JP6909511B2 - カキを用いた機能性発酵物を含む骨健康の改善用組成物 - Google Patents
カキを用いた機能性発酵物を含む骨健康の改善用組成物 Download PDFInfo
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- A61P19/00—Drugs for skeletal disorders
- A61P19/08—Drugs for skeletal disorders for bone diseases, e.g. rachitism, Paget's disease
- A61P19/10—Drugs for skeletal disorders for bone diseases, e.g. rachitism, Paget's disease for osteoporosis
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23V—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES AND LACTIC OR PROPIONIC ACID BACTERIA USED IN FOODSTUFFS OR FOOD PREPARATION
- A23V2002/00—Food compositions, function of food ingredients or processes for food or foodstuffs
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23V—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES AND LACTIC OR PROPIONIC ACID BACTERIA USED IN FOODSTUFFS OR FOOD PREPARATION
- A23V2200/00—Function of food ingredients
- A23V2200/30—Foods, ingredients or supplements having a functional effect on health
- A23V2200/306—Foods, ingredients or supplements having a functional effect on health having an effect on bone mass, e.g. osteoporosis prevention
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23V—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES AND LACTIC OR PROPIONIC ACID BACTERIA USED IN FOODSTUFFS OR FOOD PREPARATION
- A23V2250/00—Food ingredients
- A23V2250/20—Natural extracts
- A23V2250/202—Algae extracts
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23V—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES AND LACTIC OR PROPIONIC ACID BACTERIA USED IN FOODSTUFFS OR FOOD PREPARATION
- A23V2250/00—Food ingredients
- A23V2250/20—Natural extracts
- A23V2250/204—Animal extracts
- A23V2250/2042—Marine animal, fish extracts
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K35/00—Medicinal preparations containing materials or reaction products thereof with undetermined constitution
- A61K35/66—Microorganisms or materials therefrom
- A61K35/74—Bacteria
- A61K35/741—Probiotics
- A61K35/744—Lactic acid bacteria, e.g. enterococci, pediococci, lactococci, streptococci or leuconostocs
- A61K35/747—Lactobacilli, e.g. L. acidophilus or L. brevis
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- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K36/00—Medicinal preparations of undetermined constitution containing material from algae, lichens, fungi or plants, or derivatives thereof, e.g. traditional herbal medicines
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A61K36/00—Medicinal preparations of undetermined constitution containing material from algae, lichens, fungi or plants, or derivatives thereof, e.g. traditional herbal medicines
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
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- A61K36/064—Saccharomycetales, e.g. baker's yeast
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- A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
- A61K9/0012—Galenical forms characterised by the site of application
- A61K9/0019—Injectable compositions; Intramuscular, intravenous, arterial, subcutaneous administration; Compositions to be administered through the skin in an invasive manner
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- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
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- A61K9/0087—Galenical forms not covered by A61K9/02 - A61K9/7023
- A61K9/0095—Drinks; Beverages; Syrups; Compositions for reconstitution thereof, e.g. powders or tablets to be dispersed in a glass of water; Veterinary drenches
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- A61K9/2004—Excipients; Inactive ingredients
- A61K9/2022—Organic macromolecular compounds
- A61K9/205—Polysaccharides, e.g. alginate, gums; Cyclodextrin
- A61K9/2059—Starch, including chemically or physically modified derivatives; Amylose; Amylopectin; Dextrin
Description
(1)カキ、カキの加水分解液、又はカキの抽出濃縮液、及び前処理された海藻類を、全体重量の10%〜30%(v/v)になるように水を混合して滅菌し、30℃〜37℃まで冷却して培地を準備するステップ、
(2)前記培地に発酵微生物として乳酸菌、酵母、又はこれらを混合して接種した後に、発酵させるステップ、
(3)発酵が終了した発酵液を高温加圧滅菌し、発酵期間中に対数的に増殖した発酵微生物を死滅させるステップ、及び
(4)滅菌された発酵液から、0.05μm〜0.1μm以下のきれいで清潔な水溶性物質のみを精密濾過するステップ
を順に実施して製造することができる。
1.生のカキ及びヒジキを用いた骨健康の改善用組成物(以下、FOと記載する)の製造
生のカキ及びヒジキに対して水洗並びに脱塩を行い、不純物及び塩を除去した。その後乾燥し、粉砕して、カキ及びヒジキの混合粉砕物を製造した。
2−1.カキの加水分解液の製造工程
使用するカキを水洗、脱塩、及び粉砕し、酵素によって容易に加水分解するように準備した。前処理されたカキと水とを1:1で混合し、50℃〜70℃で20分〜60分間撹拌しながら、0.2%(v/v)のアルカラーゼを添加して加水分解した。加水分解されたカキの残渣を40メッシュ〜200メッシュの振動ふるいで除去し、カキの加水分解液を回収した。回収されたカキの加水分解液から、孔径(pore size)が0.05μm〜0.1μmのモジュールを有する外部循環式減圧型分離膜を用いて水溶性物質のみを精密濾過した。
ヒジキに対して水洗及び脱塩を行い、不純物及び塩を除去した。その後乾燥し、粉砕して、ヒジキの粉砕物を製造した。このヒジキの粉砕物と前記2−1.のカキの加水分解液とを混合した。
3−1.カキの抽出濃縮液の製造工程
使用するカキを水洗、脱塩、及び粉砕し、容易に抽出するように準備した。前処理されたカキに10倍〜20倍量の水を混合し、70℃〜90℃で20分〜60分間撹拌しながら抽出した。抽出されたカキの残渣を40メッシュ〜200メッシュの振動ふるいで除去し、カキの抽出液を回収した。回収されたカキの抽出液から、孔径(pore size)が0.05μm〜0.1μmのモジュールを有する外部循環式減圧型分離膜を用いて水溶性物質のみを精密濾過した。精密濾過されたカキの抽出液を30℃〜50℃で減圧し、brixが20%〜40%となるように濃縮した。
ヒジキに対して水洗及び脱塩を行い、不純物及び塩を除去した。その後乾燥し、粉砕して、ヒジキの粉砕物を製造した。このヒジキの粉砕物と前記3−1.のカキの抽出濃縮液とを混合した。
1.破骨細胞の培養及び分化
本研究に用いられたマウスマクロファージ細胞株であるRAW264.7細胞を、細胞培養のために、10% fetal bovine serum(FBS)と1% penicillin−streptomycinとを含むDulbecco’s modified Eagle’s media(DMEM;Gibco BRL、Gaithersburg、MD、USA)を用いて、CO2 incubator(37℃、5% CO2)で培養した。
RAW264.7細胞をDMEMに24時間安定化させた後、α−MEMに、RANKL(100ng/mL)とFOを0μg/mL、200μg/mL、400μg/mL、600μg/mLの濃度別に添加して分株した。5日目に、TRAP溶液で染色してTRAP陽性細胞を破骨細胞と認めた。染色された破骨細胞のうち3個以上の核を含有する細胞の個数を統計に利用した。
RAW264.7細胞にRANKL(100ng/mL)を処理して破骨細胞に分化させた後、α−MEMに培養しつつFOを0μg/mL、200μg/mL、400μg/mL、600μg/mLの濃度別に処理した。成熟した破骨細胞をAlexa Fluor(登録商標) 488が結合されたphalloidinで染色させた後、30分間に亘ってDAPIで染色した。Actin ringとDAPI染色は蛍光顕微鏡で観察した。
RANKLによるシグナル伝達過程を観察するために、RAW264.7細胞をlysis buffer(50mM tris−Cl、150mM NaCl、5mM EDTA、1% Triton X−100、1mM sodium fluoride、1mM sodium vanadate、1% deoxycholate、及びprotease inhibitors)で溶解した。全体溶解物を遠心分離(14000rpm、30分間)して上清を得た。定量後、SDS−PAGEで分離してPVDF膜に移した後、特定抗体を用いて反応させ、タンパク質の発現量を、image analyzerを用いて確認した。
RAW264.7細胞を5×104cells/wellで6well plateに分株して24時間安定化させた後、RANKL(100ng/mL)により分化誘導して、FO濃度別に処理した。これを5日間培養した後、10μM DCF−DAを処理して37℃で30分間染色した後、Flow cytometryを用いて測定した。
RAW264.7細胞にRANKLを処理して破骨細胞への分化を誘導させ、様々な濃度(0μg/mL、200μg/mL、400μg/mL、600μg/mL)のFOを処理して、破骨細胞の分化及び生成におけるFOの効果を測定した。破骨細胞をTRAP染色して顕微鏡で観察した結果、FOの濃度が増加するほど、TRAP陽性細胞の大きさが減少するのを確認することができた(図1の(a))。そして、TRAP陽性細胞数を測定した結果、同様に濃度依存的に抑制されるのが観察された(図1の(b)及び(c))。破骨細胞は、骨吸収過程の間骨格形成を行い、骨に付着をしつつ、一般的な細胞外空間を区分するために破骨細胞のactinが1つの大きなringに組織化されるため、actin ringの形成は、破骨細胞の骨吸収能力に関する重要な標識である。分化した破骨細胞にFOを濃度別に処理してactin ringの形成を観察した結果、濃度依存的に形成が抑制されるのが確認された(図1の(d))。
RAW264.7細胞にRANKL(100ng/mL)を用いて破骨細胞の形成を誘導した後、FOによる分化関連のタンパク質の発現を比較した。RANKLによるシグナル伝達体系において重要なシグナル伝達因子であるTRAF6及びc−Srcの発現がFO濃度依存的に減少し、また、PI3Kのリン酸化が調節されることが分かった。そして、破骨細胞の分化過程で、RANKLがIκB−αの発現を増加させ、p65の核移行(nuclear translocation)を促進させる反面、FO処理群では抑制されるのが確認された。FOが、破骨細胞の分化過程での必須転写因子であるNF−kB pathwayを抑制させることが分かる。
RANKLにより誘導される破骨細胞の分化過程で、細胞内酸化的ストレスが発生することが知られている。よって、RANKL誘導ROSの生成に及ぼすFOの影響を、DCF−DA染色を通じて確認した。RANKL処理された破骨細胞において増加したROSが、FO処理群では顕著に減少した。このような現象は、抗酸化剤であるNACにおいても同様に観察されるのを、顕微鏡を用いて確認した。
NADPH OxidaseはROSの主な要素の1つであり、NOXs構成員のうちの破骨細胞の生成に関与するNOX1と、調節タンパク質であるRac1との発現が、FO濃度依存的に減少した。破骨細胞の分化にFOが及ぼす影響におけるNOX1の役割を確認するために、NOX1をサイレンシングして破骨細胞の分化関連のタンパク質の発現を分析した。その結果、RANKLにより誘導されたTRAF6、c−Src、p−PI3KシグナルがFO処理群では減少し、NOX1 si RNAとFO群では相当に抑制されたのを確認した。したがって、FOは、RANKLにより誘導されたNOX1依存的にROSの生成を阻害することによって、破骨細胞の分化シグナル伝達メカニズムを抑制することができる。
1.造骨細胞の培養及び分譲
本実験に用いられたMC3T3−E1細胞は、mouse calvaria由来の造骨細胞としてATCC(American Type Culture Collection、Manassas、VA、USA)から購入し、細胞培養に必要なα−MEM(α−minimum essential mediu m)培地、FBS(fetal bovine serum)、penicillin−streptomycin等は、GIBCO(Invitrogen、Carlsbad、CA、USA)から購入した。MC3T3−E1細胞は、10% FBSと1% 抗生剤(penicillin−streptomycin)とが含まれたα−MEM培地を用いて37℃のCO2インキュベータで培養した。培地は、最初は2日後に交換し、その後は4日ごとに交換した。2日〜3日間の培養後、一次培養細胞が70%〜80%の密度に達したとき、0.025% トリプシン溶液を用いて継代培養した。
造骨細胞の増殖程度は、生きている細胞の生存率を求めるMTTアッセイにより測定した。MC3T3−E1細胞を1×104cells/wellの濃度で96well plateに100μLずつ分株した後、24時間に亘って37℃のCO2インキュベータで培養した。その後、培地を除去し、FBSが添加されていない培地に様々な濃度(0μg/mL、50μg/mL、100μg/mL、200μg/mL)のFOを配分させて調製した新しい培養液を分株した。48時間の培養後に培地を除去し、0.05mg/mL濃度のMTT試薬(10μL/well)を分株した後、さらに4時間の培養後に培養液を除去した。沈殿物をDMSO(dimethyl sulfoxide)に溶解させ、microplate reader(Bio−rad、Benchmark、Hercules、CA、USA)を用いて570nmでの吸光度を測定した。試料を添加していない培地のみを入れて培養したものを対照群とし、対照群の吸光度を基準に細胞生存率を算出した。
MC3T3−E1細胞を1×104cells/wellの濃度で96well culture plateに接種して24時間培養し、様々な濃度(0μg/mL、50μg/mL、100μg/mL、200μg/mL)のFOが含まれた培地に交換して48時間培養した。培養液を除去し、1% Triton X−100で細胞を溶解して超音波処理した。0.4mM Tris−HCl、2mM MgCl2、及び4mM p−nitrophenol phosphate(PNPP)を含む緩衝溶液50μL/wellを加えた後に30分間反応させ、150μLの1N NaOHを加えて反応を中止させた。その後、分解されたp−nitrophenol(PNP)について、microplate reader(Bio−rad、Benchmark、Hercules、CA、USA)を用いて405nmでの吸光度を測定した。タンパク質量はbovine serum albumin protein assay reagentを用いて測定し、酵素活性は対照群に対する百分率で示した。
in vivoでのFOの骨形成の促進効果を確認するために、35日間に亘って様々な濃度(0μg/mL、50μg/mL、100μg/mL)のFOを供給したゼブラフィッシュを、calceinに露出させて染色した。
FO処理群において3日目から細胞間にクランプを形成するのを確認することができ、MTT活性化が3日目から急激に増加した。実際の総細胞数の変化と細胞の生存に及ぼす影響とを確認した結果、実験期間における総細胞の生存率は、薬物を処理していない群と同一に現れたが、5日目から総細胞数が著しく減少(造骨細胞への分化により総細胞数が減少)した。
FO(100μg/mL)が、造骨細胞の形成における必須遺伝子の発現に及ぼす影響を把握するために、7日間に亘って処理して、1日目、3日目、5日目、7日目に遺伝子の発現を確認した。その結果、Alp、RUNX2、Col1a1、OSX、Bglap、BMP2、BMP4の発現が強力に増加した。
FO(50μg/mL、100μg/mL)をMC3T3−E1細胞に投与して、骨の再形成及び再生が発生する部位において局所的リン酸イオン濃度を増加させるALPの合成を測定した。3日目には実験群と対照群との間の有意差はなかったが、5日目からは2つのFO処理群においてALP活性が有意に増加した。Dexは陽性対照として用いた。
3日目から9日目までFO(50μg/mL、100μg/mL)を処理した後、ゼブラフィッシュにおいて骨形成を確認した。約9日後に脊椎骨の形成がFO処理によって促進されるのを確認した。全体的に生成された脊椎骨の面積及び蛍光強度も増加するのを確認した。
1.骨粗しょう症の動物モデルの作製
生後8週になった雌ICRマウスを購入し、1週間順応させた後、8匹ずつ5群に分けて実験した。
1)卵巣を切除せずに皮膚と筋肉層とを縫合した非卵巣切除の正常対照群(Sham)、2)卵巣を切除して骨粗しょう症を誘発した対照群(OVX)、
3)卵巣切除後、FOを100mg/kgずつ毎日経口投与した実験群(OVX+FO 100mg/kg)、
4)卵巣切除後、FOを200mg/kgずつ毎日経口投与した実験群(OVX+FO 200mg/kg)、及び
5)卵巣切除後、17−beta−estradial(E2)を毎日腹腔内投与した陽性対照群(OVX+E2)
に分類した。
卵巣を切除してから4週間後、実験動物を犠牲にし、脛骨を切り取って固定した後、Micro−CT(Skyscan 1272、Bruker、Kontich、Belgium)を用いて3次元画像イメージを再建し、様々な骨指標(BMD、BV/TV、Tb.N、Tb.Th、Tb.Sp)を分析した。
Micro−CTを用いて得られた3次元画像イメージを通じて、非卵巣切除の正常対照群に比べて、骨粗しょう症を誘発した対照群は、骨損失が深刻化しており、このような骨損失は、FOを100mg/kg又は200mg/kgで口腔投与した全ての群において抑制されたことが確認された。
1.生のカキ及びヒジキを用いた骨健康の改善用組成物(以下、FO’と記載する)の製造
生のカキ及びヒジキに対して水洗並びに脱塩を行い、不純物及び塩を除去した。その後乾燥し、粉砕して、カキ及びヒジキの混合粉砕物を製造した。その後、発酵菌株としてラクトバチラス・ファーメンタム(Lactobacillus fermentum)JS及びアスペルギルス・ウサミ(Aspergillus Usamii)を用いたことを除いては、製造例1と同様にして骨健康の改善用組成物(FO’)を製造した。
FO及びFO’を1:0.5の重量比で混合し、骨健康の改善用組成物(FM1)を製造した。
FO及びFO’を1:1の重量比で混合し、骨健康の改善用組成物(FM2)を製造した。
FO及びFO’を1:2の重量比で混合し、骨健康の改善用組成物(FM3)を製造した。
FO、FO’、FM1、FM2、及びFM3について、破骨細胞の形成抑制効果を比較して評価した。FOについての破骨細胞の形成抑制効果を指数5に設定し、FO’、FM1、FM2、及びFM3について、破骨細胞の形成抑制の程度を評価し、指数で示した。指数が高いほど効果に優れることを意味する。
FO及びFO’について、造骨細胞の活性化誘導効果を比較して評価した。FOについての造骨細胞の活性化誘導効果を指数5に設定し、FO’、FM1、FM2、及びFM3について、造骨細胞の活性化誘導の程度を評価し、指数で示した。指数が高いほど効果に優れることを意味する。
Claims (5)
- カキ及び海藻類を発酵させた、カキ及び海藻類の発酵物から抽出してなる発酵抽出物を含み、
前記カキ及び海藻類は、カキ及びヒジキであり、
前記発酵物は、ラクトバチラス・ファーメンタム(Lactobacillus fermentum)JS(菌株寄託番号:KCCM 10499)及びアスペルギルス・ウサミ(Aspergillus Usamii)の混合物を用いて発酵させたものであり、
前記発酵抽出物は、破骨細胞の活性は抑制し、造骨細胞の活性は促進して骨形成を促進する、カキを用いた機能性発酵物を含む骨健康の改善用組成物。 - 前記発酵抽出物は、タウリン及びGABA(gamma−aminobutyric acid)を含む、請求項1に記載のカキを用いた機能性発酵物を含む骨健康の改善用組成物。
- 前記カキは、生のカキ、カキの加水分解液、カキの抽出濃縮液、及びこれらの混合物からなる群より選択される、請求項1に記載のカキを用いた機能性発酵物を含む骨健康の改善用組成物。
- 請求項1〜3のいずれか1項に記載の骨健康の改善用組成物を含む、カキを用いた機能性発酵物を含む薬学組成物。
- 請求項1〜3のいずれか1項に記載の骨健康の改善用組成物を含む、カキを用いた機能性発酵物を含む食品組成物。
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