JPH0336133B2 - - Google Patents
Info
- Publication number
- JPH0336133B2 JPH0336133B2 JP8695784A JP8695784A JPH0336133B2 JP H0336133 B2 JPH0336133 B2 JP H0336133B2 JP 8695784 A JP8695784 A JP 8695784A JP 8695784 A JP8695784 A JP 8695784A JP H0336133 B2 JPH0336133 B2 JP H0336133B2
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- filter
- particulate
- reburning
- temperature
- exhaust pipe
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 17
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 15
- 239000013618 particulate matter Substances 0.000 description 8
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 5
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 3
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000000779 smoke Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/02—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust
- F01N3/021—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters
- F01N3/023—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters using means for regenerating the filters, e.g. by burning trapped particles
- F01N3/025—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters using means for regenerating the filters, e.g. by burning trapped particles using fuel burner or by adding fuel to exhaust
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N13/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00
- F01N13/011—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00 having two or more purifying devices arranged in parallel
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/02—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust
- F01N3/021—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters
- F01N3/031—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters having means for by-passing filters, e.g. when clogged or during cold engine start
- F01N3/032—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters having means for by-passing filters, e.g. when clogged or during cold engine start during filter regeneration only
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N2250/00—Combinations of different methods of purification
- F01N2250/06—Combinations of different methods of purification afterburning and filtering
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Processes For Solid Components From Exhaust (AREA)
Description
【発明の詳細な説明】
〔発明の技術分野〕
本発明は内燃機関、殊にデイーゼル機関の排気
管の途中に設けられたパテイキユレイトフイルタ
に捕集されたカーボンを、フイルタを溶損させる
ことなく再燃焼させるパテイキユレイトフイルタ
の再燃焼方法に関する。[Detailed Description of the Invention] [Technical Field of the Invention] The present invention relates to a method for removing carbon collected in a particulate filter provided in the middle of an exhaust pipe of an internal combustion engine, particularly a diesel engine, by melting the filter. This invention relates to a method for reburning a particulate filter without reburning.
デイーゼル機関の排気ガス中には黒煙発生の原
因となるパテイキユレイト（主成分はカーボン微
粒子）が含まれている。
Diesel engine exhaust gas contains particulate matter (mainly carbon particles) that causes black smoke.
このパテイキユレイトを捕集するために、排気
管の途中にはセラミツク製等のパテイキユレイト
フイルタが設けられているが、捕集されたパテイ
キユレイトによつてフイルタが目詰まりを起こす
ので、前記フイルタは定期的に再燃焼させてこれ
を解消させなければならない。 In order to collect this particulate matter, a particulate matter filter made of ceramic or the like is installed in the middle of the exhaust pipe, but since the filter gets clogged with the collected particulate matter, the filter is This must be resolved by reburning it.
ところが、パテイキユレイト再燃焼時にフイル
タの入口温度をパテイキユレイト燃焼温度まで上
昇させたのではフイルタの溶損を引き起こすとい
う問題がある。また、フイルタの溶損防止のため
にパテイキユレイトフイルタの再燃焼温度を低く
保持すると、パテイキユレイトの燃焼効率が悪化
するという欠点がある。 However, if the inlet temperature of the filter is raised to the particulate waste combustion temperature during reburning of the particulate waste, there is a problem that the filter will be melted and damaged. Furthermore, if the re-burning temperature of the particulate filter is kept low in order to prevent the filter from melting and damage, there is a drawback that the combustion efficiency of the particulate filter deteriorates.
そこで、パテイキユレイトフイルタの再燃焼温
度の制御を、吸気系に設けられたスロツトルを調
整して行うようにした例が特開昭55−57637号公
報にみられるが、この方法は出力不足、燃費悪
化、排気煙悪化を伴い、運転フイーリングが悪い
という欠点がある。 Therefore, an example of controlling the reburning temperature of the particulate filter by adjusting the throttle provided in the intake system is seen in Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. 55-57637, but this method results in insufficient output and It has the drawbacks of poor driving feeling, including worsening of fuel efficiency and exhaust smoke.
本発明の目的は前記従来のパテイキユレイトフ
イルタの再燃焼時の問題を解消し、パテイキユレ
イト再燃焼時にフイルタの溶損を防止すると共
に、パテイキユレイトフイルタの入口温度を制御
して、パテイキユレイトの燃焼効果を高めること
ができる優れたパテイキユレイトフイルタの再燃
焼方法を提供することである。
The purpose of the present invention is to solve the problems of the conventional particulate waste filter during re-combustion, to prevent the filter from melting during re-combustion of the particulate waste, and to control the inlet temperature of the particulate waste filter to combust the particulate waste. It is an object of the present invention to provide an excellent reburning method for a particulate filter that can enhance the effect.
前記目的を達成する本発明のパテイキユレイト
フイルタの再燃焼方法は、内燃機関の排気管の途
中に設けられたパテイキユレイトフイルタを、再
燃焼装置によりまず所定時間600℃±50℃に保ち、
次に数分以内の間750℃±50℃の保持し、この後
温度を徐々に低下させて再燃焼を完了させるよう
にしたことを特徴とするものである。 The re-burning method of a particulate filter of the present invention which achieves the above object is to first maintain a particulate filter installed in the middle of an exhaust pipe of an internal combustion engine at 600°C ± 50°C for a predetermined time using a reburning device;
Next, the temperature is maintained at 750°C ± 50°C for a few minutes, and then the temperature is gradually lowered to complete the reburning.
以下添付図面を用いて本発明の方法を説明す
る。
The method of the present invention will be explained below using the accompanying drawings.
第１図は本発明の方法を適用する内燃機関の排
気系を示すものであり、内燃機関１の排気マニホ
ルド２に接続する排気管３は、その途中で排気管
３Ａと排気管３Ｂとに二分岐されている。そし
て、二分岐された排気管３Ａ，３Ｂはそれぞれ部
分的に膨出され、その膨出部４にパテイキユレイ
トフイルタ５が各々内蔵されている。また、前記
排気管３の分岐部３ａにはアクチユエータ８に駆
動される切換弁６が設置されており、内燃機関１
からの排気ガスＧを前記排気管３Ａ，３Ｂのどち
らかに流すようになつている。 FIG. 1 shows an exhaust system of an internal combustion engine to which the method of the present invention is applied, in which an exhaust pipe 3 connected to an exhaust manifold 2 of an internal combustion engine 1 is bifurcated into an exhaust pipe 3A and an exhaust pipe 3B on the way. It is branched. The bifurcated exhaust pipes 3A and 3B are each partially bulged out, and a particulate filter 5 is housed in each of the bulged portions 4. Further, a switching valve 6 driven by an actuator 8 is installed in the branch portion 3a of the exhaust pipe 3, and a switching valve 6 is installed in the branch portion 3a of the exhaust pipe 3.
The exhaust gas G from the exhaust gas G is made to flow into either of the exhaust pipes 3A and 3B.
さらに、前記排気管３Ａ，３Ｂのパテイキユレ
イトフイルタ５の上流側にはそれぞれバーナ７が
設置されており、このバーナ７は点火されると前
記パテイキユレイトフイルタ５に捕集されたパテ
イキユレイトを再燃焼させるようになつている。
また、このバーナ７の下流側であつて、前記パテ
イキユレイトフイルタ５の排気ガス入口部から10
〜100mm程度上流側には、温度センサTA，TBお
よび圧力センサPA，PBが設置されており、共に
制御装置１０に接続されている。 Further, a burner 7 is installed on the upstream side of the particulate waste filter 5 of the exhaust pipes 3A and 3B, and when the burner 7 is ignited, it recycles the particulate waste collected by the particulate waste filter 5. It is designed to be burned.
Also, on the downstream side of this burner 7, from the exhaust gas inlet of the particulate filter 5,
Temperature sensors TA, TB and pressure sensors PA, PB are installed approximately 100 mm upstream, and both are connected to the control device 10.
前記制御装置１０は、前記アクチユエータ８お
よび２個のバーナ７に接続されており、これらの
動作を制御するように構成されている。 The control device 10 is connected to the actuator 8 and the two burners 7, and is configured to control their operations.
第２図は、前記構成の装置を使用してパテイキ
ユレイトフイルタ５に捕集されたパテイキユレイ
トを燃焼させた際のT1時間内の実験結果を示し
ており、パテイキユレイトフイルタの入口温度
（℃）−再燃焼効率（％）の特性を示すものであ
る。 FIG. 2 shows the experimental results within T 1 hour when the particulate waste collected in the particulate waste filter 5 was combusted using the apparatus configured as described above, and the inlet temperature of the particulate waste filter ( ℃) - shows the characteristics of reburning efficiency (%).
この結果より、T1時間内にフイルタ５の中心
部のパテイキユレイトが燃焼し、T1時間後はフ
イルタ５の中心部のパテイキユレイトは燃焼を終
了しているので、温度を650℃以上に上げてもフ
イルタ５の外周部のパテイキユレイトの発熱を中
心部が吸収し、フイルタ５が溶損する恐れがない
ことがわかつた。 From this result, the particulate ylate in the center of the filter 5 burns within T 1 hour, and the particulate ylate in the center of the filter 5 has finished burning after T 1 hour, so even if the temperature is raised to 650°C or higher, It was found that the heat generated by the particulate matter on the outer periphery of the filter 5 was absorbed by the central part, and there was no fear that the filter 5 would be damaged by melting.
そこで、本発明では例えば切換弁６が排気管３
Ａを排気管３に接続している時に、圧力センサ
PAの出力値が上昇してフイルタ５が目詰りを起
こしていると制御装置１０が判断した時には（第
４図ステツプでYES）、制御装置１０によつて
アクチユエータ８が作動し、切換弁６が切り換わ
つて排気管３Ｂが排気管３に接続されるようにな
つている（ステツプ）。 Therefore, in the present invention, for example, the switching valve 6 is connected to the exhaust pipe 3.
Pressure sensor when connecting A to exhaust pipe 3.
When the control device 10 determines that the output value of PA increases and the filter 5 is clogged (YES in step 4 in FIG. 4), the actuator 8 is actuated by the control device 10, and the switching valve 6 is activated. Then, the exhaust pipe 3B is connected to the exhaust pipe 3 (step).
そして、この後に制御装置１０によつて排気管
３Ａ側のバーナ７が点火され（ステツプ）、こ
のバーナ７の下流側のフイルタ５に捕集されたパ
テイキユレイトが再燃焼される。本発明では前記
実験の結果より、第１段階としてパテイキユレイ
トの再燃焼温度を650±50℃の範囲でT1時間一定
に保持する（ステツプ〜）。この時のパテイ
キユレイトの再燃焼温度は、前記温度センサTA
によつて測定されたものが使用される。 Thereafter, the burner 7 on the exhaust pipe 3A side is ignited by the control device 10 (step), and the particulate matter collected on the filter 5 on the downstream side of the burner 7 is re-burned. In the present invention, based on the results of the above experiments, as a first step, the reburning temperature of the particulate hydrate is held constant in the range of 650±50° C. for T 1 hour (step ~). The reburning temperature of the patty cureate at this time is determined by the temperature sensor TA.
The one measured by is used.
その後、第２段階として本発明では前記制御装
置１０がバーナ７を調整してパテイキユレイトの
再燃焼温度を750±50℃にT2時間一定に保持する
（ステツプ〜）。さらに、本発明ではこの後に
バーナ７の点火を停止するか、T3時間かけて
徐々にバーナ７の出力を下げ、ガス温度を低下さ
せて再燃焼を完了する（ステツプ）。 Thereafter, in the second step of the present invention, the control device 10 adjusts the burner 7 to maintain the reburning temperature of the particulate at a constant value of 750±50° C. for T 2 hours (step ~). Furthermore, in the present invention, after this, the ignition of the burner 7 is stopped, or the output of the burner 7 is gradually lowered over T3 hours to lower the gas temperature and complete the reburning (step).
本発明における前記時間T1、T2、T3の値は例
えば下記のように設定すれば良い。 The values of the times T 1 , T 2 , and T 3 in the present invention may be set as follows, for example.
T1＝５〜30分
T2＝0.5〜５分
T3＝０〜５分
第３図は以上のような本発明のパテイキユレイ
トフイルタの再燃焼方法によりパテイキユレイト
を再燃焼させた場合の、時間に対するフイルタ５
の入口温度（温度センサによる検出値）の変化を
示す線図である。 T 1 = 5 to 30 minutes T 2 = 0.5 to 5 minutes T 3 = 0 to 5 minutes FIG. Filter for time 5
FIG. 3 is a diagram showing changes in the inlet temperature (value detected by a temperature sensor).
なお、650±50℃→750±50℃まで5.5分〜35分
間かけてフイルタ５の入口温度を上昇させても良
いものである。 Note that the inlet temperature of the filter 5 may be increased from 650±50°C to 750±50°C over 5.5 minutes to 35 minutes.
このようにして、目詰りを起こしていた排気管
３Ａ側のパテイキユレイトフイルタ５は、溶損す
ることなく内部に捕集されていたパテイキユレイ
トが再燃焼するので、目詰まりが解消され、パテ
イキユレイト捕集力を回復する。そして、この後
に圧力センサPBによつて排気管３Ｂ側のパテイ
キユレイトフイルタ５の目詰まりが検出される
と、制御装置１０はアクチユエータ８を作動させ
て切換弁６を切り換え、排気管３Ａを排気管３に
接続し、排気管３Ｂの入口側を遮断してこの内部
のフイルタ５の再燃焼を前記同様に行う。 In this way, the clogged particulate filter 5 on the exhaust pipe 3A side is not melted and the particulate waste collected inside is re-burned, so the clogging is cleared and the particulate filter 5 is collected. Restore power. Then, when the pressure sensor PB detects clogging of the particulate filter 5 on the exhaust pipe 3B side, the control device 10 operates the actuator 8 to switch the switching valve 6 and exhaust the exhaust pipe 3A. It is connected to the pipe 3, the inlet side of the exhaust pipe 3B is shut off, and the filter 5 inside is re-burned in the same manner as described above.
以上のように、本発明では内燃機関１の排気管
３の途中に設けられたパテイキユレイトフイルタ
５は、目詰まりを生じた時に片方ずつ、制御装置
１０によつて温度制御されながら溶損することな
く燃焼効率良く再燃焼される。従つて、内燃機関
１の排気ガスＧ中に含まれるパテイキユレイト
は、常にパテイキユレイトフイルタによつて捕集
されるので、排気ガスは清浄に保たれる。 As described above, in the present invention, when the particulate filter 5 installed in the middle of the exhaust pipe 3 of the internal combustion engine 1 becomes clogged, the particulate filter 5 can be melted down one by one while being temperature-controlled by the control device 10. It is re-burned with good combustion efficiency. Therefore, the particulate matter contained in the exhaust gas G of the internal combustion engine 1 is always collected by the particulate matter filter, so that the exhaust gas is kept clean.
以上説明したように本発明のパテイキユレイト
フイルタの再燃焼方法は、内燃機関の排気管の途
中に設けられたパテイキユレイトフイルタを、再
燃焼装置によりまず所定時間600℃±50℃に保ち、
次に数分以内の間750℃±50℃の保持し、この後
温度を徐々に低下させて再燃焼を完了させるよう
にしたことにより、パテイキユレイト再燃焼時に
フイルタの溶損、破損を防ぐと共に、燃焼効率を
上げることができるという優れた効果がある。
As explained above, the reburning method for a particulate filter of the present invention involves first maintaining the particulate filter installed in the middle of the exhaust pipe of an internal combustion engine at 600°C ± 50°C for a predetermined time using a reburning device.
Next, the temperature was maintained at 750°C ± 50°C for a few minutes, and then the temperature was gradually lowered to complete reburning, thereby preventing melting and damage to the filter during reburning of the particulate. It has the excellent effect of increasing combustion efficiency.
第１図は本発明の方法を実施するための内燃機
関の排気経路の一実施例を示す概略図、第２図は
実験によるフイルタ入口温度−再燃焼効率特性を
示す線図、第３図はパテイキユレイト再燃焼時の
時間−フイルタ入口温度特性を示す線図、第４図
は本発明のパテイキユレイトフイルタの再燃焼方
法の手順の一例を示す流れ図である。
１……内燃機関、３，３Ａ，３Ｂ……排気管、
５……パテイキユレイトフイルタ、６……切換
弁、７……バーナ、８……アクチユエータ、１０
……制御装置。
Fig. 1 is a schematic diagram showing an example of the exhaust path of an internal combustion engine for carrying out the method of the present invention, Fig. 2 is a diagram showing experimental filter inlet temperature-reburning efficiency characteristics, and Fig. 3 is a diagram showing an example of the exhaust path of an internal combustion engine for carrying out the method of the present invention. FIG. 4 is a diagram showing the time-filter inlet temperature characteristics during reburning of the particulate waste filter, and FIG. 4 is a flowchart showing an example of the procedure of the method of reburning the particulate waste filter of the present invention. 1... Internal combustion engine, 3, 3A, 3B... Exhaust pipe,
5... Particular filter, 6... Switching valve, 7... Burner, 8... Actuator, 10
……Control device.
Claims (1)
キユレイトフイルタを、再燃焼装置によりまず所
定時間600℃±50℃に保ち、次に数分以内の間750
℃±50℃に保持し、この後温度を徐々に低下させ
て再燃焼を完了させるようにしたことを特徴とす
るパテイキユレイトフイルタの再燃焼方法。1. A particulate filter installed in the middle of the exhaust pipe of an internal combustion engine is first kept at 600°C ± 50°C for a predetermined period of time using a reburning device, and then heated to 750°C for a few minutes.
A method for reburning a particulate filter, characterized in that the temperature is maintained at ±50°C and then the temperature is gradually lowered to complete the reburning.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP59086957A JPS60230507A (en) | 1984-04-30 | 1984-04-30 | Afterburning method for particulate filter |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP59086957A JPS60230507A (en) | 1984-04-30 | 1984-04-30 | Afterburning method for particulate filter |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JPS60230507A JPS60230507A (en) | 1985-11-16 |
| JPH0336133B2 true JPH0336133B2 (en) | 1991-05-30 |
Family
ID=13901351
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP59086957A Granted JPS60230507A (en) | 1984-04-30 | 1984-04-30 | Afterburning method for particulate filter |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JPS60230507A (en) |
Families Citing this family (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE3717140A1 (en) * | 1987-05-21 | 1988-12-08 | Webasto Ag Fahrzeugtechnik | Soot filter system in the exhaust tract of a diesel internal combustion engine |
| DE3837073A1 (en) * | 1988-10-31 | 1990-05-03 | Eberspaecher J | SOOT FILTER FOR DIESEL VEHICLES |
| DE4008092A1 (en) * | 1990-03-14 | 1991-09-19 | Gillet Heinrich Gmbh | Regeneration of carbon filters for Diesel IC engine - using reference airflow to monitor pressure build=up on filters to determine regeneration point |
| US7677028B2 (en) * | 2006-02-28 | 2010-03-16 | Caterpillar Inc. | Particulate trap regeneration temperature control system |
-
1984
- 1984-04-30 JP JP59086957A patent/JPS60230507A/en active Granted
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JPS60230507A (en) | 1985-11-16 |
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