KR101736989B1 - The charging control method and apparatus - Google Patents

Abstract

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention [0001] A method for controlling charging of a battery of a vehicle according to an embodiment of the present invention includes: checking whether a supplementary battery satisfies a predetermined first state of charge (SOC) every first cycle after charging starts; Confirming whether the main battery satisfies the second charging state every second period when the auxiliary battery satisfies the first charging state; And supplying charging power to the main battery and the auxiliary battery at different charging ratios corresponding to the charging state of the main battery when the main battery does not satisfy the second charging state; And a control unit.
Therefore, charging between the main battery and the auxiliary battery of the vehicle can be efficiently performed according to the method and apparatus for controlling the charging of the battery of the vehicle.

Description

[0001] The present invention relates to a charging control method and apparatus for a vehicle,

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention [0001]

Electric Vehicle (EV) and Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) equipped with a charging system includes a main battery that powers an electric motor that drives a wheel, And an auxiliary battery for supplying power to the battery.

That is, the electric vehicle requires a driving power source for driving electrical components and a motor for driving a motor for moving the electric vehicle, and the operating power source and the driving power source are supplied from the battery. Generally, A high-voltage battery (or main battery) having a high energy density and a high output density is used. However, the electrical components of the electric vehicle operate at several volts, so that the electric power is supplied from a separate electric battery (or auxiliary battery) that supplies power corresponding to the electrical component.

In the battery system of an electric vehicle, the main battery and the auxiliary battery are controlled as respective systems.

The main battery is controlled and managed by a battery management system (BMS). That is, the battery management system for controlling the power of the high voltage battery detects the temperature, voltage, current, and SOC (State Of Charge) of the battery as the main power source to manage the overall condition of the battery, Limit and so on. The auxiliary battery is monitored and controlled by a low voltage dc-dc converter (LDC).

On the other hand, since the electric car battery should be operated properly from the driver's point of view of the driver of the electric car, convenience of operation of the electric car can be improved. Therefore, it is necessary to appropriately manage the operation of the battery for the electric vehicle,

However, if the battery is not buffered according to the tendency of the driver, or if the charging time is not sufficiently secured, a problem may occur that the amount of charge of the main battery supplying the driving power for driving the motor of the vehicle becomes insufficient.

Therefore, even when charging the electric vehicle for a relatively short period of time, it is required to efficiently charge the main battery and the auxiliary battery so that the vehicle can be operated.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention has been made to solve the above problems of the prior art, and it is an object of the present invention to provide a method and an apparatus for controlling charging of a battery of a vehicle.

More particularly, the present invention relates to a charge control method and a charge control method for controlling a main battery and a supplementary battery mounted on a vehicle, in consideration of a relative ratio to a charge amount according to each charge situation, System and apparatus.

It is another object of the present invention to provide a charging control system and an apparatus capable of charging the main battery in advance in consideration of the charging condition of the battery as well as the charging habit of the driver.

It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory and are not restrictive of the invention, unless further departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. It will be possible.

According to an aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method for controlling charge of a battery in a vehicle, the method comprising the steps of: detecting a first state of charge (SOC) Is satisfied; Confirming whether the main battery satisfies the second charging state every second period when the auxiliary battery satisfies the first charging state; And supplying charging power to the main battery and the auxiliary battery at different charging ratios corresponding to the charging state of the main battery when the main battery does not satisfy the second charging state; . ≪ / RTI >

Determining whether the charging is completed if the main battery satisfies the second charging state according to the embodiment; And transferring the charging power until the auxiliary battery reaches a third charging state when the charging has not ended. As shown in FIG.

According to an embodiment, when the auxiliary battery does not satisfy the first charging state, the charging power is preferentially allocated to the auxiliary battery; As shown in FIG.

According to an embodiment, the charging ratio may be adjusted according to an output voltage of a low voltage dc-dc converter (LDC) for charging the auxiliary battery.

According to the embodiment, the first state of charge may correspond to a minimum amount of electric power for starting electrical equipment of the vehicle.

According to an embodiment, the SOC of the main battery may be a buffered state in the second state of charge (SOC).

According to an embodiment, the SOC of the auxiliary battery may be a buffered state in the third state of charge (SOC).

According to an embodiment, the priority allocation step may include setting an output voltage of a low voltage dc-dc converter to a maximum value.

According to an embodiment, the supplying step may further include the step of increasing the charging rate of the auxiliary battery with respect to the charging power as the charging state (SOC) of the main battery increases .

According to an embodiment, the charge rate may be determined based on a weight that takes into account the driver ' s charging habits.

In addition, the apparatus for controlling charge of a battery of a vehicle according to an embodiment of the present invention includes a monitoring module for checking the charging state of the auxiliary battery and the charging state of the main battery every second period after the start of charging, for each first period. A controller for checking whether a state of charge of the auxiliary battery satisfies a preset first state of charge (SOC) and whether the main battery satisfies a second state of charge; And a supply voltage regulating module that supplies a charge power to the main battery and the auxiliary battery at different charging ratios corresponding to the charged state of the main battery when the main battery does not satisfy the second charged state. . ≪ / RTI >

According to an embodiment of the present invention, when the main battery satisfies the second charging state, the control unit checks whether the charging is completed, and when the charging is not completed, the auxiliary battery reaches the third charging state The charging power can be transmitted.

According to an embodiment, when the auxiliary battery does not satisfy the first charging state, the voltage controller may preferentially allocate the charging power to the auxiliary battery.

According to the embodiment, the voltage regulating module may adjust the charging rate by controlling the output voltage of a low voltage dc-dc converter (LDC).

According to an embodiment, the first state of charge may include a minimum amount of power required for an electrical component of the vehicle to operate.

According to an embodiment, the SOC of the main battery may be 100% in the second state of charge (SOC).

According to an embodiment, the SOC of the auxiliary battery may be 100% in the third state of charge (SOC).

According to an embodiment, in order to preferentially allocate the charging power to the auxiliary battery, the voltage controller may set the output voltage of a low voltage dc-dc converter (LDC) to a maximum value.

According to the embodiment, the source voltage regulation module may adjust the charge rate to increase the charging rate of the auxiliary battery with respect to the charging power as the SOC of the main battery increases.

According to an embodiment, the source voltage regulation module may determine the charge rate based on a weight that takes into account the charging habits of the driver.

According to the embodiment, the present invention can provide a computer-readable recording medium on which a program for executing the above-described method is recorded.

Effects of the battery charging control method and apparatus of a vehicle according to the present invention will be described as follows.

First, when the charging time is not sufficient, the main battery and the auxiliary battery are monitored together, so that the main battery can be controlled to be charged first.

Secondly, according to the present invention, an electric vehicle battery may have different characteristics for charging and discharging according to each model. Considering this, considering the relative ratio of the main battery and the auxiliary battery to the charging amount, battery life It can be long.

Thirdly, the performance of the battery is deteriorated according to the battery operation of the electric vehicle according to the tendency of the electric vehicle driver, and the life cycle of the battery is shortened.

The effects obtained by the present invention are not limited to the above-mentioned effects, and other effects not mentioned can be clearly understood by those skilled in the art from the following description will be.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The accompanying drawings, which are included to provide a further understanding of the invention and are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate embodiments of the invention and, together with the description, serve to explain the principles of the invention. It is to be understood, however, that the technical features of the present invention are not limited to the specific drawings, and the features disclosed in the drawings may be combined with each other to constitute a new embodiment.
FIG. 1 is a flowchart for helping an understanding of a wireless power transmission procedure according to an embodiment of the present invention.
2 is a block diagram illustrating a battery charge control system for a vehicle according to an embodiment of the present invention.
3 is a diagram for explaining a position where the battery charge control apparatus of the vehicle of FIG. 2 can be applied.
4 is a configuration diagram of a battery charge control apparatus for a vehicle according to an embodiment of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Hereinafter, an apparatus and various methods to which embodiments of the present invention are applied will be described in detail with reference to the drawings. The suffix "module" and " part "for the components used in the following description are given or mixed in consideration of ease of specification, and do not have their own meaning or role.

In the following description, well-known functions or constructions are not described in detail since they would obscure the invention in unnecessary detail.

All systems of the vehicle and the electrical components contained therein (eg BMS, OBC, HPCU) are started using the auxiliary battery power. If the voltage of the auxiliary battery is low, the car's system will not operate and the auxiliary battery must maintain a minimum charge to start the electrical component.

That is, the priority charging state of the auxiliary battery refers to a charging state in which the system of the automobile operates and maintains the power state necessary for performing the operation of the system during the operation of the automobile.

On the other hand, since the main battery provides the driving power for driving the motor for moving the electric car, as a moving means of the electric motor vehicle, the energy charging necessary for driving the motor should be prioritized.

If the secondary battery meets the minimum charge condition, only the minimum amount of energy is charged to the secondary battery to charge the available energy to the main battery as much as possible. Charging of the main battery and the auxiliary battery is performed simultaneously. It is possible to charge the main battery first by adjusting a certain ratio of the charging power.

2 and 3, a detailed description will be given of a process in which a battery charge control device interacts with a peripheral device in a battery charge control system, To which the present invention can be applied.

4, the internal configuration of the battery charge control apparatus will be described.

FIG. 1 is a flowchart for helping an understanding of a wireless power transmission procedure according to an embodiment of the present invention.

Referring to FIG. 1, charging is started when an external power source is connected to a charging device 100 of an automobile.

The charge control apparatus 200 confirms whether the state of charge of the auxiliary battery satisfies the minimum state of charge (S110). The charging status information of the auxiliary battery must be received from the LDC 400 to check the charging status of the auxiliary battery.

The charge state information may include temperature, voltage, current, state of charge (SOC), and the like of the battery. The SOC is the same as the fuel gauge in the battery pack of an electric vehicle. The unit uses%. There are various ways to measure SOC (eg, chemical method, voltage measurement method, current integration method, pressure measurement method).

In one embodiment, the charge control apparatus 200 can receive the SOC information of the auxiliary battery from the LDC 400 and compare the minimum energy value required to start all the electrical components stored in the memory. When the SOC value of the auxiliary battery is greater than the minimum energy value, the charge control apparatus 200 can determine that the state of charge of the auxiliary battery satisfies the minimum state of charge.

When the SOC value of the auxiliary battery is smaller than the minimum energy value, the charge control apparatus 200 can determine that the state of charge of the auxiliary battery does not satisfy the minimum state of charge (NO route of S110). If the state of charge of the auxiliary battery does not satisfy the minimum state of charge, the charge control device 200 can first allocate the charge power to the auxiliary battery.

Charging is performed simultaneously with the auxiliary battery and the main battery, and the method of first allocating the charging power to the auxiliary battery is to adjust the output power of the LDC.

The maximum energy that can be output from the charging device is A, the maximum energy that can be charged in the high voltage battery is B, and the maximum energy that can be charged in the low voltage battery is C, Should satisfy A? B + C. Therefore, the charge control apparatus 200 can control the energy input to the LDC by adjusting the output voltage of the LDC to the maximum, and can allocate the charge energy to the auxiliary battery first.

The step S110 of confirming whether the charge control device 200 satisfies the minimum charge state of the auxiliary battery may be repeated at regular intervals after the start of charging.

If the SOC value of the auxiliary battery is greater than the minimum energy value, the charge control apparatus 200 can determine that the state of charge of the auxiliary battery satisfies the minimum state of charge (YES route of S110).

The charge control apparatus 200 determines whether the charge state of the main battery satisfies the charge completion state (S130).

The charge control apparatus 200 must receive charge state information of the main battery from the BMS to check the state of charge of the main battery. The charge status information of the main battery may also include the SOC value.

The determination of the state of charge of the main battery may be made based on whether or not a predetermined amount of electric power is charged. This is because the characteristics of the battery do not calculate the full charge and the maximum amount of power, so that the predetermined amount of power can be used as a reference. Alternatively, a specific value of the value of the SOC can be defined in advance as a state of charge completion.

For example, if the SOC value of the main battery is 98% or more, it can be defined as a fully charged state.

When the state of charge of the main battery does not satisfy the state of charge completion (NO route of S130), the charge control device 200 calculates the charge ratio of the main battery based on the state of charge of the main battery, Charging can be performed until the state of charge completion is satisfied (S140).

Considering that the main battery serves as a driving power source by providing power to the vehicle in calculating the charging ratio of the main battery, in order to achieve the object of the present invention, the charging power should be preferentially allocated to the main battery.

The charge control device 200 can first allocate the charge power to the main battery by adjusting the charge ratios of the main battery and the auxiliary battery.

The method of controlling the charge rate is determined by the LDC output power and is discussed with reference to the following table.

LDC output [%] Primary battery charge status Ha medium Prize Secondary battery charge status Ha 70 80 MAX medium 60 70 90 Prize MIN 60 80

Referring to Table 1, it can be seen that the LDC output power is determined according to the state of charge of the main battery and the auxiliary battery. The empty values and MAX (maximum) and MIN (minimum) values in Table 1 can vary depending on the battery characteristics of the vehicle.

 In addition, as a factor to consider the charging ratio, there is a weight value considering the charging habit of the driver, and the charging ratio can be calculated by adding or subtracting the weight value to the numerical values in Table 1 above.

Some users may tend to fully charge all the time after the electric car is driven due to the anxiety about the battery discharge of the electric car in charge execution. However, there may be a driver who operates the battery of the electric car at almost full discharge level, There may be drivers who charge and discharge electric vehicles to maintain the remaining capacity of the battery at the proper level that the user judges.

For example, a driver with a battery at nearly full discharge level and a driver with full charge at all times should have different charge ratios for the main and auxiliary batteries. That is, even if the priority charging ratio of the auxiliary battery is set to be high at the time of charging the driver who is always fully charged, the above problem due to insufficient charging of the main battery will not occur.

When the state of charge of the main battery satisfies the state of charge completion (YES route of S130), the charge control device 200 determines whether or not the charge is completed (S150). The charging end can be determined by whether or not the external power source is disconnected from the charging device.

If the charging has not been completed (No in S150), the charge control device 200 delivers the charging power until the charging state of the auxiliary battery reaches the charging completion state. When the charging power is transmitted to the auxiliary battery, the charging controller 200 may adjust the charging ratio so that the charging power may be firstly allocated to the auxiliary battery as in step S120.

When it is determined that the charging control device 200 has completed charging (YES path of S150), the charging control method for the vehicle battery is ended.

Hereinafter, a process in which the battery charge control device interacts with the peripheral device in the battery charge control system will be described with reference to FIG.

2 is a block diagram illustrating a battery charge control system for a vehicle according to an embodiment of the present invention.

2, a vehicle battery charge control system according to an embodiment includes a charging device 100, a charge control device 200, a battery management system (BMS) 300, and a low voltage dc-dc converter 400, . ≪ / RTI >

Electric vehicles (EV) and plug-in hybrid vehicles (PHEV) can be equipped with a battery charging system utilizing each system (single product).

The charging device 100 is connected to an external power source to enable the battery to charge the energy from the power source. The battery charging device may be constituted by a power conversion device for converting AC into DC, and a converter for converting the size of DC.

In one embodiment, the charging apparatus 100 may be an on board charger, and the in-vehicle type charging apparatus is a charger installed in the vehicle for charging the battery. The charging apparatus 100 may include an electric energy To DC to perform charge control according to battery characteristics.

Charging takes place at the output of the charging device 100, with the input of the LDC 400 and the input of the BMS 300, respectively, with each of a low voltage battery (auxiliary battery) and a high voltage battery (main battery).

As mentioned above, since the BMS and the LDC monitor and charge only each battery, the output distribution ratio of the charging apparatus 100 is uncertain. At this time, when the output of the charging device is low, the resistance of the LDC circuit is low, and the energy to be charged by the main battery is charged to the LDC 400, so that the main battery may not be sufficiently charged. That is, in the case of failure or performance deterioration of the charging device, or when the charging is stopped in a state where the charging is not completed, there may occur a problem that the charge power of the main battery is insufficient.

The charge control apparatus 200 monitors the state of the main battery (high voltage battery) and the state of the auxiliary battery (the low voltage battery) at the same time and controls to change the priority order adaptively according to the state of charge of the main battery and the auxiliary battery, When the priority charging state of the auxiliary battery is satisfied, it is possible to control to charge the main battery having the higher priority first.

The BMS 300 (Battery Management System) is a battery management system, which means a system for controlling a battery because it may explode due to overcharging, overheating, or external impact. Generally, the BMS is installed separately for the large capacity battery, and the BMS is also installed separately for the electric vehicle.

The BMS monitors the status of the battery as indicated by various information. The information indicating the state of the battery may include battery voltage, temperature, state of charge, state of health, airflow, current input / output state, and the like. In addition, the BMS performs calculations necessary for power supply of the battery based on the above information, and can perform communication for exchanging various information by being connected to an external device.

However, the BMS is applied as a system for managing and controlling the main battery as an embodiment of the present invention, but the present invention is not limited thereto.

LDC (400, low voltage dc-dc converter) is a dc converter that converts dc voltage input to other dc voltage output.

In one embodiment of the present invention, the LDC 400 performs a function of monitoring the state of charge of the auxiliary battery.

FIG. 3 is a view for explaining a position where the charge control device of FIG. 2 can be applied.

3, the charge control apparatus 200 may be applied as an independent module at the output terminal 200A of the charging apparatus 100, at an external input terminal 200B of the LDC 400, As shown in FIG.

Or at the external input 200C of the BMS 300, or as an internal module of the BMS 300. [

Hereinafter, the internal configuration of the battery charge control apparatus will be described with reference to FIG.

4 is a configuration diagram of a battery charge control apparatus for a vehicle according to an embodiment of the present invention.

Referring to FIG. 4, the charge control apparatus 200 may include a monitoring module 210, an output voltage regulation module 220, a memory 230, and a control unit 240.

The components shown in FIG. 4 are not essential, so that the charge control apparatus 200 having more or fewer components may be implemented.

Hereinafter, the components will be described in detail.

The monitoring module 210 exchanges signals and data with the charging device 100, the BMS 300 and the LDC 400 constituting the charging control system. That is, it can perform the function of transmitting or receiving the control signal and the status information.

The monitoring module 210 can check whether the power source is connected to or disconnected from the charging device 100 and receive the charging status information of the main battery and the auxiliary battery from the BMS 300 and the LDC 400 can do.

The output voltage regulation module 220 can adjust the output voltage of the LDC. The output voltage of the LDC is an input for storing energy in the auxiliary battery. The output voltage of the LDC can be adjusted to control the amount of energy transferred to the main battery and the auxiliary battery.

The memory 230 stores a predetermined program code for controlling the overall operation of the charge control device 200, a space for storing data input / output when the program code is operated, and / And is provided in the form of an EEPROM (Electrically Erasable and Programmable Read Only Memory), an FM (Flash Memory), a hard disk drive, and the like.

The control unit 250 may perform data processing and calculation to control the overall operation of the charge control device 200.

In one embodiment, the control unit 250 receives the status information of the main battery and the auxiliary battery from the monitoring module 210 and compares the status information of the main battery and the auxiliary battery with the priority charging status of the auxiliary battery, LDC output voltage can be calculated. The control unit 240 may control the output voltage regulation module 220 based on the calculated LDC output voltage.

The method according to the above-described embodiments may be implemented as a program to be executed by a computer and stored in a computer-readable recording medium. Examples of the computer-readable recording medium include a ROM, a RAM, a CD- , A floppy disk, an optical data storage device, and the like.

The computer readable recording medium may be distributed over a networked computer system so that computer readable code can be stored and executed in a distributed manner. And, functional program, code, and code segments for implementing the above-described method can be easily inferred by programmers in the technical field to which the embodiment belongs.

It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the present invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the spirit or essential characteristics thereof.

Accordingly, the above description should not be construed in a limiting sense in all respects and should be considered illustrative. The scope of the present invention should be determined by rational interpretation of the appended claims, and all changes within the scope of equivalents of the present invention are included in the scope of the present invention.

100: Charging device
200: charge control device
300: Battery Management System (BMS))
400: Low voltage dc-dc converter (LDC)
210: Monitoring module
220: Output voltage regulation module
230: Memory
240:

Claims (21)

Confirming whether the auxiliary battery satisfies a predetermined first state of charge (SOC) every first period after the start of charging;
Confirming whether the main battery satisfies the second charging state every second period when the auxiliary battery satisfies the first charging state;
Supplying charging power to the main battery and the auxiliary battery at different charging ratios corresponding to the charging state of the main battery when the main battery does not satisfy the second charging state;
Confirming whether the charging is completed if the main battery satisfies the second charging state; And
Transferring the charging power until the auxiliary battery reaches a third charging state when the charging is not completed;
/ RTI >
A method for controlling charge of a battery in a vehicle. delete The method according to claim 1,
If the auxiliary battery does not satisfy the first charging state, the charging power is preferentially allocated to the auxiliary battery;
≪ / RTI >
A method for controlling charge of a battery in a vehicle. The method according to claim 1,
Wherein the charging ratio is adjusted according to an output voltage of an LDC (Low voltage dc-dc converter) for charging the auxiliary battery,
A method for controlling charge of a battery in a vehicle. The method according to claim 1,
Wherein the first charging state corresponds to a minimum amount of electric power for starting electrical equipment of the vehicle,
A method for controlling charge of a battery in a vehicle. The method according to claim 1,
Wherein the second state of charge (SOC) is a state in which the SOC of the main battery is a buffer state,
A method for controlling charge of a battery in a vehicle. The method according to claim 1,
Wherein the third state of charge (SOC) is a state in which the SOC of the auxiliary battery is in a buffer state,
A method for controlling charge of a battery in a vehicle. The method of claim 3,
Wherein the priority allocation step comprises:
Setting an output voltage of a low voltage dc-dc converter (LDC) to a maximum value;
/ RTI >
A method for controlling charge of a battery in a vehicle. The method according to claim 1,
Wherein the supplying step comprises:
Increasing the charging ratio of the auxiliary battery to the charging power as the SOC of the main battery increases;
≪ / RTI >
A method for controlling charge of a battery in a vehicle. The method according to claim 1,
The charge ratio
Which is determined based on a weight considering the driver ' s charging habits,
A method for controlling charge of a battery in a vehicle. A monitoring module for checking the charging state of the auxiliary battery and the charging state of the main battery every second period after the start of charging;
A controller for checking whether a state of charge of the auxiliary battery satisfies a preset first state of charge (SOC) and whether the main battery satisfies a second state of charge; And
A supply voltage regulating module that supplies a charge power to the main battery and the auxiliary battery at different charging ratios corresponding to the charged state of the main battery when the main battery does not satisfy the second charging state;
/ RTI >
Wherein when the main battery satisfies the second charging condition, the control unit checks whether the charging is completed, and when the charging is not completed, until the auxiliary battery reaches the third charging condition, Lt; / RTI >
A battery charge control device for a vehicle. delete 12. The method of claim 11,
When the auxiliary battery does not satisfy the first charging state,
Wherein the voltage control module prioritizes the charging power to the auxiliary battery,
A battery charge control device for a vehicle. 12. The method of claim 11,
The exhibition voltage regulating module includes:
The charge ratio is adjusted by controlling the output voltage of a low voltage dc-dc converter (LDC)
A battery charge control device for a vehicle. 12. The method of claim 11,
Wherein said first charging state includes a minimum amount of power necessary for an electrical component of a vehicle to operate,
A battery charge control device for a vehicle. 12. The method of claim 11,
Wherein the second state of charge (SOC) is a state in which the SOC of the main battery is 100%
A battery charge control device for a vehicle. 12. The method of claim 11,
The third state of charge (SOC) is a state in which the SOC of the auxiliary battery is 100%
A battery charge control device for a vehicle. 14. The method of claim 13,
In order to preferentially allocate the charging power to the auxiliary battery
The voltage regulating module sets the output voltage of a low voltage dc-dc converter (LDC)
A battery charge control device for a vehicle. 12. The method of claim 11,
The exhibition voltage regulating module includes:
Wherein the charging rate is adjusted so as to increase the charging rate of the auxiliary battery with respect to the charging power as the state of charge (SOC) of the main battery increases,
A battery charge control device for a vehicle. 12. The method of claim 11,
The exhibition voltage regulating module includes:
Wherein the charging rate is determined based on a weight that takes into account the charging habits of the driver,
A battery charge control device for a vehicle. A computer-readable recording medium having recorded thereon a program for executing the method according to any one of claims 1 and 3 to 10.

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