia extract, 5 to 10 wt% of the ginseng, 3 to 8 wt% of the ginseng, and 2 to 7 wt% of the steviol glycoside.
Wherein the Stevia extract comprises Stevia fermentation broth fermented and aged by inoculating yeast and lactic acid bacteria into Stevia's hot-water extract solution.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| KR1020150093757A KR20170003288A (en) | 2015-06-30 | 2015-06-30 | Functional Additives food for immune |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| KR1020150093757A KR20170003288A (en) | 2015-06-30 | 2015-06-30 | Functional Additives food for immune |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| KR20170003288A true KR20170003288A (en) | 2017-01-09 |
Family
ID=57811248
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| KR1020150093757A KR20170003288A (en) | 2015-06-30 | 2015-06-30 | Functional Additives food for immune |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| KR (1) | KR20170003288A (en) |
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN108740442A (en) * | 2018-06-26 | 2018-11-06 | 郭桂香 | A kind of feed of prevention and treatment piglet aftosa |
| US20220174990A1 (en) * | 2019-04-01 | 2022-06-09 | Lipidos Toledo S.A. | Supplement for use in animal feed |
| KR20220104403A (en) * | 2021-01-18 | 2022-07-26 | 강원대학교산학협력단 | Functional feed composition for poultry containing sophora koreensis extract as an active ingredient and a method for producing the same |
Citations (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| KR100495605B1 (en) | 2002-10-17 | 2005-06-16 | 경상대학교산학협력단 | Feed additive for broiler chicks and manufacturing method of that |
| KR20060119140A (en) | 2005-05-18 | 2006-11-24 | 콤스영농조합법인 | Feed for domestic cattle and method for bring up domestic cattle feeding thereof |
-
2015
- 2015-06-30 KR KR1020150093757A patent/KR20170003288A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
Patent Citations (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| KR100495605B1 (en) | 2002-10-17 | 2005-06-16 | 경상대학교산학협력단 | Feed additive for broiler chicks and manufacturing method of that |
| KR20060119140A (en) | 2005-05-18 | 2006-11-24 | 콤스영농조합법인 | Feed for domestic cattle and method for bring up domestic cattle feeding thereof |
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN108740442A (en) * | 2018-06-26 | 2018-11-06 | 郭桂香 | A kind of feed of prevention and treatment piglet aftosa |
| US20220174990A1 (en) * | 2019-04-01 | 2022-06-09 | Lipidos Toledo S.A. | Supplement for use in animal feed |
| KR20220104403A (en) * | 2021-01-18 | 2022-07-26 | 강원대학교산학협력단 | Functional feed composition for poultry containing sophora koreensis extract as an active ingredient and a method for producing the same |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| KR101949105B1 (en) | Chicken feed composition and preparing method thereof | |
| CN102232467B (en) | Livestock and poultry anti-diarrheal feed additive and preparation method thereof | |
| WO2017219498A1 (en) | Fermented soybean meal and preparation method therefor | |
| CN106212857B (en) | Emulsified fat powder feed for livestock and poultry breeding and aquaculture and using various fermented traditional Chinese medicines as carriers, and preparation method and application thereof | |
| CN105410365B (en) | A kind of feed addictive of alternative antibiotic and its application | |
| CN111513211A (en) | Water-soluble nutrient essential oil for livestock and poultry and aquaculture and preparation method and application thereof | |
| CN105053637A (en) | Pig intestine membrane protein-containing pigling mixed feed and preparation method thereof | |
| CN109997958A (en) | A kind of improvement animal and bird intestines are healthy, improve anti-stress ability feed addictive | |
| CN111011643A (en) | Bacterium enzyme fermented traditional Chinese medicine for improving growth performance of broiler chicken and preparation method thereof | |
| CN101700097A (en) | Tea feed and preparation method thereof | |
| CN102972646A (en) | Production method and feed for health-care Chinese herbal medicine eggs | |
| CN104522392A (en) | Preparation method of Chinese herbal medicine additive for pigs | |
| CN112352874A (en) | Anti-piglet diarrhea probiotic preparation and preparation method thereof | |
| CN108271938A (en) | A kind of functional seaweed fodder additive improving prevention of sow constipation | |
| KR101719744B1 (en) | Method for manufacturing feed additives for poultry using chestnut by-product and feed additives for poultry using chestnut by-product manufactured by the same | |
| KR20170003288A (en) | Functional Additives food for immune | |
| CN106490370A (en) | A kind of biological feedstuff for improving meat quality | |
| CN110833120A (en) | Feed and preparation method thereof | |
| ES2937809T3 (en) | Animal feed and method for manufacturing the same | |
| CN110037184A (en) | High-protein plant essential oil compounds pig feed additive and its preparation method and application | |
| AL-Khaldani et al. | Effect of adding Moringa oleifera leaf powder with or without probiotic on growth performnce, carcass characteristics and some biochemical blood characteristics for broiler | |
| Natsir et al. | Effect of either non-encapsulated or encapsulated acidifier-phytobiotic-probiotic on performance, intestinal characteristics and intestinal microflora of local hybrid ducks | |
| CN115334898A (en) | Environment-friendly growth auxiliary and preparation method thereof | |
| CN111149919A (en) | Glycerol butyrate compound for poultry as well as preparation method and application thereof | |
| CN111000045A (en) | Biomass-based feed nutritional additive and preparation method and application thereof |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| A201 | Request for examination | ||
| E902 | Notification of reason for refusal | ||
| E601 | Decision to refuse application |