JPH0823941B2 - Optical information recording carrier and manufacturing method thereof - Google Patents
Optical information recording carrier and manufacturing method thereofInfo
- Publication number
- JPH0823941B2 JPH0823941B2 JP1020999A JP2099989A JPH0823941B2 JP H0823941 B2 JPH0823941 B2 JP H0823941B2 JP 1020999 A JP1020999 A JP 1020999A JP 2099989 A JP2099989 A JP 2099989A JP H0823941 B2 JPH0823941 B2 JP H0823941B2
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- layer
- radiation
- transparent
- reflective layer
- curable resin
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Fee Related
Links
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G11—INFORMATION STORAGE
- G11B—INFORMATION STORAGE BASED ON RELATIVE MOVEMENT BETWEEN RECORD CARRIER AND TRANSDUCER
- G11B7/00—Recording or reproducing by optical means, e.g. recording using a thermal beam of optical radiation by modifying optical properties or the physical structure, reproducing using an optical beam at lower power by sensing optical properties; Record carriers therefor
- G11B7/24—Record carriers characterised by shape, structure or physical properties, or by the selection of the material
- G11B7/26—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for the manufacture of record carriers
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29D—PRODUCING PARTICULAR ARTICLES FROM PLASTICS OR FROM SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE
- B29D17/00—Producing carriers of records containing fine grooves or impressions, e.g. disc records for needle playback, cylinder records; Producing record discs from master stencils
- B29D17/005—Producing optically read record carriers, e.g. optical discs
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G11—INFORMATION STORAGE
- G11B—INFORMATION STORAGE BASED ON RELATIVE MOVEMENT BETWEEN RECORD CARRIER AND TRANSDUCER
- G11B7/00—Recording or reproducing by optical means, e.g. recording using a thermal beam of optical radiation by modifying optical properties or the physical structure, reproducing using an optical beam at lower power by sensing optical properties; Record carriers therefor
- G11B7/24—Record carriers characterised by shape, structure or physical properties, or by the selection of the material
Description
【発明の詳細な説明】 技術分野 本発明は、ビデオディスク，コンパクトディスク等の
光ディスク、即ち光学式情報記録担体に関する。TECHNICAL FIELD The present invention relates to an optical disc such as a video disc and a compact disc, that is, an optical information record carrier.
背景技術 従来から第３図（ｃ）に示す如き光ディスクが知られ
ている。かかる光ディスクは、透明基板１上に金属を蒸
着あるいはスパッタリングして金属反射層２が形成さ
れ、この反射層上には保護層３が設けられている構造を
有する。透明基板上には記録すべき信号に対応する微小
凹凸（以下ピットと称する）が設けられており反射層２
がピットの形状を有するようになっている。この透明基
板１は、射出成形法、圧縮成形法、2P法等によって、PM
MA（ポリメタアクリレート）、PC（ポリカーボネート）
等の透明樹脂を材料として作成されている。BACKGROUND ART Conventionally, an optical disc as shown in FIG. 3 (c) is known. Such an optical disc has a structure in which a metal reflective layer 2 is formed by vapor-depositing or sputtering a metal on a transparent substrate 1, and a protective layer 3 is provided on the reflective layer. A minute unevenness (hereinafter referred to as a pit) corresponding to a signal to be recorded is provided on the transparent substrate.
Have a pit shape. This transparent substrate 1 is made of PM by the injection molding method, compression molding method or 2P method.
MA (polymethacrylate), PC (polycarbonate)
It is made of transparent resin such as.
第３図は光ディスクの製造工程の一例を示している。
この製造工程においては、まず、表面に螺旋又は同心円
状にピットが配列されたニッケルスタンパ（図示せず）
を成形型として、PMMA、PC等の透明樹脂を射出成形する
ことにより、スタンパのピットに対応するピットＰが主
面に転写された透明基板１が作成される（第３図
（ａ））。FIG. 3 shows an example of an optical disc manufacturing process.
In this manufacturing process, first, a nickel stamper (not shown) having spiral or concentric pits arranged on the surface
The transparent substrate 1 having the pits P corresponding to the pits of the stamper transferred to the main surface is prepared by injection-molding a transparent resin such as PMMA or PC using the as a mold (FIG. 3 (a)).
次に、第３図（ｂ）に示す如く、真空蒸着工程におい
て得られた基板１のピットＰを担持した表面上に金属反
射層２が形成される。Next, as shown in FIG. 3 (b), the metal reflective layer 2 is formed on the surface of the substrate 1 carrying the pits P obtained in the vacuum deposition process.
更に、第３図（ｃ）に示す如く、反射層２の上に紫外
線等の放射線により硬化する放射線硬化型樹脂からなる
保護膜３が形成される。このようにして従来の光ディス
クが得られる。Further, as shown in FIG. 3C, a protective film 3 made of a radiation curable resin which is cured by radiation such as ultraviolet rays is formed on the reflective layer 2. In this way, the conventional optical disc is obtained.
しかしながら、以上の如き光ディスク製造工程により
従来の光ディスクが多量に製造されるのであるが、この
様な従来の光ディスクでは近年におけるピットを高密度
に形成して大量の情報を記録するという要望には十分こ
たえられなかった。However, although a large number of conventional optical discs are manufactured by the optical disc manufacturing process as described above, such conventional optical discs are not enough to meet the recent demand for forming a high density of pits and recording a large amount of information. I couldn't answer.
発明の概要 本発明の目的は、比較的単純は構造を有しかつ簡素な
工程にて大量生産に適する高密度化した光学式情報記録
担体及びその製造方法を提供することにある。SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION It is an object of the present invention to provide a high density optical information recording carrier having a relatively simple structure and suitable for mass production by a simple process, and a method for manufacturing the same.
本発明の光学式情報記録担体は、反射光帯域が互いに
異なる複数の反射層を透明層を介して積層したことを特
徴とする。The optical information recording carrier of the present invention is characterized in that a plurality of reflective layers having different reflected light bands are laminated via a transparent layer.
本発明の光学式情報記録担体の製造方法は、透明基板
上に第１反射層を形成する工程と、前記第１反射層上に
液状の放射線硬化型樹脂を介して放射線透過性を有する
透明スタンパを保持する工程と、前記透明スタンパ側か
ら放射線を前記放射線硬化型樹脂へ照射しこれを硬化さ
せて透明層を形成する工程と、前記透明層から前記透明
スタンパを剥離する工程と、前記透明層上に第２反射層
を形成する工程と、反射層を保護する保護層を積層する
工程と、を含むことを特徴とする。A method of manufacturing an optical information recording carrier according to the present invention comprises a step of forming a first reflective layer on a transparent substrate, and a transparent stamper having a radiation transparency through a liquid radiation curable resin on the first reflective layer. And a step of irradiating the radiation-curable resin with radiation from the transparent stamper side to cure the radiation-curable resin to form a transparent layer, a step of peeling the transparent stamper from the transparent layer, and the transparent layer The method is characterized by including a step of forming a second reflective layer thereover and a step of laminating a protective layer for protecting the reflective layer.
本発明の透明スタンパは、放射線透過性を有するガラ
ス又はプラスチックからなることを特徴とする。The transparent stamper of the present invention is characterized by being made of glass or plastic having radiation transparency.
本発明の光学式情報記録担体の他の製造方法は、透明
基板上に第１反射光帯域を有する第１反射層を形成する
工程と、前記第１反射層上に液状の放射線硬化型樹脂を
介してスタンパを保持する工程と、放射線を第１反射層
を通して前記放射線硬化型樹脂へ照射しこれを硬化させ
て透明層を形成する工程と、前記透明層から前記スタン
パを剥離する工程と、前記透明層上に前記第１反射光帯
域とは異なる第２反射光帯域を有する第２反射層を形成
する工程と、反射層を保護する保護層を積層する工程
と、を含むことを特徴とする。Another method of manufacturing the optical information recording carrier of the present invention comprises a step of forming a first reflective layer having a first reflected light band on a transparent substrate, and a liquid radiation curable resin on the first reflective layer. A step of holding the stamper via the first reflective layer, irradiating the radiation curable resin through the first reflective layer to cure the radiation curable resin to form a transparent layer, and a step of peeling the stamper from the transparent layer, A step of forming a second reflective layer having a second reflected light band different from the first reflected light band on the transparent layer, and a step of laminating a protective layer for protecting the reflective layer. .
実施例 以下に、本発明の実施例を図面を参照しつつ説明す
る。Embodiments Embodiments of the present invention will be described below with reference to the drawings.
第１の実施例として互いに異なる反射光帯域を持つ２
つの反射層を有する光ディスクを作成する。As a first embodiment, 2 having different reflected light bands
Create an optical disc having two reflective layers.
まず、第１図（ａ）に示す如く、第１の記録ピットP1
を担持した透明基板11を用意する。透明基板11は、その
表面に螺旋又は同心円状に第１の記録ピットP1が配列さ
れたニッケルスタンパ（図示せず）を成形型として、PM
MA、PC等の透明樹脂を射出成形することにより得られた
透明基板である。射出成形により、ニッケルスタンパの
配列ピットが第１ピットP1として基板１上に転写されて
いる。First, as shown in FIG. 1 (a), the first recording pit P1
A transparent substrate 11 carrying the is prepared. The transparent substrate 11 is made of PM with a nickel stamper (not shown) having spirally or concentrically arranged first recording pits P1 on its surface.
It is a transparent substrate obtained by injection molding a transparent resin such as MA or PC. The array pits of the nickel stamper are transferred onto the substrate 1 as the first pits P1 by injection molding.
次に、第１図（ｂ）に示す如く、真空蒸着装置を用い
てこの基板11のピットP1を担持した表面上に珪素（Si）
を蒸着して、反射層12を形成する。このようにして透明
基板11上に珪素からなる第１反射層12を形成する。Next, as shown in FIG. 1 (b), silicon (Si) is deposited on the surface of the substrate 11 carrying the pits P1 by using a vacuum vapor deposition apparatus.
Is vapor-deposited to form the reflection layer 12. In this way, the first reflective layer 12 made of silicon is formed on the transparent substrate 11.
次に、透明スタンパ13を用意してこれを転写装置に装
着する。透明スタンパ13は、次工程で塗布される放射線
硬化型樹脂14を硬化させるに必要な波長帯の光を透過す
る放射線透過性のガラス又はプラスチックからなる。透
明スタンパ13の表面に螺旋又は同心円状に第２の記録ピ
ットが配列されており、第１図（ｃ）に示す如く、その
ピット面を上方に向けて転写装置に装着する。Next, the transparent stamper 13 is prepared and attached to the transfer device. The transparent stamper 13 is made of radiation transmissive glass or plastic that transmits light in the wavelength band necessary for curing the radiation curable resin 14 applied in the next step. The second recording pits are arranged spirally or concentrically on the surface of the transparent stamper 13, and as shown in FIG. 1 (c), the second pits are mounted on the transfer device with the pit surface facing upward.
次に、第１図（ｃ）に示す如く、透明スタンパ13のピ
ット面上に、液状の放射線硬化型樹脂14を供給する。Next, as shown in FIG. 1C, a liquid radiation curable resin 14 is supplied onto the pit surface of the transparent stamper 13.
次に、透明基板11を、その珪素からなる第１反射層12
を下方に向けて液状の放射線硬化型樹脂14を介して透明
スタンパ13のピット面上に載置する。このように、第１
反射層12及び透明スタンパ13間に放射線硬化型樹脂14を
保持させる（第１図（ｄ））。Next, the transparent substrate 11 is covered with the first reflective layer 12 made of silicon.
On the pit surface of the transparent stamper 13 with the liquid radiation-curable resin 14 facing downward. Thus, the first
The radiation curable resin 14 is held between the reflective layer 12 and the transparent stamper 13 (FIG. 1 (d)).
次に、第１図（ｄ）に示す状態のままで、透明スタン
パ13側すなわち図面下方から放射線を照射して、第１反
射層12上の放射線硬化型樹脂14を硬化させる。このよう
にして、透明スタンパ13の配列ピットを第２ピットP2と
して担持した硬化した放射線硬化型樹脂14上に転写す
る。Next, in the state shown in FIG. 1D, radiation is applied from the transparent stamper 13 side, that is, from the bottom of the drawing to cure the radiation curable resin 14 on the first reflective layer 12. In this way, the arrayed pits of the transparent stamper 13 are transferred onto the cured radiation curable resin 14 carrying the second pits P2.
次に、第１図（ｅ）に示す如く、放射線硬化型樹脂の
硬化後、この放射線硬化型樹脂14の層から透明スタンパ
13を剥離する。Next, as shown in FIG. 1 (e), after the radiation curable resin is cured, the transparent stamper is removed from the layer of the radiation curable resin 14.
Peel off 13.
次に、第１図（ｆ）に示す如く、真空蒸着装置を用い
て、この基板11上の放射線硬化型樹脂14のピットP2を担
持した表面上にアルミニウム（A1）を蒸着し、反射層15
を形成する。このように、放射線硬化型樹脂14上にアル
ミニウムからなる第２反射層15を積層形成する。Next, as shown in FIG. 1 (f), aluminum (A1) is vapor-deposited on the surface of the substrate 11 carrying the pits P2 of the radiation curable resin 14 by using a vacuum vapor deposition apparatus, and the reflection layer 15 is formed.
To form. In this way, the second reflective layer 15 made of aluminum is laminated on the radiation curable resin 14.
次に、第１図（ｇ）に示す如く、第２反射層15を保護
する放射線硬化型樹脂からなる保護層16を積層して、反
射光帯域が互いに異なる第１及び第２反射層12及び15を
積層した光ディスクを得る。Next, as shown in FIG. 1 (g), a protective layer 16 made of a radiation curable resin for protecting the second reflective layer 15 is laminated, and the first and second reflective layers 12 and 12 having different reflected light bands are formed. An optical disc in which 15 layers are stacked is obtained.
本実施例のように第１及び第２反射層12及び15を珪素
及びアルミニウムとした場合においては、第１反射層の
ピットP1を読み取るときは、第１反射層により十分反射
される波長の光、例えば400nmの光を用い、第２反射層
のピットP2を読み取るときは、第１反射層を透過しかつ
第２反射層により反射される波長の光、例えば800nm以
上の光を用いる。このように反射層を各々材質を異なら
せることでその反射光帯域を各々違う反射層とする。ま
た、蒸着又はスパッタリング工程において第１及び第２
反射層12、15の各層の膜厚を調整することにより、各層
の光透過率を変えることができる。さらに、第１図
（ａ）〜（ｆ）に示す工程を、互いに異なる反射光帯域
を有する反射層材料を用いつつ、繰り返すことによって
２層以上の反射層を有する光ディスクを得ることができ
る。In the case where the first and second reflective layers 12 and 15 are made of silicon and aluminum as in this embodiment, when reading the pit P1 of the first reflective layer, light having a wavelength sufficiently reflected by the first reflective layer is read. For example, when light of 400 nm is used to read the pit P2 of the second reflective layer, light of a wavelength which is transmitted through the first reflective layer and reflected by the second reflective layer, for example, light of 800 nm or more is used. In this way, the reflective layers are made of different materials so that the reflected light bands are different. In the vapor deposition or sputtering process, the first and second
The light transmittance of each layer can be changed by adjusting the film thickness of each of the reflective layers 12 and 15. Further, by repeating the steps shown in FIGS. 1A to 1F while using the reflective layer materials having different reflected light bands, an optical disc having two or more reflective layers can be obtained.
第２の実施例として反射光帯域が互いに異なる多数の
反射層を積層した光ディスクを作成する。As a second embodiment, an optical disc in which a large number of reflective layers having different reflected light bands are laminated is prepared.
まず、第２図（ａ）に示す如く、第１の記録ピットP1
を担持した透明基板11を用意する。透明基板11は、第１
の実施例と同様のものである。First, as shown in FIG. 2 (a), the first recording pit P1
A transparent substrate 11 carrying the is prepared. The transparent substrate 11 is the first
Is the same as the embodiment described above.
次に、第２図（ｂ）に示す如く、真空蒸着装置を用い
てこの基板11のピットP1を担持した表面上に誘電体多層
反射層を形成する。このようにして透明基板11上に第１
反射光帯域を有する第１反射層12を形成する。第１反射
層は800nmの光を反射し、他の波長例えば600nm以下の光
を透過する誘電体多層反射層とする。Next, as shown in FIG. 2 (b), a dielectric multilayer reflective layer is formed on the surface of the substrate 11 carrying the pits P1 using a vacuum vapor deposition apparatus. In this way, the first
A first reflective layer 12 having a reflected light band is formed. The first reflective layer is a dielectric multilayer reflective layer that reflects light of 800 nm and transmits light of other wavelengths, for example, 600 nm or less.
次に、表面に螺旋又は同心円状に第２の記録ピットP2
が配列されたスタンパ13を、第２図（ｃ）に示す如く、
そのピット面を上方に向けて転写装置に装着する。Next, the second recording pit P2 is formed in a spiral or concentric shape on the surface.
As shown in FIG. 2 (c), the stamper 13 in which the
The pit surface is mounted upward on the transfer device.
次に、第２図（ｃ）に示す如く、スタンパ13のピット
面上に、液状の放射線硬化型樹脂14を供給する。Next, as shown in FIG. 2C, a liquid radiation curable resin 14 is supplied onto the pit surface of the stamper 13.
次に、透明基板11を、第１反射層12を下方に向けて液
状の放射線硬化型樹脂14を介してスタンパ13のピット面
上に載置する。このように、第１反射層12及びスタンパ
13間に放射線硬化型樹脂14を保持させる（第２図
（ｄ））。Next, the transparent substrate 11 is placed on the pit surface of the stamper 13 with the first reflection layer 12 facing downward and the liquid radiation curable resin 14 interposed therebetween. Thus, the first reflective layer 12 and the stamper
The radiation-curable resin 14 is held between 13 (FIG. 2 (d)).
次に、第２図（ｄ）に示す状態のままで、透明基盤11
側すなわち図面上方から放射線を照射して、第１反射層
12上の放射線硬化型樹脂14を硬化させ透明層を形成す
る。このようにして、スタンパ13の配列ピットを第２ピ
ットP2として担持した硬化した放射線硬化型樹脂の透明
層14上に転写する。Next, with the state shown in FIG.
Radiation is irradiated from the side, that is, the upper side of the drawing, and the first reflective layer
The radiation curable resin 14 on 12 is cured to form a transparent layer. In this way, the arrayed pits of the stamper 13 are transferred onto the transparent layer 14 of the cured radiation curable resin which has been carried as the second pits P2.
次に、第２図（ｅ）に示す如く、放射線硬化型樹脂の
硬化後、この放射線硬化型樹脂の透明層14からスタンパ
13を剥離する。Then, as shown in FIG. 2 (e), after the radiation curable resin is cured, the stamper is removed from the transparent layer 14 of the radiation curable resin.
Peel off 13.
次に、第２図（ｆ）に示す如く、真空蒸着装置を用い
て、この基板11上の放射線硬化型樹脂14のピットP2を担
持した表面上に誘電体多層反射層15を形成する。このよ
うに、放射線硬化型樹脂14上に第２反射光帯域を有する
第２反射層15を積層形成する。第２反射層は、第１反射
層と異なる波長のレーザ光を反射し、他の波長の光を透
過する誘電体多層反射層とする。Next, as shown in FIG. 2 (f), a dielectric multilayer reflection layer 15 is formed on the surface of the substrate 11 carrying the pits P2 of the radiation curable resin 14 by using a vacuum vapor deposition apparatus. In this way, the second reflective layer 15 having the second reflected light band is laminated on the radiation curable resin 14. The second reflective layer is a dielectric multilayer reflective layer that reflects laser light of a different wavelength from the first reflective layer and transmits light of other wavelengths.
次に、第２図（ｃ）に示す如く、再びスタンパ13によ
って放射線硬化型樹脂14にピット形状を設け、第２図
（ｄ）以下の工程を繰り返すことにより多層の反射層を
有する光ディスクを作成する。勿論最後の反射層を保護
する放射線硬化型樹脂からなる保護層16を積層して、反
射光帯域が互いに異なる第１及び第２反射層12及び15を
積層した光ディスクを得る。Next, as shown in FIG. 2 (c), a pit shape is again provided on the radiation curable resin 14 by the stamper 13 and the steps following FIG. 2 (d) are repeated to produce an optical disc having a multilayer reflective layer. To do. Of course, a protective layer 16 made of a radiation curable resin that protects the last reflective layer is laminated to obtain an optical disc in which first and second reflective layers 12 and 15 having different reflected light bands are laminated.
各反射層で反射する波長を適当に選択することによ
り、幾く層もの反射層及び透明層を積層することが可能
である。By appropriately selecting the wavelength of light reflected by each reflective layer, it is possible to stack as many reflective layers and transparent layers as possible.
誘電体多層反射層は、PbO2,ZrO2,TiO2等の高屈折率物
質とSiO2,MgF2,Al2O3等の低屈折率物質のλ/4膜を交互
に積層することにより反射光帯域が狭い反射層とするこ
とができる。反射層の各層の膜厚を適当にずらしたり２
〜３の反射光帯域を同一面上で合成することにより反射
光の選択性を高めることができる。The dielectric multilayer reflective layer is formed by alternately stacking λ / 4 films of high refractive index substances such as PbO 2 , ZrO 2 and TiO 2 and low refractive index substances such as SiO 2 , MgF 2 and Al 2 O 3. The reflection layer can have a narrow reflected light band. The thickness of each layer of the reflective layer can be appropriately shifted or 2
By combining the reflected light bands of 3 to 3 on the same surface, the selectivity of the reflected light can be increased.
本実施例の場合においては、第１反射層のピットP1を
読み取るときは、第１反射層により十分反射される波長
の光、例えば800nmの光を用い、第２反射層のピットP2
を読み取るときは、第１反射層を透過しかつ第２反射層
により反射される波長の光、例えば500nmの光を用い
る。このように、第２の実施例では、反射光帯域が互い
に異なる反射層を積層した構造を有する光ディスクにお
いて、反射層に放射線硬化型樹脂を硬化させることので
きる波長帯域の放射線を必要十分に透過する誘電体層を
用いることで、透明でない通常のスタンパから、上記の
光ディスクを作製可能としたことを特徴としている。In the case of the present embodiment, when reading the pit P1 of the first reflective layer, light having a wavelength sufficiently reflected by the first reflective layer, for example, light of 800 nm is used, and the pit P2 of the second reflective layer is used.
When reading, the light having a wavelength that passes through the first reflective layer and is reflected by the second reflective layer, for example, light of 500 nm is used. As described above, in the second embodiment, in the optical disc having the structure in which the reflective layers having different reflected light bands are laminated, the radiation in the wavelength band in which the radiation curable resin can be cured is necessary and sufficiently transmitted. It is characterized in that the optical disk described above can be manufactured from an ordinary non-transparent stamper by using the dielectric layer.
発明の効果 以上のように、本発明によれば、反射光帯域が互いに
異なる複数の反射層を積層している故に、記録密度を向
上させた光学式情報記録担体が得られる。EFFECTS OF THE INVENTION As described above, according to the present invention, an optical information recording carrier having an improved recording density can be obtained because a plurality of reflective layers having different reflected light bands are laminated.
また、本発明によれば、放射線透過性の透明スタンパ
を用いて該透明スタンパ側から放射線を照射して放射線
硬化型樹脂を硬化させ反射層を形成している故に、複数
の反射層を積層させた光学式情報記録担体が得られるこ
とができ、すなわち、光ディスクの大容量化が可能とな
る。Further, according to the present invention, since a radiation-transparent transparent stamper is used to irradiate radiation from the transparent stamper side to cure the radiation-curable resin to form a reflection layer, a plurality of reflection layers are laminated. The optical information recording carrier can be obtained, that is, the capacity of the optical disc can be increased.
第１図及び第２図は本発明による光学式情報記録担体の
製造方法を示す概略断面図、第３図は従来の光学式情報
記録担体の製造方法を示す概略断面図である。 主要部分の符号の説明 11……基板 12……第１反射層 13……放射線透過性の透明スタンパ 14……放射線硬化型樹脂層 15……第２反射層 16……保護層1 and 2 are schematic cross-sectional views showing a method for manufacturing an optical information recording carrier according to the present invention, and FIG. 3 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing a conventional method for manufacturing an optical information recording carrier. Explanation of symbols of main parts 11 ... Substrate 12 ... First reflective layer 13 ... Radiation-transparent transparent stamper 14 ... Radiation-curable resin layer 15 ... Second reflective layer 16 ... Protective layer
Claims (10)
つ反射光帯域が互いに異なる２つの反射層を透明層を介
して積層したことを特徴とする再生専用の光学式情報記
録担体。1. A read-only optical information recording carrier, characterized in that two recording layers each carry recorded information as fine irregularities and two reflective layers having different reflected light bands are laminated via a transparent layer.
他方の反射層はアルミニウムからなることを特徴とする
請求項１記載の光学式情報記録担体。2. One of the two reflective layers is made of silicon,
The optical information recording carrier according to claim 1, wherein the other reflecting layer is made of aluminum.
前記反射層の一方は前記放射線硬化型樹脂を硬化させる
放射線を透過することを特徴とする請求項１記載の光学
式情報記録担体。3. The transparent layer is made of a radiation curable resin,
2. The optical information record carrier according to claim 1, wherein one of the reflection layers transmits radiation for curing the radiation curable resin.
を特徴とする請求項３記載の光学式情報記録担体。4. The optical information record carrier according to claim 3, wherein the reflective layer is composed of a dielectric multilayer film.
持する第１反射層を形成する工程と、前記第１反射層上
に液状の放射線硬化型樹脂を介して放射線透過性を有す
る透明スタンパを保持する工程と、前記透明スタンパ側
から放射線を前記放射線硬化型樹脂へ照射しこれを硬化
させて透明層を形成する工程と、前記透明層から前記透
明スタンパを剥離する工程と、前記透明層上に記録情報
を微小凹凸として担持する第２反射層を形成する工程
と、前記第２反射層を保護する保護層を積層する工程
と、を含むことを特徴とする再生専用の光学式情報記録
担体の製造方法。5. A step of forming a first reflecting layer carrying recorded information as minute irregularities on a transparent substrate, and a transparent stamper having a radiation transmissivity on the first reflecting layer via a liquid radiation curable resin. And a step of irradiating the radiation-curable resin with radiation from the transparent stamper side to cure the radiation-curable resin to form a transparent layer, a step of peeling the transparent stamper from the transparent layer, and the transparent layer A read-only optical information recording comprising: a step of forming a second reflective layer on which recorded information is carried as fine irregularities; and a step of laminating a protective layer for protecting the second reflective layer. Method for producing carrier.
層はアルミニウムからなることを特徴とする請求項５記
載の光学式情報記録担体の製造方法。6. The method for manufacturing an optical information recording carrier according to claim 5, wherein the first reflective layer is made of silicon and the second reflective layer is made of aluminum.
ックからなることを特徴とする透明スタンパ。7. A transparent stamper made of glass or plastic having radiation transparency.
持しかつ第１反射光帯域を有する第１反射層を形成する
工程と、前記第１反射層上に液状の放射線硬化型樹脂を
介してスタンパを保持する工程と、放射線を第１反射層
を通して前記放射線硬化型樹脂へ照射しこれを硬化させ
て透明層を形成する工程と、前記透明層から前記スタン
パを剥離する工程と、前記透明層上に記録情報を微小凹
凸として担持しかつ前記第１反射光帯域とは異なる第２
反射光帯域を有する第２反射層を形成する工程と、を含
むことを特徴とする再生専用の光学式情報記録担体の製
造方法。8. A step of forming a first reflective layer having recorded information as minute irregularities on a transparent substrate and having a first reflected light band, and a liquid radiation-curable resin on the first reflective layer. Holding the stamper through the first reflective layer, irradiating the radiation-curable resin through the first reflective layer to cure the radiation-curable resin to form a transparent layer, peeling the stamper from the transparent layer, and the transparent layer. A second information carrying recorded information as fine irregularities on the layer and different from the first reflected light band.
And a step of forming a second reflective layer having a reflected light band, the method for producing a read-only optical information record carrier.
硬化させる放射線を透過することを特徴とする請求項８
記載の光学式情報記録担体。9. The radiation for curing the radiation curable resin is transmitted through the first reflective layer.
The optical information recording carrier described.
膜からなることを特徴とする請求項９記載の光学式情報
記録担体。10. The optical information record carrier according to claim 9, wherein the first and second reflection layers are formed of a dielectric multilayer film.
Priority Applications (6)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP1020999A JPH0823941B2 (en) | 1988-11-08 | 1989-01-30 | Optical information recording carrier and manufacturing method thereof |
| US07/382,371 US5126996A (en) | 1988-11-08 | 1989-07-20 | Optical information record carrier and the method of producing the same |
| EP89307379A EP0368442B1 (en) | 1988-11-08 | 1989-07-20 | Optical information record carrier and the method of producing the same |
| DE68922185T DE68922185T2 (en) | 1988-11-08 | 1989-07-20 | Optical information recording medium and method for its production. |
| US07/645,773 US5171392A (en) | 1988-11-08 | 1991-01-25 | Method of producing an optical information record carrier |
| JP10301513A JPH11224439A (en) | 1988-11-08 | 1998-10-22 | Optical information recording carrier |
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP63-281823 | 1988-11-08 | ||
| JP28182388 | 1988-11-08 | ||
| JP1020999A JPH0823941B2 (en) | 1988-11-08 | 1989-01-30 | Optical information recording carrier and manufacturing method thereof |
Related Child Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP10301513A Division JPH11224439A (en) | 1988-11-08 | 1998-10-22 | Optical information recording carrier |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JPH02223030A JPH02223030A (en) | 1990-09-05 |
| JPH0823941B2 true JPH0823941B2 (en) | 1996-03-06 |
Family
ID=26358007
Family Applications (2)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP1020999A Expired - Fee Related JPH0823941B2 (en) | 1988-11-08 | 1989-01-30 | Optical information recording carrier and manufacturing method thereof |
| JP10301513A Pending JPH11224439A (en) | 1988-11-08 | 1998-10-22 | Optical information recording carrier |
Family Applications After (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP10301513A Pending JPH11224439A (en) | 1988-11-08 | 1998-10-22 | Optical information recording carrier |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US5126996A (en) |
| EP (1) | EP0368442B1 (en) |
| JP (2) | JPH0823941B2 (en) |
| DE (1) | DE68922185T2 (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2007090236A (en) * | 2005-09-28 | 2007-04-12 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | Die, coating apparatus, manufacturing method of optical disk, and optical disk |
Families Citing this family (76)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2788777B2 (en) * | 1990-03-02 | 1998-08-20 | パイオニア株式会社 | Optical pickup |
| JPH0536128A (en) * | 1990-12-20 | 1993-02-12 | Hitachi Ltd | High density information recording medium and recording device using this |
| CA2065653A1 (en) * | 1991-04-16 | 1992-10-17 | Tadashi Koike | Optical recording medium |
| US5748598A (en) * | 1995-12-22 | 1998-05-05 | Massachusetts Institute Of Technology | Apparatus and methods for reading multilayer storage media using short coherence length sources |
| US5666344A (en) * | 1991-06-04 | 1997-09-09 | International Business Machines Corporation | Multiple data surface optical data storage system |
| TW218427B (en) * | 1991-06-04 | 1994-01-01 | Ibm | |
| US5586107A (en) * | 1991-06-04 | 1996-12-17 | International Business Machines Corporation | Multiple data surface optical data storage system |
| US5255262A (en) * | 1991-06-04 | 1993-10-19 | International Business Machines Corporation | Multiple data surface optical data storage system with transmissive data surfaces |
| US5449590A (en) * | 1991-06-04 | 1995-09-12 | International Business Machines Corporation | Multiple data surface optical data storage system |
| US7286153B1 (en) | 1991-10-11 | 2007-10-23 | Hitachi, Ltd. | Three-dimensional recording and reproducing apparatus |
| JP3266627B2 (en) * | 1991-10-11 | 2002-03-18 | 株式会社日立製作所 | Information playback device |
| EP0549024B1 (en) * | 1991-12-12 | 1997-11-19 | Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. | Optical record carrier |
| US5563873A (en) * | 1992-11-26 | 1996-10-08 | Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. | Multilayer optical disk and apparatus |
| TW273616B (en) * | 1993-12-15 | 1996-04-01 | Ibm | |
| NL9400934A (en) * | 1994-06-08 | 1996-01-02 | Prima Ind Establishment | Dimer laser, method and device for data transmission, method and device for storing and reading data, method and device for detecting diatomic molecules, and laser projection microscope. |
| US5757763A (en) * | 1994-07-12 | 1998-05-26 | Massachusetts Institute Of Technology | Optical information storage via amplitude modulation |
| JP3558306B2 (en) * | 1994-07-26 | 2004-08-25 | パイオニア株式会社 | Multilayer recording disk and recording / reproducing system using the same |
| US5540966A (en) * | 1994-08-05 | 1996-07-30 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Dual layer optical medium having partially reflecting thin film layer |
| KR0165299B1 (en) * | 1994-11-11 | 1999-03-20 | 김광호 | Multi-layer optical recording disk |
| US5644555A (en) * | 1995-01-19 | 1997-07-01 | International Business Machines Corporation | Multiple data surface magneto-optical data storage system |
| KR100230245B1 (en) * | 1995-01-24 | 1999-11-15 | 윤종용 | Manufacturing method of multilayer optical recording medium and device using it |
| KR100230244B1 (en) * | 1995-01-24 | 1999-11-15 | 윤종용 | Manufacturing method of multilayer optical recording medium and device using it |
| US5532998A (en) * | 1995-02-14 | 1996-07-02 | Serotech, Inc. | Optical spectroscopic information storage |
| JPH08235641A (en) * | 1995-02-27 | 1996-09-13 | Sony Corp | Optical recording medium and its manufacture |
| US5708652A (en) * | 1995-02-28 | 1998-01-13 | Sony Corporation | Multi-layer recording medium and method for producing same |
| US6676791B1 (en) | 1995-03-24 | 2004-01-13 | Jvc Victor Company Of Japan, Ltd. | Multilayered optical information-recording media and process for manufacture thereof |
| JP3351164B2 (en) * | 1995-03-24 | 2002-11-25 | 日本ビクター株式会社 | Method for manufacturing optical information recording medium |
| CN1185227A (en) * | 1995-03-30 | 1998-06-17 | 日本胜利株式会社 | Information recording disc |
| US5764619A (en) * | 1995-04-07 | 1998-06-09 | Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. | Optical recording medium having two separate recording layers |
| CN100466080C (en) * | 1995-04-07 | 2009-03-04 | 松下电器产业株式会社 | Optical information recording medium, manufacturing method therefor, manufacturing apparatus therefor, and optical information recording and reproducing apparatus |
| JPH08339574A (en) | 1995-04-11 | 1996-12-24 | Sony Corp | Multilayered optical disk |
| USRE40136E1 (en) * | 1995-04-11 | 2008-03-04 | Sony Corporation | Multilayer optical disk |
| JP3210549B2 (en) * | 1995-05-17 | 2001-09-17 | 日本コロムビア株式会社 | Optical information recording medium |
| JP3008819B2 (en) * | 1995-05-31 | 2000-02-14 | 日本ビクター株式会社 | optical disk |
| US5804017A (en) * | 1995-07-27 | 1998-09-08 | Imation Corp. | Method and apparatus for making an optical information record |
| US5965228A (en) * | 1995-09-01 | 1999-10-12 | Balzers Aktiengesellschaft | Information carrier, method for producing same |
| JP3635588B2 (en) * | 1995-09-19 | 2005-04-06 | パイオニア株式会社 | Optical disc manufacturing method and multilayer optical disc |
| US5640382A (en) * | 1995-12-19 | 1997-06-17 | Imation Corp. | Dual layer optical medium having partially reflecting metal alloy layer |
| US5942302A (en) * | 1996-02-23 | 1999-08-24 | Imation Corp. | Polymer layer for optical media |
| JPH09259470A (en) * | 1996-03-21 | 1997-10-03 | Toshiba Corp | Laminated information recording medium |
| JP2983920B2 (en) * | 1996-06-18 | 1999-11-29 | 三洋電機株式会社 | Optical recording medium for pickup adjustment capable of compatible reproduction and adjustment method thereof |
| FR2750528A1 (en) * | 1996-06-28 | 1998-01-02 | Thomson Multimedia Sa | OPTICAL DISC COMPATIBLE WITH TWO DIFFERENT READING SYSTEMS |
| US5844876A (en) * | 1996-09-26 | 1998-12-01 | Victor Company Of Japan, Ltd. | Double-layer optical disk, recording method and manufacturing method of this optical disk |
| JPH10106049A (en) | 1996-09-27 | 1998-04-24 | Sony Corp | Manufacture of optical recording medium |
| US6678237B1 (en) | 1997-03-27 | 2004-01-13 | Imation Corp. | Dual layer optical storage medium having partially reflecting layer comprising amorphous selenium |
| US6628603B1 (en) | 1997-03-27 | 2003-09-30 | Imation Corp. | Dual layer optical storage medium having partially reflecting layer comprising antimony sulfide |
| KR19990011140A (en) * | 1997-07-21 | 1999-02-18 | 윤종용 | Optical disc |
| US6103039A (en) * | 1997-11-12 | 2000-08-15 | First Light Technology, Inc. | System and method for thermally manipulating a combination of a top and bottom substrate before a curing operation |
| US6098272A (en) * | 1998-05-19 | 2000-08-08 | First Light Technology, Inc. | System for maintaining concentricity of a combination of a top and bottom substrate during the assembly of a bonded storage disk |
| US6214412B1 (en) | 1998-05-19 | 2001-04-10 | First Light Technologies, Inc. | System and method for distributing a resin disposed between a top substrate and a bottom substrate |
| US6352612B1 (en) | 1998-05-19 | 2002-03-05 | Steag Hamatech, Inc. | System for forming bonded storage disks with low power light assembly |
| US6254809B1 (en) | 1998-05-19 | 2001-07-03 | Steag Hamatech, Inc. | System and method for curing a resin disposed between a top and bottom substrate with thermal management |
| US6106657A (en) * | 1998-05-19 | 2000-08-22 | First Light Technology, Inc. | System and method for dispensing a resin between substrates of a bonded storage disk |
| JPH11296904A (en) | 1998-04-03 | 1999-10-29 | Toshiba Corp | Information recording medium and manufacture of resin substrate used for the same |
| EP0957477A3 (en) | 1998-05-15 | 2003-11-05 | Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. | Optical information recording medium, recording and reproducing method therefor and optical information recording and reproduction apparatus |
| EP0984440A3 (en) | 1998-09-04 | 2000-05-24 | Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. | Aberration detection device and optical information recording and reproducing apparatus |
| DE69904015T2 (en) | 1999-02-23 | 2003-10-09 | Otb Group Bv | A method of making a disc and a disc thus made |
| TW591654B (en) * | 2000-09-12 | 2004-06-11 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | Manufacturing method of optical information recording medium |
| CN100377240C (en) * | 2001-05-01 | 2008-03-26 | Tdk株式会社 | Manufacturing method and apparatus for optical information medium |
| JP2003067984A (en) | 2001-08-24 | 2003-03-07 | Toshiba Corp | Optical disk manufacturing method and optical disk made by this method |
| JP2005501359A (en) * | 2001-08-29 | 2005-01-13 | コーニンクレッカ フィリップス エレクトロニクス エヌ ヴィ | Optical recording medium and manufacturing method thereof |
| JP2003091887A (en) * | 2001-09-20 | 2003-03-28 | Tdk Corp | Method of manufacturing multilayered optical recording medium and apparatus for manufacturing multilayered optical recording medium |
| JP2003099991A (en) * | 2001-09-27 | 2003-04-04 | Tdk Corp | Method and device for manufacturing optical recording medium |
| JP2003123331A (en) * | 2001-10-04 | 2003-04-25 | Tdk Corp | Production method for multilayer optical recording medium and multilayer optical recording medium |
| MXPA04001781A (en) | 2002-03-27 | 2004-06-24 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | Multi-layered optical information recording medium manufacturing method. |
| JP2004039136A (en) * | 2002-07-04 | 2004-02-05 | Pioneer Electronic Corp | Transparent stamper for forming optical multilayer recording medium and method for manufacturing optical multilayer recording medium |
| CN100407314C (en) * | 2002-10-16 | 2008-07-30 | 松下电器产业株式会社 | Information recording medium, process for producing the same and optical information recording and reproducing device |
| WO2004075469A2 (en) * | 2003-02-19 | 2004-09-02 | Dotcast Inc. | Joint, adaptive control of equalization, synchronization, and gain in a digital communications receiver |
| US7346160B2 (en) * | 2003-04-23 | 2008-03-18 | Michaelsen David L | Randomization-based encryption apparatus and method |
| TW200519936A (en) | 2003-12-08 | 2005-06-16 | Victor Company Of Japan | Optical recording medium |
| US20050238145A1 (en) * | 2004-04-22 | 2005-10-27 | Sbc Knowledge Ventures, L.P. | User interface for "how to use" application of automated self service call center |
| FR2871614B1 (en) | 2004-06-10 | 2007-01-12 | Commissariat Energie Atomique | METHOD FOR MAKING MULTI-STAGE OPTICAL RECORDING MEDIUM AND SUPPORT OBTAINED |
| CN1324595C (en) * | 2004-07-19 | 2007-07-04 | 精碟科技股份有限公司 | Mould for manufacturing optical information storage medium and method for manufacturing optical information storage medium |
| JP2007234092A (en) * | 2006-02-28 | 2007-09-13 | Victor Co Of Japan Ltd | Optical disk and method of manufacturing same |
| JP4621646B2 (en) * | 2006-09-13 | 2011-01-26 | 株式会社東芝 | Holographic data storage medium |
| EP2421104A1 (en) | 2010-08-17 | 2012-02-22 | Tyco Electronics Raychem BVBA | Cable feedthrough |
Family Cites Families (19)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4219704A (en) * | 1974-10-21 | 1980-08-26 | Eli S. Jacobs | Record playback apparatus for optical data records |
| US4179532A (en) * | 1976-04-09 | 1979-12-18 | Polygram Gmbh | Process for producing a disc-shaped information carrier which has information in the form of a beam-reflecting structure |
| NL7803069A (en) * | 1978-03-22 | 1979-09-25 | Philips Nv | MULTI-LAYER INFORMATION DISK. |
| JPS5718458A (en) * | 1980-07-04 | 1982-01-30 | Nissan Motor Co Ltd | Glow plug control device in diesel engine |
| JPS5734738A (en) * | 1980-08-11 | 1982-02-25 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | Automatic charger |
| JPS58137147A (en) * | 1982-02-08 | 1983-08-15 | Sony Corp | Information recording medium |
| JPS58153241A (en) * | 1982-03-04 | 1983-09-12 | Toyobo Co Ltd | Optical disk |
| US4515877A (en) * | 1982-11-27 | 1985-05-07 | Basf Aktiengesellschaft | Image-recording materials and image-recording carried out using these to produce an optical mask |
| JPS6174149A (en) * | 1984-09-20 | 1986-04-16 | Nec Corp | Optical recording medium |
| JPS61175946A (en) * | 1985-01-29 | 1986-08-07 | Victor Co Of Japan Ltd | Production of information recording medium |
| JPH0789414B2 (en) * | 1986-01-31 | 1995-09-27 | シャープ株式会社 | Optical storage element |
| JPS6381639A (en) * | 1986-09-26 | 1988-04-12 | Canon Inc | Production of substrate for optical recording medium |
| JPS63146244A (en) * | 1986-12-10 | 1988-06-18 | Hitachi Ltd | Wavelength multiplex light recording device |
| JPS63102031U (en) * | 1986-12-22 | 1988-07-02 | ||
| DE3751621T2 (en) * | 1987-01-24 | 1996-06-13 | Dainippon Printing Co Ltd | OPTICAL STORAGE MEDIUM AND MANUFACTURING. |
| JPS63220434A (en) * | 1987-03-09 | 1988-09-13 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | Optical disk and its recording and reproducing method |
| US4977064A (en) * | 1987-05-01 | 1990-12-11 | Mitsui Toatsu Chemicals, Incorporated | Optical recording medium and process for fabricating the same |
| GB2216675B (en) * | 1988-03-02 | 1992-07-22 | Fuji Photo Film Co Ltd | Multicolor heat-sensitive recording material |
| JPH06253325A (en) * | 1993-03-02 | 1994-09-09 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | Chrominace signal contour correcting device |
-
1989
- 1989-01-30 JP JP1020999A patent/JPH0823941B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1989-07-20 EP EP89307379A patent/EP0368442B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1989-07-20 DE DE68922185T patent/DE68922185T2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1989-07-20 US US07/382,371 patent/US5126996A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1998
- 1998-10-22 JP JP10301513A patent/JPH11224439A/en active Pending
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2007090236A (en) * | 2005-09-28 | 2007-04-12 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | Die, coating apparatus, manufacturing method of optical disk, and optical disk |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| DE68922185D1 (en) | 1995-05-18 |
| EP0368442B1 (en) | 1995-04-12 |
| EP0368442A2 (en) | 1990-05-16 |
| JPH11224439A (en) | 1999-08-17 |
| EP0368442A3 (en) | 1991-04-17 |
| DE68922185T2 (en) | 1995-11-09 |
| US5126996A (en) | 1992-06-30 |
| JPH02223030A (en) | 1990-09-05 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| JPH0823941B2 (en) | Optical information recording carrier and manufacturing method thereof | |
| US5171392A (en) | Method of producing an optical information record carrier | |
| JP3635588B2 (en) | Optical disc manufacturing method and multilayer optical disc | |
| US4450553A (en) | Multilayer information disc | |
| KR100432145B1 (en) | Optical record carrier and its manufacturing method | |
| JP3581246B2 (en) | Manufacturing method of bonded optical disk | |
| US6291046B1 (en) | Optical information recording medium and method for producing the same | |
| WO2007089073A1 (en) | Diffraction grating and method of fabrication thereof | |
| JP2002042379A (en) | Multilayered optical recording medium and its manufacturing method | |
| JP3867347B2 (en) | Multi-layer optical disc | |
| US6663935B1 (en) | Disk-like multilayer information recording medium and production method thereof | |
| US20080038455A1 (en) | Multilayer Optical Disc and Method and Apparatus For Making Same | |
| JP2000268417A (en) | Production of optical disk | |
| JP2002334490A (en) | Method of manufacturing optical information recording carrier | |
| JPH10222870A (en) | Optical recording medium | |
| JP2000036135A (en) | Production of multilayered information recording medium | |
| WO2003056553A1 (en) | Multi-layered optical recording medium and multi-layered optical recording medium manufacturing method | |
| JPH09265674A (en) | Manufacture of optical recording medium and manufacture | |
| JP3671484B2 (en) | Optical recording medium | |
| JPH08306085A (en) | Production of optical recording medium having multilayered structure | |
| JPH09138970A (en) | Double layer optical disk | |
| JP4260929B2 (en) | Optical information recording medium and manufacturing method thereof | |
| JPH08306077A (en) | Optical recording medium having multilayered structure and its production | |
| JP2004246960A (en) | Optical disk | |
| JPH1074338A (en) | Optical disk and its production |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| LAPS | Cancellation because of no payment of annual fees |