JPH084504Y2 - Roofing equipment - Google Patents

Description

[Detailed description of the device]

[0001]

[Industrial field of application] The present invention is applied to the end portions of two roof plates.
A roof device that connects scholars overlapping each other and prevents the snowfall on the roof from slipping off the eaves and allows the installation of devices such as antennas and solar water heaters on the roof .

[0002]

2. Description of the Related Art In general, folded plate shingles that make up a roof
It is manufactured by roll molding of a metal plate,
The variation in the thickness of the metal plate and the longitudinal direction of the forming roll itself
The edge of the roof plate is wavy due to variations in the diameter
However, there is a small gap between the edges of the adjacent roof plates.
It is inevitable. Therefore, it is not
The rainwater from the minute gaps due to wind pressure and capillary action.
It is easy to penetrate into the inside and surely achieves the rain leak prevention function.
I can't. In addition, when installing a snow stopper metal fitting to prevent falling of snow from the eaves, or installing a mounting bracket for attaching equipment such as an antenna and a solar water heater, Conventionally, the method of bolting those metal fittings to the roof plate has been often adopted , and for this reason, the bolt insertion hole formed in the roof plate serves as a passageway for water to the room, and rainwater from that part
In addition, it is not preferable because special measures are required to keep the watertightness.

The applicant of the present invention has previously proposed a device for a roof that does not need to have a bolt insertion hole that serves as a passage for water at the joint portion of a folded roof plate. This is a so-called boltless method, in which the rising parts formed at the end of the roof plate are butted against each other, the butted parts are fixed by clips and connected so that they do not move, and the connecting parts are covered with a cap to prevent It is designed to prevent the ingress of water. When installing the above metal fittings such as snow stoppers and antennas on the roof where the roof plates are connected by such a boltless method, bolting those brackets to the roof plate,
A bolt-less method was used as the connection method between the roof plates, because a bolt insertion hole was formed in the roof plate to install these metal fittings, and special measures were required to maintain the watertightness of that part. Is not preferable because the meaning of is weakened.

[0004]

As described above, bolting the above metal fittings to the roof that is covered with the folded roof plate is not recommended in terms of measures against rainwater. It is also desirable to avoid separately mounting snow-stop fittings and fittings for equipment such as antennas and solar water heaters on the roof plate, because these fittings are conspicuous and the appearance of the roof becomes unsightly.

The present invention has been made in view of the above circumstances, and it is possible to prevent intrusion of rainwater in a storm or the like as much as possible.
Even if some rainwater invades, the infiltration rainwater is collected.
It is possible to prevent the intrusion into the room by making the combined drainage.
Moreover, it is an object of the present invention to provide a roof device capable of installing a pedestal of various jigs such as a snow stopper, an antenna mounting bracket, and a solar water heater mounting bracket on a roof plate by a boltless method.

[0006]

According to the roof apparatus of the invention of claim 1, the roof device is erected upward from the end portions of the adjoining roof plates, and is protruded downward from the upper end portions of the rising portions.
The recesses of the depressions are butted against each other, and the cap is externally fitted from above the butted portion, so that the return portion projecting inwardly toward the rising portion of the roof plate and the top plate portion of the cap extend downward. The pair of left and right leg pieces provided are engaged with the recessed engaging portions, and on the other hand, the pair of leg pieces and the upper plate portion extending between the upper ends of the pair of leg pieces are formed. A pair of hooks that are engaged with the recessed engagement portions of the cap are formed at the lower ends of the pair of leg pieces, and the pedestal is formed so as to project upward from the pedestal. A protruding member attached to the upper plate portion of the cap is formed, and when the hooks of the pair of leg pieces of the pedestal are engaged with the recessed engagement portions of the cap, the top of the cap of the pair of leg pieces is Fasten the parts protruding above the plate with fasteners And it is characterized in and.

In addition to the elements of the invention of claim 1, the roof device of the invention of claim 2 is provided at the end of the pedestal on the eaves side so as to project toward the eaves side, and is superimposed on the top plate portion of the cap. It is provided with a load receiving plate.

In the roof apparatus according to the third aspect of the present invention, the roof portions of adjacent roof plates are respectively raised upward, and the downward concave portions protruding outward from the upper ends of the rising portions are butted against each other. By fitting the cap from above the abutting portion, a return portion protruding inward is formed on the rising portion of the roof plate and a pair of left and right leg pieces extending downward from the top plate portion of the cap. A pedestal having a pair of leg pieces and an upper plate portion extending between the upper ends of the pair of leg pieces,
A pair of hooks that are respectively engaged with the recessed engagement portions of the cap are formed at the lower ends of the pair of leg pieces, and the pedestal projects toward the eaves side and is stacked on the top plate portion of the cap. A load receiving plate and an overhanging member attached to the pedestal in a form of overhanging above and to the side of the pedestal are formed. It is characterized in that the portions of the pair of leg pieces protruding above the top plate portion of the cap when engaged with are fastened by a fastener.

[0009]

According to the roof apparatus of the first aspect of the present invention, even if rainwater is trying to enter along the outer surface of the rising portion of the adjacent roof plate, the height of the rising portion of each roof plate is high. Downward recesses that are respectively raised from the ends of the adjacent roof plates and project outward from the upper ends of the rising portions.
Make sure that the recesses of the cap are butted together, and that the cap is fitted over the butted part, and that the pair of left and right leg pieces that extend downward from the top plate of the cap are in close contact with the outer surface of the roof plate. By forming the closed portion, the infiltration of rainwater is suppressed to an extremely small amount. In addition, even if some rainwater enters along the block, the rainwater will be projected downward from the upper edge of the rising part of the roof plate.
It will be collected in the gutter part formed from the hollow part of the hollow and will be drained in a predetermined direction, so that it will be prevented from entering indoors. In addition, the pair of leg pieces of the pedestal externally fitted to the cap by engaging the hooks with the recessed engagement portions formed at the lower ends of the pair of leg pieces of the cap are used as the top plate of the cap. Even if bolts and nuts are used as fasteners by fastening the pedestal to the cap by tightening at a site above the part, it is not necessary to open a bolt insertion hole that serves as a passage for water in the cap, and Intrusion prevention can be ensured. Further, the protruding member attached to the upper plate portion of the pedestal not only functions as a snow stop plate, but also can be used as a mounting bracket for devices such as antennas and solar water heaters. .

According to the roof apparatus of the second aspect of the invention, when a large load toward the eaves side due to the weight of snow is applied to the protruding member, the load is transmitted to the load receiving plate, and the load receiving plate is capped. The top plate portion of the base plate is pressed to effectively prevent the pedestal from being lifted up with respect to the cap .

According to the roof apparatus devised in claim 3, above
In addition to the effective function of preventing rainwater from entering the
The overhanging member also functions as a snow stop plate. Then, when a large load toward the eaves side due to the weight of snow is applied to the overhanging member, the load is transmitted to the load receiving plate, and the load receiving plate presses the top plate portion of the cap to raise the pedestal with respect to the cap. Effectively prevent .

[0012]

1 is a front view of a roof apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention in a used state, and FIG. 2 is a side view of the roof apparatus in a used state. The roofs shown in these figures are of the above-mentioned boltless type roof. It has a structure in which plates are connected to each other. That is, a gate-shaped roof receiving frame F is fixed to a base material W such as a purlin, and a suspender 81 is fixed to the top of the roof receiving frame F. The metal fold plate 7 as a roof plate is made of a color steel plate backed with a heat insulating material 71, and both ends in the direction along the ridge (not shown) are bent into a symmetrical special shape. More specifically, the roof plate main body 72 is provided at each end of the roof plates 7 that are arranged adjacent to each other.
From the upper part through the stepped part 73 to the upper part of the lower stage, the return part 75 protruding inward from the upper end of the lower part of the lower stage 74, and the further return part 75. An upper tier side rising portion 76, a substantially U-shaped dent portion 77 of a downward dent protruding outward from an upper end portion of the upper tier side rising portion 76, and a fold bent inward at an end edge of the dent portion 77. The bent piece portion 78 and the heat insulating material 7 are provided.
1 is provided over the entire portion excluding the bent piece portion 78 and the rising portion of the recess 77.

The recessed portion between the upper-side rising portion 76 and the recessed portion 77 of each of the adjacent roof plates 7 , 7 is a protruding portion 82 of the hanger 81.
Is fitted into. In this manner, the adjacent roof plates 7, 7 arranged on both sides of the suspension 81 are arranged such that the rising portions 77a, 77a of the recesses 77, 77 face each other in a butted state. Then, a metal clip 83 is fitted to the abutting portion, and the ends of the adjacent roof plates 7, 7 are connected by the clip 83 so as not to move. Reference numeral 9 is a metal cap made of a long body having a gate-shaped cross section lined with a heat insulating material.
Is the top plate portion 93 and the left side extending downward from both ends thereof.
It consists of a pair of right leg pieces 91, 91, and a pair of left and right leg pieces 9
Engagement portions 92, 92 are formed at the lower end portions of the reference numerals 1 , 91 , respectively. This cap 9 is formed by butting the roof plates 7, 7 which are adjacent to each other on the clip 83.
The engaging portions 92, 92 are fitted onto the places from above and are engaged with the return portions 75, 75 of the roof plates 7, 7 or the engaging piece portions 84, 84 of the clip 83.

As described above, the caps 9 are adjacent to each other.
Butt between the rising portions 77a, 77a of the root plates 7, 7
Each roof plate 77, 77
At the upper ends of the upper-side rising portions 76, 76,
In the state where the upper part is covered with the top plate part 93 of 9,
The gutters T and T are formed by 7, 77.

[0015] jig A has a base 1, a fastener 2 comprising a bolt 21 and a nut 22., the projecting member 3, a load receiving plate 4, and a protruding member 5.

The pedestal 1 has a pair of leg pieces 11 and 11 having hooks 12 and 12 which are bent in an arc shape at the lower end thereof.
And the upper plate portion 13 extending between the upper ends of the leg pieces 11 and 11, and the rising plate portion 14 bent at the ridge-side end portion of the upper plate portion 13.
And a rising plate portion 15 that is bent at the eaves-side end portion of the upper plate portion 13 are integrally formed, and the length (that is, the height) of the leg pieces 11 and 11 in the vertical direction is formed. )
Is longer than the length of the pair of leg pieces 91 1 , 91 extending from the engaging portions 92 1 , 92 of the cap 9 to the top plate 93. In the leg pieces 11 and 11, when the pedestal 1 is fitted to the cap 9 as shown in FIG. 1 and the hooks 12 and 12 are engaged with the engaging portions 92 and 92 of the cap 9, Bolt insertion holes 16 and 16 are formed in a predetermined portion (two portions in the embodiment) of a portion of the cap 9 that protrudes above the top plate portion 93.

This pedestal 1 is fitted into the cap 9 as described above, and the hooks 12 and 12 are engaged with the engaging portions 92 and 9 of the cap 9.
2 to engage, and is fixed to the cap 9 by tightening the fastener 21 and bolt 21 inserted through the bolt holes 16 and 16 formed of <br/> nut 22 for screwed on the bolt 21. In this case, since the bolt 21 is inserted between the top plate portion 93 of the cap 9 and the upper plate portion 13 of the pedestal 1, it is not necessary to make a hole for inserting the bolt 21 on the cap 9 side. A washer 23 is interposed between the head of the bolt 21 and one leg 11 of the pedestal 1, and the nut 22
A washer 24 and a spring washer 25 are interposed between the other leg piece 11 of the base 1.

The protruding member 3, the lateral width of the upper plate portion 13 of the base 1 and has substantially the same width, the attachment portion 31, the plate-like portion that extends through the stepped portion 32 to the mounting portion 31 33, a standing plate portion 34 that is raised from the plate-shaped portion 33, a protruding plate portion 35 that is bent at the upper end of the standing plate portion 34, and a protruding plate portion 3
5 is integrally provided with a falling plate portion 36 hung from 5, and a bolt insertion hole 37 is formed in the mounting portion 31. In this protruding member 3, as shown in FIG. 2, the mounting portion 31 is superposed on the upper plate portion 13 of the pedestal 1, and the bolt insertion hole 37 thereof is aligned with the elongated hole 17 formed in the upper plate portion 13.
The nut 6 is attached to the pedestal 1 by screwing a nut 63 into the bolt 6 that has passed through the bolt insertion hole 37 via a washer 61 and a spring washer 62. In the state where the protruding member 3 is attached to the pedestal 1 as described above, an L-shaped space 38 is formed between the attachment member 3 and the pedestal 1.

The load receiving plate 4 and the overhanging member 5 are integrally formed. The lateral width of the overhanging member 5 is formed longer than the lateral width of the upper plate portion 13 of the pedestal 1, and a bolt insertion hole 51 is formed in the central portion in the lateral width direction thereof. Then, the overhanging member 5 has its central portion overlapped with the rising plate portion 15 of the pedestal 1 so that the bolt insertion holes 51 are aligned with the bolt insertion holes 18 formed in the rising plate portion 15, and these bolt insertion holes 51,
It is attached to the pedestal 1 by screwing a nut 71 into the bolt 7 passed through 18 and tightening it. In such an attached state, the overhanging member 5 has the upper plate portion 13 of the base 1
Overhang and on both sides. The load receiving plate 4 projects from the lower end of the central portion of the overhanging member 5 to the eaves side, and is superposed on the top plate portion 93 of the cap 9.

With the above structure, the pair of leg pieces 11, 11 of the pedestal 1 are tightened by the tightening force of the fastener 2, and the cap 9 is pinched, and the hooks 12, 11 of the leg pieces 11, 11 are tightened.
12 engages with the engaging portions 92, 92 of the cap 9 to prevent the pedestal 1 from falling off. Therefore, the pedestal 1 is firmly fixed to the cap 9 by the boltless method. In addition, bolts 6 and nuts 6 for attaching the protruding member 3 to the pedestal 1
3 and the like are covered by the overhanging member 5 on the side of the eaves and disappear.

The jig A can be used not only as a snow stopper, but also as a mounting bracket for devices such as an antenna and a solar water heater.

That is, the function as the snow stopper is mainly exerted by the overhanging member 5 supporting the snow accumulated on the roof, and the function prevents the snow from sliding down to the eaves side. Further, since the projecting member 3 is also useful for supporting snow, the function as the snow stopper fitting is assisted by the projecting member 3. Then, the load of snow received by the overhanging member 5 and the projecting member 3 is transmitted to the load receiving plate 4, and the load receiving plate 4 presses the top plate portion 93 of the cap 9 to lift the pedestal 1 from the ridge side with respect to the cap 9. Help to prevent.

As described above, since the L-shaped space 38 is formed between the protruding member 3 and the pedestal 1, if the L-shaped steel is arranged as shown in FIG. 4 by utilizing this space 38. ,
The L-shaped steel protrudes above and to the side of the pedestal 1. Therefore, while it can be said that the protruding member 3 described in FIGS. 1 and 2 is formed of a short member having a narrow width, the L-shaped steel has a protruding member 3 ′ formed of a long member having a wide width. Can be said to be Since such a long protruding member 3'made of L-shaped steel is useful for supporting snow in a wide range, the jig A has an excellent function as a snow stopper, and in that case, Since the load applied to the pedestal 1 via the protruding member 3 ′ made of L-shaped steel also increases, the provision of the load receiving plate 4 effectively works to prevent the pedestal 1 from rising up. That is, the force with which the load receiving plate 4 presses the top plate portion 93 of the cap 9 increases as the load of snow applied to the jig A increases, and the friction resistance between the load receiving plate 4 and the top plate portion 93 of the cap 9 increases. since similarly the larger the load of the snow becomes the greater, the load receiving plate 4 and <br/> top plate portion 93 of the cap 9 when the support the load of a large snow by projecting member 3 'made in the L-type steel The frictional resistance also increases in accordance with the load of snow, and the load receiving plate 4 effectively prevents the pedestal 1 from rising.

The long projecting member 3'made of L-shaped steel is mounted on the upper plate portion 13 of the pedestal 1 before the short projecting member 3 is attached to the pedestal 1, and then the short projecting member 3 is mounted. The long protruding member 3 ′ is covered, and the mounting portion 31 is tightened and fixed by the bolt 6 and the nut 63. When fixing the thus protruding member 3 long by ', using a square-shaped <br/> bolt as the bolt 6, it suffices to prevent rotation together its rectangular portion into the elongated hole 17, the nut 63 Since the bolt 6 can be prevented from being rotated when screwed in, there is an advantage that the site work can be easily performed.

The function of the jig A as a mounting member for mounting equipment such as an antenna is exerted by the short projecting member 3 and the long projecting member 3'described above. That is, devices such as an antenna can be bolted or welded to these protruding members 3 , 3 '.

In the embodiment described above, the roof plate 7 is raised.
Cap 9 capable of forming a trough portion T on the upper end of the portion, and a pedestal 1
It is an embodiment of the invention of claim 1 in that it has a fastener 2, and projecting members 3, 3 ′. In addition, in this embodiment, the cap 9, the pedestal 1, the fastener 2, and the projecting members 3 and 3 '.
And a load receiving plate 4 are also embodiments of the invention of claim 2. Further, this embodiment is also an embodiment of the invention of claim 3 in that it has a cap 9, a pedestal 1, a load receiving plate 4, and an overhanging member 5.

By the way, the invention of claim 1 is that of the roof plate 7.
A cap 9 fitted on the butt portion , a pedestal 1,
Since the fastener 2 and the projecting member 3 or 3'are included, the load receiving plate 4 and the overhanging member 5 are not necessarily required, and even in that case, the short projecting member 3 or the long projecting member 3 '. By doing so, it can function as a snow stop fitting and as a mounting bracket for equipment. Further, in FIG. 4, since the short protruding member 3 only functions as a holding tool for attaching the long protruding member 3 ′,
If the long projecting member 3 ′ can be directly fixed to the pedestal 1, the short projecting member 3 is not necessary. An example is shown in FIG. That is, in this example, the elongated projecting member 3'is bolted to the upper plate portion 13 of the pedestal 1. It may be fixed to the upper plate portion 13 of the base 1 by welding the protruding member 3 'long.

Further, the invention of claim 2 is such that the roof plate 7 is projected.
Since the cap 9 externally fitted to the mating portion , the pedestal 1, the fastener 2, the protruding member 3 or 3 ′, and the load receiving plate 4 are included, the overhanging member 5 is not necessarily required.
Even in that case, the load receiving plate 4 exerts the function of preventing the pedestal 1 from slipping. Furthermore, it suffices that either the short protruding member 3 or the long protruding member 3 ′ is provided. Therefore, for example, as shown in FIG. 6, the mounting portion 41 of the load receiving plate 4 is provided, and the mounting portion 41 is bolted to the rising plate portion 15 of the pedestal 1 is also included in the invention of claim 2.

Further, in the invention of claim 3, the projection of the roof plate 7 is
Since it has the cap 9 , which is fitted on the joint portion , the pedestal 1, the load receiving plate 4, and the overhanging member 5,
The protruding members 3 and 3'are not always necessary. Therefore, the one in which the protruding members 3 and 3'are omitted in FIG.
Included in the invention of.

FIG. 3 shows a jig A using a base 1 according to a modification.
Is shown. In this pedestal 1, one leg piece 1
1'is formed as a separate body that is divided from an integral body of the other leg piece 11 and the upper plate portion 13, and a stacking flange 19 is formed at the end of the upper plate portion 13. Then, one of the leg pieces 11 ′ is overlapped with the overlapping flange 19, and they are connected with the bolt 21 and the nut 22 of the fastener 2. Reference numeral 16 'denotes a bolt insertion hole of the one leg piece portion 11', and 19 'denotes a bolt insertion hole of the overlapping flange 19.
Since other points of that is the same as was described in FIG. 1 and the like, a detailed description thereof will be omitted in the corresponding portions will be denoted by the same reference numerals.

[0031]

As described above, in the roof device of the present invention, the height of the rising portion formed at the end portion of the roof plate is high, and the roof device is raised from the end portions of the adjacent roof plates, respectively.
From the upper end of the upstanding upstream portion against the <br/> recess portions of the recess downwardly projecting outwardly, the downward an upper end of the rising portion of the roof plate by cap from above the abutting portion is fitted The gutter part formed of the dimple part of the dimple is formed, and the pair of left and right leg pieces extending downward from the top plate part of the cap are in close contact with the outer surface of the roof plate to form the closed part. This makes it difficult for rainwater to enter along the outer surface of the rising part of the roof plate during storms, etc. Can be collected in a gutter formed on the upper edge of the rising part of the roof board and drained in a predetermined direction, and reliably exhibits an excellent rain leak prevention function that prevents rainwater from entering indoors. Can be made. In addition, when the jig is attached to the cap, the bolt is not inserted into a place where it is necessary to take measures against watertightness of the roof plate, so that the watertightness of the place where the jig is installed can be reliably maintained. . Moreover, since the pedestal is fastened with the mounting bolts from the upper side of the roof plate and the cap, the roof plate and the cap can be more reliably coupled. Therefore, when applied to a roof in which the roof plates are connected to each other by the boltless method as described at the beginning, there is a great benefit particularly.

According to the invention of claim 1, wherein the projecting member is attached to the upper plate of the pedestal, the projecting member is used as a snow stopper or as a mounting bracket for devices such as an antenna and a solar water heater. it is possible to use, and Yukitome fitting the roof, it is not necessary to install the mounting bracket of the equipment separately, also eliminated things like their mounting bracket is unsightly conspicuous.

According to the invention of claim 2, wherein the load receiving plate is protruded from the end of the pedestal, when the jig is used as a snow stopper, the jig is lifted by the snow load. This is prevented by the frictional resistance between the receiving plate and the top plate portion of the cap, and it is possible to reliably prevent the snow from slipping off.

Further, according to the invention of claim 3, wherein the pedestal, the load receiving plate and the overhanging member are provided, the above-mentioned structure is provided .
While exerting an excellent rain-leak prevention function, the overhanging member serves as a snow stopper and the jig is prevented from rising due to snow load due to the frictional resistance between the load receiving plate and the top plate of the cap. There is an effect that it is possible to surely prevent the slippage of the slip.

[Brief description of drawings]

FIG. 1 is a front view of a roof device according to an embodiment of the present invention in use.

FIG. 2 is a side view of the roof device in a used state.

FIG. 3 is a front view of a state of use for explaining a modified example of the pedestal.

FIG. 4 is a schematic perspective view of another embodiment.

FIG. 5 is a schematic perspective view of still another embodiment.

FIG. 6 is a schematic perspective view of still another embodiment.

[Explanation of Codes] A jig 1 pedestal 2 fasteners 3, 3'projecting member 4 load receiving plate 5 overhanging member 7 roof plate 9 cap 11 leg piece 12 hook 13 upper plate portion 91 leg piece 92 engaging portion 93 Top part T gutter

Claims (3)

[Scope of utility model registration request] 1. The caps are erected upward from the ends of adjacent roof plates, and the recesses of the downward recesses protruding outward from the upper ends of the rising parts are abutted against each other, and the caps are attached from above the abutted parts. By being fitted externally, a return portion that protrudes inward from the rising portion of the roof plate and a recessed engagement portion formed on the pair of left and right leg pieces that extend downward from the top plate portion of the cap. On the other hand, a pedestal having a pair of leg pieces and an upper plate portion extending between the upper ends of the pair of leg pieces is provided, and the caps are provided at the lower ends of the pair of leg pieces. A pair of hooks that are respectively engaged with the recessed engagement portions are formed, and a protrusion member that is attached to the upper plate portion of the pedestal in a form of protruding upward is formed on the pedestal. The hooks of the pair of leg pieces are connected to the recessed engagement portions of the cap. Roof apparatus characterized by comprising tightening a portion projecting above the top plate of the cap in the pair of leg portions by fastener when engaged. 2. The roof apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising a load receiving plate which is provided at an end of the pedestal on the side of the eaves so as to project toward the side of the eaves and which is stacked on a top plate portion of the cap. 3. The caps are erected upward from the end portions of adjacent roof plates, and the recessed portions of the downward recesses protruding outward from the upper end portions of the rising portions are abutted against each other, and the caps are attached from above the abutted portions. By being fitted externally, a return portion that protrudes inward from the rising portion of the roof plate and a recessed engagement portion formed on the pair of left and right leg pieces that extend downward from the top plate portion of the cap. On the other hand, a pedestal having a pair of leg pieces and an upper plate portion extending between the upper ends of the pair of leg pieces is provided, and the caps are provided at the lower ends of the pair of leg pieces. A pair of hooks that are respectively engaged with the recessed engagement portions are formed, and the pedestal has a load receiving plate that projects toward the eaves side and is stacked on the top plate portion of the cap, and above and to the side of the pedestal. The overhanging member attached to the pedestal in the form of overhanging When the hooks of the pair of leg pieces of the pedestal are engaged with the recessed engagement portions of the cap, the portions of the pair of leg pieces that project above the top plate of the cap are fastened. A roof device characterized by being tightened with tools.