JPH11502760A - 高速冷却反応器及び方法 - Google Patents
高速冷却反応器及び方法Info
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Abstract
Description
Claims (1)
- 【特許請求の範囲】 1. 熱力学的に安定した高温のガス流で1つの反応物をガス状又は超微細固体 粒子状の最終生成物に熱変換するための高速冷却反応器において、 反応器軸に沿って軸方向に離隔した入口端及び出口端を有する反応器室と 、 反応器室の入口端に位置決めした高温加熱手段と、 少なくとも1つの反応物を含む気流を反応器室内に誘導するための反応物 流入口であって、該気流を前記高温加熱手段により加熱し、反応器室の出口端に 向かって軸方向に流れる高温のガス流を生成する反応物流入口と、 前記反応室は、所望の最終生成物が反応室の出口端に隣接した位置で熱力 学的に安定した反応生成物として反応物流内で得られる選択平衡温度に高温加熱 手段により反応物流を加熱させるのに十分な所定の長さを有し、 前記反応器室の出口端内に同軸的に配置された、収束発散ノズルであって 、ガス流が該ノズルを通って軸方向に流れると同時に断熱膨張及び等エントロピ ー膨張の結果として熱エネルギーを運動エネルギーに変換することにより、ガス 流を急速に冷却する収束発散ノズルと、 流れるガス流内に所望の最終生成物を留置するためのノズルから導かれる 冷却室と、を含み、ノズル及び冷却室は逆反応を最小限にすることが望ましいこ とを特徴とする特許請求の範囲第1項に記載の高速冷却反応器。 2. 高温加熱手段は、プラズマトーチと、プラズマアークガス流を該プラズマ トーチに誘導するためのプラズマアーク入口とを有し、反応室内にプラズマを生 成すると共に、反応室の出口端に向かって延在し、該プラズマは少なくとも1つ の反応物を含有し、入口反応物流をプラズマに混合し、プラズマと結果として得 られるガス流との間で漸進的に熱交換させることを特徴とする特許請求の範囲第 1項に記載の高速冷却反応器。 3. 平衡温度あるいは、この温度以下で解離して所望の最終生成物を生成する 、ガス源に接続した反応物入口を有する特許請求の範囲第2項に記載の高速冷却 反応器。 4. 平衡温度あるいはこの温度以下で互いに反応し、所望の最終生成物を生成 するそれぞれ2つの異なるガス反応物の源に接続した分離反応物入口を有する特 許請求の範囲第2項に記載の高速冷却反応器。 5. 反応器室内の最小温度は約1700℃〜約4000℃であることを特徴と する特許請求の範囲第2項に記載の高速冷却反応器。 6. ノズルを出るガス流の最大温度は約500℃未満であることを特徴とする 特許請求の範囲第2項に記載の高速冷却反応器。 7. 陽圧下に反応物源に作用的に接続した反応物入口を含み、反応物を反応室 に積極的に噴射し、浸透させると共にプラズマと混合させることを特徴とする特 許請求の範囲第2項に記載の高速冷却反応器。 8. 冷却室から下流に位置決めされた生成物コレクタを含む特許請求の範囲第 2項に記載の高速冷却反応器。 9. 冷却部に作用的に接続した外冷却装置を含む特許請求の範囲第2項に記載 の高速冷却反応器。 10. 出口開口部と反応室はいずれも反応器軸に沿って同軸方向にセンタリン グされることを特徴とする特許請求の範囲第2項に記載の高速冷却反応器。 11. 出口開口部と反応室の両方は反応器軸に沿って同軸方向にセンタリング され、反応器室の幅は出口開口幅の約200%を超えないことを特徴とする特許 請求の範囲第2項に記載の高速冷却反応器。 12. トーチ出口と反応器はいずれも断面が円形であると共に、反応器軸に沿 って同軸方向にセンタリングされ、反応器室の直径は出口開口径の約110〜1 50%の範囲であることを特徴とする特許請求の範囲第2項に記載の高速冷却反 応器。 13. ノズルはそれぞれ制限的開口スロートへ及び制限的開口スロートから導 かれる収束部及び発散部を有し、ノズルの収束部は高いアスペクト比を有するこ とを特徴とする特許請求の範囲第2項に記載の高速冷却反応器。 14. ノズルはそれぞれ制限的開口スロートへ及び制限的開口スロートから導 かれる収束部及び発散部を有し、ノズルの収束部は、円形断面を有するノズルス ロートに通じる連続的凹凸面により示される高いアスペクト比を有し、凹凸面の 半径はノズルスロート径にほぼ等しいことを特徴とする特許請求の範囲第2項に 記載の高速冷却反応器。 15. ノズルはそれぞれ制限的開口スロートへ及び制限的開口スロートから導 かれる収束部及び発散部を有し、ノズルの発散部は反応器軸に沿ってセンタリン グされた円すい形を有することを特徴とする特許請求の範囲第2項に記載の高速 冷却反応器。 16. ノズルはそれぞれ制限的開口スロートへ及び制限的開口スロートから導 かれる収束部及び発散部を有し、ノズルの発散部は反応器軸に沿ってセンタリン グされた円すい形を有し、総合角度が35°未満であることを特徴とする特許請 求の範囲第2項に記載の高速冷却反応器。 17. ノズルの発散部は反応器軸に沿ってセンタリングされた円すい形を有し 、総合角度が6°乃至14°の範囲であることを特徴とする特許請求の範囲第2 項に記載の高速冷却反応器。 18. ノズルはそれぞれ制限的開口スロートへ及び制限的開口スロートから導 かれる収束部及び発散部を有し、第1の高速冷却反応器は、 所望の反応生成物を凝縮し、結果として得られる高温のガス流がノズ ルを出ると同時に他の平衡生成物の形成を禁止する速度で冷却ガスを高温ガス流 に振り向けるノズルのスロートに至る追加の入口を含むことを特徴とする特許請 求の範囲第2項に記載の方法。 19. 熱力学的に安定した高温のガス流で1つの反応物をガス状又は超微細固 体粒子状の最終生成物に熱変換するための高速冷却プラズマ反応器において、 反応器軸に沿って配置した閉鎖反応器室であって、軸方向に離隔した入 口端及び出口端を有する封印反応器室と、 反応器室の入口端に位置決めされた少なくとも一対の電極を含むプラズ マトーチと、 電極を選択プラズマ入口レベルに当て、反応器室内にプラズマを生成し ながら選択プラズマガス流で電極間にプラズマアークガスの流れを導入すると共 に、反応器室の出口端の方向に延在させるするための電極から上流のプラズマア ークガス入口であって、プラズマは少なくとも1つの反応物を含有し、流入反応 物流をプラズマに混合させ、ガス流が反応器室の出口端に向かって軸方向に流れ ると同時にプラズマと結果として得られるガス流との間で熱変換させるプラズマ アークガス入口と、 選択噴射角度でその入口端で、又はこれに隣接して反応器室に至る少な くとも1つの反応物入口と、 反応器室は出口端に隣接した位置で熱力学的に不安定な反応生成物とし て所望の最終生成物が得られる選択平衡温度にプラズマによりガス流を加熱させ るのに十分な所定の長さを有し、 ガス流が該ノズルを通って軸方向に流れると同時に断熱膨張及び等エン トロピー膨張の結果として熱エネルギーを運動エネルギーに変換することにより 、ガス流を急速に冷却するための反応器室の出口端内に位置決めした同軸収束発 散ノズルであって、それぞれ選択的開口スロートから出入りする収束部及び発散 部を有し、 ノズルの収束部は、層流を維持すると同時にノズルスロートに急速にガ ス流を加速させるための高いアスペクト比を有し、 ノズル内の制限的開口スロートの大きさは、反応器室において得られる ガス流の滞留時間及び反応圧を抑制するよう選択され、 ガス流はノズルのスロートを通過中に音波速度に加速され、ガス流の軸 方向において移動ガス流の熱エネルギーを運動エネルギーに変換することにより 、流れるガス流内に所望の最終生成物を保持し、 ノズルの収束部は、移動ガス流を緩徐に加速し膨張させることにより、 ガス流の圧力を超高速に低下させ、 移動ガス流の速度を低下させると共に、その運動温度の上昇を防ぐのに 十分な速度で熱エネルギーを除去し、ガス流内に所望の最終生成物を留置するた めのノズルの収束部から導かれる同軸冷却室であって、ノズルの収束部及び冷却 室は望ましくない副反応又は逆反応を最小限に抑制することが望ましい同軸冷却 室と、 冷却室を出るガスから所望の反応生成物を分離する冷却室の下流のの生成物コレ クタと、を含むことを特徴とする高速冷却プラズマ反応器。 20. 冷却室を横切ると同時にガスを運動温度の上昇から防ぐのに十分な速度 でガス流の移動から熱エネルギーを除去するガス冷却部に作用的に接続した外冷 却装置を含むことを特徴とする特許請求の範囲第19項に記載の高速冷却プラズ マ反応器。 21. 両方のトーチは反応器軸に沿って同軸方向にセンタリングされたプラズ マ入口を含み、プラズマ入口及び反応器室内部はいずれも断面が円形であること を特徴とする特許請求の範囲第19項に記載の高速冷却プラズマ反応器。 22. 両方のトーチは反応器軸に沿って同軸方向にセンタリングされたプラズ マ入口を含み、プラズマ入口及び反応器室内部はいずれも断面が円形であり、反 応器の直径は反応室における反応ガスの再循環を防ぐためにトーチ出口径の約2 00%を超えないことを特徴とする特許請求の範囲第19項に記載の高速冷却プ ラズマ反応器。 23. 両方のトーチは反応器軸に沿って同軸方向にセンタリングされたプラズ マ入口を含み、プラズマ入口及び反応器室内部はいずれも断面が円形であり、反 応器の直径は反応室における反応ガスの再循環を防ぐためにトーチ出口径の約1 10〜150%の範囲であることを特徴とする特許請求の範囲第19項に記載の 高速冷却プラズマ反応器。 24. ノズルの収束部は円形断面を有するノズルスロートに通じる連続的凹凸 面により示される高いアスペクト比を有し、凹凸面の半径はノズルスロート径に ほぼ等しいことを特徴とする特許請求の範囲第19項に記載の高速冷却プラズマ 反応器。 25. ノズルの発散部は、反応器軸に沿ってセンタリングされた円すい形を有 し、望ましくない大きさや逆反応を最小限にするために、通過する高温ガス流の 最良の膨張及び加速を得るために総合角度が35°未満であることを特徴とする 特許請求の範囲第19項に記載の高速冷却プラズマ反応器。 26. ノズルの収束部は、反応器軸に沿ってセンタリングされた円すい形を有 し、通過する高温ガス流の最良の膨張及び加速を得るために総合角度が6°〜1 4°の範囲であることを特徴とする特許請求の範囲第19項に記載の高速冷却プ ラズマ反応器。 27. 所望の反応生成物を凝縮し、結果として得られる高温のガス流がノズル を出る際に他の平衡生成物の形成を禁止する速度で冷却ガスを高温ガス流に振り 向けるノズルのスロートに至る追加の入口を含むことを特徴とする特許請求の範 囲第19項に記載の高速冷却プラズマ反応器。 28. ノズルから出るガス流に真空圧をかけるために収束−発散ノズルの下流 に操作可能に接続した真空手段を含むことを特徴とする特許請求の範囲第19項 に記載の高速冷却プラズマ反応器。 29. 構造材料との反応を防ぐために反応器室の壁のための第1の冷却手段を 含むことを特徴とする特許請求の範囲第19に記載の装置。 30. 構造材料との反応を防ぐ反応器室の壁のための第1の冷却手段と、 構造材料との反応を防ぐ収束−発散ノズルのための第2の冷却手段と、 を含むことを特徴とする特許請求の範囲第19項に記載の装置。 31. 熱力学的に安定した高温のガス流で1つの反応物をガス状又は超微細固 体粒子状の最終生成物に熱交換するための方法であって、 反応室の1つの軸端に反応物流を導入するステップと、 反応物流が反応器室の残りの端に向かって軸方向に流れる際に流入反応 物流を急速に加熱するステップと、 前記反応器室は、所望の最終生成物が反応室の出口端に隣接した位置で 熱力学的に安定した反応生成物として反応物流内で得られる選択平衡温度に高温 加熱手段により反応物流を加熱させるのに十分な所定の長さを有し、 反応器室の残りの端内に同軸方向に配置した制限的収束−発散ノズルに ガス流を通過させ、ガス流がノズルを通って軸方向に流れる際に断熱膨張及び等 エントロピー膨張の結果として熱エネルギーを運動エネルギーに変換することに より、ガス流を急速に冷却すると共に逆反応を最小限にすることにより、流れる ガス流内に所望の最終生成物を保持するステップと、 その後に冷却し、ノズルから出る所望の最終生成物及び残りのガス流の 速度を緩徐にするステップと、を含む方法。 32. 急速加熱ステップは、上記の反応器室の1つの軸端におけるプラズマト ーチにプラズマアークガス流を導入し、その残りの軸端の方向に延在する反応室 内プラズマを生成することにより実施されることを特徴とする特許請求の範囲第 31項に記載の方法。 33. 所望の最終生成物を急速に冷却するステップは、高いアスペクト比を有 するノズルの収束部を使用することにより実施され、さらに、冷却したガス流に おける残りのガスから所望の最終生成物を分離するステップを含むことを特徴と する特許請求の範囲第31項に記載の方法。 34. 所望の最終生成物を急速に冷却するステップは、円形の断面を有するノ ズルスローとに至る連続的凹凸面により示される高いアスペクト比を有するノズ ルの収束部を使用することにより実施され、凹凸面の半径はノズルスロートの直 径にほぼ等しいことを特徴とする特許請求の範囲第31項に記載の方法。 35. 所望の最終生成物を急速に冷却するステップは、それぞれ制限的開口ス ロートに通じる収束部及び発散部を有するノズルを使用することにより実施され 、ノズルの収束部は円すい形を有することを特徴とする特許請求の範囲第31項 に記載の方法。 36. 所望の最終生成物を急速に冷却するステップは、それぞれ制限的開口ス ロートに通じるる収束部及び発散部を有するノズルを使用することにより実施さ れ、ノズルの収束部は円すい形を有し、総合角度が約35°未満であることを特 徴とする特許請求の範囲第31項に記載の方法。 37. その後に冷却し、ノズルから出る所望の最終生成物及び残りのガス流の 速度を緩徐にするステップは、所望の反応生成物を凝縮し、結果として得られる 高温のガス流がノズルを出る際に他の平衡生成物の形成を禁止する速度で冷却ガ スを高温ガス流に振り向けることにより実施されることを特徴とする特許請求の 範囲第31項に記載の方法。 38. 所望の最終生成物はチタン金属であり、反応物は四塩化チタン及び水素 であることを特徴とする特許請求の範囲第31項に記載の方法。 39. 所望の最終生成物はバナジウム金属であり、反応物は四塩化バナジウム 及び水素であることを特徴とする特許請求の範囲第31項に記載の方法。 40. 所望の最終生成物はアルミニウム金属であり、反応物は塩化アルミニウ ム及び水素であることを特徴とする特許請求の範囲第31項に記載の方法。 41. 所望の最終生成物はチタン−バナジウム合金であり、反応物は四塩化チ タンと四塩化バナジウムの混合物及び水素であることを特徴とする特許請求の範 囲第31項に記載の方法。 42. 所望の最終生成物はチタン−ホウ素合成セラミック粉であり、反応物は 四塩化チタン及び三塩化ホウ素であることを特徴とする特許請求の範囲第31項 に記載の方法。 43. 所望の最終生成物は二酸化チタンであり、反応物は四塩化チタン及び酸 素であることを特徴とする特許請求の範囲第31項に記載の方法。 44. 所望の最終生成物はアセチレンであり、反応物はメタン及び水素である ことを特徴とする特許請求の範囲第31項に記載の方法。 45. 熱力学的に安定した高温のガス流で1つの反応物をガス状又は超微細固 体粒子状の最終生成物に熱変換するための方法であって、 軸方向反応器室の入口端に位置決めされた少なくとも一対の電極を含む プラズマトーチの電極間にプラズマアークガス流を導入するステップであって、 該プラズマアークガス流は、選択プラズマガス流で導入されると同時に、電極は 選択プラズマ入力レベルが当てられ、反応器室内にプラズマを生成すると共にそ の出口端に向かって延在するステップと、 選択噴射角度及び選択反応物入力速度でその入口端で、又はこれに隣接 して反応器室に少なくとも1つの反応物を噴射することにより、入り反応物流を プラズマに充分に混合し、ガス流が反応器室の出口端に向かって軸方向に流れる と同時にプラズマと結果として得られるガス流との間で漸進的に熱交換させるス テップと、 反応器室は、その出口端に隣接した位置で熱力学的に不安定な反応生成 物として所望の最終生成物が得られる選択平衡温度にプラズマによりガス流を加 熱させるのに十分な所定の長さを有し、 ガス流がノズルを通って軸方向に流れる際に断熱膨張及び等エントロピ ー膨張の結果として熱エネルギーを運動エネルギーに変換することにより、ガス 流を急速に冷却するための反応器室の出口端内に位置決めした同軸収束発散ノズ ルにガス流を向けるステップであって、ノズルはそれぞれ選択的に開口スロート から出入りする収束部及び発散部を有するステップと、 移動ガス流の速度を低下させると共に、その運動温度の上昇を防ぐのに 十分な速度で熱エネルギーを除去することによりノズルを出るガス流を冷却する ステップと、 冷却ガス流に残ったガスから所望の最終生成物を分離するステップと、 を含むことを特徴とする方法。 46. ガス流を急速にノズルスロートに加速させると同時に、高いアスペク比 を有するノズルの収束部をガス流を通過させることにより層流を維持するステッ プをさらに有することを特徴とする特許請求の範囲第45項に記載の方法。 47. ノズル内の制限的開口スロートの大きさを選択することにより、反応器 室におけるガス流の滞留時間及び反応圧を調節するステップを含むことを特徴と する特許請求の範囲第45項に記載の方法。 48. ノズルのスロートを通過中にガス流を音波速度に加速し、移動ガス流の 熱エネルギーをガス流の軸方向の運動エネルギーに変換し、流れるガス流内に所 望の最終生成物を留置するステップを含むことを特徴とする特許請求の範囲第4 5項に記載の方法。 49. ノズルの発散部に沿って移動ガス流を緩徐に加速し、膨張させることに よりガス流の圧力を超急速に低下させ、さらに、その運動温度を低下させると共 に望ましくない副反応又は逆反応を防ぐステップを含むことを特徴とする特許請 求の範囲第45項に記載の方法。 50. チタン含有化合物からチタンを生成する方法において、 チタン含有化合物を高温プラズマに噴射し、分解するステップと、 得られるガスを急速に膨張させることによりチタンを留置し、それらを 低温ガス流に当てるステップと、を含むことを特徴とする方法。 51. 四塩化チタン(TiCl4)からチタンを生成する方法において、 四塩化チタンを高温プラズマに噴射し、チタン及び塩素に分解するステ ップと、得られるガスを急速に膨張させることによりチタンを留置し、それらを 低温ガス流に当てるステップと、を含むことを特徴とする方法。 52. 高温プラズマに十分な炭素を導入し、酸化物形成を防ぐことを特徴とす る特許請求の範囲第51項に記載の方法。 53. 高温プラズマの温度は4000Kを超えることを特徴とする特許請求の 範囲第51項に記載の方法。 54. チタンを生成する方法において、 チタン化合物を蒸気流として1つ又はそれ以上の反応物といっしょに高 温プラズマに導入することによりチタン化合物を分離するステップと、 得られた高温ガス流を中軸ノズルに通し、その内容物が圧力を超急速に 低下する前に熱力学的平衡に達するようにするステップと、 高温ガス流がノズルを通過する際に低温ガスを導入することにより高温 ガス流内のチタンを冷却し、得られるガス流が収束発散ノズルを出る際にチタン を凝縮し、平衡生成物の形成を禁止する速度でその内容物を冷却するステップと 、を含むことを特徴とする方法。 55. 高温プラズマに十分な炭素を導入し、酸化チタンの形成を防ぐステップ を含むことを特徴とする特許請求の範囲第54項に記載の方法。 56. 高温プラズマに十分な炭素を供給するために十分な量のメタンを導入し 、酸化チタンの形成を防ぐステップを含むことを特徴とする特許請求の範囲第5 4項に記載の方法。 57. 高温プラズマに十分な酸素を導入し、所望の最終生成物として二酸化チ タンを生成するステップを含むことを特徴とする特許請求の範囲第54項に記載 の方法。 58. 高温プラズマの温度は4000Kを超えることを特徴とする特許請求の 範囲第54項に記載の方法。 59. 反応物は水素を含むことを特徴とする特許請求の範囲第54項に記載の 方法。 60. チタン蒸気流は不活性キャリヤーガスとしてアルゴン内に含まれること を特徴とする特許請求の範囲第54項に記載の方法。 61. 高温プラズマは大気圧で維持され、収束発散ノズルを出る得られるガス 流は真空圧で維持されることを特徴とする特許請求の範囲第54項に記載の方法 。 62. 粒子サイズが100nm未満である二酸化チタン粒子を含む元素チタン 生成物。 63. 二酸化チタン粒子は、粒子サイズが10〜100nmであることを特徴 とする特許請求の範囲第62項に記載の元素チタン生成物。 64. 二酸化チタン粒子は、小サイズ分布範囲が±25nmであることを特徴 とする特許請求の範囲第62項に記載の元素チタン生成物。
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
CN1052759C (zh) | 2000-05-24 |
WO1996028577A1 (en) | 1996-09-19 |
CA2215324A1 (en) | 1996-09-19 |
BR9607210A (pt) | 1997-11-11 |
EP0815271A4 (en) | 1998-06-10 |
JP4139435B2 (ja) | 2008-08-27 |
US5749937A (en) | 1998-05-12 |
USRE37853E1 (en) | 2002-09-24 |
EP0815271A1 (en) | 1998-01-07 |
NO318231B1 (no) | 2005-02-21 |
NO974225D0 (no) | 1997-09-12 |
AU694024B2 (en) | 1998-07-09 |
NO974225L (no) | 1997-11-04 |
US5935293A (en) | 1999-08-10 |
CA2215324C (en) | 2005-10-25 |
CN1182456A (zh) | 1998-05-20 |
AU5423596A (en) | 1996-10-02 |
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