KR100884774B1 - Installation structure using ceramic composite panel - Google Patents

Abstract

The present invention relates to a ceramic composite panel installed on the wall surface, the opposite side end surface is bent rearward to the insertion groove (11a) is formed on one end surface and the galvalume material frame formed on the other end surface 11b (11); A thermal insulation material 12 made of a foamed urethane material inserted into a space formed by an insertion groove 11a and a protrusion 11b at a rear surface of the frame 11; Adhesive 13 applied to the front of the frame 11; A plurality of ceramic bricks 14 attached to the front surface of the frame 11 through the adhesive 13; And silica sand 15 dispersed in the joint between the attached ceramic bricks 14; Since it provides a ceramic composite panel and an installation structure using the same, it does not discolor even after a long period of time, it has excellent aesthetics and strength, and prevents whitening and condensation that occur in the case of concrete or brick, fire resistance, corrosion resistance, Excellent durability, insulation and sound insulation. In addition, each member for installation is standardized, mass production is possible, and the construction is simple, thereby lowering the construction cost and shortening the construction period.

Description

Installation structure using ceramic composite panel

The present invention relates to an installation structure using a ceramic composite panel installed on the wall, and more particularly, has excellent aesthetics and strength, prevents bleaching and condensation, and is capable of mass production, as well as easy to manufacture It relates to an installation structure using a ceramic composite panel that can reduce the period.

The wall surface of the building is generally formed of concrete or brick, and the conventional building wall is constructed in the order of plastering, gypsum board, insulation and masonry or concrete pouring after the basic skeleton construction. Thus, the conventional wall structure is weak in durability, and after several years of construction, whitening occurs, mold is formed or cracked, and thus there is a problem such as not being waterproof or soundproofing and insulation efficiency is inferior. The same phenomenon occurs even with good exterior materials.

In addition, the conventional wall is integrally formed, and when the wall is impacted from the outside, the damaged part cannot be recovered, and the durability of the building is seriously damaged by moisture and condensation due to temperature difference due to rainy season or heavy snow. There is a problem.

In order to solve these problems, a method of manufacturing a wall panel and installing it on an outer wall of a building is being implemented, but there is a problem in that it is insufficient to fundamentally solve the complex problems mentioned above.

Therefore, the first technical problem of the present invention for solving the above problems is to provide a lightweight ceramic composite panel that is not discolored even after a long time, excellent in appearance and excellent in strength, and capable of mass production. .

In addition, the second technical problem of the present invention is to prevent bleaching and condensation, and to be excellent in fire resistance, corrosion resistance, durability, heat insulation, and sound insulation, as well as mass production, construction easy and easy, It is to provide an installation structure of a ceramic composite panel that can reduce the construction period.

The present invention to solve the first technical problem,

A galvalume frame having opposite end surfaces bent backwards so that an insertion groove is formed at one end surface and a protrusion is formed at the other end surface;

An insulating material made of foam urethane material inserted into a space formed by an insertion groove and a protrusion at a rear surface of the frame;

An adhesive applied to the front of the frame;

A plurality of ceramic bricks attached to the front of the frame through the adhesive; And

Silica sand dispersed in the joint between the attached ceramic bricks; It provides a ceramic composite panel comprising a.

The present invention to solve the second technical problem,

A single runner having a 에 -shaped cross section so that the upper portion forms a groove, and having a plurality of through-holes formed on the lower surface thereof and installed horizontally in the lower portion of the wall surface;

형의 단면을 이루며 상기 싱글러너에 하단부가 삽입된 상태에서 벽면에 일정간격마다 수직으로 설치되는 스터드;

A stud which forms a cross section and is vertically installed at a predetermined interval on a wall in a state where a lower end is inserted into the single runner;

A drain member having an upper end portion attached to the front portion of the single runner so that the lower portion protrudes forward and forms a U-shaped cross section;

The upper surface has a bent surface that forms a ∪-shaped cross section so as to form a groove, and the rear surface portion is attached to the upper vertical portion of the drain member so that the curved surface is inserted into the insertion groove of the ceramic composite panel forming the lowest layer. A plurality of ceramic composite panels up to the top of the studs in such a way that they are inserted and the upper projections are inserted into the insertion grooves of the ceramic composite panel forming the upper layer and the upper projections are inserted into the insertion grooves of the ceramic composite panel forming the upper layer. A base member formed so as to stack;

A plurality of double runners each having an F-shaped cross section and having protrusions formed in a longitudinal direction on the outer side of each horizontal part, respectively installed vertically in front of the studs installed at the left and right ends of the wall and horizontally in front of the upper ends of the studs;

A stud clip for mutually coupling the upper end of each of the ceramic composite panels and the studs on the rear side thereof, and a runner clip for coupling the upper runner of the respective ceramic composite panels and the double runners on the rear side of the ceramic composite panels; And

Protrusions are formed in the longitudinal direction on the inner side of each horizontal portion, forming a cross section of the F-shape. Adapters for closing the left and right ends and the top; It provides an installation structure using the ceramic composite panel comprising a.

In addition, the present invention to solve the second technical problem,

A drain member having an upper end portion attached to the lower side of the wall so that the lower portion protrudes forward;

The upper surface has a bent surface that forms a ∪-shaped cross section so as to form a groove, and the rear surface portion is attached to the upper vertical portion of the drain member so that the curved surface is inserted into the insertion groove of the ceramic composite panel forming the lowest layer. A plurality of ceramic composite panels up to the top of the studs in such a way that they are inserted and the upper projections are inserted into the insertion grooves of the ceramic composite panel forming the upper layer and the upper projections are inserted into the insertion grooves of the ceramic composite panel forming the upper layer. A base member formed so as to stack;

A plurality of double runners each having an F-shaped cross section and having protrusions formed in a longitudinal direction on an outer side of each horizontal part, respectively installed vertically at left and right ends of the wall and horizontally at an upper end of the wall;

A stud clip for mutually coupling the upper end of each laminated ceramic composite panel and a wall surface behind it, and a runner clip for mutually coupling the upper end of each laminated ceramic composite panel and a double runner behind it; And

Protrusions are formed in the longitudinal direction on the inner side of each horizontal portion, forming a cross section of the F shape, and the horizontal portions of the double runner are inserted into the horizontal portions, and the left and right ends of the wall made of a ceramic composite panel with the protrusions and the protrusions coupled to each other. And an adapter to close the top; It provides an installation structure using a ceramic composite panel comprising a.

According to the ceramic composite panel of the present invention as described above and the installation structure using the same, it does not discolor even after a long period of time, has excellent aesthetics in appearance, has excellent characteristics in terms of strength, and burdens a building wall as a lightweight composite panel. It is possible to have sophisticated appearance as well as mass production by using automated equipment in the factory.

In addition, it blocks the bleaching and condensation that occur frequently in walls made of concrete or brick, and is excellent for fire resistance, corrosion resistance, durability, heat insulation, and sound insulation, and is suitable for use as a wall panel.

In addition, since each member for installation is standardized, mass production is possible, and construction is simple and easy, thereby lowering construction cost and shortening construction period.

Hereinafter, a ceramic composite panel and an installation structure using the same according to an embodiment of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings.

1 is a perspective view of a ceramic composite panel according to an embodiment of the present invention, Figure 2 is an exploded cross-sectional view of the ceramic composite panel according to an embodiment of the present invention.

1 and 2, a ceramic composite panel according to an embodiment of the present invention includes a frame 11 formed of a galvalume metal plate, a heat insulating material 12 attached to a lower portion of the frame 11, and Adhesive 13 applied to the upper surface of the frame 11, a plurality of ceramic bricks 14 attached to the upper surface of the frame 11 by the adhesive 13, and the attached ceramic bricks 14 And silica sand 15 scattered over the joint.

To describe this in more detail, the frame 11 is manufactured by molding a metal plate made of galvalume, and bent backwards on both opposite end surfaces of the frame 11 to form an insertion groove 11a in one end surface. By forming the protrusions 11b on the other end surface, when the frames 11 are stacked, the protrusions 11b are inserted into the insertion grooves 11a so that each layer is interlocked with the other layers.

The galvalume has long-term corrosion resistance, heat resistance, and galvanic behavior of zinc, including 55% aluminum and 45% zinc. Galvanic property refers to a property in which zinc molecules move and fill themselves to exposed parts such as scratches or holes to prevent metal plates from oxidizing and rusting. Galvalume steel sheet is 3 to 6 times stronger than galvanized steel sheet, has no impact or rupture due to freezing wave, and is excellent in heat resistance as well as heat reflectivity. By using such a galvanium, a steel plate having a thickness of about 0.3 mm is manufactured and the frame 11 is formed using the galvanium to sufficiently obtain the strength required as a panel to be installed on the wall.

In addition, the heat insulating material 12 attached to the frame 11 is a heat insulating member formed of foam urethane, and is inserted into and coupled to a space including an insertion groove 11a and a protrusion 11b on the rear surface of the frame 11. This increases the strength and durability of the ceramic composite panel 10 as well as increasing the insulation of the wall.

In addition, an adhesive 13 is applied to attach the ceramic brick 14 applied to the opposite side of the frame 11 to which the heat insulating material 12 is attached. The adhesive 13 may be a semi-dyne glue, which is a strong adhesive. I use it.

The ceramic brick 14 is attached to the front surface of the frame 11 through the adhesive 13 applied as described above, and the color of the brick to be attached may be various, and also the shape embodied on the wall surface 1. Although shown in the cross-lamination form in the drawings may be implemented in various ways as desired.

The ceramic brick 14 is a ceramic brick baked in a kiln at 1250 ° C., and does not discolor even after a long period of time. The ceramic brick 14 is excellent in appearance and has excellent characteristics in terms of strength.

Further, since the joints are formed at regular intervals between the ceramic bricks 14 attached to the frame 11, the joints are dispersed with silica sand 15 for durability and color.

The ceramic composite panel 10 formed as described above is a lightweight composite panel, which can have a sophisticated appearance as well as mass production using automated equipment in the factory, and has excellent fire resistance, corrosion resistance, durability, heat insulation, and sound insulation for wall attachment. Suitable for use as a panel. In addition, since the ceramic composite panel 10 uses a light weight material, it does not burden the walls of the building, and basically blocks the whitening phenomenon commonly occurring in concrete or brick.

Next, the installation structure for constructing the ceramic composite panel on the wall will be described.

Figure 3 is an exploded perspective view showing the configuration of the installation structure using a ceramic composite panel according to an embodiment of the present invention, Figure 6 shows a process of constructing a ceramic composite panel on the wall surface according to an embodiment of the present invention FIG. 9 is a perspective view of a wall surface on which a ceramic composite panel according to an embodiment of the present invention is constructed.

3, 6 and 9, the installation structure using a ceramic composite panel according to an embodiment of the present invention, with the ceramic composite panel 10, a single horizontally installed at the bottom of the wall surface (1) The runner 20, a plurality of studs 30 installed perpendicular to the wall surface 1, a drain member 40 horizontally installed in front of the single runner 20, and the drain member 40 The studs 30 and the double runner 60 are provided with the base member 50 installed horizontally on the upper portion, the plurality of double runners 60 installed on the left and right sides and the upper portion of the wall surface 1, and the ceramic composite panel 10. And a stud clip 35 and a runner clip 65 fixed to the plurality of adapters 70 coupled to the double runners 60.

The single runner 20 is a metal channel member installed laterally on the lower side of the wall surface 1, and has a U-shaped cross section so as to form a groove 21 at an upper portion thereof, and a plurality of through holes 22 are formed at the lower surface thereof. have.

형의 단면을 가지며, 하단부가 상기 싱글러너(20)에 삽입된 상태에서 벽면(1)에 일 정간격마다 수직으로 설치된다.The stud 30 is a metal member installed perpendicular to the wall surface 1.

It has a cross section of a mold and is vertically installed at regular intervals on the wall surface 1 in a state where the lower end is inserted into the single runner 20.

The drain member 40 is a metal member installed on the front portion 23 of the single runner 20 and has a U-shaped cross section, and the upper vertical portion 41 is a single runner so that the lower portion 42 protrudes forward. It is attached horizontally to the front part 23 of 20. Therefore, rainwater or the like is drained downward by the drain member 40 so as not to penetrate into the wall surface 1.

The base member 50 is a metal member that is installed in the upper vertical portion 41 of the drain member 40, and has a bent surface 51 bent in double on the front surface having a U-shaped cross section so that the upper portion forms a groove. And the back portion 52 is attached to the upper vertical portion 41 of the drain member (40).

The double runner 60 is installed vertically at the front surface of the studs 30 installed at the left and right ends of the wall surface 1, and is a plurality of members horizontally installed at the front surface of the upper end of the studs 30 of the wall surface 1. It has an F-shaped cross section, and a plurality of protrusions 62 are formed in the longitudinal direction on the outer surface of each horizontal portion 61.

In this state, the ceramic composite panels 10 are stacked and installed. First, the bent surface 51 of the base member 50 is inserted into the insertion groove 11a of the ceramic composite panel 10 forming the lowest layer. The upper protrusion 11b is inserted into the insertion groove 11a of the ceramic composite panel 10 forming the upper layer, and the upper protrusion 11b is inserted into the ceramic composite panel 10 forming the upper layer. It is inserted into the groove 11a. In this manner, a plurality of ceramic composite panels 10 are stacked up to the top of the studs 30, and the stacked ceramic composite panels 10 are fixed by the stud clips 35 and the runner clips 65.

4 and 5 are perspective views of the runner clip and stud clip used in the installation structure using a ceramic composite panel according to an embodiment of the present invention.

Referring to the drawings, the stud clip 35 is a clip for coupling the upper end of each laminated ceramic composite panel 10 and the stud 30 on the rear side thereof, the runner clip 65 is the ceramic composite panel It is a clip which mutually couples the upper end part of (10) and the double runner 60 of the back side.

In addition, the adapter 70 has an F-shaped cross section as a member for closing the left and right ends and the upper end of the wall formed of the ceramic composite panel 10, and protrusions 72 are formed on the inner surface of each horizontal part 71. It is formed in the direction. Accordingly, the horizontal portions 61 of the double runner 60 are inserted between the horizontal portions 71 so that the protrusions 62 on the outer surface of the horizontal portion 61 and the protrusions 72 on the inner surface of the horizontal portion 71 are formed. By mutual coupling, the adapter 70 is fixedly coupled to the double runner 60.

FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view of FIG. 6, and FIG. 8 is an enlarged view of portion A of FIG. 7.

According to the installation structure of the ceramic composite panel as described above, the ceramic composite panel 10 is installed at a predetermined distance apart from the wall surface 1 by the studs 30 and the lower portion of the single runner 20. Since the through holes 22 are formed in the surface, air flowing through the lower portion of the drain member 40 flows upward through the gap between the ceramic composite panel 10 and the stud 30 through the through holes 22. As a result, condensation on the wall 1 can be prevented.

Referring to the construction of the installation structure of the ceramic composite panel according to the present invention as follows.

First, the single runner 20 is horizontally installed on the wall surface 1, but the groove 21 of the single runner 20 is fixed to the plurality of pieces so that the groove 21 of the single runner 20 faces upward.

Next, the studs 30 are vertically installed at predetermined intervals on the wall surface 1, and the lower ends of the studs 30 are inserted into the grooves 21 of the single runner 20 in a plurality of pieces. At this time, the grooves 31 are installed at both side ends of the wall surface 1 so as to face the rear, and the grooves 31 are installed at the center in the front. This is to ensure a large contact area because the double runner 60 is installed vertically in the front of the stud 30 of the edge.

Next, by coupling the upper vertical portion 41 of the drain member 40 to the front portion 23 of the single runner 20 in a plurality of pieces, the drain member 40 so that the lower portion 42 protrudes forward. The base member 50 is installed so that the groove faces upward by coupling the back portion 52 of the base member 50 to the upper vertical portion 41 of the drain member 40 in a plurality of pieces. The double runner 60 is installed in each stud 30 provided at both ends of (1) vertically.

In this state, the ceramic composite panel 10 is laminated and fixed. First, the bent surface 51 in front of the base member 50 is inserted into the insertion groove 11a of the ceramic composite panel 10 forming the lowest layer. The protrusion 11b of the uppermost lowermost ceramic composite panel 10 is inserted into the insertion groove 11a of the lower portion of the ceramic composite panel 10 forming the upper layer, and the protrusion 11b of the upper ceramic composite panel 10 is formed. Is inserted into the insertion groove 11a of the ceramic composite panel 10 forming the upper layer, and the plurality of ceramic composite panels 10 are stacked up to the top of the stud 30.

At this time, each of the ceramic composite panels 10 to be laminated is fixed to the stud clip 35 and the runner clip 65 at the same time the laminated. That is, the stud clip 35 is coupled to the upper end of each laminated ceramic composite panel 10 and the stud 30 located on the back, the runner clip 65 is laminated ceramic composite panel 10 The upper runners of both sides and the double runner (60) located on the back are mutually coupled.

The stud clip 35 and the runner clip 65 have vertical surfaces 36 and 66 and grip portions 37 and 67, as shown in FIGS. 4 and 5, to interconnect the two members. It has a structure that can be firmly combined.

Next, the double runner 60 is fixed to the front and rear of each of the studs 30 installed at the left and right ends of the wall surface 1 and vertically and horizontally by a plurality of pieces, respectively. The horizontal portion 61 of the double runner 60 is inserted into the horizontal portion 71 of the adapter 70 to couple the projections 62 and the projections 72 to each other to form a wall of the ceramic composite panel 10. The left and right ends and the upper ends will be closed.

According to such an installation structure, each member is standardized, so that mass production is possible, and construction is simple and easy, thereby lowering the construction cost and shortening the construction period.

On the other hand, the ceramic composite panel 10 according to an embodiment of the present invention may be installed by another embodiment instead of the above-described mounting structure, which is shown in Figures 10 to 12.

10 is a perspective view illustrating a state in which a ceramic composite panel according to an embodiment of the present invention is installed directly on a wall surface without installing a stud, FIG. 11 is a cross-sectional view of FIG. 10, and FIG. 12 is a portion B of FIG. 11. It is an enlarged view.

As can be seen in the drawing, the difference from the installation structure of the embodiment is to install the drain member 50 and the double runner 60 directly on the wall (1) without installing the single runner 20 and the stud 30 The subsequent construction process and installation structure are the same.

1 is a perspective view of a ceramic composite panel according to an embodiment of the present invention.

2 is an exploded cross-sectional view of a ceramic composite panel according to an embodiment of the present invention.

Figure 3 is an exploded perspective view showing the configuration of the installation structure using a ceramic composite panel according to an embodiment of the present invention.

Figure 4 is a perspective view of the runner clip used in the installation structure using a ceramic composite panel according to an embodiment of the present invention.

5 is a perspective view of a stud clip used in the installation structure using a ceramic composite panel according to an embodiment of the present invention.

6 is a perspective view illustrating a process of constructing a ceramic composite panel on a wall according to an embodiment of the present invention.

7 is a cross-sectional view of FIG. 6.

FIG. 8 is an enlarged view of a portion A of FIG. 7.

9 is a perspective view of a wall surface on which a ceramic composite panel according to an embodiment of the present invention is constructed.

10 is a perspective view illustrating a state in which a ceramic composite panel according to an embodiment of the present invention is constructed directly on a wall without installing a stud.

FIG. 11 is a cross-sectional view of FIG. 10.

FIG. 12 is an enlarged view of a portion B of FIG. 11.

<Description of the symbols for the main parts of the drawings>

1: wall surface 10: ceramic composite panel

11: Frame 11a: Insertion groove

11b: protrusion 12: heat insulating material

13: Adhesive 14: ceramic brick

15: silica sand 20: single runner

21: Home 22: Through

23: Front part 30: Stud

31: groove 35: stud clip

36,66: Vertical surface 37,67: Holding part

40: drain member 41: upper vertical part

42: bottom 50: base member

51: bending surface 52: back

60: double runner 61: horizontal portion

62: protrusion 65: runner clip

70: adapter 71: horizontal

72: protrusion

Claims (3)

delete A frame 11 formed of a metal plate made of galvalume material having opposite end surfaces bent backwards so that an insertion groove 11a is formed at one end surface and a protrusion 11b is formed at the other end surface; A heat insulating material 12 made of a foam urethane material fixedly inserted into a space formed of an insertion groove 11 a and a protrusion 11 b at a rear surface of the frame 11; Adhesive 13 applied to the front of the frame 11; A plurality of ceramic bricks 14 attached to the front surface of the frame 11 through the adhesive 13; In the installation structure of the ceramic composite panel 10 consisting of; and a silica sand (15) dispersed in the joint between the attached ceramic bricks (14), A single runner 20 horizontally installed at a lower portion of the wall surface 1 by forming a plurality of through-holes 22 formed on a lower surface thereof so as to form a groove-shaped cross section at an upper portion thereof;

A stud (30) formed vertically on the wall surface (1) at a predetermined interval in a state in which a lower end is inserted into the single runner (20); A drain member 40 having an upper end portion attached to the front portion 23 of the single runner 20 so that the lower portion protrudes forward and forms a U-shaped cross section; The upper part has a curved surface 51 having a ∪-shaped cross section so as to form a groove, and a front surface of which has a bent surface 51 and a rear portion 52 is attached to the upper vertical portion 41 of the drain member 40 to form a lowermost layer. The bent surface 51 is inserted into the insertion groove 11a of the ceramic composite panel 10, and an upper protrusion 11b is inserted into the insertion groove 11a of the ceramic composite panel 10 forming the upper layer. It is formed to stack a plurality of ceramic composite panels 10 to the top of the stud 30 in such a way that the upper projection 11b of the upper portion is inserted into the insertion groove 11a of the ceramic composite panel 10 forming the upper layer. A base member 50; A stud clip 35 for coupling the upper end of each of the laminated ceramic composite panels 10 and the studs 30 on the rear side thereof, and the double runner at the upper end of the laminated ceramic composite panels 10 and the rear side thereof ( A runner clip 65 which mutually couples 60; The projections 62 are formed in the longitudinal direction on the outer surface of each horizontal portion 61, forming an F-shaped cross section, and perpendicular to the front surface of the stud 30 provided at the left and right ends of the wall surface 1 and the stud 30. A plurality of double runners 60 each installed horizontally in front of the upper end of the field; And The projections 72 are formed in the longitudinal direction on the inner side of each horizontal portion 71 to form an F-shaped cross section, so that the horizontal portions 61 of the double runner 60 are inserted into the horizontal portions 71. Adapter 70 for closing the left and right ends and the upper end of the wall made of a ceramic composite panel 10 while the projection 62 and the projection 72 are coupled to each other; Installation structure using a ceramic composite panel comprising a. A frame 11 formed of a metal plate made of galvalume material having opposite end surfaces bent backwards so that an insertion groove 11a is formed at one end surface and a protrusion 11b is formed at the other end surface; A heat insulating material 12 made of a foam urethane material fixedly inserted into a space formed of an insertion groove 11 a and a protrusion 11 b at a rear surface of the frame 11; Adhesive 13 applied to the front of the frame 11; A plurality of ceramic bricks 14 attached to the front surface of the frame 11 through the adhesive 13; In the installation structure of the ceramic composite panel 10 consisting of; and a silica sand (15) dispersed in the joint between the attached ceramic bricks (14), A drain member 40 having an upper end portion attached to the lower portion of the wall surface 1 so that the lower portion protrudes forward; The upper part has a curved surface 51 having a ∪-shaped cross section so as to form a groove, and a front surface of which has a bent surface 51 and a rear portion 52 is attached to the upper vertical portion 41 of the drain member 40 to form a lowermost layer. The bent surface 51 is inserted into the insertion groove 11a of the ceramic composite panel 10, and an upper protrusion 11b is inserted into the insertion groove 11a of the ceramic composite panel 10 forming the upper layer. It is formed to stack a plurality of ceramic composite panels 10 to the top of the stud 30 in such a way that the upper projection 11b of the upper portion is inserted into the insertion groove 11a of the ceramic composite panel 10 forming the upper layer. A base member 50; The protrusions 62 are formed in the longitudinal direction on the outer surface of each horizontal portion 61 to form an F-shaped cross section, and are vertically installed at the left and right ends of the wall surface 1 and horizontally at the top of the wall surface 1, respectively. A plurality of double runners 60; Stud clips 35 for coupling the upper end of each laminated ceramic composite panel 10 and the wall surface 10 behind them, and the double runner 60 at the upper end of each laminated ceramic composite panel 10 and the rear side thereof. Runner clip 65 to couple the mutual; And The projections 72 are formed in the longitudinal direction on the inner side of each horizontal portion 71 to form an F-shaped cross section, so that the horizontal portions 61 of the double runner 60 are inserted into the horizontal portions 71. Adapter 70 for closing the left and right ends and the upper end of the wall made of a ceramic composite panel 10 while the projection 62 and the projection 72 are coupled to each other; Installation structure using a ceramic composite panel comprising a.

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