KR102216347B1 - Expandable double web cantilever with deflection reinforcing means - Google Patents

Abstract

The present invention relates to a cantilever for an extended sidewalk installed on a side portion of a road including a bridge to be used as a pedestrian or a bicycle road. More particularly, double webs are formed between the upper flange and the lower flange of the cantilever, a traction rod connected by a traction coupling device is formed on the upper side of the cantilever, and a repelling rod connected by a repulsive coupling device is respectively coupled and formed on the lower side of the cantilever, such that the rigidity of the cantilever itself for an extended sidewalk or construction of an extended sidewalk is greatly increased, to make additional reinforcement means and reinforcement works for the lower part of the cantilever unnecessary even when the cantilever with an extended length like a bicycle road, thereby being very economical. The traction coupling device and the repulsive coupling device added to the cantilever increase stress on the entire cantilever, such that it is possible to maintain a stable installation and construction state from a biased load applied to the cantilever with an extended length. At the same time, through the traction coupling device and the repulsive coupling device, tensile force and repulsive force of a traction rod and a repulsion rod continue to be corrected such that a load bearing force of an extended sidewalk or an extended road by the cantilever can be more stably maintained.

Description

Expandable double web cantilever with deflection reinforcing means}

The present invention relates to a cantilever for extended guidance installed on the side of a road including a bridge and used as a pedestrian or bicycle road, and more particularly, to increase the rigidity of the cantilever itself due to the cross section of the double web structure. At the same time, by installing the traction and repulsion fastening devices on the upper and lower parts of the cantilever, the extended double web cantilever overcoming the deflection of the cantilever extended for the extended road and the structural weakness of the extended sidewalk. will be.

In general, a bridge refers to a facility that is designed to allow vehicles or people to cross high and low terrain such as rivers, streams, or valleys, and various construction methods depending on the surrounding environment, characteristics and uses of the place to be constructed. Is made by

Among these bridges, recently built bridges have sidewalks on both sides of the roadway, but in the past bridges built for the main purpose of moving vehicles, there are no sidewalks that allow people to pass.

In addition, with the development of leisure culture in recent years and the popular use of bicycles, which are widely loved as eco-friendly means of transportation, bicycle paths are installed in many places to safely ride such bicycles.In most bridges, roadways or roads Because sidewalks cannot be narrowed or changed, bicycle paths are inevitably cut off temporarily in the bridge section as described above.

Accordingly, in recent years, handrails are provided at both ends of the bridge's upper plate in the width direction, and temporary sidewalks for bridges have been installed outside the handrails. That is, the temporary sidewalk for a bridge as described above is a base plate that is located outside the railing and is fixed by a fastening means to both sides or one end of the bridge top plate at regular intervals, and the base plate is welded to the base plate to extend in the width direction of the bridge top plate. It is composed of a beam bracket, a footrest fixed on the beam bracket, and a pedestrian guard rail fastened and fixed to the outer upper end of the beam bracket.

In addition, the beam bracket as described above is commonly referred to as a cantilever-shaped cantilever made of "H"-beam, and is composed of a horizontal upper flange and a lower flange and a vertical web to increase structural rigidity and characteristics. It is made to be able to.

In particular, in the case of the applicant according to the present invention, a plurality of cantilevers are fixedly installed by using the attachment parts of bridges and roads as in Registration Patent No. 10-1428742, and the passage direction of the bridge is set on the upper side of the cantilever. A plurality of support pipes are arranged and fixed according to the arrangement, and a separate connection rod is used at the ends of each of the cantilevers so that mutually strong connection and fixation can be made, but the support pipe and the connection rod are provided with a gap connection in preparation for expansion and contraction. By configuring, it is possible to easily and firmly connect and fix the cantilever and the support pipe, the floor scaffolding, and the connecting rod, which shortens the construction period for extended delivery and reduces the construction cost, and the gap connection structure for each support pipe and connecting rod As a result, it is possible to effectively offset the change in the gap between the cantilever due to the extension of the bridge and the extension of the support pipe and the connecting rod itself, thereby enhancing the structural stability of the extension sidewalk. Maintenance and repair costs can be reduced, and the construction is simple and expandability in various forms, yet precise construction is possible according to accurate design standards, so that a safe and beautiful form of extension can be constructed reasonably. It has been devised and registered as an extended sidewalk structure for roads with

Next, in the case of Patent Registration No. 10-1970950, a fixing means that enables the cantilever to be rigidly and stably fixed and installed in response to a retaining wall of various thicknesses, and to support the fixed end of the cantilever from an offset load acting on the cantilever. With one supporting means, if you want to construct an extended road or extended sidewalk around a road or bridge, you can quickly, sturdy and fix the cantilever for constructing the above extended road or extended sidewalk, etc. As a result, the cantilever can be quickly installed regardless of the thickness of the retaining wall through the width adjustment structure of the fixing bracket, and the fixing end of the cantilever is supported from the lower side, thereby increasing the fixing installation force of the cantilever, As tensile stress is continuously applied to the free end of the cantilever, the eccentric load and the rotational moment due to the load acting on the free end of the cantilever are reduced, so that safer, more robust and excellent construction quality can be continuously maintained. A cantilever installation structure for an extended road was devised and registered.

In addition, in the case of Registration Patent No. 10-2030510, a fixing part installed on a side wall of a concrete structure and a floor plate frame supported by the fixing part are included, and the fixing part includes a fixing plate attached to the side wall and the fixing part. It consists of a triangular support attached to the plate, and the fixed plate has a number of vertical slits, so that the cantilever-type footbridge and its construction method have been devised and registered so that the fixed part can be installed by moving up and down. .

However, since the conventional cantilever used for extension guidance is installed in the form of a cantilever, an offset load and a rotational moment act at the end of the cantilever and a considerable load is concentrated on the fixed mounting portion of the cantilever. And various reinforcement works for preventing the extended road and the cantilever from being damaged.

In addition, in the case of an extended walkway for pedestrians, the cantilever is designed and fixed to have an extended width of about 2m. In the case of a bicycle road, it is necessary to maintain a wider extension of 2.5m. In order to stably maintain the same extended width, there is a difficulty in that a direct reinforcement work on the lower part of the cantilever must be additionally applied.

In other words, in the case of an extension road for bicycles, the length of the cantilever becomes longer than that of the extension sidewalk, and as the length of the cantilever increases, the load acting on the end of the cantilever increases rapidly. As an additional implementation, the fixing method and the fixing means for the bridge railing or road mounting should be further reinforced, as well as erecting additional columns under the extended cantilever or additionally assembling structures such as inclined supports. And it has a waste that must be constructed.

Korean Patent Registration 10-1428742 (2014.08.04.registered) Korean Patent Registration 10-1970950 (registered on April 16, 2019) Republic of Korea Patent Registration 10-2030510 (Registered on October 2, 2019)

The present invention is to improve the problems as described above, forming a double web between the upper flange and the lower flange of the cantilever, forming a traction rod connected by a traction fastening device on the upper side of the cantilever, and the cantilever As each of the repelling rods connected by the repelling fastening device is combined and formed on the lower side of the

It is possible to increase the structural rigidity of the cantilever itself by the cantilever reinforced in section, as well as increase the upward stress while reducing the bias load and rotational moment acting on the cantilever through the traction fastening device and the rebound fastening device. Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide an extended double web cantilever equipped with a stress increasing means capable of constructing an extended sidewalk or extended road with excellent installation stability.

The present invention for achieving the above object is a cantilever for an extended road in which a mounting plate for fixing the cantilever is formed at one end of a cantilever in which a vertical web is formed between an upper flange and a lower flange. In,

A pair of double webs spaced apart from each other is formed between the upper and lower flanges of the cantilever, and a reinforcing rib connecting the double webs in the longitudinal direction is formed between the double webs, and the upper part of the cantilever Is provided with a traction rod fixed to both ends of the cantilever and formed divided along the longitudinal direction, and a traction fastening device connecting these traction rods to each other, and a lower portion of the cantilever is fixed to both ends of the cantilever and formed divided along the longitudinal direction. A repulsive rod and a repulsive fastening device for connecting these repelling rods to each other are provided, and tension is applied to the traction rod by the traction fastening device, and a reaction force is applied to the repulsive rod by the repulsive fastening device. The entire cantilever is designed to produce an upward bending stress.

In the present invention, since the stiffness of the cantilever itself for the construction of an extended sidewalk or extended road is greatly increased, additional reinforcement means and reinforcement work for the lower part of the cantilever are unnecessary even when a cantilever having an extended length such as a bicycle road is used. Therefore, it is very economical, and the traction fastening device and the rebound fastening device added to the cantilever increase the stress on the entire cantilever so that it can maintain a more stable installation and construction condition from the offset load acting on the extended length cantilever. At the same time, the tension and reaction force of the traction rod and the repulsion rod are continuously corrected through the traction fastening device and the repulsive fastening device, so that the load-bearing capacity of the extension guidance or extension road by the cantilever can be more stably maintained. will be.

1 is an overall configuration diagram of an extended road to which a cantilever according to the present invention is applied
2 is an overall perspective view of a double web cantilever according to the present invention
3 is an enlarged cross-sectional view of a double web cantilever according to the present invention
Figure 4 is a diagram illustrating the operation of the double web cantilever according to the present invention
Figure 5 is an enlarged view of the upper and lower fastening device of the double web cantilever according to the present invention
Figure 6 is another embodiment of the upper and lower fastening device of the double web cantilever according to the present invention
Figure 7 is another embodiment of the coupling structure of the outer end of the double web cantilever according to the present invention
8 is an exemplary view of various positions of the upper and lower fastening devices of the double web cantilever according to the present invention
Figure 9 is an exemplary view of the end coupling to the upper traction rod of the double web cantilever according to the present invention

Additional objects, features, and advantages of the present invention may be more clearly understood from the following detailed description and accompanying drawings.

Prior to the detailed description of the present invention, the present invention is capable of various modifications and various embodiments, and the examples described below and shown in the drawings are intended to limit the present invention to specific embodiments. It should be understood as including all changes, equivalents, and substitutes included in the spirit and scope of the present invention.

In addition, when a component is referred to as being "connected" or "connected" to another component, it may be directly connected or connected to the other component, but other components may exist in the middle. It should be understood that there is. On the other hand, when a component is referred to as being "directly connected" or "directly connected" to another component, it should be understood that there is no other component in the middle.

Subsequently, the terms used in the present specification are used only to describe specific embodiments, and are not intended to limit the present invention. Singular expressions include plural expressions unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. In this specification, terms such as "comprise" or "have" are intended to designate the presence of features, numbers, steps, actions, components, parts, or a combination thereof described in the specification, but one or more other features. It is to be understood that the presence or addition of elements or numbers, steps, actions, components, parts, or combinations thereof, does not preclude in advance.

In addition, terms such as "... unit", "... unit", and "... module" described in the specification mean a unit that processes at least one function or operation, which is hardware, software, or hardware and It can be implemented as a combination of software.

In addition, in the description with reference to the accompanying drawings, the same reference numerals are assigned to the same components regardless of the reference numerals, and redundant descriptions thereof will be omitted. In describing the present invention, when it is determined that a detailed description of related known technologies may unnecessarily obscure the subject matter of the present invention, a detailed description thereof will be omitted.

Hereinafter, exemplary embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings.

1 is an overall configuration diagram of an extended road to which a cantilever according to the present invention is applied, FIG. 2 is an overall perspective view of a cantilever according to the present invention, and FIG. 3 is an enlarged cross-sectional view of a cantilever according to the present invention, and FIG. Is a diagram illustrating the operation of the cantilever according to the present invention.

As shown in the figure, the expandable double web cantilever according to the present invention is made in a shape similar to the conventional cantilever, and a cantilever in which a web 103 in a vertical direction is formed between the upper flange 101 and the lower flange 102 The structure of the existing cantilever for an extended road in which a mounting fixing plate 110 for fixing the cantilever 100 is formed at one end of the 100 is improved.

That is, between the upper flange 101 and the lower flange 102 of the cantilever 100, the upper flange 101 and the lower flange 102 are connected to each other, and at the same time, a pair spaced apart from each other along the length direction of the upper flange 101 and the lower flange 102 The double webs 103 and 103' are formed, and a reinforcing rib 104 connecting the double webs 103 and 103' in the longitudinal direction is formed between the double webs 103 and 103'. The cantilever 100 of the present invention, whose cross-sectional area is increased by the double webs 103, 103' and the reinforcing ribs 104, greatly increases the stress on the bending moment, so that the bending, twisting, or end It is possible to continuously maintain a stable state from sagging.

Accordingly, the cantilever according to the present invention has a cantilever shape using the mounting fixing plate 110 on the side end of a bridge or road and is continuously fixedly installed, and a crossbar 401 and a crossbar 401 on the upper part of the cantilever 100 By constructing a deck 402 or the like, an extended sidewalk or an extended road can be made, and a handrail 403, etc., is fixed to the end of the cantilever 100, so that it is possible to safely walk or use a bicycle.

At the top of the cantilever 100, the traction rods 210 and 210 ′ fixed to both ends of the cantilever 100 and formed divided along the longitudinal direction and these traction rods 210 and 210 ′ are connected to each other. A traction fastening device 200 is provided, and a repelling rod 310 and 310 ′ fixed to both ends of the cantilever 100 and formed divided along the longitudinal direction and these repelling rods ( A rebound fastening device 300 connecting the 310 and 310' to each other is provided.

Therefore, the tension is continuously applied to the traction rods 210 and 210 ′ by the traction fastening device 200, and the reaction force on the repulsive rods 310 and 310 ′ by the repulsion fastening device 300 This is configured to be continuously applied, and due to the tension applied to the traction rods 210 and 210 ′, the cantilever 100 has bending energy in an upward “U” shape, and the repelling rod Due to the reaction force applied to (310) (310'), the cantilever (100) will also continue to have the bending energy in the "U" shape, so in the end, the cantilever (100) has a more increased stress. This is what happens.

That is, the traction rods 210 and 210 ′ have their respective ends fixed to both upper ends of the cantilever 100, and a traction fastening device 200 connecting these traction rods 210 and 210 ′. ) By the pulling operation of the pulling rod 210, 210 ′ so that tension is applied, the cantilever 100 is upwardly moved by the traction rod 210 and 210 ′ in both ends restrained state. You will get bending energy.

In addition, the repelling rods 310 and 310 ′ are also fixed to both ends of the lower end of the cantilever 100, and a repelling fastening device 300 connecting these repelling rods 310 and 310 ′. ) By pushing the repulsion rod 310, 310' to provide a reaction force, the lower part of the cantilever 100 is also upward by the repulsive rod 310, 310' in a constrained state at both ends. The bending energy of is obtained.

Here, the traction rods 210 and 210 ′ may be used in various forms such as wires or steel bars, whereas the repelling rods 310 and 310 ′ should be made of steel bars or steel pipes with relatively little bending. It should be noted that, due to the reaction force acting on the repelling rods 310 and 310', bending of the repelling rods 310 and 310' itself should not occur.

In particular, the repelling rods 310 and 310 ′ as described above are formed by coupling the rod guides 130 and 130 ′ having an upper hinge fixed to the double web 103 and 130 ′, and the repelling rod ( 310) (310') is a repulsive rod 310, 310' inserted into the rod guider 130, 130' in a tubular shape as it is configured to be coupled in a state inserted into the rod guider 130, 130'. ), even if a continuous reaction force acts, the bending of itself is suppressed due to interference with the repulsive rods 310 and 310', and the straightness by the repulsive force is improved, so that the reaction force acting on the repulsive rods 310 and 310' is bent. It will be more effective because it can be completely transmitted to the cantilever 100 without loss due to.

Thus, even in the case of an extended road with a wider construction width compared to an extended sidewalk, such as a bicycle road, even if the cantilever 100 is repeatedly installed, sufficient support and installation stability can be obtained without additional reinforcing work or reinforcing pillars. If necessary, the tension and repulsion rods 310 and 310 ′ acting on the traction rods 210 and 210 ′ through periodic adjustment of the traction fastening device 200 and the repulsion fastening device 300 It will be able to manage and maintain the reaction force acting on it, and the extension road will be constructed in the best form by appropriately setting the above tension and reaction force according to the amount of traffic or the magnitude of the applied load according to the material of the road finish. I will be able to.

In addition, with respect to the cantilever 100, more various types of double web cantilever 100 can be produced through adjustment of the number of traction fastening devices 200 and repulsion fastening devices 300 and variable coupling positions. It will be possible, and it will be possible to produce the cantilever 100 having a more variable size of stress through the change of such population and location.

In particular, the traction fastening device 200 and the repulsive fastening device 300 are as shown in Figs. 5 and 6, in the case of the traction fastening device 200, pulling the traction rods 210 and 210 ′ formed separately from each other. It may be configured with either a turnbuckle 201 or a tension spring 202 screwed between the traction rods 210 and 210 ′ so as to be pulled, and in the case of the repulsion fastening device 300, a repulsive rod 310 formed divided ) It may be composed of either a compression spring 301 or an oil damper 302 coupled between the repulsion rods 310 and 310 ′ to push each other 310 ′.

That is, in the case of the turnbuckle 201, it is screwed to opposite ends of the divided traction rods 210 and 210', and when the turnbuckle 201 is rotated, these traction rods 210 and 210' Tension may be applied to the traction rod 210 and 210 ′ while the pulling force by screw coupling is applied, and the tension spring 202 is positioned between the divided traction rods 210 and 210 ′. In a state where the tension spring 202 is securely fixed to each other, each end of the traction rod 210 and 210 ′ is fixed to the end of the cantilever 100 with the tension spring 202 open. Due to the compression force, a continuous tension may be applied to the traction rods 210 and 210 ′.

In addition, the compression spring 301 of the repulsion fastening device 300 is fixed between the divided repulsion rods 310 and 310', and the repulsion rod 310 in the state where the compression spring 301 is compressed ( As each end of 310') is fixed to the end of the cantilever 100, a continuous reaction force can be applied to these repelling rods 310 and 310', and similarly, the divided repelling rods 310 and 310 The repelling rods 310 and 310 ′ are fixed to the cantilever 100 while the oil damper 302 inserted and fixed between') is compressed, so that the repulsion due to the continuous reaction force of the oil damper 302 The reaction force acts on the rods 310 and 310' as well so that the cantilever 100 has a stress in the upward direction.

In addition, in the case of the traction fastening device 200, any component will be irrelevant as long as it is a mutual fastening means capable of providing tension by continuously pulling the divided traction rods 210 and 210 ′, and the rebound fastening device 300 ) Will be irrelevant in any shape or structure as long as it is a mutual fastening means or a connecting means capable of continuously pushing the divided repulsion rods 310 and 310'.

In addition, the cantilever 100 of the present invention is formed with an end fixing plate 120 in a vertical direction at the other end of the cantilever 100, the traction rod 210, 210' and the repulsive rod 310 ( 310') is configured to be fixedly formed on the end fixing plate 120, and as shown in Fig. 7, the end fixing plate 120 is hinged to the end of the double web 103, 103', Due to the tension of the traction rods 210 and 210 ′ by the traction fastening device 200 and the repelling fastening device 300 and the reaction force of the repelling rods 310 and 310 ′, the end fixing plate 120 is double web ( 103) It can be configured to rotate from the end of (103').

That is, the ends of the traction rods 210 and 210 ′ and the ends of the repulsion rods 310 and 310 ′ may be coupled and fixed to the end fixing plates 120 extending in the up and down directions, so that the end fixing plates ( By 120), the traction rod 210 (210 ′) and the repulsion rod 310, 310 ′ can be easily mounted, as well as the traction rod 210 with respect to the upper flange 101 and the lower flange 102. (210') and the repulsion rods 310, 310' are arranged and fixed side by side so that the tension caused by them can be transmitted more effectively.

In addition, the end fixing plate 120 hinged to the end of the double web 103, 103' acts on the tension acting on the traction rod 210, 210' and the repulsive rod 310, 310'. It can be rotated at a predetermined angle due to the direction of the force caused by the reaction force, and it is possible to determine the action state or magnitude of the tension and reaction force by checking the rotation amount or the rotation angle of the end fixing plate 120. The tension and reaction force can be easily adjusted accordingly, as well as preventing damage to the weak parts between the double webs 103 and 103 ′, which may occur while the end fixing plate 120 is fixed, or bending or deformation of the mutual fixing parts. It can be very effective and at the same time extend the service life of the cantilever 100 itself.

As such, the traction fastening device 200 and the repulsive fastening device 300 are generally preferably mounted on the upper and lower portions of the cantilever 100, and as various embodiments, a traction fastening device as shown in FIG. 8(a) (200) may be arranged as a pair on the upper flange 101 side by side and the repulsion fastening device 300 made of a steel bar may be configured as a single entity under the lower flange 102, (b) in FIG. A pair of traction fastening devices 200 may be disposed on the lower side of the upper flange 101, as shown in (c), and traction fastening devices 200 are provided on both sides of the upper flange 101 as shown in (c). It could also be deployed.

In particular, the double web 103 corresponding to the upper side of the reinforcing rib 104 through the reinforcing rib 104 located between the double web 103 and 103 ′ as in the example of (d) in FIG. 8 ( 103'), a traction fastening device 200 is formed, and a repellent fastening device 300 is formed between the double webs 103 and 103' corresponding to the lower side of the reinforcing rib 104. Due to the increase in stress of the cantilever 100 can be expected, and at the same time, the traction fastening device 200 and the rebound fastening device 300 are completely concealed between the double webs 103 and 103 ′. It is possible to solve various problems caused by interference or collision.

Subsequently, as another embodiment of the cantilever 100 according to the present invention, the traction rod 210 and 210 ′ and the repulsion rod are formed on the end fixing plate 120 formed at the end of the cantilever 100 as shown in FIG. 9. The ends of the (310) (310') are formed to be fixed, but the ends of the traction rods (210) (210') made of wires are tied to the end fixing plate (120) so that the fixed anchor bolts (121) are screwed. You could also configure it.

Accordingly, when the anchor bolts 121 are rotated, tension may be given to the traction rods 210 and 210 ′, and the anchor bolts 121 together with the traction fastening device 200 have a strong tension. Adjustment may be made more convenient.

As such, the extended double web cantilever according to the present invention greatly increases its own stress on the cantilever 100 applied to an extended road such as a bicycle road, so that the existing reinforcement work that was constructed under the extended road is unnecessary. Not only is this remarkably shortened, but it is also possible to construct extension roads at sites where lower reinforcement work is not possible, such as bridges, and through periodic tension checks or tension adjustments, the construction stability and construction quality of extension roads can be continuously maintained. will be.

The configurations shown in the embodiments and drawings as described above are only the most preferred embodiment of the present invention, and do not represent all the technical spirit of the present invention, so various equivalents and modifications that can replace them It should be understood that there may be examples.

100: cantilever 101: upper flange
102: lower flange 103,103': double web
104: reinforcing rib
110: mounting plate
120: end fixing plate 121: anchor bolt
130,130': Road guider
200: traction fastening device 201: turnbuckle
202: tension spring
210,210': Towing rod
300: rebound fastening device 301: compression spring
302: oil damper
310,310': Rebound rod

Claims (6)

A mounting plate 110 for fixing and installing the cantilever 100 is formed at one end of the cantilever 100 in which the web 103 in the vertical direction is formed between the upper flange 101 and the lower flange 102 However, a pair of double webs 103 and 103' spaced apart from each other are formed between the upper flange 101 and the lower flange 102 of the cantilever 100, and the double web 103 ( 103') to form a reinforcing rib 104 connecting these double webs 103, 103' in the longitudinal direction,
A traction rod 210 and 210 ′ fixed to both ends of the cantilever 100 and formed divided along the longitudinal direction and a traction connecting the traction rods 210 and 210 ′ with each other on the upper portion of the cantilever 100 A fastening device 200 is provided, and a repelling rod 310 and 310 ′ fixed to both ends of the cantilever 100 and formed divided along a lengthwise direction under the cantilever 100 and these repelling rods 310 A repulsion fastening device 300 for connecting 310' to each other is provided, so that tension is applied to the traction rods 210 and 210' by the traction fastening device 200, and the rebound fastening device 300 In addition to the configuration so that a reaction force is applied to the repelling rods 310 and 310 ′, an end fixing plate 120 in a vertical direction is formed at the other end of the cantilever 100, so that the traction rod 210 ( In the extended double web cantilever provided with a stress increasing means so that the ends of 210 ′) and the repelling rods 310 and 310 ′ are fixedly formed on the end fixing plate 120,
The end fixing plate 120 is hinged to the end of the double web 103, 103', and the tension of the traction rod 210, 210' by the traction fastening device 200 and the repulsive fastening device 300 And an expanded double web provided with a stress increasing means, characterized in that the end fixing plate 120 is rotated from the ends of the double webs 103 and 103 ′ by the reaction force of the repelling rods 310 and 310 ′. Cantilever.
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