JPH08314939A - Translation device and its method - Google Patents

Abstract

PURPOSE: To improve the convenience of a translation device. CONSTITUTION: A Japanese input sentence inputted to a sentence input device 1 is translated into English in a translation circuit 3 and a translation sentence generation circuit 4, and it is displayed by an output device 5. On the other hand, a general noun ('hotel', for example) included in the input sentence is detected in an input sentence analysis circuit 2. A proper noun (concrete hotel name, for example) included in the category of the general noun is retrieved from a storage medium 9 in a proper noun list retrieval circuit 6. The retrieved proper noun is outputted to the output device 5 so as to be displayed.

Description

Detailed Description of the Invention

[0001]

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a translation device and a translation method. In particular, by translating the input sentence as well as the proper nouns included in the category of general nouns in the input sentence, it is possible to present a concrete city name or hotel name, for example. The present invention relates to a device and a translation method.

[0002]

2. Description of the Related Art In a conventional translation device (portable translation device) that is portable when traveling overseas, for example, an input sentence input in a language such as Japanese is not translated into another language such as English. It is designed to be translated into and output.

[0003]

By the way, when a general noun is input to such a translation device, it is convenient if a proper noun specific to each country or region is included in the category of the general noun. Is. In other words, it is convenient if a specific hotel name existing at the travel destination is output when the general noun “hotel” or the like is input during an overseas travel.

It is more convenient if the specific hotel name is reflected in the translated text.

However, the conventional translation device is not designed to convert a general noun into proper nouns included in its category, and therefore, when obtaining the proper nouns as described above, However, the user needs to search using, for example, a guidebook or another device such as an information search device, which is troublesome.

Further, in the conventional apparatus, even when the proper noun is directly input, the translation result is not always obtained. That is, for example, when a specific city name is input, regardless of whether the city is representative (or famous) of the country, if it is not, the translation result cannot be obtained. It was Therefore, in such a case, the user finds a translation of a specific city name by referring to a guidebook or the like, and obtains a translated sentence by a translation device using the general noun or a representative city name. , It was necessary to replace the part of the general noun or typical city name with the translation of the city name that I searched for.

Further, in the translation, accompanying information attached to the proper noun, that is, when the proper noun is a specific hotel name, the address of the hotel, a telephone number, an accommodation charge, and other information are also included. It would be convenient if it could be obtained, but such related information could not be obtained by the conventional translation device.

The present invention has been made in view of such a situation, and it is possible to improve the convenience of the translation apparatus.

[0009]

A translation device according to the present invention includes a detecting means for detecting a general noun included in an input sentence and a proper noun storing means for storing a proper noun included in a category of a predetermined general noun. And a proper noun search means for searching for a proper noun stored in the proper noun storage means included in the category of general nouns detected by the detection means, and the output means uses the proper noun search means. The feature is that the searched proper noun is also output.

In this translation device, the translation means includes:
The proper noun searched by the proper noun search means may be translated, and the output means may also output the proper noun translated by the translator. Further, the proper noun storage means can be made removable.

Further, this translation apparatus includes, of the accompanying information storing means for storing accompanying information associated with the proper noun stored in the proper noun storing means and the accompanying information stored in the associated information storage means. Further, it is possible to further include an incidental information searching unit that searches for an incidental item associated with the proper noun searched by the proper noun searching unit. In this case, the output unit also outputs the incidental information searched by the incidental information searching unit. Can be made. The translation means can also translate the associated information searched by the associated information searching means, and the output means can also output the associated information translated by the translation means. The incidental information storage means can be removable.

According to the translation method of the present invention, a general noun included in an input sentence is detected, a proper noun included in the category of the general noun is retrieved from the proper noun storage means, and the retrieved proper noun is also output. Characterize.

[0013]

In the translation device of the present invention, the detecting means is adapted to detect a general noun included in the input sentence. The proper noun storage unit stores proper nouns included in a category of predetermined general nouns, and the proper noun search unit detects the general nouns detected by the detection unit among the proper nouns stored in the proper noun storage unit. It is designed to search for items included in the category of nouns. The output means also outputs the proper noun searched by the proper noun search means.

In the translation method of the present invention, a general noun included in an input sentence is detected, a proper noun included in the category of the general noun is searched from the proper noun storage means, and the searched proper noun is also output. Has been done.

[0015]

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS FIG. 1 shows the configuration of an embodiment of a translation apparatus to which the present invention is applied. It should be noted that this translation device is of a portable type and is adapted to translate, for example, an input sentence in Japanese into English.

The sentence input device 1 is composed of, for example, a keyboard, a microphone and a voice recognition device, an input pen, a tablet, a handwritten character recognition device, and the like. It is designed to be taken in. That is, the user can input an input sentence by operating a keyboard or an input pen, for example. In addition, the user can input the input sentence by voice.

The input sentence input by operating the keyboard is directly output to the input sentence analysis circuit 2. Further, the input sentence drawn on the tablet by operating the input pen is subjected to character recognition by the handwritten character recognition device and output to the input sentence analysis circuit 2. Further, the input sentence input to the microphone is recognized by the voice recognition device, and the input sentence analysis circuit 2
It is designed to be output to.

If the input sentence from the sentence input device 1 is not in word units, the input sentence analysis circuit 2 (detection means) divides the input sentence into word units, and analyzes its part of speech (morphological analysis). Other necessary analysis processing is performed, whereby the heading (for example, "invention" if the word is "invention") of each word constituting the input sentence, reading (for example, if the word is "invention", The pronunciation is expressed by phonetic symbols, etc.), and the part of speech is obtained. Information obtained as a result of the analysis processing of the input sentence analysis circuit 2 (hereinafter, appropriately referred to as analysis information) is output to the translation circuit 3.

Further, the input sentence analysis circuit 2 detects a general noun included in the input sentence based on the result of the part-of-speech analysis,
The proper noun list search circuit 6 also outputs the list.

The translation circuit 3 (translation means) translates (replaces) each word constituting the input sentence into English (English word) based on the analysis information from the input sentence analysis circuit 2, and the translated sentence generation circuit. It is designed to output to 4. The translation sentence generation circuit 4 (translation means) assembles the English words output from the translation circuit 3 into sentences using other English words if necessary, and thereby translates the input sentence into English. And output to the output device 5.

The output device 5 (output means) is, for example, an LCD.
It is composed of a (liquid crystal display), a voice synthesizer, a speaker, etc., and is adapted to output the translated sentence from the translated sentence generation circuit 4. That is, the output device 5 displays the translated sentence on the LCD, or alternatively, the speech synthesizer generates a synthesized sound corresponding to the translated sentence and outputs it from the speaker.

The proper noun list search circuit 6 (proper noun search means) searches the storage medium 9 for proper nouns included in the category of general nouns supplied from the input sentence analysis circuit 2 and supplies them to the output device 5. It is done like this. The output device 5 also outputs the proper noun supplied from the proper noun list search circuit 6.

The accompanying information database searching circuit 7 (an accompanying information searching means) is a unique noun searched by the proper noun list searching circuit 6 in response to an input supplied from the selection input device 8 through the proper noun list searching circuit 6. The accompanying information associated with the noun is retrieved from the storage medium 9 and supplied to the translation circuit 3 or the output device 5.

When the accompanying information is supplied from the accompanying information database search circuit 7, the translation circuit 3 translates the accompanying information into English and outputs the translated information to the translated sentence generation circuit 4. Further, the output device 5 outputs the incidental information when the incidental information is supplied from the incidental information database search circuit 7.

The selection input device 8 is composed of, for example, a keyboard, a pad (touch panel) or a tablet which allows a predetermined input with a finger or an input pen, and selects a proper noun output from the output device 5, or It is operated when other necessary input is given. Selective input device 8
Outputs an operation signal corresponding to the operation to the proper noun list search circuit 6, and this operation signal is supplied from the proper noun list search circuit 6 to a necessary block. . The selection input device 8
Can also be used as the sentence input device 1.

The storage medium 9 (proper noun storage means) (accompanying information storage means) is, for example, an IC card, a memory card,
It is a CD-ROM or the like and stores a proper noun list and an accompanying information database.

Here, the proper noun list is a proper noun (for example, a general noun "hotel") included in its category for each predetermined general noun (for example, "hotel", "theater", etc.).
Or, for “theatre” and the like, a list of specific hotel or theater names) is listed. The incidental information database is a database that summarizes various incidental information related to each proper noun in the proper noun list. As incidental information, for example, guidebooks related to proper nouns related to it Description (eg, hotel location (address))
, Telephone numbers, hotel charges, hotel features, etc. (Note that these data are basically text data, but the accompanying information includes image data such as a map of the area around the hotel, and information about the hotel. It can also include voice data, etc.)), and other users can store useful information for reference. Further, the incidental information includes information necessary for translating it into English and information necessary for translating the proper noun related to the incidental information into English.

Since the proper noun list and the accompanying information database are related to each other as described above, there is no problem even if they are stored in the same storage medium 9 (rather, the same storage medium 9). It is preferable to store in).

The storage medium 9 can be attached to and detached from the translation apparatus shown in FIG. In this case, the proper noun list and the associated information database stored in the storage medium 9 can be adapted to the usage status of the device. That is, the storage medium 9 can store, for example, a proper noun list and an accompanying information database corresponding to each predetermined area or city.

Specifically, for example, the storage medium 9 for sightseeing in New York includes a New York hotel, a theater,
A proper noun list about a restaurant, an airfield, a (subway) station, etc. and an accompanying information database are stored. Further, for example, the storage medium 9 for sightseeing in London includes hotels, theaters, restaurants, airfields in London,
A proper noun list and ancillary information database about stops (of buses) should be stored. Then, when traveling to New York or London, by mounting the storage medium 9 for sightseeing in New York or London respectively, it is possible to obtain information suitable for the situation in which the device is used.

The part surrounded by the dotted line in FIG.
In addition to the individual blocks shown in the figure, it may be integrally configured by a microcomputer or the like.

Next, the operation will be described. When an input sentence is input by the user operating the sentence input device 1, the input sentence is output to the input sentence analysis circuit 2. In the input sentence analysis circuit 2, the input sentence from the sentence input device 1 is divided into words, and further, part-of-speech analysis and other analysis are performed, and the analysis result (analysis information) is output to the translation circuit 3.

In the translation circuit 3, each word constituting the input sentence is converted into an English word based on the analysis information from the input sentence analysis circuit 2 and output to the translation sentence generation circuit 4. The translated sentence generation circuit 4 assembles the output of the translated circuit 3 into a sentence, that is, a translated sentence (English translated sentence), and outputs it to the output device 5. As a result, on the output device 5, the translated sentence obtained by translating the input sentence is displayed. That is, for example, when "I want to go to a hotel" is input as the input sentence, the translated sentence "I want to go to hotel" is displayed.

Further, the input sentence analysis circuit 2 detects a general noun included in the input sentence based on the result of the part-of-speech analysis and outputs it to the proper noun list search circuit 6. When the proper noun list search unit 6 receives a general noun from the input sentence analysis unit 2, it searches the recording medium 9 for a proper noun list in which proper nouns included in the category of the general noun are registered, and the proper noun list. The proper noun registered in the output device 5 (this proper noun is described in the language of the input sentence).
To display (to obtain a proper noun from a general noun in this way can be considered as a translation (translation of a general noun into a proper noun) in a broad sense).

That is, when the input sentence is, for example, "I want to go to a hotel" as described above, the general noun "hotel" is detected, and as shown in FIG. The proper noun list corresponding to "hotel" is searched. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 2, as specific hotel names (hotel names) included in the general noun “hotel” category, “Hotel Aa”, “New Hotel Good”, “Uu Hotel”, ... , “Hotel Wawawa” is registered in the proper noun list, and these specific hotel names are displayed on the output device 5.

The specific hotel name is displayed together with the translated sentence "I want to go to hotel". In addition, if the specific hotel name cannot be displayed together with the translated sentence "I want to go to hotel" due to the large screen of the output device 5, etc., only the specific hotel name will be displayed. Is displayed.

Further, when the hotel names registered in the proper noun list cannot be displayed at one time, some of them are displayed, and the other parts are selected and input device. By operating 8, the screen is scrolled or the pages are turned to be displayed. Specifically, for example, when only one hotel name can be displayed on the output device 5, first, the hotel name “Hotel Aa” registered in the first line of the proper noun list is displayed, and thereafter, , When the selection input device 8 is operated to request the next hotel name, the hotel names “new hotel good”, “uu hotel”, ... . Also, after the hotel name "Hotel Wawawa" registered in the last line of the proper noun list is displayed,
When the selection input device 8 is operated to request the next hotel name, the hotel name “Hotel Aa” registered in the first line is displayed again.

From the displayed hotel name, the user searches for a desired one, such as one he or she intends to stay at or one who is trying to obtain its accompanying information,
The selection is made by operating the selection input device 8. An operation signal corresponding to this selection operation (hereinafter, appropriately referred to as a selection operation signal) is output to the proper noun list search circuit 6 and then supplied to the associated information database search circuit 7. As a result, the incidental information database search circuit 7 recognizes the hotel name selected by the user.

After that, when the user wants to obtain the incidental information of the selected hotel, the user operates the selection input device 8 to display the incidental information. An operation signal corresponding to this operation (hereinafter, appropriately referred to as an accompanying information display operation signal) is sent from the selection input device 8 via the proper noun list search circuit 6.
It is supplied to the incidental information database search circuit 7. In the incidental information database search circuit 7, when the incidental information display operation signal is received, the incidental information associated with the hotel name recognized in response to the selection operation signal (however, necessary for translating the incidental information into English). Information and the proper nouns associated with the associated information (excluding information necessary for translating into English) are retrieved from the associated information database stored in the storage medium 9 and are output to the output device 5. Supply and display.

That is, for example, from the hotel names “Hotel Aa”, “New Hotel Good”, “Uu Hotel”, ..., “Hotel Wawawa” displayed as described above, for example, the hotel name “Hotel When the selection input device 8 is operated so as to select "Aaaa" and display the associated information thereof, the associated information associated with the hotel name "Hotel Aaa" is displayed as shown in FIG. To be done.

In the embodiment shown in FIG. 2, as the incidental information, the English translation of the hotel name “Hotel Aa”, the location of the hotel, the telephone number, the rank, the accommodation charge, the number of rooms, the features (remarks), and the corresponding A map of the surrounding area is displayed. Note that when displaying the incidental information, as in the case of displaying the hotel name, when the output device 5 cannot display all of the incidental information at one time, a part of the incidental information is displayed and other portions are displayed. Is displayed by operating the selection input device 8 to scroll the screen or turn the page.

Thus, the user can easily obtain the incidental information of the desired hotel without using a guidebook or other database device (information retrieval device).

Next, when the user wants to reflect the selected hotel name in the translated text displayed on the output device 5,
That is, when the general noun included in the translated sentence is to be replaced with the English translation of the selected proper noun, the selection input device 8 is replaced. This operation signal (hereinafter, appropriately referred to as a replacement operation signal) is supplied to the associated information database search circuit 7 via the proper noun list search circuit 6. Upon receiving the replacement operation signal, the incidental information database search circuit 7 stores the incidental information associated with the hotel name recognized in correspondence with the selection operation signal in the storage medium 9 (accompanying information database).
Information necessary for translating from the hotel name into English (for example, the spelling of the hotel name in English, reading (pronunciation), singular / plural distinction (for example, Japanese to German In the case of translation into ", etc., it also includes information such as distinction between feminine nouns / masculine nouns)) (hereinafter referred to as translation information as appropriate) is output to the translation circuit 3.

The translation circuit 3 translates the selected hotel name into English (converts it into English words) based on the translation information, and outputs it to the translation sentence generation circuit 4. In the translated sentence generation circuit 4,
In the initially output translated sentence, the part of the general noun is replaced with the English translation of the hotel name output from the translation circuit 3 and output to the output device 5. As a result, on the output device 5, the translated sentence in which the general noun is replaced with the English translation of the proper noun selected by the user is displayed instead of the translated sentence that has been displayed so far.

That is, in the present case, assuming that the English translation of the hotel name "Hotel Aa" is "Hotel AAA", as shown in FIG. 2, instead of the translated sentence "I want to go to hotel", the translation The sentence "I want to go to Hotel AAA" is displayed.

When a plurality of general nouns are included in the first output translated sentence, the above-described processing is performed for each general noun, for example, from the beginning of the translated sentence. Further, when it is not necessary to display the accompanying information or replace the general noun with the proper noun, the selection input device 8 is fixedly operated to display the accompanying information and replace the common noun with the proper noun. You can prevent it from happening.

As described above, the translation device of FIG. 1 can convert a general noun into a proper noun included in the category, so that the convenience can be improved.

Next, referring to the flow chart of FIG.
The operation will be further described. When an input sentence is input in Japanese to the sentence input device 1, the input sentence is taken in by the sentence input device 1 in step S1, and the process proceeds to step S2. In step S2, the sentence input device 1 outputs the input sentence to the input sentence analysis circuit 2, where the input sentence is analyzed, and the analysis result is sequentially output to the translation circuit 3 and the translation sentence generation circuit 4. In the translation circuit 3 and the translated sentence generation circuit 4, the input sentence is translated from Japanese into English in step S3, the translated sentence is supplied to the output device 5, and the process proceeds to step S4. In step S4, the translated sentence is tentatively displayed on the output device 5. Here, the provisional display means that the translated text is displayed in a state where it has not been finalized.

In step S2, the input sentence analysis circuit 2 analyzes the input sentence and detects a general noun included in the input sentence, and outputs the detection result to the proper noun list search circuit 6. To be done.

After the translation is provisionally displayed, step S
Proceeding to step 5, the proper noun list search circuit 6 determines whether or not the translated sentence includes a general noun and the proper noun list corresponding to the general noun is stored in the storage medium 9. Here, whether or not the translated sentence includes a general noun is determined based on the output of the input sentence analysis circuit 2. Further, it is determined whether the proper noun list corresponding to the general noun is stored in the storage medium 9,
This is performed by searching the storage medium 9.

In step S5, when the proper noun list search circuit 6 determines that the translated sentence includes a general noun and the proper noun list corresponding to the general noun is stored in the storage medium 9. The process proceeds to step S7, and the proper noun list search circuit 6 determines whether or not the selection input device 8 has been operated (fixing operation) to fix the translated sentence. If it is determined in step S5 that the selection input device 8 has not been confirmed, the process proceeds to step S8, and the proper noun registered in the proper noun list searched in step S5 is displayed on the output device 5.

Then, in step S9, the output device 5
The proper noun list search circuit 6 determines whether or not any of the proper nouns displayed in (3) is selected by selecting and operating the selection input device 8. When it is determined in step S9 that none of the proper nouns displayed on the output device 5 has been selected, the process returns to step S5, and the process from step S5 onward is performed for the next general noun included in the translated sentence. .

It should be noted that the general noun (hereinafter, appropriately referred to as the general noun of interest) which is the target of the processing can be highlighted and displayed by, for example, reversing. In this case, the user can easily recognize the noted general noun.

On the other hand, in step S9, the output device 5
When it is determined that any one of the proper nouns displayed in is selected, the process proceeds to step S10, where the selection input device 8
The proper noun list search circuit 6 determines whether or not an operation has been performed to display the accompanying information. Step S10
In, when it is determined that the selection input device 8 has been operated to display the accompanying information, the process proceeds to step S11, and as described above, the accompanying information is displayed by the output device 5, and the process proceeds to step S12. In this case, when the accompanying information includes not only the text data but also the image data and the voice data, it is possible to display the text data and the image data and output the voice data as a synthetic sound.

If it is determined in step S10 that the selection input device 8 is not operated to display the accompanying information, step S11 is skipped, the process proceeds to step S12, and the selection input device 8 The proper noun list search circuit 6 determines whether or not the attention general noun has been operated (replacement operation) so as to replace it with the English translation of the proper noun selected in step S9. When it is determined in step S12 that the selection input device 8 has not been replaced, the process returns to step S9, and the processes in and after step S9 are repeated. If it is determined in step S12 that the selection input device 8 has been replaced, the process proceeds to step S13, the noticeable general noun is replaced with the English translation of the proper noun selected in step S9, and the process returns to step S3.

In this case, in step S3, a translated sentence in which the noted general noun is replaced with the English translation of the proper noun selected in step S9 is generated, and the process proceeds to step S4, where the translated sentence that has been displayed so far. Instead of a sentence, it is provisionally displayed, and thereafter, for the next general noun, the processes from step S5 are performed.

Then, in step S5, it is determined that there is no unprocessed general noun in the translated sentence, or even if there is an unprocessed general noun, the proper noun list corresponding to the general noun is stored in the storage medium 9 If it is determined that the selection input device 8 has not been stored in step S7, or if it is determined in step S7 that the selection input device 8 has been confirmed, step S7 is performed.
Proceeding to step 6, the translated text is displayed as a book. Here, the main display means that the translated text is displayed in a fixed state.

In step S7, it is also possible to output the translated sentence as a synthesized voice together with or instead of the main display.

After the main display, the process returns to step S1, waits for the input of a new input sentence, and the processing from step S1 is repeated.

Although the case where the present invention is applied to a portable translation device has been described above, the present invention can also be applied to a translation device that is not portable.

In this embodiment, Japanese is translated into English. However, input sentences other than Japanese are translated, or input sentences are translated into languages other than English. It is also possible.

Further, in the present embodiment, the information supplied to the output device 5 is displayed, but it is also possible to output the synthesized sound.

Further, in the present embodiment, the proper noun list and the accompanying information database are stored in the same storage medium 9, but they may be stored in different storage media. Is also possible.

[0064]

As described above, according to the translation device and the translation method of the present invention, the language of the input sentence is translated into another language and output, and the general noun included in the input sentence is detected. Then, from the proper noun storage means that stores proper nouns included in the category of the predetermined general noun, those included in the detected category of the general noun are retrieved and output. Therefore, the convenience of the device can be improved.

[Brief description of drawings]

FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing a configuration of an embodiment of a translation device to which the present invention has been applied.

FIG. 2 is a diagram showing a proper noun list and an accompanying information database.

FIG. 3 is a flow chart for explaining the operation of the embodiment of FIG.

[Explanation of symbols]

 1 sentence input device 2 input sentence analysis circuit 3 translation circuit 4 translation sentence generation circuit 5 output device 6 proper noun list search circuit 7 incidental information database search circuit 8 selective input device 9 storage medium

 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────── ─── Continuation of the front page (72) Tetsuya Kagami, 6-735 Kita-Shinagawa, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo Sony Corporation (72) Kazuo Ishii, 6-35, Kita-Shinagawa, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo Sony Corporation (72) Inventor Yukiko Tanaka 6-735 Kitashinagawa, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo Sony Corporation (72) Inventor Yasuhiko Kato 6-735 Kitashinagawa, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo Sony Incorporated (72) Inventor Hiroaki Ogawa 6-735 Kitashinagawa, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo Sony Corporation (72) Inventor Koji Asano 6-735 Kitashinagawa, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo Sony Corporation Within

Claims (7)

[Claims] 1. A translation unit for translating a language of an input sentence into another language, an output unit for outputting a translation result of the translation unit, a detection unit for detecting a general noun included in the input sentence, and a predetermined unit. A proper noun storage means for storing proper nouns included in the category of general nouns, and the proper noun stored in the proper noun storage means, in the category of the general nouns detected by the detecting means. A translation device comprising: a proper noun search unit that searches for a contained item, wherein the output unit also outputs the proper noun searched by the proper noun search unit. 2. The translation means also translates the proper noun searched by the proper noun search means, and the output means also outputs the proper noun translated by the translation means. The translation device according to item 1. 3. The translation device according to claim 1, wherein the proper noun storage means is removable. 4. An incidental information storage unit for storing incidental information incidental to the proper noun stored in the proper noun storage unit; and the incidental information stored in the incidental information storage unit, And a side information retrieving means for retrieving a matter associated with the proper noun retrieved by the proper noun retrieval means, wherein the output means also outputs the relevance information retrieved by the side information retrieval means. The translation device according to claim 1, which is characterized in that. 5. The translation means also translates the associated information searched by the associated information searching means, and the output means also outputs the associated information translated by the translation means. Item 4. The translation device according to item 4. 6. The translation device according to claim 4, wherein the incidental information storage means is removable. 7. A translation method of a translation device, comprising: a proper noun storage means for storing proper nouns included in a category of a predetermined general noun, and translating a language of an input sentence into another language and outputting the translated sentence. And a general noun included in the input sentence is detected, a proper noun included in the category of the general noun is searched from the proper noun storage unit, and the searched proper noun is also output. .