KR101481459B1 - Bitumen mining method of oil sand using biological treatment - Google Patents

Abstract

(A) excavating a plurality of injection holes at a predetermined predetermined interval to a lower portion of an oil sand region, (b) injecting an injection device capable of injecting gas and a solution at a high pressure into one side of the injection hole (C) injecting high-pressure oxygen through the high-pressure gas injecting apparatus, (d) injecting oxygen into the injecting apparatus through the injecting apparatus, (E) injecting the leachate at a high pressure using the solution injector to recover the leachate containing the biotemen separated by the recovery pipe through the microorganism and the nutrient solution by injecting the microorganism and the nutrient solution into the oil- The present invention relates to a method for mining biotemen of an oil sludge using a biological treatment method, and a biological treatment using microorganisms according to the present invention It is a method that can effectively mining of the oil sands bitumen as any other method which is different from the environment-friendly and economical method of mining the bitumen using a separate high-temperature process.

Description

Technical Field [0001] The present invention relates to a method for mining an oil sand using a biological treatment method,

The present invention relates to a method for extracting crude oil present in an oil sludge by biological treatment using microorganisms.

It is made up of physicochemical mixture of sand (quartz sand) or sandstone, clay, water and various kinds of minerals in addition to bitumen which is an oil sand component. Depending on its buried position, It is generally composed of 75 to 85% of inorganic materials (sand, clay, minerals, etc.), 3 to 5% of water and 1 to 18% of non-toms. Bitumen Tar (Tar)), such as heavy oil is about 10% is contained.

Bitumen contained in oil sands is black heavy and viscous viscous crude oil with an API value of 8 to 14 ° and viscosity of up to several thousands to several million cP and does not flow in natural boreholes or pipelines Therefore, it is heated or mixed with a dilution system (ultra-hard crude oil or light petroleum product) to lower specific gravity and viscosity and then transported to the pipeline.

It is generally known that a two-ton oil sands can produce about one barrel of crude oil.

The production of oil sands is usually based on 75m underground, while the upper layer is made of open-pit mining. The underground part of the oil sand is made of in-situ technology, CSS (Cyclic Steam Stimulation) And Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD). The most important thing is to lower the viscosity of Vitumen.

In addition, the biotemen is made of maltene which can be used as a petrochemical product because of its added value and asphaltene which is used as fuel because it has no added value. The value of the maltent contained in the bitumen is determined according to the content Therefore, it is possible to recover the maltitol-rich bitumen as a natural product or to combine the technique of converting the alsphaltene component into the maltogenic component at the time of recovery of the non-toxin, thereby recovering the maltitanium-enhanced bitumen.

An important goal in most in-situ techniques is to lower the viscosity of the non-to-man to allow easy movement, and commercial in-situ techniques include Cyclic Steam Stimulation (CSS), Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD) , And ES-SAGD (Expanding Solvent-SAGD) technology, THAI (Toe to Heal Air Injection) technology, and VAPEX (Vapor Extraction Process) technology.

The CSS method and the SAGD method are both similar in that hot steam (steam) is injected to minify the vitamins in the method of lowering the viscosity for the mining of the vitamins in the oil sand, but the CSS method uses a single pipe In the SAGD method, two pipes are installed, one pipe continuously injects steam, and the other one pipe is used to minify vitamins. There is a difference.

However, both the CSS method and the SAGD method use natural gas in the oil sand extraction process to produce a high-temperature steam. Since the produced high-temperature steam is directly discharged into the oil sand, continuously supplying the high- It is necessary to continuously heat the water, and energy consumption of the natural gas or the like is considerably consumed.

In addition, there is a problem in that a part of water vapor leaks to the outside during the process of spraying high-temperature steam to dissolve oil, thereby contaminating the surrounding soil and river environment.

The SAGD technology is the most commonly used commercialization technique for recovering VITUMEN from underground buried oil sands. It excavates two parallel and horizontal wells deep in the basement, When the hot oil is injected to generate hot heat, a hot oil sand having a low viscosity and a high viscosity in the vicinity of the lower end of the oil sludge can be pumped to the ground and recovered.

Generally, the recovery rate of oil in SAGD technology is known to be about 50%, and excessive steam is required, so that excessive amount of fuel is used for steam production, which causes excessive CO ₂ generation.

On the other hand, ES-SAGD technology has an advantage in that an organic solvent within 10% by weight is injected simultaneously with steam, but an improved recovery rate is obtained as compared with SAGD. However, it is pointed out that a 100% recovered organic solvent can not be recovered.

In addition, VAPEX technology is similar to SAGD technology, but it is characterized by the use of an organic solvent instead of water to drastically lower the viscosity of the oil sand.

That is, the VAPEX technology is a technique that injects a vaporized solvent such as ethane, propane, etc. to form a vapor chamber in the basement, and then allows the oil to easily flow down into the lower vapor chamber by gravity. Although there is a small advantage, the technology to extract the bitumen from the oil sands still has much room for development.

In the conventional techniques described above, high temperature and high pressure steam are used to recover the oil components buried in the underground of the oil sand area, and various kinds of additives including high temperature gas are added to improve the oil recovery rate However, research on economical and environmentally friendly oil recovery methods has not actively been conducted so far.

1. Korean Published Patent: 10-2012-0018239 (Published on March 3, 2012)

2. Korean Published Patent: 10-2013-0025743 (Publication date: March 3, 2013)

3. Korean Published Patent: 10-2013-0128228 (Published on 2013.11.26)

4. International Patent: WO 92/11343 (published on July 07, 1992)

In order to solve the above problems, the present invention relates to a method for mining biotenes from oil sands in a more economical and environmentally friendly manner, and it is possible to increase the inoculation range of microorganisms by injecting high pressure gas, And the microbial biosurfactant is used to leach out the biotemen. In this way, the biotemen in the oil sand area can be recovered with high efficiency by the method of inoculating one or more microorganisms having the activity to lower the viscosity of the biotin, And to provide a biotemen method of oil sand by biological treatment.

In order to achieve the above object, according to the present invention, there is provided a method of manufacturing a semiconductor device, comprising the steps of: (a) excavating a plurality of injection holes to a lower portion of an oil sand region at predetermined intervals; (b) (C) injecting a high-pressure gas through the high-pressure gas injecting device into the injection pipe and injecting the high- (D) injecting microorganisms and a nutrient solution into the oil sand region through the injection device to inoculate the microorganisms; (e) injecting a leach solution at a high pressure using the solution injecting device, And recovering the leachate containing the leachate by the recovery pipe. The method of the present invention provides a method of mining biotemen of an oil sand using a biological treatment method.

In addition, the injection pipe may include a plurality of injection nozzles disposed at predetermined intervals on the outer circumferential surface of the injection pipe, through which the high-pressure gas, the microorganism-containing solution, the nutrient solution, So as to be able to carry out the present invention.

Further, the high-pressure gas injection device and the liquid injection device are structured so as to be mounted on the vehicle and to be easily moved.

In the step (c), the high-pressure oxygen is injected into the oil-sand area to increase the void mine efficiency, thereby generating cracks in the oil-sand area, thereby widening the area inoculated with the microorganisms, Characterized in that the microorganism is constructed so as to increase the activity of lowering the viscosity of the non-toxin.

The high-pressure gas is characterized by injecting a high-pressure gas having a pressure ranging from 0.1 to 20 MPa at a high pressure to such an extent as to cause cracks in a layer existing in the lower part of the oil sand region.

In the step (d), the microorganism to be used may be selected from the group consisting of Desulfovibrio sp., Thiobacillus sp., Bacillus sp. Pseudomonas sp., Candida sp., Rodococcus sp., Acinetobacter sp., Gordonia sp., The genus Noccadia, the genus Pseudomonas sp., The genus Candida sp. For example, Nocardia sp., Bacillus sp., Azotobacter sp., Rhizobium sp., Azogpirillium sp., Flavobacterium sp. , Streptomyces sp., Klebsiella sp., or a mixture culture thereof. The present invention is also directed to a method for inoculating a microorganism of the present invention.

The step (d) may further include supplying the nutrient solution, the bioactive agent, and the pH adjusting material using the liquid injector to increase the oil degradation activity of the microorganism, and maintaining the optimum oxygen concentration using the high- The method comprising the steps of:

In addition, the recovery pipe provided with the decompression pump is inserted into the injection hole vertically lower than the injection pipe vertically above the injection pipe, and is installed in parallel with the injection pipe, so that the leachate and the microorganism Is recovered.

In addition, the step (e) may include injecting the non-permeated leachate of the oil sand having lowered viscosity by the microorganism, and transferring the leached water collected below the oil sand layer by gravity to the recovery pipe .

The leach solution is characterized by being a microbial-derived biological surfactant and water.

In another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a Vitumen mining system of an oil sand using a biological treatment method configured to minify vittum in an oil sand area by using the above-mentioned method, A gas injection device connected to the injection pipe through a pipe, a liquid injection device connected to the injection pipe through a pipe for injecting microorganisms, nutrients and leachate for inoculating the oil sand, And a decompression pump connected to the recovery pipe for recovering the non-toxic inclusion liquid separated from the oil sand by the leachate, and a decompression pump connected to the recovery pipe. System.

In addition, the injection pipe may include a gas control valve installed on the ground to regulate the injection of the gas by the air injector, a liquid control valve installed on the ground to regulate the injection of the liquid by the liquid injector, And a plurality of injection nozzles arranged at a predetermined interval at a bottom portion of the injection pipe.

According to the above-mentioned solution, the present invention provides a method of reducing the viscosity of the biotemen in an oil sand by using a biological treatment method using microorganisms and increasing the extraction yield of the biotin in the oil sand layer by using a microorganism-derived biological surfactant It is possible to provide a high-efficiency non-permeable mining method.

In particular, since the present invention lowers the viscosity of the biotemen in the oil sand by using microorganisms, it does not require a heating process at a high temperature and is economical and does not need to worry about the environmental pollution problem. In view of using a microorganism-derived surfactant, It is possible to provide a non-toxic mining method.

In addition, it is advantageous in that the apparatus can be more efficiently operated in a large-area oil sand area with the structure of a device mounted on a vehicle that is easy to move.

FIG. 1 is a process diagram briefly showing a method of mining biotemen of an oil sand by a biological treatment method according to the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a conceptual diagram showing schematically a method of mining out the non-tumen of an oil sand by the biological treatment method according to the present invention.
3 is a conceptual diagram schematically showing an injection pipe to be applied to a Biutmen mine method of an oil sand by a biological treatment method according to the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Hereinafter, a detailed description of preferred embodiments of the present invention will be given with reference to the accompanying drawings.

In the following description of the present invention, detailed description of known functions and configurations incorporated herein will be omitted when it may make the subject matter of the present invention rather unclear.

Embodiments in accordance with the concepts of the present invention can make various changes and have various forms, so that specific embodiments are illustrated in the drawings and described in detail in this specification or application.

It should be understood, however, that the embodiments according to the concepts of the present invention are not intended to be limited to any particular mode of disclosure, but rather all variations, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the present invention.

The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the invention.

The singular expressions include plural expressions unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.

In this specification, the terms "comprises ", or" having ", and the like, are intended to specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, , Steps, operations, components, parts, or combinations thereof, as a matter of principle.

The method of mining Biutemen of an oil sand by the biological treatment method according to the present invention will be described below with reference to the accompanying drawings.

First, referring to FIG. 1, FIG. 1 is a process diagram briefly illustrating a method of mining out a Biomemen of an oil sand by a biological treatment method according to the present invention.

As shown in FIG. 1, the method for excavating an untumen of an oil sand according to the biological treatment method according to the present invention comprises the steps of (a) excavating a plurality of injection holes at a predetermined predetermined interval to a lower portion of an oil sand region, (b) Inserting a recovery pipe having a vacuum pump on the other side of the injection hole and an injection pipe connected to an injection device capable of injecting gas and solution at a high pressure on one side of the injection hole, (D) injecting microorganisms and a nutrient solution into the oil sand region through the injection device to inoculate the microorganisms; (e) injecting the microorganism with high-pressure oxygen And recovering the leachate containing the biotemen separated by the recovery pipe.

More specifically, in addition to the oil produced by conventional methods, the oil sands and shale gas store vast hydrocarbons, the oil sand being a very viscous mixture of hydrocarbons consisting mainly of non-fuels dissolved in benzene, Are coupled together as highly concentrated hydrocarbon complexes that are insoluble in benzene.

A typical oil sand may contain about 50 to 60% of hydrocarbon material, but 20 to 30% is a general content of the oil well, which is economical. The oil production technology from such an oil sand improves the fluidity of the vitamins through heat treatment And separates it from the sand.

The present invention aims to improve the fluidity of VITUMEN by partially decomposing VITUMEN by microorganisms without conducting a general heat treatment process, thereby mining VITUMEN in the lower part of the oil sand.

2 and 3, FIG. 2 is a view showing a method of mining out the Biumen mine of the oil sand by the biological treatment method according to the present invention, and FIG. 3 is a view showing a non- FIG. 3 is a schematic view showing a concrete structure of an injection pipe applied to a mining method. FIG.

As shown in FIGS. 2 and 3, the injection pipe 300 includes a plurality of injection nozzles 303 arranged at predetermined intervals on the outer circumferential surface of the injection pipe 300, and injects air and microorganisms The micro-organism-containing solution, the nutrient solution, and the leach solution are injected through the respective injection nozzles 303 through the respective injection nozzles 303. The gas control valve 301 and the liquid control valve 302, .

In addition, the high-pressure gas injection device 100 and the liquid injection device 200 can be mounted on the vehicle and configured to be easily movable, so that the Vtumen mining device can be operated in a more efficient manner in a wide area of the oil sand area .

On the other hand, in order to minify vitamins in an oil sand area using microorganisms by an in-situ process, it is necessary to appropriately control the growth conditions of microorganisms. For this purpose, the viscosity of the biotemen can be lowered through the gas injection device In order to facilitate the growth of microorganisms, the oxygen concentration is appropriately maintained. Further, the nutrients, salinity, temperature, reduction potential and pH necessary for microorganism growth are controlled through the liquid injecting apparatus to enhance the growth of microorganisms in the oil sand The growth conditions are optimized to induce the partial decomposition of the biotemen by the microorganism, thereby increasing the fluidity of the biotin.

In the step (c), the high-pressure oxygen is injected into the oil-sand area to increase the void mine efficiency, thereby generating cracks in the oil-sand area, thereby widening the area inoculated with the microorganisms, Wherein the microbes are configured to increase the activity of decreasing the viscosity of the biotemen, wherein the high-pressure gas is pressurized to a pressure of 0.1 to 20 MPa at a high pressure to such an extent as to cause cracks in a layer existing under the oil- Inject high pressure gas.

On the other hand, the microorganisms used for lowering the viscosity of the vitamins in the oil sand are microorganisms having an activity to lower the viscosity of the oil, and as a microorganism which can be directly used for increasing the oil recovery in the in-situ process, For example, Desulfovibri sp., Thiobacillus sp., Bacillus sp., Pseudomonas sp., Candida sp., Rodococcus sp. For example, Acinetobacter sp., Gordonia sp., Nocardia sp., Bacillus sp., Azotobacter sp., Rhizobium sp. , Azogpirillium sp., Flavobacterium sp., Streptomysis sp., Klebsiella sp., Or a mixed culture thereof And at least one strain selected from the group of strains selected from One inoculation of a sand sub-regions, and to the partial degradation of the bitumen by the microorganism in the presence of oxygen generation causes a change in viscosity of the oil.

For reference, the improvement of fluidity due to the partial decomposition of biotemen by microorganisms is due to the fact that the carbon dioxide and methane gas emitted by the inoculated microorganisms grow in the crude oil, causing the viscosity of the crude oil to decrease or expand, And a process of mining vitamins by a method of decomposing crude oil by injecting water or another microorganism-derived biological surfactant into the biomethane by the biosurfactant produced by the mixed inoculated microorganism, .

More specifically, microorganisms grow on the ground in the lower part of the oil sands, and are directly or indirectly caused by physical phenomena, or indirectly due to the generation of microorganisms such as surfactants or gases such as hydrogen, carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide gas. Viscosity can be lowered and vitumen can be mined.

The step (d) may further include supplying the nutrient solution, the bioactive agent, and the pH adjusting material using the high-pressure liquid injector 200 to increase the oil-degrading activity of the microorganisms, And maintaining an appropriate oxygen concentration by using the oxygen concentration sensor.

The recovery pipe 400 provided with the decompression pump 500 is inserted into an injection hole vertically lower than the injection pipe 300 and installed parallel to the injection pipe 300 , And the leachate and the microorganism can be recovered by gravity.

In addition, the step (e) may include injecting the non-permeated leachate of the oil sands whose viscosity is lowered by the microorganism, and discharging the leached water collected below the oil sand layer by gravity, And recovered by the recovery pipe (400).

The leach solution is characterized by being a microbial-derived biological surfactant and water.

More specifically, microbial-derived biological surfactants include xanthan gum, emulsan, mannosylerythritollipid, and rhamno lipid. Such microbial-derived biological surfactants include, When the biosurfactant is injected into the biotemen of the oil sand area where the biodegradability of the biotemen is high and the biodegradation is partially caused by the microorganism, the recovery of the biotemen can be effectively increased.

In addition, the Biotemen mining system of the oil sand using the biological treatment method configured to minify the biotemen in the oil sand area using the above-mentioned method is characterized in that the injection pipe embedded in the lower part of the soil in the oil sand area to be mined, A liquid injector connected to the injection pipe through a pipe for injecting microorganisms, nutrients, and leachate for inoculating the oil sludge; and a liquid injector connected to the oil sludge by the microorganism, And a pressure reducing pump connected to the recovery pipe, wherein the injection pipe is disposed on the ground portion to control the injection of the gas by the air injecting device, The gas regulating valve being installed, the liquid injection by the liquid injecting device, It can comprise a liquid control valve and a plurality of injection nozzles arranged at a predetermined interval in the predetermined underground part of the injection pipes provided in the above-ground to section.

On the other hand, since the oil component is not completely removed from the soil of the oil sand area where the mining is completed by the biotemen mining method of the oil sand using the biological treatment method according to the present invention, the oil remains in contaminated soil condition, It is desirable to prevent soil pollution and secondary water pollution caused by crude oil-containing leachate.

Therefore, the present inventors have found that oil contaminated soil in the oil sand area where the Bitumen digging has been finished is removed from the oil contaminated soil in the oil sand area where the biotemen digging is completed by using the Biotemen mining system of the oil sand using the biological treatment method according to the present invention In-situ purification method is proposed.

Further, by using the complete decomposing ability of the biotemene by the microorganism having the crude oil decomposing activity contained in the above microorganism groups, it is possible to obtain the oil sand containing the oil component remaining in the oil sand area where the above- In addition, it can be applied to a method of purifying oil polluted soil. In each step, a high pressure air injection device and a microorganism injection device are installed using a plurality of injection holes drilled to the lower part of the oil sand area where vitumen digging is finished Injecting high-pressure oxygen through the high-pressure air injector, and purifying the oil-contaminated soil by inoculating microorganisms into the oil sand region through the microorganism injector, Can be configured.

On the other hand, in order to apply to the method of purifying contaminated soil using the Vitumen mining system, a pipe excavated to the lower part of the oil sand area is used, and an injection pipe capable of injecting microorganisms, oxygen and nutrients, A gas regulating valve and a liquid regulating valve for regulating the inflow of air and microorganisms, respectively, are constructed so as to be able to inject the high-pressure oxygen and the microorganisms through the respective injection nozzles, It can be applied to a method of purifying oil contaminated soil by using microorganisms.

Further, microorganisms having the ability to completely decompose crude oil among the above-mentioned microorganisms are inoculated into the bottom layer of the oil sand which has been subjected to the biotemen digging to adjust appropriate environmental factors (temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen amount) necessary for microbial growth The present invention relates to a method for purifying contaminated soil by microorganisms, and a method for purifying soil contaminated with microorganisms by using microorganisms, And it is possible to maximize the purification efficiency of soil contaminated by microorganisms by sequentially injecting oxygen source, microorganism and nutrient solution, and to control the discharge amount by using discharge valve installed on the ground pipe, Applicable to the purification method of oil polluted soil in the oil sand area where Bitumen digging has been completed. The.

In addition, a recovery pipe and a decompression pump may be further included to remove by-products generated by the microbial or oil-contaminated soil purification method.

Furthermore, it is preferable that the contaminated ground water is treated in the soil in the purification operation of the contaminated soil, but if necessary, it should be recovered to the ground. In order to decompose contaminated soil in the soil, It is possible to perform the restoration work more efficiently by periodically supplying the microorganisms cultivated in the microorganism, and the microorganisms inoculated with the recovery pipe can be configured to recover the polluted soil after the purification process. In this case, In the reactor, refined microbes can be injected to provide cleaner microorganisms that can partially treat contaminated groundwater and decompose groundwater sources.

As described above, the biological treatment using the microorganisms according to the present invention can lower the viscosity of the biotemen in the oil sand area and thereby mined the crude oil in a more effective and economical manner. In addition, The use of the Biotemen mining system of the oil sludge using the biological treatment method according to the present invention can also effectively purify the Biotemen mining and oil contaminated soil in the oil sand by an environmentally friendly and economical method.

100: high pressure gas injection device 301: gas control valve
200: High-pressure liquid injection device 302: Liquid control valve
300: injection pipe 303: injection nozzle
400: Collection pipe 500: Decompression pump

Claims (12)

(a) excavating a plurality of injection holes at a predetermined interval to the bottom of the oil sand area;
(b) inserting an injection pipe connected to the high-pressure gas injection device and the high-pressure liquid injection device, respectively, a depressurization pump, and a pipe withdrawn from the injection hole;
(c) injecting high-pressure oxygen through the high-pressure gas injector;
(d) injecting microorganisms and nutrients into the oil sand region through the high-pressure liquid injector to inoculate the microorganisms;
(e) injecting the leachate at a high pressure using the high-pressure liquid injector to recover leachate containing non-toluene separated from the oil sludge by the recovery pipe,
In the step (c), high-pressure oxygen is injected into the oil-sand area to increase the void-mine efficiency, cracks are generated in the oil-sand area to widen the area of inoculation of the microorganisms, Wherein the biological activity of the biotemen is improved by increasing the activity of the biotemen in the oil sands.
The method according to claim 1,
Wherein the injection pipe includes a plurality of injection nozzles arranged at predetermined intervals on an outer circumferential surface thereof and is capable of injecting oxygen, a microorganism-containing solution, a nutrient solution, and an infusion liquid through each injection nozzle. A method of mining of Vitumen in oil sand using.
The method according to claim 1,
Wherein the high-pressure gas injector and the high-pressure liquid injector are mounted on a vehicle to facilitate movement thereof.
delete The method according to claim 1,
Wherein the high-pressure oxygen is injected at a pressure ranging from 0.1 to 20 MPa so as to cause cracks in a layer existing in the lower part of the oil sand area.
The method according to claim 1,
In the step (d), the microorganism to be used is a microorganism having an activity of lowering the viscosity of the oil sand region, such as Desulfovibrio sp., Thiobacillus sp., Bacillus sp. , Pseudomonas sp., Candida sp., Rodococcus sp., Acinetobacter sp., Gordonia sp., Nocardia sp. Bacillus sp., Azotobacter sp., Rhizobium sp., Azogpirillium sp., Flavobacterium sp., Flavobacterium sp.), Bacillus sp. ), A strain selected from the group consisting of Streptomysis sp., Klebsiella sp., Or a mixed culture thereof, is inoculated with the oil using the biological treatment method A method of mining the Bitumen of Sand.
The method according to claim 1,
Wherein the step (d) comprises: supplying a nutrient solution, a bioactive agent, and a pH-adjusting substance using the high-pressure liquid injection device to enhance the oil-degrading activity of the microorganism; And
And maintaining an appropriate oxygen concentration by using the high-pressure gas injection device.
The method according to claim 1,
The recovery pipe provided with the decompression pump is inserted into the injection hole further vertically below the injection pipe than the injection pipe and installed parallel to the injection pipe to recover the leachate and the microorganism The method of claim 1 or 2, wherein the method comprises the steps of:
The method according to claim 1,
Wherein the step (e) comprises injecting a non-permeated leachate of the oil sand having lowered viscosity by the microorganism and returning the leached water collected below the oil sand layer by gravity to the recovered pipe provided with the reduced pressure pump Wherein the method comprises the steps of:
The method according to claim 1,
Wherein the leach solution is a microbial-derived biosurfactant and water. ≪ RTI ID = 0.0 > 11. < / RTI >
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