KR200384109Y1 - Concrete-composite Crossbeam - Google Patents

Abstract

An H-beam consisting of an upper flange, a lower flange, and a web connecting the upper and lower flanges to each other; A plurality of hoop reinforcing bars welded to the H-beams at predetermined intervals to surround the H-beams at predetermined intervals along a longitudinal direction of the H-beams; integrally formed with the H-beams to bury at least a portion of the web and a lower flange Concrete member; Disclosed is a concrete composite beam comprising a; and at least one tension / compression reinforcing bars fixed in the longitudinal direction to the hoop reinforcement.

Description

Concrete Composite Beam {Concrete-composite Crossbeam}

The present invention relates to a concrete composite steel beam, and more specifically, it can be used in slab structures to reduce the height of buildings, effectively resist bending stress and compressive stress, and to improve the fire resistance. The present invention relates to a concrete composite steel beam that does not need to be covered separately.

In general, H-beams are widely used to support slabs, which are floors or ceilings of each floor of a building. That is, as shown in Figure 1, the H-shaped steel beam 12 and the slab 11 forms a slab structure (10).

On the other hand, the height of each floor of the building is the height of the interior space and the height of the slab structure (10). That is, as the height of the slab structure 10 is reduced, the height of each layer may be reduced. Therefore, even if the building of the same number of floors, as the height of the slab structure 10 is smaller, the height of the floor is smaller, the construction cost is reduced.

The height H of the slab structure 10 is obtained by adding the height H1 of the H-shaped steel beam 12 and the height H2 of the slab 11. When the height H1 of the H-shaped steel beam 12 or the height H2 of the slab 11 is reduced in order to reduce the height H of the slab structure 10, the supporting force or the bending resistance of the slab structure 10 becomes weak. There is a problem that affects the safety of the structure. Here, unexplained reference numeral 11a is a reinforcing bar reinforcement to the slab (11).

In addition, if the size of the H-beams 12 is reduced in order to reduce the height H of the slab structure 10, in this case, the cross-sectional area of the H-beams 12 'is also reduced, thereby compressing and bending stress acting in the longitudinal direction. There is a problem that is vulnerable to.

In order to solve this problem, as shown in FIG. 2, the deck plate 14 having the groove 14a corresponding to the upper flange 12a of the H-beam 12 is provided in the H-beam 12. After that, a method of manufacturing the slab structure 15 by pouring concrete has been proposed.

The slab structure 15 has an advantage that the height is reduced by the depth of the groove (14a). However, while the slab structure 15 is effective for the stress acting in the direction A perpendicular to the slab 13, the groove 14a is not effective for the stress acting in the direction B parallel to the slab 13. Since the thickness of the slab 13 is thin, there is a disadvantage that the shear stress and the bending stress are largely concentrated and also susceptible to compressive force.

3 is a cross-sectional view showing a slab structure 19 including a cradle 16 welded to the web 12b of the H-shaped steel beam 12 and a deck plate 17 installed on the cradle 16. That is, the slab which welds the cradle 16 to the web 12b and installs the deck plate 17 on the cradle 16 to cast concrete so that a predetermined portion of the H-beam 12 is embedded in the concrete. It is a structure 19.

The slab structure 19 has an advantage of being structurally safe compared to the slab structure 15 of FIG. However, the process of welding the cradle 16 to the web 12b has to be additionally performed, and if the welding portions of the cradle 16 and the web 12b are not firm, there is a problem that seriously affects the safety of the structure. .

On the other hand, the slab structures are vulnerable to fire because the H-beam is exposed to the outside. That is, the high heat due to the fire is transmitted to the H-shaped steel as it may cause a problem that the H-shaped steel is deformed. To prevent this, the exposed H-beams must be treated with a separate fireproof coating.

On the other hand, the H-shaped steel beams are connected to each other by welding or using a fastening member such as a bolt. However, this method may be corroded because the connection part of the H-beam is directly exposed to the outside, and in particular, the connection part may be easily damaged and deformed in case of fire.

In addition, since the reinforcing bars are not continuously reinforced in the portions where the H-shaped steel beams 12 are connected to each other, there is a problem that these connecting portions are not structurally stable.

The present invention has been made to solve the above problems, the object of the present invention is to provide a concrete composite beam that can effectively reduce the height of the slab without affecting the safety of the structure to reduce the height of the slab structure.

Another object of the present invention is to provide a concrete composite beam that can effectively resist the bending stress and compressive stress acting on the structure.

It is another object of the present invention to provide a concrete composite beam having no need for a separate fire-resistant coating or corrosion-resistant coating on H-beams.

It is another object of the present invention to provide a structurally stable concrete composite beam at its connection.

Concrete composite steel beam according to the present invention to achieve the above object, H-shaped steel consisting of an upper flange, a lower flange and a web connecting the upper and lower flanges; A plurality of hoop reinforcing bars installed on the upper flange while being welded to the upper flange at predetermined intervals along a longitudinal direction; A concrete member integrally formed with the H-shaped steel to bury at least a portion of the web and a lower flange; And at least one tension / compression rebar that is fixed in the longitudinal direction to the hoop rebar.

In addition, the concrete composite beam further comprises a support for supporting the deck plate is installed on the upper surface of the concrete member.

Preferably, the support is installed on the upper surface of the concrete member bracket for supporting the deck plate; And a buried member integrally formed with the bracket and embedded in the concrete member.

Here, the bracket has a cross section of the "L" shape to be installed on the upper edge of the concrete member.

As an alternative, the bracket may be installed to protrude laterally from the top edge of the concrete member.

Preferably, the method further includes a plurality of studs formed in the H-shaped steel to be embedded in the concrete member.

In addition, the tension / compression reinforcing bar, exposed bar not embedded in the concrete member; And embedded reinforcing bars embedded in the concrete member.

Preferably, the exposed rebar is located at a position relatively higher than the surface of the upper flange of the H-beam.

Alternatively, the exposed rebar may be located at a height between the upper flange of the H-beam and the top surface of the concrete member.

According to another embodiment of the present invention, H-shaped steel consisting of an upper flange, a lower flange and a web connecting the upper flange and the lower flange with each other; A plurality of hoop rebars installed at predetermined intervals along a length direction to surround the lower flange of the H-beam; A concrete member integrally formed with the H-shaped steel to bury at least a portion of the web and a lower flange; At least one tension / compression rebar fixed in the longitudinal direction to the hoop rebar; A support for supporting a deck plate installed on the upper surface of the concrete member; And a joint reinforcing bar having a fixing part embedded in an interior from an upper surface of the concrete member, and an extension part extending from the fixing part to the side surface along the upper surface of the concrete member. .

Here, the fixing part of the joint reinforcing bar is extended in parallel with the web of the H-shaped steel is fixed to the web.

As a further alternative, the fixing part of the reinforcing bar may extend to be inclined at a predetermined interval with the web of the H-beam so that its end may be fixed to the lower flange of the H-beam.

Preferably, the support is installed on the upper surface of the concrete member bracket for supporting the deck plate; And a buried member integrally formed with the bracket and embedded in the concrete member, wherein an end of the buried member may be fixed to the lower flange of the H-beam.

According to another embodiment of the present invention, H-shaped steel consisting of an upper flange, a lower flange and a web connecting the upper flange and the lower flange with each other; A plurality of hoop rebars installed at predetermined intervals along a length direction to surround the lower flange of the H-beam; A concrete member integrally formed with the H-shaped steel to bury at least a portion of the web and a lower flange; At least one tension / compression rebar fixed in the longitudinal direction to the hoop rebar; A support for supporting a deck plate installed on the upper surface of the concrete member; A first auxiliary reinforcing bar embedded in the concrete member to be inscribed in the hoop reinforcement and installed in the longitudinal direction, and a second auxiliary reinforcing bar embedded in the concrete member and installed in the longitudinal direction to be inscribed in the web of the H-beam; And a binding reinforcing bar embedded in the concrete member so as to interconnect the first and second auxiliary reinforcing bars.

In addition, according to another embodiment of the present invention, H-shaped steel consisting of an upper flange, a lower flange and a web connecting the upper and lower flanges; A plurality of hoop reinforcing bars disposed at predetermined intervals along a length direction of the H flange to surround both lower ends of the H-shaped steel and abut both ends thereof; A concrete member integrally formed with the H-shaped steel to bury at least a portion of the web and a lower flange and a portion other than an upper portion of the hoop rebar; At least one tension / compression rebar fixed in the longitudinal direction to the hoop rebar; And a support for supporting a deck plate disposed on and disposed on an upper surface of the concrete member.

Preferably, the tension / compression reinforcement includes at least one exposed reinforcing bar which is not embedded in the concrete member, and further includes a mounting member fixed to an upper edge of the hoop reinforcement so that the exposed reinforcing bar is coupled and supported.

Here, the mounting member, the end is fixed to the top of the corner of the hoop reinforcement, form a 'L' shape so that the exposed bar is fixed to the corner inner circumference.

Preferably, the concrete composite steel beam is embedded in the concrete member to be inscribed in the longitudinal direction, the first auxiliary reinforcing bars embedded in the concrete member to be inscribed in the hoop reinforcement, and installed in the longitudinal direction to be inscribed in the web of the H-shaped steel Second secondary reinforcing bar; And a binding bar embedded in the concrete member so as to interconnect the first and second auxiliary bars.

Preferably, in the concrete composite beam according to the present invention, the concrete member may be exposed to the end of the H-shaped steel without being formed.

In particular, the cut-out opening may be formed at the end of the H-beam exposed to the outside.

According to another aspect of the present invention, H-shaped steel consisting of an upper flange, a lower flange and a web connecting the upper flange and the lower flange with each other; A plurality of hoop rebars installed at predetermined intervals along a length direction to surround the lower flange of the H-beam; At least one tension / compression rebar fixed in the longitudinal direction to the hoop rebar; A support for supporting a deck plate installed on the upper surface of the concrete member; A connecting plate connected to the end of the H-beam; A plurality of extension bars having one end fixed to the front surface of the connection plate and extending in the longitudinal direction; The auxiliary hoop reinforcing the plurality of extension bars are wrapped at a predetermined interval to bind; At least one compressive force transfer plate coupled to the other end of the rebar; And a concrete member integrally formed with the H-shaped steel to embed at least one of the web, the hoop reinforcement, the auxiliary hoop reinforcement and the connection plate, at least one of the tension / compression reinforcement and the extension reinforcement, and the lower flange. It is provided with a concrete composite beam.

Preferably, the reinforcing bar fixing plate that can fix the column transverse rebar is provided on both sides near the end of the concrete member.

As an alternative more preferably, through holes are formed laterally near the ends of the concrete members so that the transverse rebars pass therethrough.

According to the present invention, a portion of the concrete member is formed with a recess groove, and further includes a coupling plate extending laterally from the web of the H-shaped steel in the region where the recess groove is formed.

According to another aspect of the present invention, the concrete member has a cross-section of the trapezoidal shape is wider than the lower surface.

Preferably, the composite composite steel beam of the present invention further includes a cover member installed in the longitudinal direction to surround the side and bottom of the concrete member.

Here, the cover member is made of a synthetic resin containing carbon fiber FRP or glass fiber FRP.

Preferably, the present invention further comprises a corner member installed in the longitudinal direction along the lower corner portion of the concrete member, the corner member is made of any one of synthetic resin or steel material including carbon fiber FRP or glass fiber FRP.

In addition, both ends of the hoop reinforcement in the concrete composite beam of the present invention may be located above or below the upper flange of the H-beam.

Hereinafter, with reference to the accompanying drawings, a concrete composite steel beam which can be used simultaneously as a bending and compressive material according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention and does not require a fireproof coating will be described in detail. Prior to this, the terms or words used in this specification and claims should not be construed as being limited to their usual or dictionary meanings, and the inventors will properly describe the concept of terms in order to best explain their own design. Based on the principle that it can be defined, it should be interpreted as meaning and concept corresponding to the technical idea of the present invention. Therefore, the embodiments described in the specification and the drawings shown in the drawings are only the most preferred embodiment of the present invention and do not represent all of the technical ideas of the present invention, various modifications that can be replaced at the time of the present application It should be understood that there may be equivalents and variations.

4 is a cross-sectional view showing a concrete composite beam according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention.

Referring to FIG. 4, the concrete composite beam beam 100 includes an H-beam 12, a hoop rebar 20 installed at a predetermined interval on the H-beam 12, and at least a portion of the H-beam 12. And a concrete member 30 that is poured to be embedded.

The H-beam 12 includes an upper flange 12a and a lower flange 12c arranged side by side and a web 12b connecting the upper and lower flanges 12a and 12c to each other.

Preferably, at least one of the lower flange 12c or the web 12b of the H-shaped steel 12 has a stud 57 embedded in the concrete member 30 protruding. The stud 57 further strengthens the coupling of the H-shaped steel 12 and the concrete member 30.

More preferably, a plurality of through-holes are formed in the web 12b of the H-shaped steel 12 so as to soak the concrete during pouring to enhance the adhesion of the concrete member 30.

The hoop rebar 20 is welded to the H-shaped steel 12 to surround the H-shaped steel 12 at predetermined intervals along the longitudinal direction of the H-shaped steel 12. Preferably, both ends of the hoop rebar 20 are welded and fixed to the upper flange 12a. The hoop rebar 20 serves to evenly distribute the compressive force acting in the longitudinal direction of the H-beam 12 over the cross section of the H-beam 12, and to resist the shear force acting perpendicular to the cross section.

The concrete member 30 is formed to be integral with the H-shaped steel 12 along the longitudinal direction of the H-shaped steel 12, and is preferably formed to fill at least a portion of the web 12b and the lower flange 12c. . Preferably, the cross section of the concrete member 30 has a trapezoidal shape whose upper surface is wider than the lower surface. Since the upper surface of the concrete member 30 is wider than the lower surface there is an advantage that the area on which the deck plate 55 can be mounted becomes wider as will be described later.

Preferably, the concrete member 30 is formed to embed at least a portion of the web 12b and the lower flange 12c therein.

The concrete member 30 effectively resists the bending stress and the compressive force acting in the axial direction together with the H-shaped steel 12. In addition, the concrete member 30 to effectively respond to the bending stress by increasing the cross-sectional area of the concrete composite beams (100).

In addition, since the H-shaped steel 12 is embedded in the concrete member 30 and the slab concrete, which will be described later, the H-shaped steel 12 is not exposed to the outside and thus does not require a separate fireproof coating treatment. This is a point that can greatly improve the fire resistance of the structure constructed by the concrete composite beam beam 100 of the present invention.

Preferably, the upper surface of the concrete member 30 is formed to have a predetermined roughness. This is to increase the bonding force with the slab cast on the upper surface.

The concrete composite beams 100 may include tension / compression rebars 51 and 52 arranged in the longitudinal direction in the concrete member 30. The tension / compression reinforcement 51, 52 is to resist the tensile stress and compressive stress acting on the concrete composite steel beam 100. Preferably, the tensile / compression reinforcing bar is composed of exposed reinforcing bar 51 and the buried reinforcing bar 52 embedded therein without being embedded in the concrete composite steel beam 100, more preferably they are hoop reinforcement (20) It is welded to the inner side or fixed by fastening means such as wire. This tension / compression rebar not only maintains the spacing of the hoop rebar 20 but also serves as a support for resisting tensile and compressive stress as described above. In this embodiment, although the exposed reinforcing bar 51 and the embedded reinforcing bar 52 is illustrated, the present invention is not limited thereto, and the bar may be arranged in various configurations.

Preferably, the exposed reinforcing bar 51 is located on one side of the upper flange 12a, and the buried reinforcing bar 52 is located between the lower flange 12b and the hoop bar 20. According to an embodiment of the present invention, the position of the exposed reinforcing bar 51 may be changed to the upper or lower portion of the upper flange 12a as necessary.

Preferably, the concrete member 30 is provided with a support 53 on which the deck plate 55 is placed and supported thereon. The support 53 includes a bracket 53a for supporting the deck plate 55 and a buried member 53b formed integrally with the bracket 53a and embedded in the concrete member 30.

Preferably, the bracket 53a is installed at the upper edge portion of the concrete member 30, and more preferably a shape corresponding to the upper edge shape of the concrete member 30, for example, a rectangular “L” shaped cross section. Achieve. More preferably, the bracket 53a may be installed so that the outer surface thereof is continuous with the outer surface of the concrete member 30 without protruding to the outside for aesthetic appearance.

5 and 6 illustrate a slab structure constructed using a concrete composite beam according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention. Here, in FIG. 6, only reinforcing bars 61 and 62, an H-beam 12, and a slab 60 are shown, and the remaining components are omitted for convenience.

The slab structure includes a slab (60), and a concrete composite beam (100) for supporting the slab (60).

The deck plate 55 is placed on the support 53 of the concrete composite beam beam 100. The deck plate 55 is typically made of steel and may be coupled to the support 53 by welding. The slab structure can then be completed by reinforcing bars and pouring concrete. At this time, the deck plate 55 is used as a permanent structure without being dismantled.

In the present invention, the reinforcing bars reinforced to the slab 60 is preferably, reinforcing bars 61 respectively installed on both sides of the H-shaped steel 12, and connecting reinforcing bars installed across the upper portion of the H-shaped steel 12. 62 is provided. Preferably, the connecting reinforcing bar 62 is installed to be adjacent to the reinforcing bar 61, and serves to transfer the compressive force applied to the reinforcing bar 61 on one side to the reinforcing bar 61 on the other side. It is already known that stresses can be transferred between reinforcing bars when reinforcing bars embedded in concrete are approached within a predetermined distance from each other.

7 is a cross-sectional view showing a concrete composite beam according to another preferred embodiment of the present invention. Here, the same reference numerals as in the above-described drawings indicate the same members.

Referring to FIG. 7, the concrete composite steel beam according to the present embodiment has a rectangular cross section of the concrete member 31. The rectangular concrete composite beam makes it easy to form formwork. In addition, the bracket 54a of the support 54 may be installed to protrude laterally from the top edge of the concrete member 31.

8 is a front view of a concrete composite beam according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention. Here, the hoop reinforcing bar (refer to 20 of FIG. 4) is omitted for convenience.

In the concrete composite beam of the present embodiment, the concrete member 31 is not formed near the both ends of the H-shaped steel 12 is maintained in an exposed state. This is to interconnect the concrete composite beam as described below.

In addition, at least a portion of the exposed web 12b of the H-beam 12 is cut to form an opening 18, which is the upper tension / compression reinforcement of the adjacent concrete composite beam when interconnecting the concrete composite steel beam. This is for allowing the opening 18 to penetrate.

9 and 10 are shown the configuration of the connection portion is connected to the concrete composite beams according to the present invention. For convenience, a connection example of the concrete composite beam shown in FIG. 7 is shown. In the drawing, only the H-beam and the concrete member are shown schematically, and the rest of the members are omitted.

Referring to the drawings, the first concrete composite beams 110a and the second concrete composite beams 110b are connected to each other by a predetermined coupling plate 40.

As described above, the first concrete composite beams 110a are not formed with the concrete member 31 near the end of the first H-beams 12 for coupling with the neighboring second concrete composite beams 110b. Exposed Preferably, the end of the first H-shaped steel 12 is formed with a fastening hole into which the bolt 42 is inserted.

A recessed part 70 in which a part of the second concrete member 31 ′ is not formed is formed at a coupling portion of the second concrete composite beams 110b coupled to the first concrete composite beams 110a. An end portion of the first H-shaped steel 12 is inserted into the recess 70.

In addition, the second H-beam 12 'is provided with a coupling plate 40 for coupling with the first H-beam 12, preferably, the coupling plate 40 is a second H-beam 12' Extending laterally from the web 12b '. The coupling plate 40 may be coupled to the web 12b 'using fastening means such as welding or bolts.

In engagement, the end of the first H-shaped steel 12 is inserted into the recess 70 and then the first web 12b at the end is engaged with the engagement plate 40. The coupling plate 40 may be fixed to the first web 12b by welding or fastening means such as bolts 42.

Preferably, the space of the recess portion 70 and the space between the first concrete composite beams 110a and the second concrete composite beams 110b may be poured into concrete at the time of connection or at the time of slab construction. . This not only prevents the corrosion of the joints, but also protects the H-beams and joint plates from damage due to high temperatures in the event of fire.

As described above, when the concrete composite beams are connected to each other, the exposed tensile / compressed reinforcing bars (51 in FIG. 4) positioned on the left and right sides of the H-beams 12 interfere with adjacent concrete composite beams to be connected. Therefore, there is a problem that the exposed reinforcing bar 51 cannot be installed in the recess 70.

In order to solve this problem, for example, an opening 18 is formed at an end portion of the H-shaped steel 12 of the first concrete composite beam 110a as shown in FIG. 8. At the same time, the exposed reinforcing bar 51 'of the second concrete composite beam 110b coupled as shown in FIG. 11 is located at a position corresponding to the opening 18, that is, the upper surface of the concrete member 31 and the upper flange ( It is installed at a height between 12a).

When the first and second concrete composite beams 110a and 110b having such a structure are coupled to each other, the first concrete composite beams adjacent to the exposed reinforcing bar 51 of the second concrete composite beams 110b ( Since it penetrates through the opening 18 of 110a, the exposed reinforcing bar 51 can be continuously maintained without interfering with the H-beam.

As another alternative, as shown in Fig. 12, an exposed tension / compression rebar 51 " may be located on the upper inner surface of the hoop rebar 21 having the bent portion 51a formed therein. 51 " is located at a position relatively higher than the surface of the upper flange 12a of the H-beam 12 so that it does not collide with the H-beam of the adjacent concrete composite steel beam. In this case, the exposed reinforcing bars 51 " can be continuously installed and can effectively support the stress.

The configuration of the concrete composite beam according to another preferred embodiment of the present invention is shown in Figures 13 to 20. Here, the same reference numerals as in the above-described drawings indicate the same members.

First, referring to FIG. 13, the concrete composite beam according to the present embodiment includes a joint reinforcing bar 150 extending in both directions from the web 12b of the H-beam 12.

The reinforcing bar 150 is for reinforcing and reinforcing a joint with a slab (not shown) installed on a concrete composite beam, preferably extending in both sides in parallel with the slab from the web 12b of the H-beam 12 It comprises an extension part 150a and a fixing part 150b which is embedded downward from the upper surface of the concrete member 31 while extending downwardly in parallel with the web 12b, thereby forming an L shape. . More preferably, the fixing part 150b may be fixed to the web 12b by welding or the like.

The joint reinforcing bar 150 may be selectively installed to be in contact with or between the hoop reinforcing bars 20, and may be coupled to each other by welding or the like when contacting the hoop reinforcing bar 20.

When the concrete composite beam is provided with a joint reinforcing bar 150 as in the present embodiment, the connecting reinforcing bar 62 described with reference to FIGS. 5 and 6 may be replaced.

In addition, the joint reinforcing bar 150 is embedded in the slab when the deck plate 55 is installed and the slab 60 is placed as shown in FIG. 5 to more firmly maintain the binding with the slab.

According to another embodiment of the present invention, preferably, the concrete composite steel beam having the joint reinforcing bar is not provided with a separate stud for increasing the binding force with the concrete member 31, instead of the concrete member ( 31) can increase the binding strength.

As such an example, as shown in FIG. 14, the joint reinforcing bar 150 'is extended from the web 12b of the H-beam 12 to both sides parallel to the slab 150'a, and Fixing part 150b which extends downwardly at a predetermined angle with the web 12b and is embedded in the concrete member 31 with its end joined to the lower flange 12c of the H-shaped steel 12, for example, by welding. Contains').

In this case, the lower flange 12c does not need to be provided with a separate stud, and the binding force with the concrete member 31 may be increased by the fixing part 150b 'of the joint reinforcing bar 150'.

Another method for increasing the binding force to the concrete member is shown in FIG. Referring to FIG. 15, the concrete composite beam of the present embodiment includes a support 54 provided in the concrete member 30, and the support 54 includes a bracket 54a for supporting the deck plate 55 of FIG. 5. And a buried member 54b formed integrally with the bracket 54a and extending to the lower flange 12c of the H-shaped steel 12 to be embedded in the concrete member 30.

Here, the buried member 54b has an end thereof fixed to the lower flange 12c by, for example, welding or the like, and serves as a reinforcing member for increasing binding force with the concrete member 31.

FIG. 16, which shows another embodiment of the present invention, shows a concrete composite beam that can effectively resist axial stress while improving the binding force on the concrete member.

According to the present exemplary embodiment, a pair of first and second auxiliary reinforcing bars 181 and 182 are further installed in the concrete member 31 in the longitudinal direction, and the first auxiliary reinforcing bars 181 are hoop reinforcing bars 20. And the second auxiliary reinforcing bar 182 is installed to be inscribed in the web 12b of the H-shaped steel 12. This secondary rebar also effectively resists axial stress.

In addition, the secondary reinforcing bars (181, 182) are interconnected by the binding reinforcing bar 180, the binding reinforcement 180 is both ends of the secondary reinforcing bars (181, 182), or selectively welded It is embedded in the concrete member 31 with it being fixed.

The binding reinforcement 180 may be disposed between the hoop reinforcement 20 at predetermined intervals, but may be fixed in contact with the hoop reinforcement 20. In this case, the binding reinforcement 180 forms a closed reinforcement shape together with the hoop reinforcement 20 to more effectively resist the stress applied in the axial direction.

According to another embodiment of the present invention, both ends of the hoop reinforcement may be maintained in a higher position or lower position without being fixed or welded to the upper flange of the H-beam.

That is, as shown in FIG. 17, the exposed reinforcing bar 51 'is positioned under the upper flange 12a, and the hoop reinforcing bar 20' has both ends in contact with the H-shaped steel 12 and is not fixed to the upper flange 12a. It is located low.

Alternatively, as shown in FIG. 18, the exposed reinforcing bar 51 ″ is positioned above the upper flange 12a, and the hoop reinforcing bar 20 ″ is not fixed by contacting the H-shaped steel 12 at both ends thereof, rather than the upper flange 12b. It is located high up.

Concrete composite steel beam according to another embodiment of the present invention shown in Figure 19 includes a hoop reinforcement 190 of the 'ㅁ' shape. Both ends of the hoop reinforcement 190 are in contact with both sides of the web 12b of the H-shaped steel 12 and form a closed type surrounding the lower flange 12c. .

In addition, the upper portion of the hoop reinforcement 190 is exposed without being embedded in the concrete member 31 is embedded in the slab at the time of slab (60 of FIG. 5) to increase the mutual binding force. In this case, it is not necessary to provide a separate joint rebar as described above.

In the present embodiment, a portion where the exposed rebar 51 'needs to be installed may be provided with a mounting member 191 on which the exposed rebar 51' is welded or bound and mounted.

The mounting member 191 has a substantially 'L' shape, the end is fixed or welded to the top of the corner of the hoop reinforcement 190, so that the exposed reinforcement (51 ') is fixed to the corner inner circumference Combined. The mounting member 191 is generally installed along the longitudinal direction, or optionally installed in the area where the exposed reinforcing bar 51 'is installed as necessary.

According to another embodiment of the present invention, as shown in FIG. 20A, the concrete composite steel beam may include a rectangular cover member 195 that surrounds and protects the concrete member 31.

The cover member 195 is made of a synthetic resin including carbon fiber FRP or glass fiber FRP, and is installed to surround the side and bottom surfaces of the concrete member 31.

Preferably, the cover member 195 may serve as a formwork when manufacturing a concrete composite steel beam according to the present invention, for example, the cover member 195, including reinforcing bars 52, including H-shaped steel 12, When the support 54, the joint reinforcing bars 150, etc. are installed and the concrete is poured and cured, the concrete composite beams in which the cover member 195 is integrally coated can be obtained.

In this case, the cover member 195 can prevent the concrete composite beam according to the present invention is scratched or damaged during the transport or construction process.

According to another embodiment, as shown in FIG. 20B, the corner member 195 ′ bent along the longitudinal direction may be installed at the lower corner corner of the concrete member 31 of the concrete composite beam.

In this case, the corner member 195 'may be made of synthetic resin containing carbon fiber FRP or glass fiber FRP or made of steel. More preferably, at least one stud may be further provided on the corner member 195 'to increase the binding force between the corner member 195' and the concrete member 31.

Although the configurations described with reference to FIGS. 13 to 20 are limited to concrete composite beams having a rectangular cross section, they are equally applicable to concrete composite beams having a trapezoidal cross section as shown in FIG. 4. It must be understood.

The construction of the concrete composite beam according to another preferred embodiment of the present invention is shown in Figures 21 to 23. Here, the same reference numerals as in the above-described drawings indicate the same reference numerals.

According to this embodiment, the connecting plate 200 made of a metal material is fixedly installed at an end of the H-shaped steel 12 in a right angle direction, and a plurality of extension rebars are installed in the longitudinal direction on the front surface of the connecting plate 200 One end of 410 is welded and fixed.

The plurality of extension bars 410 extend in parallel with the exposed bar 51 'and the buried bar 52, and are bound to each other by the auxiliary hoop bar 421 at predetermined intervals.

As in the above-described embodiment, the exposed reinforcing bar 51 'and the buried reinforcing bar 52 are bound by the hoop reinforcing bar 20, and both ends of the hoop reinforcing bar 20 are connected to the upper flanges of the H-shaped steel 12. Welding on 12a). Alternatively, the hoop reinforcement may be located above or below the upper flange 12a as shown in FIG. 17 or 18 above without being welded onto the upper flange 12a.

In addition, the exposed reinforcing bar 51 ′ and the buried reinforcing bar 52 positioned in front of the connection plate 200 are also coupled to each other by the closed hoop bar 420.

As described above, the hoop rebars can effectively constrain and resist axial stresses after concrete placement.

At least one compression force transmission plate 430 is installed at the other end of the extension rebar 410 in a right angle direction, for example, by welding.

In the present embodiment, the concrete member 431 is poured in the longitudinal direction to bury a portion of the lower flange 12c and the web 12b of the H-shaped steel 12, the concrete member 431 is the extension reinforcement 410 ) And some of the auxiliary hoop reinforcing bars 421 which bind the same, are formed to be embedded.

Optionally, at least one stud 440 is attached on the upper flange 12a and / or the lower flange 12c of the H-beam 12 to contribute to increasing the binding force in slab concrete casting.

The construction process using the concrete composite beam according to the present embodiment having the above configuration is shown in FIG. 24.

As shown, the support bracket 270 is installed on the concrete filled tube (CFT) or the pillar 450 and the concrete composite beam is mounted thereon. At this time, the reinforcing bars 410, 51 'and 52 which are not embedded in the concrete member 431 are arranged in the column concrete placing line 460.

In this state, a deck plate (not shown) for slab construction may be installed between concrete composite beams, reinforced with reinforcing bars, and concrete may be poured to construct columns and slabs at the same time.

Concrete composite beam according to this embodiment allows the beam to be effectively constructed without additional padding or additional H-beam steel when the distance between the pillar and the pillar is relatively wide.

25 is a front view showing the configuration of a concrete composite beam according to another embodiment of the present invention. The concrete composite beam of the present embodiment is the same as the concrete composite steel beam shown in FIG. 22 except that the reinforcing plate 431a is installed at both sides near the end of the concrete member 431. .

The reinforcing bar fixing plate 431a is to support the concrete composite steel beam with a bracket or the like in the process of constructing the column as shown in FIG. 26 and then fix the column transverse rebar 431b by welding or the like. Then, to pour concrete up to the pillar placing line 460 it is buried. Preferably, the reinforcing plate 431a may be provided with at least one stud to increase the bonding force with the concrete member as described above.

According to another embodiment of the present invention, through-holes may be formed in the concrete member to pass through the reinforcing bars without using the reinforcing bar fixing plate, which is illustrated in FIG. 27.

That is, referring to FIG. 27, a through hole 431c is formed in a lateral direction near the end of the concrete member 431 of the concrete composite beam so that the column transverse rebar 431d penetrates. In this case, it is possible to use a continuous column rebar.

As described above, it can be used simultaneously with the bending and compressive material according to the present invention, the concrete composite steel beam does not require a fire-resistant coating has the following effects.

First, the concrete composite beam of the present design can effectively reduce the height of the structure without affecting the safety of the structure.

Second, the concrete composite beam of the present invention can effectively resist the bending stress and compressive stress acting on the structure.

Third, the concrete composite beams of the present invention do not need to have a separate fire-resistant coating on the H-beams.

Fourth, the concrete composite steel beam of the present invention allows to smoothly transmit and resist the compressive force at the connection.

Fifth, it is possible to effectively construct beams between columns with relatively wide gaps.

1 to 3 are cross-sectional views showing a slab structure according to the prior art.

4 is a cross-sectional view showing a concrete composite beam according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention.

5 is a cross-sectional view showing a slab structure constructed by using a concrete composite beam according to the present invention of FIG.

FIG. 6 is a plan view of FIG. 5 and illustrates an arrangement of reinforcing bars and H-beams.

7 is a cross-sectional view showing a concrete composite beam according to another preferred embodiment of the present invention.

Figure 8 is a front view showing a concrete composite beam according to another embodiment of the present invention.

9 is a plan view showing the configuration of the connection portion is connected to each other concrete composite beams according to the present invention.

FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional view taken along line VII-VII 'of FIG. 9.

11 is a cross-sectional view showing a concrete composite beam according to another preferred embodiment of the present invention.

12 is a cross-sectional view showing a concrete composite beam according to another embodiment of the present invention.

13 is a cross-sectional view showing a concrete composite beam according to another preferred embodiment of the present invention.

14 is a cross-sectional view showing a concrete composite beam according to another preferred embodiment of the present invention.

15 is a cross-sectional view showing a concrete composite beam according to another preferred embodiment of the present invention.

16 is a cross-sectional view showing a concrete composite beam according to another preferred embodiment of the present invention.

17 is a cross-sectional view showing a concrete composite beam according to another preferred embodiment of the present invention.

18 is a cross-sectional view showing a concrete composite beam according to another preferred embodiment of the present invention.

19 is a cross-sectional view showing a concrete composite beam according to another preferred embodiment of the present invention.

20a and 20b is a cross-sectional view showing a concrete composite beam according to another preferred embodiment of the present invention.

Figure 21 is a side view showing a concrete composite beam according to another preferred embodiment of the present invention.

22 is a front view of the concrete composite beam shown in FIG.

FIG. 23 is a cross-sectional view of FIG. 21.

24 is a side view showing the construction using the concrete composite beam of Figure 21.

25 is a front view of a concrete composite beam according to another embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 26 is a plan sectional view illustrating a column construction process of the concrete composite beam of FIG. 25.

FIG. 27 is a plan view similar to FIG. 26, illustrating a column construction process using a concrete composite steel beam according to another embodiment.

Claims (44)

An H-beam consisting of an upper flange, a lower flange, and a web connecting the upper and lower flanges to each other; A plurality of hoop reinforcing bars installed on the upper flange while being welded to the upper flange at predetermined intervals along a longitudinal direction; A concrete member integrally formed with the H-shaped steel to bury at least a portion of the web and a lower flange; And Concrete girder steel beam comprising a; at least one tension / compression reinforcement is fixed in the longitudinal direction to the hoop reinforcement. The method of claim 1, Concrete composite steel beam further comprises a support for supporting the deck plate is installed on the upper surface of the concrete member placed on it. The method of claim 2, wherein the support, A bracket installed on an upper surface of the concrete member to support the deck plate; And And a buried member integrally formed with the bracket and embedded in the concrete member. The method of claim 3, wherein the bracket, Concrete composite beam having a cross section of the "L" shape to be installed on the upper edge of the concrete member. The method of claim 3, wherein the bracket, Concrete composite beam, characterized in that the protruding sideways from the upper edge of the concrete member. The method of claim 2, The concrete composite beam is characterized in that it further comprises a plurality of studs formed in the H-shaped steel to be embedded in the concrete member. The method of claim 2, wherein the tension / compression rebar, Exposed reinforcing bars not embedded in the concrete member; And Concrete composite steel beam comprising a; embedded reinforcing bars embedded in the concrete member. The method of claim 7, wherein the exposed rebar, Concrete composite beams, characterized in that located at a position relatively higher than the surface of the upper flange of the H-beams. The method of claim 7, wherein the exposed rebar, The concrete composite beam, characterized in that located at a height between the upper flange of the H-beam and the upper surface of the concrete member. An H-beam consisting of an upper flange, a lower flange, and a web connecting the upper and lower flanges to each other; A plurality of hoop rebars installed at predetermined intervals along a length direction to surround the lower flange of the H-beam; A concrete member integrally formed with the H-shaped steel to bury at least a portion of the web and a lower flange; At least one tension / compression rebar fixed in the longitudinal direction to the hoop rebar; A support for supporting a deck plate installed on the upper surface of the concrete member; And And a joint reinforcing bar having a fixing part embedded in an interior from an upper surface of the concrete member, and an extension part extending from the fixing part to the side surface along the upper surface of the concrete member. Bo. The method of claim 10, The fixed portion of the reinforcing bar, the concrete composite steel beam, characterized in that extending parallel to the web of the H-beam is fixed to the web. The method of claim 10, The fixed part of the reinforcing bar is extended to be inclined at a predetermined interval with the web of the H-shaped steel composite beam, characterized in that the end is fixed to the lower flange of the H-shaped steel. The method of claim 10, wherein the support, A bracket installed on an upper surface of the concrete member to support the deck plate; And And a buried member integrally formed with the bracket and embedded in the concrete member. The method of claim 13, An end portion of the buried member concrete composite beam, characterized in that fixed to the lower flange of the H-beam. An H-beam consisting of an upper flange, a lower flange, and a web connecting the upper and lower flanges to each other; A plurality of hoop rebars installed at predetermined intervals along a length direction to surround the lower flange of the H-beam; A concrete member integrally formed with the H-shaped steel to bury at least a portion of the web and a lower flange; At least one tension / compression rebar fixed in the longitudinal direction to the hoop rebar; A support for supporting a deck plate installed on the upper surface of the concrete member; A first auxiliary reinforcing bar embedded in the concrete member to be inscribed in the hoop reinforcement and installed in the longitudinal direction, and a second auxiliary reinforcing bar embedded in the concrete member and installed in the longitudinal direction to be inscribed in the web of the H-beam; And And a binding reinforcing bar embedded in the concrete member so as to interconnect the first and second auxiliary reinforcing bars. The method of claim 15, A concrete reinforcing bar having a fixing part embedded in an interior from an upper surface of the concrete member and an extension part extending laterally exposed along the upper surface of the concrete member from the fixing part; Hyungbobo. The method of claim 16, The fixed portion of the reinforcing bar, the concrete composite steel beam, characterized in that extending parallel to the web of the H-beam is fixed to the web. The method of claim 16, The fixed part of the reinforcing bar is extended to be inclined at a predetermined interval with the web of the H-shaped steel composite beam, characterized in that the end is fixed to the lower flange of the H-shaped steel. The method of claim 15, wherein the support, A bracket installed on an upper surface of the concrete member to support the deck plate; And And a buried member integrally formed with the bracket and embedded in the concrete member. The method of claim 19, An end portion of the buried member concrete composite beam, characterized in that fixed to the lower flange of the H-beam. An H-beam consisting of an upper flange, a lower flange, and a web connecting the upper and lower flanges to each other; A plurality of hoop reinforcing bars disposed at predetermined intervals along a length direction of the H flange to surround both lower ends of the H-shaped steel and abut both ends thereof; A concrete member integrally formed with the H-shaped steel to bury at least a portion of the web and a lower flange and a portion other than an upper portion of the hoop rebar; At least one tension / compression rebar fixed in the longitudinal direction to the hoop rebar; And It is installed on the upper surface of the concrete member support for supporting the deck plate placed on it; concrete composite beam comprising a. The method of claim 21, The tension / compression rebar includes at least one exposed reinforcing bar not embedded in the concrete member, The concrete composite beam is characterized in that it further comprises a mounting member fixed to the upper edge of the hoop reinforcement so that the exposed reinforcing bar is coupled. The method of claim 22, The mounting member, The end is fixed to the top of the corner of the hoop reinforcement, concrete composite beam characterized in that the 'L' shape to form a shape so that the exposed reinforcement to the corner inner circumference. The method of claim 21, wherein the support, A bracket installed on an upper surface of the concrete member to support the deck plate; And And a buried member integrally formed with the bracket and embedded in the concrete member. The method of claim 24, An end portion of the buried member concrete composite beam, characterized in that fixed to the lower flange of the H-beam. The method of claim 21, A first auxiliary reinforcing bar embedded in the concrete member to be inscribed in the hoop reinforcement and installed in the longitudinal direction, and a second auxiliary reinforcing bar embedded in the concrete member and installed in the longitudinal direction to be inscribed in the web of the H-beam; And And a binding reinforcing bar embedded in the concrete member so as to interconnect the first and second auxiliary reinforcing bars. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 26, The concrete composite beams, characterized in that the concrete member is not formed near the end of the H-beams exposed. The method of claim 27, Concrete composite beams, characterized in that the opening is formed in the end of the H-beams exposed to the outside. An H-beam consisting of an upper flange, a lower flange, and a web connecting the upper and lower flanges to each other; A plurality of hoop rebars installed at predetermined intervals along a length direction to surround the lower flange of the H-beam; At least one tension / compression rebar fixed in the longitudinal direction to the hoop rebar; A connecting plate connected to an end of the H-beam; A plurality of extension bars having one end fixed to the front surface of the connection plate and extending in the longitudinal direction; An auxiliary hoop reinforcing bar to wrap the plurality of extension bars at predetermined intervals; At least one compressive force transfer plate coupled to the other end of the rebar; A concrete member integrally formed with the H-shaped steel to embed at least a portion of the web, the hoop reinforcement, the auxiliary hoop reinforcement and the connection plate, at least one of the tension / compression reinforcement and the extension reinforcement, and the lower flange; And It is installed on the upper surface of the concrete member support for supporting the deck plate placed on it; concrete composite beam comprising a. An H-beam consisting of an upper flange, a lower flange, and a web connecting the upper and lower flanges to each other; A plurality of hoop rebars installed at predetermined intervals along a length direction to surround the lower flange of the H-beam; At least one tension / compression rebar fixed in the longitudinal direction to the hoop rebar; A connecting plate connected to an end of the H-beam; A plurality of extension bars having one end fixed to the front surface of the connection plate and extending in the longitudinal direction; An auxiliary hoop reinforcing bar to wrap the plurality of extension bars at predetermined intervals; At least one compressive force transfer plate coupled to the other end of the rebar; And A concrete member integrally formed with the H-shaped steel to embed at least a portion of the web, the hoop reinforcement, the auxiliary hoop reinforcement and the connection plate, at least one of the tension / compression reinforcement and the extension reinforcement, and the lower flange; A support for supporting a deck plate installed on the upper surface of the concrete member; And And a joint reinforcing bar having a fixing part embedded in an interior from an upper surface of the concrete member, and an extension part extending from the fixing part to the side surface along the upper surface of the concrete member. Bo. An H-beam consisting of an upper flange, a lower flange, and a web connecting the upper and lower flanges to each other; A plurality of hoop rebars installed at predetermined intervals along a length direction to surround the lower flange of the H-beam; At least one tension / compression rebar fixed in the longitudinal direction to the hoop rebar; A connecting plate connected to an end of the H-beam; A plurality of extension bars having one end fixed to the front surface of the connection plate and extending in the longitudinal direction; An auxiliary hoop reinforcing bar to wrap the plurality of extension bars at predetermined intervals; At least one compressive force transfer plate coupled to the other end of the rebar; A concrete member integrally formed with the H-shaped steel to embed at least a portion of the web, the hoop reinforcement, the auxiliary hoop reinforcement and the connection plate, at least one of the tension / compression reinforcement and the extension reinforcement, and the lower flange; A support for supporting a deck plate installed on the upper surface of the concrete member; A first auxiliary reinforcing bar embedded in the concrete member to be inscribed in the hoop reinforcement and installed in the longitudinal direction, and a second auxiliary reinforcing bar embedded in the concrete member and installed in the longitudinal direction to be inscribed in the web of the H-beam; And And a binding reinforcing bar embedded in the concrete member so as to interconnect the first and second auxiliary reinforcing bars. An H-beam consisting of an upper flange, a lower flange, and a web connecting the upper and lower flanges to each other; A plurality of hoop reinforcing bars disposed at predetermined intervals along a length direction of the H flange to surround both lower ends of the H-shaped steel and abut both ends thereof; A connecting plate connected to an end of the H-beam; A plurality of extension bars having one end fixed to the front surface of the connection plate and extending in the longitudinal direction; An auxiliary hoop reinforcing bar to wrap the plurality of extension bars at predetermined intervals; At least one compressive force transfer plate coupled to the other end of the rebar; The H-beam to fill the web, the auxiliary hoop reinforcement, at least a portion of the connecting plate, at least one of the tension / compression reinforcement and the extension reinforcement, and the lower flange and at the same time bury the remaining portion except the upper portion of the hoop reinforcement. Concrete member formed integrally with; At least one tension / compression rebar fixed in the longitudinal direction to the hoop rebar; And It is installed on the upper surface of the concrete member support for supporting the deck plate placed on it; concrete composite beam comprising a. An H-beam consisting of an upper flange, a lower flange, and a web connecting the upper and lower flanges to each other; A plurality of hoop reinforcing bars disposed at predetermined intervals along a length direction of the H flange to surround both lower ends of the H-shaped steel and abut both ends thereof; A connecting plate connected to an end of the H-beam; A plurality of extension bars having one end fixed to the front surface of the connection plate and extending in the longitudinal direction; An auxiliary hoop reinforcing bar to wrap the plurality of extension bars at predetermined intervals; At least one compressive force transfer plate coupled to the other end of the rebar; The H-beam to fill the web, the auxiliary hoop reinforcement, at least a portion of the connecting plate, at least one of the tension / compression reinforcement and the extension reinforcement, and the lower flange and at the same time bury the remaining portion except the upper portion of the hoop reinforcement. Concrete member formed integrally with; At least one tension / compression rebar fixed in the longitudinal direction to the hoop rebar; A support for supporting a deck plate installed on the upper surface of the concrete member; A first auxiliary reinforcing bar embedded in the concrete member to be inscribed in the hoop reinforcement and installed in the longitudinal direction, and a second auxiliary reinforcing bar embedded in the concrete member and installed in the longitudinal direction to be inscribed in the web of the H-beam; And And a binding reinforcing bar embedded in the concrete member so as to interconnect the first and second auxiliary reinforcing bars. The method according to any one of claims 29 to 33, wherein Concrete composite beams, characterized in that the reinforcing bar fixing plate that can be fixed to the column reinforcement on both sides near the end of the concrete member. The method according to any one of claims 29 to 33, wherein The concrete composite beam, characterized in that the through hole is formed in the lateral direction near the end of the concrete member so that the column transverse rebar passes. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 26 and 29 to 33, A recess groove is formed in a part of the concrete member, And a joining plate extending laterally from the web of the H-beam in the region where the recess groove is formed. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 26 and 29 to 33, The concrete member is a concrete composite steel beam, characterized in that the upper surface makes a cross section of a trapezoidal shape wider than the lower surface. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 26 and 29 to 33, Concrete composite steel beam further comprises a cover member installed in the longitudinal direction to surround the side and the lower surface of the concrete member. The method of claim 38, The cover member is a concrete composite beam, characterized in that made of synthetic resin containing carbon fiber FRP or glass fiber FRP. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 26 and 29 to 33, Concrete composite steel beam further comprises a corner member installed in the longitudinal direction along the lower corner portion of the concrete member. The method of claim 40, The corner member is a concrete composite steel beam, characterized in that made of any one of synthetic resin or steel material including carbon fiber FRP or glass fiber FRP. The method according to any one of claims 10 to 26 and 29 to 33, Both ends of the hoop reinforcement is a concrete composite beam, characterized in that located above or below the upper flange of the H-beam. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 26 and 29 to 33, Concrete H-beams characterized in that a plurality of through-holes are formed in the web of the H-shaped steel so that concrete can seep. An H-beam consisting of an upper flange, a lower flange, and a web connecting the upper and lower flanges to each other; A plurality of hoop rebars installed at predetermined intervals along a length direction to surround the lower flange of the H-beam; At least one tension / compression rebar fixed in the longitudinal direction to the hoop rebar; A connecting plate connected to an end of the H-beam; A plurality of extension bars having one end fixed to the front surface of the connection plate and extending in the longitudinal direction; An auxiliary hoop reinforcing bar to wrap the plurality of extension bars at predetermined intervals; At least one compressive force transfer plate coupled to the other end of the rebar; A concrete member integrally formed with the H-shaped steel to embed at least a portion of the web, the hoop reinforcement, the auxiliary hoop reinforcement and the connection plate, at least one of the tension / compression reinforcement and the extension reinforcement, and the lower flange; A support for supporting a deck plate installed on the upper surface of the concrete member; A first auxiliary reinforcing bar embedded in the concrete member to be inscribed in the hoop reinforcement and installed in the longitudinal direction, and a second auxiliary reinforcing bar embedded in the concrete member and installed in the longitudinal direction to be inscribed in the web of the H-beam; Binding reinforcing bars embedded in the concrete member so as to interconnect the first and second auxiliary rebars; And And a joint reinforcing bar having a fixing part embedded in an interior from an upper surface of the concrete member, and an extension part extending from the fixing part to the side surface along the upper surface of the concrete member. Bo.