JP5706938B2 - Detection device - Google Patents

Description

  The present invention relates to a detection apparatus that detects an X-ray image of a subject using X-rays.

  An X-ray mammography apparatus that acquires an X-ray image of a subject's breast by X-ray imaging includes an X-ray mammography apparatus using a semiconductor two-dimensional image detector. This has a basic configuration of an X-ray source, a compression plate for compressing the breast, and a two-dimensional X-ray image detector for holding the breast and simultaneously imaging the transmitted X-ray intensity distribution. The two-dimensional image detector is created by bonding a phosphor that converts X-rays into visible fluorescence and a semiconductor two-dimensional image detector (see, for example, Patent Document 1).

  Some X-ray mammography apparatuses use a grid for suppressing scattered X-rays (see, for example, Patent Document 2).

  There is also an apparatus that captures an X-ray image of a breast and an ultrasound image under the same compression condition. For example, infrared light is used as a sensor for detecting the position of the ultrasonic probe with respect to this apparatus. Since the breast is compressed in the same way in the acquisition of the X-ray image and the acquisition of the ultrasonic image, as a result, the ultrasonic image and the X-ray image can be combined (for example, see Patent Document 3).

  In addition, a technique has been proposed in which a breast image is captured by irradiating a breast with near-infrared light through a breast compression plate and collecting transmitted light with an optical fiber (see, for example, Patent Document 4).

  Furthermore, a technique for obtaining a near-infrared image of a breast by allowing a plurality of amplitude-modulated near-infrared light to enter a single optical fiber, transmitting the breast, and detecting the transmitted near-infrared light by homodyne is proposed. (For example, refer nonpatent literature 1).

JP 08-238233 JP2005-013344 JP2003-260046 Special table flat 09-505407

Sergio Fantini et al., "Using Near-Infrared Light To Detect Breast Cancer", Optics & Photonics News, November, 2003

  In breast cancer diagnosis using an X-ray mammography apparatus, reproducibility may be required for positioning of the imaging apparatus and the breast during cytodiagnosis, tissue diagnosis, or postoperative follow-up when suspected to be positive .

  However, the conventional mammography apparatus does not have a positioning function.

  On the other hand, near-infrared images may be effective in finding mass-like cancers that X-ray breast images are not good at. Correspondence between positions of lesions found in near-infrared images and X-ray images There was also a problem that it was not possible to take.

  The present invention has been made in view of the problems as described above. For example, an object of the present invention is to provide a detection device that can detect a subject at different wavelengths.

According to one aspect of the present invention, a near-infrared light source that emits near-infrared light, an X-ray source that emits X-rays, a detection unit that detects the near-infrared light and the X-ray, and the detection unit A grid that is inserted into the inside, a compression plate for compressing the subject against the placement surface of the subject, and when taking a near-infrared image based on the near-infrared light, Based on the X-ray, the near-infrared light source enters the surface opposite to the contact surface of the subject, the grid is retracted in a range not blocking the near-infrared light irradiated on the receiving surface of the detection means When photographing an X-ray image, a control unit that inserts the grid into the detection unit and retracts the near-infrared light source within a range that does not block the X-ray irradiated on the reception surface of the detection unit. with the door, said detection means transmits at least the near-infrared light A wavelength filter that does not transmit visible light, a phosphor that transmits near-infrared light that has passed through the wavelength filter, and generates fluorescence in response to X-ray incidence, and a near-infrared light that has transmitted through the phosphor And a semiconductor sensor having sensitivity to the fluorescence .

  According to the present invention, a subject can be photographed at a plurality of different wavelengths.

  Thereby, it is possible to capture the near-infrared image and the X-ray image under the same position condition.

  In addition, when imaging is performed using near-infrared and X-rays, the near-infrared image and the X-ray image are superimposed and displayed so that the calcified cancer and the mass cancer can be accurately superimposed.

  In addition, it is possible to estimate a suitable imaging dose at the time of X-ray imaging from a near-infrared image.

1 is a schematic diagram of an X-ray mammography apparatus in an embodiment. The figure which shows the motion of the compression board at the time of a breast positioning image imaging | photography. The figure which shows the structure of a two-dimensional detector. The figure showing the approaching and evacuation of a laser diode matrix. The figure which shows the structure of a laser diode matrix. The figure which shows one pixel of a semiconductor sensor. The figure which arranged the pixel of the semiconductor sensor in two dimensions. The flowchart of the control processing which concerns on the X-ray mammography which concerns on embodiment.

  DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS Hereinafter, preferred embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the drawings. In addition, this invention is not limited to the following embodiment, It shows only the specific example advantageous for implementation of this invention. In addition, not all combinations of features described in the following embodiments are indispensable as means for solving the problems of the present invention.

  Preferred embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings (FIGS. 1 to 8).

  FIG. 1 schematically shows an X-ray mammography apparatus according to the present embodiment.

  FIG. 1A is a front view showing an apparatus state when a CC image of the breast 6 is taken, and is a view of the X-ray mammography apparatus as seen from a subject (patient). In order from the top, an X-ray source 1, a laser diode matrix 2, a compression plate 3, an X-ray grid 4, and a two-dimensional detector 5 are arranged. (B) is a front view showing an apparatus state when an MLO image of the breast 6 is taken. The difference from the front view (in CC) of (A) is that the photographing unit is tilted.

  Here, the two-dimensional detector 5 is a detection unit having a placement surface on which the breast 6 is placed on the side facing the X-ray source 1.

  The apparatus state at the time of infrared image acquisition and breast positioning shown in FIG. In this state, no X-rays are emitted from the X-ray source 1. The breast 6 of the subject placed on the placement surface of the two-dimensional detector 5 is pressed against the placement surface by the compression plate 3. A laser diode matrix 2, which is a two-dimensional near-infrared light source, is provided above the compression plate 3 in a two-dimensional manner along the compression plate 3. The laser diode matrix 2 is configured to be movable between a first position in close contact with the compression plate 3 and a second position outside the imaging region of the X-ray image. In the laser diode matrix 2, a plurality of near infrared laser diodes are arranged in a matrix. The compression plate 3 is made of an optically transparent or translucent material that transmits near-infrared light and a material that easily transmits X-rays, such as acrylic.

  Near-infrared light emitted from the near-infrared laser diode passes through the compression plate 3, travels while being attenuated and diffused in the breast 6, and reaches the two-dimensional detector 5. The X-ray grid 4 that does not transmit near-infrared light is retracted. The two-dimensional detector 5 includes a two-dimensional semiconductor detector having sensitivity to visible light and near infrared light. That is, the two-dimensional detector can detect X-rays and can detect visible light and near-infrared light. A near-infrared image of the breast 6 is calculated based on the light intensity distribution incident on the two-dimensional detector 5. Here, the time of breast positioning is defined by displaying a near-infrared image of the breast 6 in real time, so that the radiographer reproduces the positioning state of the breast 6 based on the blood vessel arrangement in the breast 6. This is because it becomes possible.

  Differences between breast positioning imaging and near-infrared imaging will be described. These images are all images formed using near infrared light. However, at the time of photographing for breast positioning, it is required to increase the image forming time in order to cope with the change of the breast setting by the photographing engineer. By the way, it takes time to capture a breast spectrum scan image by a near-infrared laser diode having a plurality of wavelengths in the laser diode matrix 2.

  The imaging time can be shortened by not illuminating all the laser diodes incorporated in the laser diode matrix 2, but by decimating lighting and giving priority to real time at the expense of image resolution.

  Near-infrared image capturing has a higher resolution and spectral scan than imaging for breast positioning, but the imaging time is longer.

  Next, the apparatus state at the time of X-ray imaging shown in FIG.

  X-ray images are taken after breast positioning is complete. Upon completion of breast positioning imaging and near-infrared imaging, the laser diode matrix 2 is withdrawn from the X-ray image imaging area.

  On the other hand, the X-ray grid 4 retracted at the time of imaging for breast positioning is inserted into the upper surface of the two-dimensional detector 5. When retraction of the laser diode matrix 2 and insertion of the X-ray grid 4 are confirmed, X-rays are exposed.

  By the way, there is a correlation between the near-infrared light transmission amount and the X-ray transmission amount when photographing a near-infrared image. A positive correlation is known between the breast thickness and the density of the mammary gland and the amount of light reaching the two-dimensional detector 5. Using this relationship, it is possible to determine the X-ray target, X-ray filter, tube current, and imaging time during X-ray image capturing. For example, when the amount of light reached is a certain value or less, the X-ray target may be rhodium instead of molybdenum. In addition, the tube current can be increased in inverse proportion to the amount of light reaching. If the tube current cannot be increased due to the limitations of the X-ray source, the imaging time is increased.

  FIG. 2 shows the timing of the movement of the compression plate 3 and the lighting of the near-infrared laser diode when the breast positioning image is captured. The position setting of the breast and the start of breast compression are determined by the imaging technician while confirming the safety of the patient, but when a predetermined compression force or more is applied to the compression plate 3, the laser diode is automatically turned on. When the positioning image is completely captured, the laser diode is turned off.

  The positioning image is displayed on a display device (not shown). If the imaging engineer determines that the positioning is appropriate, the process shifts to capturing a high-resolution near-infrared image. In addition to displaying an image for determining whether positioning is appropriate in parallel with an image captured in the past, a difference image between the past image and the current image can also be displayed. When creating a difference image, the relative relationship between the images is important. As an index of the relative relationship, the correlation coefficient between the two images can be calculated. Positioning can be improved by shifting the image in the direction in which the correlation coefficient increases based on the correlation coefficient.

  FIG. 3 is a diagram showing the structure of the two-dimensional detector 5.

  When the positioning image and the near-infrared image shown in FIG. 3A are taken, the laser diode matrix 2 is disposed in close contact with the upper surface of the compression plate 3. Hereinafter, the term “near infrared image” refers to both a positioning image and a near infrared image.

  Near infrared light that has passed through the compression plate 3 and the breast 6 enters the two-dimensional detector 5. The two-dimensional detector 5 includes a protection plate 8, a wavelength filter 9, an X-ray phosphor 10, a semiconductor sensor 11, and a sensor up / down mechanism 12.

  The protective plate 8 protects the semiconductor sensor 11 when the breast is compressed. The protective plate 8 is a material that has a small X-ray attenuation and transmits near-infrared light. As an example, acrylic or tempered glass can be used.

  The wavelength filter 9 is a filter that transmits near-infrared light or light having a longer wavelength than near-infrared light, and is a film that does not transmit visible light or far-infrared light.

  The X-ray phosphor 10 transmits near-infrared light and generates fluorescence in response to the incidence of X-rays. As an example of the X-ray phosphor 10, a CsI column crystal is suitable. Since it is columnar, it is possible to reduce the diffusion of X-ray fluorescence and near-infrared light.

  As an example of the semiconductor sensor 11, a CMOS sensor is preferable. Amorphous silicon sensors widely used in X-ray images cannot be used because they have no sensitivity in the near infrared.

  The sensor up / down mechanism 12 is a mechanism for adjusting the distance between the lower surface of the protective plate 8 and the upper surface of the wavelength filter 9. By bringing the lower surface of the protection plate 8 and the upper surface of the wavelength filter 9 into close contact, it is possible to reduce the resolution degradation of the near-infrared image.

  In the case of mammography, high resolution is required for the X-ray image, and for example, a pixel pitch of 100 μm is required.

  However, since the X-ray image is a still image, high-speed image reading is not required. On the other hand, the required resolution of the near-infrared image is about 1 to 3 mm. Near-infrared images require high-speed image readout.

  Therefore, the structure of the semiconductor sensor 11 is such that the pixel size is 100 μm and the 8 × 8 image, the 16 × 16 image, or the 32 × 32 pixel can be read in a bundle.

  In addition, the X-ray image is formed on the entire surface of the semiconductor sensor 11 at once, but the near-infrared image is limited to an area of about 10 mm × 10 mm for one laser diode. Therefore, when taking a near-infrared image, it is necessary to read the bundle at the same time as it is bundled and read at a high speed partially (locally).

  Further, the semiconductor sensor 11 changes the image capturing area in accordance with the resolution set at the time of capturing the near-infrared image. The relative positional relationship between the laser diode matrix 2 and the two-dimensional detector 5 can be known in advance by calibration.

  Next, the structure at the time of X-ray image capturing in FIG.

  During X-ray imaging, the laser diode matrix 2 is retracted and the X-ray grid 4 is inserted between the protective plate 8 and the wavelength filter 9. The X-ray grid 4 has an effect of reducing X-ray scattering. The gap between the protective plate 8 and the wavelength filter 9 is formed by the sensor up-and-down mechanism 12 that the wavelength filter 9, the X-ray phosphor 10, and the semiconductor sensor 11 are integrally shifted downward.

  On the other hand, the wavelength filter 9 can be brought into close contact with the lower surface of the protective plate 8 and the X-ray grid 4 can be inserted into the gap between the wavelength filter 9 and the X-ray phosphor 10. However, from the viewpoint of shielding the semiconductor sensor 11, the method of inserting the X-ray grid 4 between the protective plate 8 and the wavelength filter 9 is advantageous.

  By the way, the known X-ray grid 4 does not have a structure for transmitting near-infrared light. The X-ray grid 4 has a structure in which wood or fiber is sandwiched between lead foils.

  However, it is possible to sandwich a fiber that transmits near-infrared light between lead foils.

  When such an X-ray grid 4 capable of transmitting near-infrared is used, the grid insertion / retraction operation becomes unnecessary, and the light shielding of the two-dimensional detector 5 is facilitated.

  FIG. 4 is a diagram showing the approach and retreat of the laser diode matrix 2.

  The compression plate 3 is fixed to the compression plate holding frame 13. The compression plate holding frame 13 is attached to the gantry upper frame 7 of the photographing apparatus so as to be vertically movable.

  At the time of taking a near-infrared image, the laser diode matrix 2 slides on the compression plate holding frame 13 and enters the upper surface of the compression plate 3 as shown in FIG. After entering, the laser diode matrix 2 is brought into close contact with the compression plate 3 by an adsorption or pressure bonding mechanism (not shown).

  At the time of X-ray image photographing, as shown in FIG. 4B, the laser diode matrix 2 slides away from the compression plate holding frame 13 after the close contact is released.

  FIG. 5 shows the structure of the laser diode matrix 2. The laser diode matrix 2 has a two-layer structure.

  First, the embodiment (A) in FIG.

  In the upper part, the laser diodes 14 are arranged two-dimensionally, and in the lower part, the fibers are arranged two-dimensionally. The laser diode 14 and the fiber are in one-to-one correspondence and are adsorbed, pressed or bonded.

  In the embodiment (B) in the figure, a set of four near-infrared laser diodes 16 having different frequencies corresponds to one fiber. By using near-infrared light of a plurality of frequencies, it becomes possible to obtain a spectroscopy of the breast 6.

  In obtaining the spectroscopy, in the embodiment of (B), the four near-infrared laser diodes 16 having different frequencies correspond to one fiber, but one fiber may correspond to each laser diode of each frequency. Good.

  FIG. 6 shows one pixel of the semiconductor sensor 11. Light incident on the photodiode 17 is converted into an electronic signal, and the transfer switch signal 18 is turned on and selected through a row, and then output through a preamplifier.

  FIG. 7 is a diagram in which the pixels of FIG. 6 are two-dimensionally arranged. Each output of 8 × 8 pixels is selected by a vertical shift register 24 and a horizontal shift register 25. The output of the selected pixel is output via the amplifier 26. In order to capture the entire breast image, a two-dimensional detector 5 having an effective area of at least 20 cm × 24 cm is necessary. In the semiconductor sensor 11 using amorphous silicon, the size can be one, but it is impossible for the time being with a crystal semiconductor such as CMOS. On the other hand, when a near-infrared image is captured, high-speed readout is necessary locally. Therefore, in the present embodiment, sensors of about 256 × 256 pixels are arranged in a tile shape to realize about 20 cm × 24 cm as a whole.

  The function of the amplifier 26 in FIG. 7 will be described.

  At the time of X-ray image reading, pixels are selected one by one by the vertical shift register 24 and the horizontal shift register 25. Since the gain change signal 27 is set to a constant multiple, the signal of the selected pixel is amplified by a constant multiple and output. When reading a near-infrared image, pixels in a range surrounded by a broken line are simultaneously selected and output. In the case of FIG. 7, 4 × 4 pixels are selected simultaneously. The added signal of the selected pixel signal is amplified by the amplifier 26. At the time of amplification, the gain is changed by the gain change signal 27. As the gain change signal 27, a signal having a frequency approximate to the frequency of the intensity modulation signal of the laser diode is used.

  The imaging method of spectroscopy using near-infrared light is described in detail in Non-Patent Document 1 described above. Here, a method using four-wavelength near infrared light will be briefly described.

  For the four wavelengths, laser diode light of 690 nm, 750 nm, 788 nm, and 856 nm is used. The four wavelengths of light are amplitude-modulated at 70.45 MHz, 70.20 MHz, 69.80 MHz, and 69.5 MHz, respectively.

  The amplitude-modulated light is bundled into one fiber and incident on the breast 6 as shown in the structure shown in FIG. The light transmitted through the breast 6 enters one area of the bundle reading pixel 23 shown in FIG. The incident signal is amplified by the amplifier 26, and a 70 MHz signal is used as the gain change signal 27 at the time of amplification.

  Four near-infrared images can be formed by separating the four-wavelength signal from the gain change output signal 28.

  A spectroscopy is made by combining the four images by image processing. This method is called Frequency Domain Optical Mammography, but the near-infrared image used in the present invention is not limited to this method, and the configuration according to the present invention can be used in other methods.

  A case where a difference from the Frequency Domain method disclosed in Non-Patent Document 1 occurs will be described. In the case of collecting near-infrared light, in the above description, only one bundled reading pixel 23 is used for light emission of one laser diode (four laser diodes forming a group in the case of FIG. 5B). Reading out.

  However, considering the case where there is information in the diffusion information of near infrared light, it is conceivable to read out a plurality of bundle reading pixels 23.

  For example, when reading out the four bundle reading pixels 23, since reading is performed serially (sequentially), a phase difference occurs in gain change.

  Therefore, when taking out a beat by homodyne detection, it is necessary to consider that there is a phase difference between four pixels. However, the phase difference between the four bundle reading images is known because it corresponds to the reading frequency of the semiconductor sensor.

  An image correction method will be described. The conventional two-dimensional detector 5 dedicated to X-ray images uses a thin aluminum sheet instead of the wavelength filter 9. In this case, there is no possibility that visible light, near infrared light, or infrared light may enter. However, depending on the characteristics of the wavelength filter 9, visible light, near-infrared light, and infrared light may be incident on the semiconductor sensor 11 in minute amounts when near-infrared light is not emitted from the laser diode.

  Further, since the structure is more complicated than that of the conventional two-dimensional detector 5 dedicated to X-ray images, there is a possibility that the above-mentioned light may enter a minute amount. These lights become offsets and reduce the contrast of the image.

  Therefore, at the time of capturing the near-infrared image in FIG. 3, prior to the X-ray image capturing, black images (dark images) are respectively subtracted from the acquired images. Further, shading correction can be performed by dividing a white image taken by an infrared ray image and an X-ray image taken by dividing the acquired white image. The white image is an image when a laser diode or X-ray is emitted without a subject.

  Finally, a control process related to the X-ray mammography according to the present embodiment will be described with reference to the flowchart of FIG.

  Prior to imaging of the patient, correction images are collected in S0. The correction image is performed immediately before the patient photographing in consideration of the temperature drift of the two-dimensional detector 5.

  In S1, patient imaging is started. In S2, the technician initially installs the patient's breast 6 on the imaging table. In S3, the laser diode matrix 2 enters the first position where it is in close contact with the compression plate 3, and the X-ray grid 4 is retracted. In S4, the compression plate 3 is lowered by the operation of the engineer, and when pressure is detected in S5, light is emitted from the laser diode in S6 and photographing starts.

  When the exposure from each laser diode and the detection of transmitted light are completed in S7, comparison with past near-infrared images is performed in S8. The comparison can also display a difference image.

  Check position reproducibility at S9. If reproducibility is confirmed, a high-precision near-infrared image is taken in S10.

  In S11, the laser diode matrix 2 is retracted to the second position outside the imaging region of the X-ray image, and the X-ray grid 4 is inserted. In S12, X-ray exposure is performed, and in S13, X-ray images are collected. Since the near-infrared image and the X-ray image are taken under the same conditions, it is possible to perform image processing for superimposing the images without having to perform geometric conversion in S14. An X-ray image can be displayed in black and white, and a near-infrared image can be displayed in color to be overlaid. Shooting is completed in S15.

Claims (17)

A near-infrared light source that emits near-infrared light;
An X-ray source that emits X-rays;
Detection means for detecting the near infrared light and the X-ray;
A grid inserted into the detection means;
A compression plate for pressing the subject against the placement surface of the subject;
When taking a near-infrared image based on the near-infrared light, the near-infrared light source enters the surface of the compression plate opposite to the contact surface of the subject, and is irradiated on the receiving surface of the detection means. When the grid is retracted within a range that does not block the near-infrared light and an X-ray image based on the X-ray is taken, the grid is inserted into the detection unit, and the reception surface of the detection unit Control means for retracting the near-infrared light source in a range that does not block the X-rays irradiated on the surface;
Equipped with a,
The detection means includes
A wavelength filter that transmits at least the near-infrared light and does not transmit visible light;
A phosphor that transmits near-infrared light that has passed through the wavelength filter and generates fluorescence upon incidence of X-rays;
A semiconductor sensor having sensitivity to near-infrared light transmitted through the phosphor and the fluorescence;
A detection device comprising: The detection apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the phosphor is a columnar crystal. The detection apparatus according to claim 2 , wherein the columnar crystal is CsI. The semiconductor sensor, detecting device according to any one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that it is constituted by a CMOS sensor. Detection device according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein, further comprising a protective plate having a mounting surface for placing the subject to protect the receiving surface. The detection device according to claim 5 , wherein the control unit performs control to insert and remove the grid between the protection plate and the wavelength filter. A mechanism for changing a distance between the protective plate and the semiconductor sensor;
The control means according to claim 5 or and performs control to widen the interval when the X-rays are irradiated to interval if the near-infrared light is irradiated to the mechanism 6. The detection device according to 6 . The light source emitting near-infrared light is detected according to any one of claims 5 to 7, characterized in that said a two-dimensional near infrared light source arranged two-dimensionally along the compression plate apparatus. The grid detection device according to any one of claims 5 to 7, characterized in that it is inserted between the protective plate and the wavelength filter. Wherein, when said near-infrared light is irradiated, any one of claims 5 to 9 retreats the grid and controls so that the protection plate is in contact with said wavelength filter The detection apparatus according to item 1. It said control means further when performing photographing of the near-infrared image as an object positioning shooting, any one of claims 1 to 10, characterized in that thinned out lighting of the light source for emitting the near-infrared light The detection device according to 1. The semiconductor sensor has sensitivity to multiple wavelengths of near-infrared light,
When the X-ray is irradiated, the signal output from the detection means is processed as an X-ray image, and when a plurality of wavelengths of near-infrared light is irradiated in a period when the X-ray is not irradiated, detection device according to any one of claims 1 to 11, further comprising a processing means for processing the infrared image corresponding respectively. The near-infrared light of each of the plurality of wavelengths is subjected to different amplitude modulation from a predetermined frequency,
An amplifier for modulating and amplifying the gain of the output signal of the semiconductor sensor with a gain change signal of the predetermined frequency;
The detection apparatus according to claim 12 , wherein the processing unit obtains an image corresponding to each wavelength by performing a process of separating a gain change signal output from the amplifier. The semiconductor sensor is composed of a plurality of pixels arranged two-dimensionally,
The detection apparatus according to claim 13 , wherein the amplifier amplifies an output signal for each of the plurality of pixels. The near infrared light source, detecting device according to any one of claims 12 to 14, characterized in that emits near-infrared light of multiple wavelengths. The detection apparatus according to claim 15 , further comprising an image processing unit that obtains a spectroscopic image by combining a plurality of images obtained by the processing unit. Detection means for detecting near-infrared light and X-rays;
A grid disposed on the receiving surface side of the detection means;
Control means for retracting the grid in a range that does not block the near-infrared light irradiated on the receiving surface of the detection means when the near-infrared light is irradiated;
The detection means transmits at least the near-infrared light and does not transmit visible light, and transmits near-infrared light that has passed through the wavelength filter, and generates fluorescence when X-rays are incident. A detection apparatus comprising: a phosphor; and a semiconductor sensor that detects near-infrared light transmitted through the phosphor and the fluorescence.

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