JP5108738B2 - Optical connector and optical connector assembling method - Google Patents

Optical connector and optical connector assembling method Download PDF

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JP5108738B2
JP5108738B2 JP2008308590A JP2008308590A JP5108738B2 JP 5108738 B2 JP5108738 B2 JP 5108738B2 JP 2008308590 A JP2008308590 A JP 2008308590A JP 2008308590 A JP2008308590 A JP 2008308590A JP 5108738 B2 JP5108738 B2 JP 5108738B2
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optical fiber
ferrule
hole
optical connector
bare
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JP2010134100A (en
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充章 田村
真樹 大村
大 佐々木
健一郎 大塚
剛丈 阿部
満 木原
良 小山
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Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corp
Sumitomo Electric Industries Ltd
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Sumitomo Electric Industries Ltd
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Description

本発明は、裸光ファイバの外周に被覆を備えた被覆付き光ファイバの装着される光コネクタ及び光コネクタの組立方法に関する。   The present invention relates to an optical connector to which a coated optical fiber having a coating on the outer periphery of a bare optical fiber is attached, and an optical connector assembling method.

被覆付き光ファイバに撓みを持たせ固定することで、接着剤を用いずに内蔵光ファイバに接合できる光コネクタが知られている。例えば図9に示す特許文献1に開示される光コネクタ100は、短尺の内蔵光ファイバ101aを備えたフェルール101と、このフェルール101及びフェルール101の後端面から突き出た内蔵光ファイバ101aを保持するスプライス部材104とを備え、このスプライス部材104に被覆付き光ファイバ102を後方から導入し、内蔵光ファイバ101aと被覆付き光ファイバ102を突き合わせ、スプライス部材104をクランプして被覆付き光ファイバ102に固定する。光コネクタ100の後部には、後方へ導出された被覆付き光ファイバ102を覆うブーツ103が取り付けられる。内蔵光ファイバ101aと被覆付き光ファイバ102との接合位置には、屈折率整合剤110が充填され、接合面における伝送光の低損失及び低反射を図っている。   2. Description of the Related Art An optical connector that can be joined to a built-in optical fiber without using an adhesive by bending and fixing the coated optical fiber is known. For example, an optical connector 100 disclosed in Patent Document 1 shown in FIG. 9 includes a ferrule 101 having a short built-in optical fiber 101a, and a splice that holds the ferrule 101 and the built-in optical fiber 101a protruding from the rear end face of the ferrule 101. The coated optical fiber 102 is introduced into the splice member 104 from the rear, the built-in optical fiber 101a and the coated optical fiber 102 are brought into contact with each other, and the splice member 104 is clamped and fixed to the coated optical fiber 102. . A boot 103 that covers the coated optical fiber 102 led rearward is attached to the rear portion of the optical connector 100. The joining position of the built-in optical fiber 101a and the coated optical fiber 102 is filled with a refractive index matching agent 110 to achieve low loss and low reflection of transmitted light at the joining surface.

被覆付き光ファイバ102は、ブーツ103の内部において撓むように余長を持たせてブーツ103の後端部に固定することで、接着剤を用いずに内蔵光ファイバ101aに接合させることができる。被覆付き光ファイバ102を撓ませておくことで、被覆付き光ファイバ102と内蔵光ファイバ101aの接合面に、被覆付き光ファイバ102の後方側から常に押圧力を付勢することができ、確実に接合状態を維持できる。また、被覆付き光ファイバ102に張力が作用した際には、接合面に作用する張力を低減することもできる。
特開2005−345753号公報
The coated optical fiber 102 can be bonded to the built-in optical fiber 101a without using an adhesive by fixing the optical fiber 102 with a surplus length so as to bend inside the boot 103 and fixing it to the rear end portion of the boot 103. By bending the coated optical fiber 102, a pressing force can always be applied from the rear side of the coated optical fiber 102 to the joint surface between the coated optical fiber 102 and the built-in optical fiber 101a. The bonding state can be maintained. Further, when a tension acts on the coated optical fiber 102, the tension acting on the joint surface can be reduced.
JP 2005-345753 A

ところで、被覆付き光ファイバに撓みを持たせて固定する光コネクタには、簡易な接続作業で高精度に被覆付き光ファイバ102を接続するため、挿入力により被覆付き光ファイバ102を撓ませ、図10に示す被覆除去部105にて被覆付き光ファイバ102の先端の被覆106を除去し、裸光ファイバ107を光ファイバ保持孔108に挿通する光コネクタ100Aが提案されている。被覆付き光ファイバ102は、ブーツ103の内部において撓ませておくことで、被覆付き光ファイバ102の後方側から常に押圧力を付勢し、コネクタ未接続状態において被覆先端の被覆除去部105への当接状態を維持する。
しかしながら、この種の光コネクタ100Aでは、図10(a)に示すように常温時には既述したとおり被覆除去部105と被覆106に隙間がない。そのため、図10(b)に示すように高温時になると光コネクタ100Aと裸光ファイバ107との熱膨張差により、被覆106が被覆除去部105に接触しているため、裸光ファイバ107がフェルール先端面から引き込み、ファイバ端面同士が開くことで、特性が不安定となり、光結合ロスが増加する虞があった。
本発明は上記状況に鑑みてなされたもので、高温時に裸光ファイバがフェルール内部に引き込まれることのない光コネクタ及び光コネクタの組立方法を提供し、もって、光結合特性の安定を図ることを目的とする。
By the way, in order to connect the coated optical fiber 102 with high accuracy with a simple connection operation, the coated optical fiber 102 is bent by an insertion force to the optical connector for fixing the coated optical fiber with bending. An optical connector 100 </ b> A is proposed in which the coating 106 at the tip of the coated optical fiber 102 is removed by the coating removing unit 105 shown in FIG. 10 and the bare optical fiber 107 is inserted into the optical fiber holding hole 108. The coated optical fiber 102 is deflected inside the boot 103, so that a pressing force is always applied from the rear side of the coated optical fiber 102, and when the connector is not connected, the coated tip is applied to the coated removal portion 105. Maintain a contact state.
However, in this type of optical connector 100A, as shown in FIG. 10A, there is no gap between the coating removal portion 105 and the coating 106 as described above at room temperature. Therefore, as shown in FIG. 10B, when the temperature is high, the coating 106 is in contact with the coating removal portion 105 due to the difference in thermal expansion between the optical connector 100A and the bare optical fiber 107. By drawing from the surface and opening the fiber end surfaces, the characteristics become unstable, and there is a possibility that the optical coupling loss increases.
The present invention has been made in view of the above circumstances, and provides an optical connector and a method for assembling the optical connector in which a bare optical fiber is not drawn into the ferrule at a high temperature, and thereby to stabilize optical coupling characteristics. Objective.

本発明に係る上記目的は、下記構成により達成される。
(1) 光ファイバ保持孔を形成したフェルールと、被覆付き光ファイバと、前記フェルールの後端面より導出される前記被覆付き光ファイバを所定の撓み形状に固定する固定手段とを備えた光コネクタであって、
前記被覆付き光ファイバの先端の被覆部が除去された裸光ファイバが、前記光ファイバ保持孔の先端面から突出し、使用状態において前記裸ファイバの端面が前記光ファイバ保持孔の先端面より後退しない突出量に設定されることを特徴とする光コネクタ。
The above object of the present invention is achieved by the following configuration.
(1) An optical connector comprising a ferrule having an optical fiber holding hole, a coated optical fiber, and a fixing means for fixing the coated optical fiber derived from the rear end face of the ferrule in a predetermined bending shape There,
The bare optical fiber from which the coating portion at the tip of the coated optical fiber has been removed protrudes from the tip surface of the optical fiber holding hole, and the end face of the bare fiber does not recede from the tip surface of the optical fiber holding hole in use. An optical connector characterized by being set to a protruding amount.

この光コネクタによれば、裸光ファイバがフェルールの先端面より僅かに(使用状態において先端面より後退しない突出量にて)突出しているので、光コネクタ同士の接続時に、この突出量分の裸光ファイバがフェルール内に後退し、フェルールの被覆除去部105と被覆先端の間に間隙が発生する。この間隙により、高温時に生じるフェルールと被覆付き光ファイバの熱膨張差が吸収可能となる。つまり、フェルールと被覆先端が早期に接触し、フェルールの膨張に伴って裸光ファイバの先端がフェルール内部へ引き込まれる(後退する)ことがない。   According to this optical connector, the bare optical fiber protrudes slightly from the front end surface of the ferrule (with a protrusion amount that does not retract from the front end surface in the usage state). The optical fiber retracts into the ferrule, and a gap is generated between the ferrule coating removal portion 105 and the coating tip. This gap makes it possible to absorb the difference in thermal expansion between the ferrule and the coated optical fiber generated at a high temperature. That is, the ferrule and the coating tip come into contact at an early stage, and the tip of the bare optical fiber is not drawn into (retreated by) the ferrule as the ferrule expands.

(2) 前記突出量Lは、前記フェルールの熱膨張係数をα1とし、前記被覆付き光ファイバの熱膨張係数をα2とし、前記裸光ファイバを収容可能にする前記フェルールの細径孔部の長さをlとし、光コネクタ組立時の温度をT1とし、光コネクタ使用時の最高温度T2としたとき、L≧(α1−α2)×(T2−T1)×lに設定されることを特徴とする(1)の光コネクタ。 (2) The protruding amount L is the length of the small-diameter hole portion of the ferrule that can accommodate the bare optical fiber, with the thermal expansion coefficient of the ferrule as α1 and the thermal expansion coefficient of the coated optical fiber as α2. When L is 1 and the temperature when the optical connector is assembled is T1 and the maximum temperature is T2 when the optical connector is used, L ≧ (α1−α2) × (T2−T1) × l. The optical connector according to (1).

この光コネクタによれば、突出量Lが、上記不等式の右式の値未満であるときの高温時の熱膨張差が吸収できないことによる裸光ファイバのフェルール内部への引き込みが発生しない。   According to this optical connector, the bare optical fiber is not drawn into the ferrule due to the fact that the difference in thermal expansion at a high temperature when the protrusion amount L is less than the value of the inequality right expression cannot be absorbed.

(3) 組立時の常温の前記突出量Lは、200μm以下であることを特徴とする(2)の光コネクタ。 (3) The optical connector according to (2), wherein the protrusion L at normal temperature during assembly is 200 μm or less.

この光コネクタによれば、突出量Lが、200μm以上であるときの光結合時における裸光ファイバ同士の衝突による座屈や折れが生じない。   According to this optical connector, buckling or bending due to collision between bare optical fibers at the time of optical coupling when the protruding amount L is 200 μm or more does not occur.

(4) 前記フェルールが、前記被覆付き光ファイバを収容可能にする第1孔部と、該被覆付き光ファイバの被覆部を除去した裸光ファイバを収容可能にする第2孔部と、前記第1孔部と前記第2孔部との間に形成され前記被覆付き光ファイバの被覆部を除去する被覆除去部とを備えることを特徴とする(1)〜(3)のいずれか1つの光コネクタ。 (4) The ferrule includes a first hole that can accommodate the coated optical fiber, a second hole that can accommodate the bare optical fiber from which the coated optical fiber is removed, and the first hole. The light of any one of (1) to (3), further comprising: a coating removing portion that is formed between the one hole portion and the second hole portion and removes the coating portion of the coated optical fiber. connector.

この光コネクタによれば、被覆除去部にて被覆が除去される簡易な接続作業を可能にしつつ、高温時のフェルールの膨張に伴う裸光ファイバのフェルール内部への引き込みが回避される。   According to this optical connector, it is possible to perform a simple connection operation in which the coating is removed at the coating removal unit, and avoid the drawing of the bare optical fiber into the ferrule due to the expansion of the ferrule at a high temperature.

(5) 光ファイバ保持孔を形成したフェルールと、被覆付き光ファイバと、前記フェルールの後端面より導出される前記被覆付き光ファイバを所定の撓み形状に固定する固定手段とを備え、前記被覆付き光ファイバの先端の被覆部が除去された裸光ファイバを前記光ファイバ保持孔の先端面から突出させる光コネクタの組立方法であって、
前記光ファイバ保持孔と対向位置に所定深さの凹部が形成される位置規制部材を前記フェルールの先端面に装着する工程と、
前記被覆付き光ファイバを、ファイバ先端が前記位置規制部材の凹部の底部に衝接するまで前記光ファイバ保持孔に挿入する工程と、
前記フェルールの後端面より導出される前記被覆付き光ファイバを前記固定手段により所定の撓み形状に固定する工程と、
前記位置規制部材を前記フェルールから除外する工程と、
を実施することを特徴とする光コネクタの組立方法。
(5) A ferrule having an optical fiber holding hole, a coated optical fiber, and a fixing means for fixing the coated optical fiber led out from a rear end surface of the ferrule in a predetermined bending shape, the coated An optical connector assembling method for projecting a bare optical fiber from which a coating portion at the tip of an optical fiber is removed from a tip surface of the optical fiber holding hole,
A step of attaching a position restricting member in which a concave portion having a predetermined depth is formed at a position facing the optical fiber holding hole to the tip surface of the ferrule;
Inserting the coated optical fiber into the optical fiber holding hole until the fiber tip abuts against the bottom of the recess of the position regulating member;
Fixing the coated optical fiber derived from the rear end surface of the ferrule to a predetermined bending shape by the fixing means;
Excluding the position regulating member from the ferrule;
An optical connector assembling method comprising:

この光コネクタの組立方法によれば、被覆付き光ファイバの挿入にてフェルールの先端面から裸光ファイバが突出すると、裸光ファイバの先端が位置規制部材の凹部に進入し、底部に当接することでそれ以上の突出が規制される。これにより、裸光ファイバの先端面からの突出量が、使用状態において先端面より後退しない突出量に規制される。   According to this optical connector assembling method, when the bare optical fiber protrudes from the front end surface of the ferrule when the coated optical fiber is inserted, the front end of the bare optical fiber enters the concave portion of the position regulating member and contacts the bottom. Any further protrusion is restricted. Thereby, the protrusion amount from the front end surface of the bare optical fiber is restricted to a protrusion amount that does not recede from the front end surface in the use state.

(6) 前記フェルールが、前記被覆付き光ファイバを収容可能にする第1孔部と、該被覆付き光ファイバの被覆部を剥がした裸光ファイバを収容可能にする第2孔部と、前記第1孔部と前記第2孔部との間に形成され前記被覆付き光ファイバの被覆部を除去する被覆除去部とを備えており、前記位置規制部材の凹部の深さが前記被覆除去部により除去される前記被覆付き光ファイバの被覆部のバネ作用を加味して設定されていることを特徴とする(5)の光コネクタの組立方法。 (6) The ferrule includes a first hole that can accommodate the coated optical fiber, a second hole that can accommodate the bare optical fiber from which the coated optical fiber is peeled, and the first hole. A coating removal portion that is formed between the first hole portion and the second hole portion and removes the coating portion of the coated optical fiber, and the depth of the concave portion of the position regulating member is determined by the coating removal portion. The method of assembling an optical connector according to (5), wherein the optical connector is set in consideration of the spring action of the coated portion of the coated optical fiber to be removed.

この光コネクタの組立方法によれば、凹部の深さが、被覆部のバネ作用(主に除去した被覆カスの残留によるスプリングバック)を加味した分深く設定され、その底部に当接した裸光ファイバの突出量は、スプリングバック量の加味されたものとなる。これにより、裸光ファイバは、スプリングバックにて後退しても、使用状態において先端面より後退することがない。   According to this optical connector assembling method, the depth of the concave portion is set deep enough to take into account the spring action of the covering portion (mainly spring back due to the removal of the removed covering residue), and the bare light abutting on the bottom portion is set. The protruding amount of the fiber takes into account the springback amount. Thereby, even if the bare optical fiber is retracted by the spring back, the bare optical fiber is not retracted from the front end surface in the use state.

本発明に係る光コネクタによれば、裸光ファイバを光ファイバ保持孔の先端面から突出させる光コネクタにおいて、裸光ファイバが、使用状態において先端面より後退しない突出量に設定されるので、高温時にフェルールと光ファイバの熱膨張差が発生しても、裸光ファイバがフェルール内部に引き込まれることがなく、特性が安定する。   According to the optical connector of the present invention, in the optical connector in which the bare optical fiber protrudes from the tip surface of the optical fiber holding hole, the bare optical fiber is set to a protruding amount that does not recede from the tip surface in the use state. Even if a difference in thermal expansion between the ferrule and the optical fiber sometimes occurs, the bare optical fiber is not drawn into the ferrule and the characteristics are stabilized.

本発明に係る光コネクタの組立方法によれば、位置規制部材をフェルールの先端面に装着し、ファイバ先端が位置規制部材の凹部の底部に衝接するまで被覆付き光ファイバを挿入し、被覆付き光ファイバを固定手段により撓み形状に固定した後、位置規制部材を除外するので、簡易な作業で、裸光ファイバを、使用状態において先端面より後退しない最適な突出量に高精度に設定できる。   According to the method of assembling an optical connector according to the present invention, the position restricting member is attached to the tip surface of the ferrule, and the coated optical fiber is inserted until the fiber tip comes into contact with the bottom of the concave portion of the position restricting member. Since the position restricting member is excluded after the fiber is fixed to the bent shape by the fixing means, the bare optical fiber can be set with high accuracy to an optimum protruding amount that does not retreat from the distal end surface in a simple operation.

以下、本発明に係る光コネクタ及び光コネクタの組立方法の好適な実施の形態を図面を参照して説明する。
図1は本発明に係る光コネクタの第1の実施の形態の縦断面図である。
この実施の形態の光コネクタ31は、被覆付き光ファイバ19に装着される光コネクタであって、被覆付き光ファイバ19を挿通し固定する本体部33と、この本体部33に嵌合すると共に、本体部33と同軸の光ファイバ保持孔37を連通させたフェルール38と、本体部33及び該本体部33から突出しているフェルール38の一部を覆うハウジング41とから構成されている。
Preferred embodiments of an optical connector and an optical connector assembling method according to the present invention will be described below with reference to the drawings.
FIG. 1 is a longitudinal sectional view of a first embodiment of an optical connector according to the present invention.
The optical connector 31 of this embodiment is an optical connector to be attached to the coated optical fiber 19, and is fitted into the main body 33 for inserting and fixing the coated optical fiber 19, The main body 33 includes a ferrule 38 that communicates with a coaxial optical fiber holding hole 37, and a main body 33 and a housing 41 that covers a part of the ferrule 38 protruding from the main body 33.

図2は図1に示した光コネクタの本体部の分解斜視図である。
本体部33は、先端にフェルール38が嵌合装着されるベース部材42と、該ベース部材42の後方の切欠部42a上に重ねられる余長収容部用蓋部材44及び固定手段である固定用蓋部材45と、ベース部材42上に重ねられた各蓋部材44,45をベース部材42と一体的に挟持固定するクランプ部材46とから構成されている。
2 is an exploded perspective view of the main body of the optical connector shown in FIG.
The main body 33 includes a base member 42 to which a ferrule 38 is fitted and attached at the tip, an extra-length accommodating portion lid member 44 that is superimposed on a notch 42a behind the base member 42, and a fixing lid that is a fixing means. A member 45 and a clamp member 46 that clamps and fixes each of the lid members 44 and 45 stacked on the base member 42 integrally with the base member 42 are configured.

ベース部材42は、被覆付き光ファイバ19を挿通するファイバ挿通部47が貫通形成されると共に、先端側にはフェルール38の基端部が嵌合するフェルール嵌合孔48(図1参照)が形成されている。
また、ベース部材42の後半部は、切欠部42aによりファイバ挿通部47の上方が開放した半割れ構造になっている。
The base member 42 has a fiber insertion portion 47 through which the coated optical fiber 19 is inserted, and a ferrule fitting hole 48 (see FIG. 1) into which the proximal end portion of the ferrule 38 is fitted is formed on the distal end side. Has been.
Further, the rear half of the base member 42 has a half-cracked structure in which the upper portion of the fiber insertion portion 47 is opened by the notch 42a.

切欠部42aの略前半部に被せられる余長収容部用蓋部材44は、図1に示すように内面側の中央部がえぐられた構造になっていて、ファイバ挿通部47の上方に、被覆付き光ファイバ19の余長(撓ませた部分)19aを収容する余長収容空間51を画成する。   As shown in FIG. 1, the surplus length accommodating portion lid member 44 that covers the substantially first half of the notch 42 a has a structure in which the center portion on the inner surface side is removed, and is covered above the fiber insertion portion 47. A surplus length accommodating space 51 for accommodating the surplus length (bent portion) 19a of the attached optical fiber 19 is defined.

固定用蓋部材45は、その内面45aによって、V溝構造を成すファイバ挿通部47に載置された被覆付き光ファイバ19の外周面を、V溝に押し付けて位置決めした状態で、被覆付き光ファイバ19の固定を果たす。   The fixing lid member 45 has a coated optical fiber in a state where the outer peripheral surface of the coated optical fiber 19 placed on the fiber insertion portion 47 having a V-groove structure is pressed and positioned by the inner surface 45a against the V-groove. 19 fixed.

各蓋部材44,45は、それぞれの下面に突設した位置決め用の突条44b,45bを、切欠部42aの突き合わせ面に形成されたガイド溝42bに嵌合させることにより、突き合わせた際の幅方向(図1では紙面に直交する方向)の位置ずれが防止される。   Each lid member 44, 45 has a width at the time of abutment by fitting positioning protrusions 44b, 45b projecting on the lower surface thereof into a guide groove 42b formed on the abutment surface of the notch 42a. Misalignment in the direction (in FIG. 1, the direction perpendicular to the paper surface) is prevented.

クランプ部材46は、例えば、ばね用の金属板のプレス成形により形成されたもので、各蓋部材44,45の上面とベース部材42の下面とを挟持することにより、各蓋部材44,45をベース部材42に固定する。   The clamp member 46 is formed by, for example, press molding of a metal plate for a spring, and the lid members 44 and 45 are clamped by sandwiching the upper surface of the lid members 44 and 45 and the lower surface of the base member 42. The base member 42 is fixed.

図3は図1に示したフェルールの拡大図、図4は図3に示したフェルールの被覆除去部の構成を示す拡大図である。
フェルール38の光ファイバ保持孔37は、図1及び図3に示すように、被覆付き光ファイバ19の外径(図4の外径d1)と略同一(正確には、僅かに大きい)の内径を有する第1孔部53と、被覆付き光ファイバ19の被覆を除去した裸光ファイバ20の外径(図4の外径d3)と略同一(正確には、僅かに大きい)の内径を有する第2孔部55と、第1孔部53と第2孔部55との間に位置して被覆付き光ファイバ19の先端部で除去した被覆19bを収容する空間である被覆受け部57とを備えている。図示のように、被覆受け部57は、第1孔部53よりも広い空間に形成されている。
FIG. 3 is an enlarged view of the ferrule shown in FIG. 1, and FIG. 4 is an enlarged view showing the configuration of the ferrule coating removal unit shown in FIG.
As shown in FIGS. 1 and 3, the optical fiber holding hole 37 of the ferrule 38 has an inner diameter that is substantially the same (exactly slightly larger) as the outer diameter of the coated optical fiber 19 (the outer diameter d1 in FIG. 4). And the inner diameter of the bare optical fiber 20 from which the coating of the coated optical fiber 19 is removed (the outer diameter d3 in FIG. 4) is substantially the same (exactly slightly larger). A second hole 55 and a sheath receiving portion 57 that is located between the first hole 53 and the second hole 55 and is a space for accommodating the sheath 19b removed at the tip of the sheathed optical fiber 19; I have. As shown in the figure, the coating receiving portion 57 is formed in a space wider than the first hole portion 53.

また、被覆受け部57に臨む第2孔部55の端部は、図3及び図4に示すように、第1孔部53側より挿入される被覆付き光ファイバ19の被覆19b(第1被覆19b1と第2被覆19b2とで構成されている)が当接し、当該被覆19bを除去する被覆除去部61を形成している。   Further, as shown in FIGS. 3 and 4, the end of the second hole 55 facing the coating receiving portion 57 is covered with a coating 19b (first coating) of the coated optical fiber 19 inserted from the first hole 53 side. 19b1 and second coating 19b2) are in contact with each other to form a coating removal portion 61 for removing the coating 19b.

この被覆除去部61の先端は、図4に拡大して示すように、第2孔部55の端部内周面に形成したテーパ部61aと、第2孔部55の端部に連なる被覆受け部57側の壁面に形成したテーパ部61bとによって、鋭角状に形成されている。本実施形態では、被覆除去部61の先端は円錐状に設定されている。   As shown in an enlarged view in FIG. 4, the tip end of the sheath removing portion 61 includes a tapered portion 61 a formed on the inner peripheral surface of the end portion of the second hole portion 55, and a sheath receiving portion continuous with the end portion of the second hole portion 55. The taper portion 61b formed on the wall surface on the 57th side forms an acute angle. In the present embodiment, the tip of the coating removing unit 61 is set in a conical shape.

更に、被覆除去部61の形状について詳述すると、次のような形状になっている。
裸光ファイバ20の外径に略等しい(僅かに大きい)内径D1の第2孔部55の端部は、テーパ部61aにより、被覆付き光ファイバ19の第1被覆19b1の内径d3よりも大きく、第1被覆19b1の外径d2よりも小さい寸法D2に設定されている。
一方、第2孔部55の端部に連なる被覆受け部57側の壁面に形成したテーパ部61bは、D2よりも大きく、第1被覆19b1の外径d2よりも小さい寸法D3の位置から徐々に傾斜したテーパ面となっている。
従って、被覆除去部61の先端部には、D2とD3で挟まれる僅かな幅ではあるが、被覆付き光ファイバ19との衝突を受ける平坦面61cが残された形状になっている。
Further, the shape of the coating removal portion 61 will be described in detail as follows.
The end portion of the second hole 55 having an inner diameter D1 substantially equal to (slightly larger than) the outer diameter of the bare optical fiber 20 is larger than the inner diameter d3 of the first coating 19b1 of the coated optical fiber 19 by the tapered portion 61a. The dimension D2 is set to be smaller than the outer diameter d2 of the first coating 19b1.
On the other hand, the taper portion 61b formed on the wall surface on the side of the coating receiving portion 57 connected to the end portion of the second hole 55 is gradually larger than D2 and gradually from the position of the dimension D3 smaller than the outer diameter d2 of the first coating 19b1. It has an inclined taper surface.
Therefore, the distal end portion of the sheath removing portion 61 has a shape in which a flat surface 61c that receives a collision with the coated optical fiber 19 is left, although it is a slight width sandwiched between D2 and D3.

上記構成を採ることにより、被覆除去部61の平坦面61cは、第1孔部53を挿通した被覆付き光ファイバ19の被覆位置に当接した際に、被覆19bの内、外周側の第2被覆19b2に比べ硬度の低い内周側の第1被覆19b1の位置に当接するため、容易に被覆除去を行うことができる。
また、第2孔部55はその端部内周面がテーパ部61aに設定されているため、被覆が除去された裸光ファイバ20を良好に第2孔部55内に案内することができる。
By adopting the above-described configuration, the flat surface 61c of the coating removing unit 61 is in contact with the coating position of the coated optical fiber 19 inserted through the first hole 53, and the second outer peripheral side of the coating 19b. Since it is in contact with the position of the first coating 19b1 on the inner peripheral side, which is lower in hardness than the coating 19b2, the coating can be removed easily.
Further, since the inner peripheral surface of the end portion of the second hole 55 is set to the tapered portion 61 a, the bare optical fiber 20 from which the coating has been removed can be favorably guided into the second hole 55.

図3に示すように、裸光ファイバ20の端面が突出するフェルール38の先端面には、相手コネクタ等との接合時における伝送特性の低下を防止するために、屈折率整合フィルム63が貼付されても良い。   As shown in FIG. 3, a refractive index matching film 63 is affixed to the distal end surface of the ferrule 38 from which the end surface of the bare optical fiber 20 protrudes in order to prevent a decrease in transmission characteristics when joined to a mating connector or the like. May be.

図5は位置規制部材にて裸光ファイバの突出量が設定されるフェルールの断面図である。
光コネクタ31は、裸光ファイバ20が、使用状態において光ファイバ保持孔37の開口するフェルール38の先端面38aより後退しない突出量Lに設定される。
FIG. 5 is a sectional view of a ferrule in which the protruding amount of the bare optical fiber is set by the position regulating member.
The optical connector 31 is set to a protruding amount L in which the bare optical fiber 20 does not retreat from the distal end surface 38a of the ferrule 38 in which the optical fiber holding hole 37 is opened in the use state.

突出量Lは、フェルール38の熱膨張係数をα1とし、裸光ファイバ20の熱膨張係数をα2とし、裸光ファイバ20を収容可能にするフェルール38の細径孔部(第2孔部55)の長さをlとし、光コネクタ組立時の温度をT1とし、光コネクタ使用時の最高温度T2としたとき、
L≧(α1−α2)×(T2−T1)×l … 式1
に設定される。
The protruding amount L is such that the thermal expansion coefficient of the ferrule 38 is α1, the thermal expansion coefficient of the bare optical fiber 20 is α2, and the small-diameter hole portion (second hole portion 55) of the ferrule 38 that can accommodate the bare optical fiber 20 is used. The length when the optical connector is assembled is T1, the temperature when the optical connector is assembled, and the maximum temperature T2 when the optical connector is used.
L ≧ (α1−α2) × (T2−T1) × l Equation 1
Set to

光コネクタ31は、突出量Lが式1に設定されることで、突出量Lが上記不等式1の右式の値未満であるときの高温時の熱膨張差が吸収できないことによる裸光ファイバのフェルール内部への引き込みが発生しない。   The optical connector 31 is configured so that the protruding amount L is set to Equation 1 so that the difference in thermal expansion at high temperatures when the protruding amount L is less than the value of the right equation of the inequality 1 cannot be absorbed. There is no retraction inside the ferrule.

また、組立時の常温の前記突出量Lは、下限値が20μm、上限値が200μm以下であることが好ましい。下限値20μmは、屈折率整合フィルム63の厚みを考慮した突出量となっている。したがって、屈折率整合フィルム63が用いられない場合にはその厚み分、下限値を増加させる。上限値を200μm以下とすることで、突出量Lが200μm以上であるときの光結合時における裸光ファイバ同士の衝突による座屈や折れが生じない。すなわち、参考例として図11(a)に示すように、裸光ファイバ107が過剰に突出していると、熱膨張差に係わりなく光結合した際に図11(b)に示すように裸光ファイバ107が座屈して折れる虞があったが、突出量Lが200μm以下に設定されていれば、このような不都合を生じない。   Moreover, it is preferable that the protrusion amount L at normal temperature during assembly has a lower limit value of 20 μm and an upper limit value of 200 μm or less. The lower limit value of 20 μm is a protruding amount considering the thickness of the refractive index matching film 63. Therefore, when the refractive index matching film 63 is not used, the lower limit is increased by the thickness. By setting the upper limit value to 200 μm or less, buckling or bending due to the collision of the bare optical fibers at the time of optical coupling when the protruding amount L is 200 μm or more does not occur. That is, as shown in FIG. 11 (a) as a reference example, when the bare optical fiber 107 protrudes excessively, the optical fiber is coupled as shown in FIG. 11 (b) when optically coupled regardless of the difference in thermal expansion. Although 107 may buckle and break, there is no such inconvenience if the protrusion L is set to 200 μm or less.

突出量Lの設定には、光ファイバ保持孔37と対向位置に所定深さの凹部70が形成される位置規制部材71を用いる。位置規制部材71は、フェルール38の先端面38aに装着手段(不図示)にて装着される。装着手段としては、弾性係止爪、雌雄ネジによる螺合構造の他、裸光ファイバ20の軸線直交方向からのスライド装着構造などが適用できる。裸光ファイバ20は、先端面38aに装着された位置規制部材71の凹部70に先端が当接することで、先端面38aからの突出量Lが設定される。つまり、凹部70の所定深さは、突出量Lとなる。   For setting the protrusion amount L, a position regulating member 71 in which a concave portion 70 having a predetermined depth is formed at a position facing the optical fiber holding hole 37 is used. The position regulating member 71 is attached to the distal end surface 38a of the ferrule 38 by attachment means (not shown). As a mounting means, a slide mounting structure from the direction orthogonal to the axis of the bare optical fiber 20 can be applied in addition to a threaded structure using an elastic locking claw and a male and female screw. The bare optical fiber 20 has its tip abutting against the concave portion 70 of the position regulating member 71 attached to the tip surface 38a, so that the protruding amount L from the tip surface 38a is set. That is, the predetermined depth of the recess 70 is the protrusion amount L.

図6はスプリングバック量の考慮された位置規制部材にて突出量が設定されるフェルールの断面図である。
なお、位置規制部材71の凹部70の深さは、被覆除去部61により除去される被覆付き光ファイバ19の被覆19bのバネ作用(主に除去した被覆カスによるスプリングバック)を加味して設定してもよい。すなわち、図6に示す位置規制部材71Aは、凹部70Aが、上記突出量Lに、スプリングバック量Sが加算(L+S)された深さとなっている。この位置規制部材71Aによれば、凹部70Aの底部に当接した裸光ファイバ20の突出量は、スプリングバック量Sの加味されたものとなる。これにより、裸光ファイバ20は、スプリングバックにて後退しても、使用状態において先端面38aより後退することがない。
FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view of a ferrule in which the protrusion amount is set by the position restricting member in which the spring back amount is considered.
The depth of the concave portion 70 of the position restricting member 71 is set in consideration of the spring action of the coating 19b of the coated optical fiber 19 removed by the coating removing unit 61 (mainly spring back by the removed coating residue). May be. That is, in the position restricting member 71A shown in FIG. 6, the recess 70A has a depth obtained by adding the springback amount S to the protrusion amount L (L + S). According to this position restricting member 71A, the amount of protrusion of the bare optical fiber 20 in contact with the bottom of the recess 70A takes into account the springback amount S. Thereby, even if the bare optical fiber 20 is retracted by the spring back, the bare optical fiber 20 is not retracted from the distal end surface 38a in the use state.

次に、以上に説明した光コネクタ31と被覆付き光ファイバ19の組立方法を説明する。
図7は図1に示した光コネクタと被覆付き光ファイバの組立方法の説明図である。
この組立方法では、光ファイバ保持孔37を形成したフェルール38と、フェルール38の後端面より導出される被覆付き光ファイバ19を所定の撓み形状に固定する固定用蓋部材45とを備え、被覆付き光ファイバ19の先端の被覆部が除去された裸光ファイバ20を光ファイバ保持孔37の先端面38aから突出させる。
Next, a method for assembling the optical connector 31 and the coated optical fiber 19 described above will be described.
FIG. 7 is an explanatory view of a method of assembling the optical connector and the coated optical fiber shown in FIG.
This assembling method includes a ferrule 38 in which an optical fiber holding hole 37 is formed, and a fixing lid member 45 for fixing the coated optical fiber 19 led out from the rear end face of the ferrule 38 to a predetermined bending shape, and is provided with a coating. The bare optical fiber 20 from which the coating portion at the tip of the optical fiber 19 is removed is projected from the tip surface 38 a of the optical fiber holding hole 37.

先ず、図7(a)に示すように、光ファイバ保持孔37と対向位置に所定深さの凹部70が形成される位置規制部材71をフェルール38の先端面38a(図5参照)に装着する。ベース部材42の先端に嵌合装着されたフェルール38の光ファイバ保持孔37の第1孔部53へ被覆付き光ファイバ19を挿入する。   First, as shown in FIG. 7A, a position restricting member 71 in which a concave portion 70 having a predetermined depth is formed at a position facing the optical fiber holding hole 37 is attached to the distal end surface 38a (see FIG. 5) of the ferrule 38. . The coated optical fiber 19 is inserted into the first hole 53 of the optical fiber holding hole 37 of the ferrule 38 fitted and attached to the tip of the base member 42.

図7(b)に示すように被覆付き光ファイバ19の先端を第2孔部55の後端の被覆除去部61に当接させて先端側の被覆19bを除去すると共に除去した被覆19bを被覆受け部57に収容する。被覆19bが除去されて露出した裸光ファイバ20は第2孔部55に進入する。   As shown in FIG. 7B, the tip of the coated optical fiber 19 is brought into contact with the coating removal portion 61 at the rear end of the second hole 55 to remove the coating 19b on the tip side and to cover the removed coating 19b. It is accommodated in the receiving part 57. The bare optical fiber 20 exposed after the coating 19 b is removed enters the second hole 55.

被覆付き光ファイバ19は、裸光ファイバ20の先端が位置規制部材71の凹部70の底部に衝接するまで挿入する。被覆付き光ファイバ19の挿入にてフェルール38の先端面38aから裸光ファイバ20が突出すると、裸光ファイバ20の先端が凹部70に進入し、底部に当接することでそれ以上の突出が規制される。これにより、裸光ファイバ20の先端面38aからの突出量Lが、使用状態においてフェルール38の先端面38aより後退しない突出量Lに規制される。   The coated optical fiber 19 is inserted until the end of the bare optical fiber 20 abuts against the bottom of the recess 70 of the position regulating member 71. When the bare optical fiber 20 protrudes from the distal end surface 38a of the ferrule 38 by insertion of the coated optical fiber 19, the distal end of the bare optical fiber 20 enters the recess 70, and further protrusion is restricted by contacting the bottom. The Thereby, the protrusion amount L from the front end surface 38a of the bare optical fiber 20 is regulated to a protrusion amount L that does not retreat from the front end surface 38a of the ferrule 38 in the use state.

そして、突出した裸光ファイバ20の第2孔部55への挿入が完了したら、図7(c)に示すように、ベース部材42の切欠部42aに、各蓋部材44,45を被せる。更に、図7(d)に示すように、各蓋部材44,45をクランプ部材46によりベース部材42に固定し、被覆付き光ファイバ19を所定の撓み形状に固定した後、その外周にハウジング41を装着し、位置規制部材71をフェルール38から除外(脱着)すれば、被覆付き光ファイバ19への光コネクタ31の装着作業が完了となる。   When the protruding bare optical fiber 20 is completely inserted into the second hole 55, the cover members 44 and 45 are placed on the notches 42a of the base member 42 as shown in FIG. 7C. Further, as shown in FIG. 7 (d), the lid members 44 and 45 are fixed to the base member 42 by the clamp member 46, and the coated optical fiber 19 is fixed to a predetermined bending shape, and then the housing 41 is provided on the outer periphery thereof. And the position restricting member 71 is removed (detached) from the ferrule 38, and the mounting operation of the optical connector 31 to the coated optical fiber 19 is completed.

なお、上記の組立方法では、スプリングバック量の加味されない位置規制部材71を使用したが、位置規制部材71Aが使用されれば、裸光ファイバ20の突出量は、スプリングバック量の加味されたもの(S+L)となる。これにより、裸光ファイバ20は、スプリングバックにて後退しても、使用状態において先端面38aより後退することがなくなる。   In the above assembling method, the position restricting member 71 not including the amount of spring back is used. However, if the position restricting member 71A is used, the protruding amount of the bare optical fiber 20 includes the amount of spring back. (S + L). As a result, even if the bare optical fiber 20 is retracted by the spring back, the bare optical fiber 20 is not retracted from the distal end surface 38a in the use state.

図8は適切な突出量に設定されるフェルールの常温時を(a)、高温時を(b)で表した断面図である。
このように組み立てられた光コネクタ31は、裸光ファイバ20がフェルール38の先端面38aより僅かに(使用状態において先端面38aより後退しない突出量にて)突出しているので、図8(a)に示す光コネクタ31,31同士の接続時に、この突出量L分の裸光ファイバ20がフェルール38内に後退し、フェルール38の被覆除去部61と被覆先端の間に間隙Tが発生する。この間隙Tにより、図8(b)に示す高温時に生じるフェルール38と被覆付き光ファイバ19の熱膨張差が吸収可能となる。したがって、フェルール38が膨張して間隙Tは間隙tとなって減る(T>t)ことがあっても、被覆除去部61が被覆先端に接触してり、強圧することはない。これにより、フェルール38と被覆先端が早期に接触し、フェルール38の膨張に伴って裸光ファイバ20がフェルール内部へ引き込まれる(先端面38aから後退する)ことがない。
FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional view of the ferrule set at an appropriate protrusion amount when the room temperature is normal (a) and when the temperature is high (b).
In the optical connector 31 assembled in this way, the bare optical fiber 20 protrudes slightly (with a protruding amount that does not retract from the distal end surface 38a in use) from the distal end surface 38a of the ferrule 38. FIG. When the optical connectors 31, 31 are connected to each other, the bare optical fiber 20 corresponding to the protruding amount L is retracted into the ferrule 38, and a gap T is generated between the coating removal portion 61 of the ferrule 38 and the coating tip. This gap T makes it possible to absorb the difference in thermal expansion between the ferrule 38 and the coated optical fiber 19 that occurs at a high temperature shown in FIG. Therefore, even if the ferrule 38 expands and the gap T decreases to become the gap t (T> t), the coating removal portion 61 does not come into contact with the coating tip and is not strongly pressed. As a result, the ferrule 38 and the coated tip contact each other at an early stage, and the bare optical fiber 20 is not drawn into the ferrule (retreats from the tip surface 38a) as the ferrule 38 expands.

上記構成の光コネクタ31によれば、被覆付き光ファイバ19の先端の被覆部が除去された裸光ファイバ20を光ファイバ保持孔37の先端面38aから突出させる光コネクタ31において、裸光ファイバ20が、使用状態においてフェルール38の先端面38aより後退しない突出量Lに設定されるので、高温時にフェルール38と光ファイバ19の熱膨張差が発生しても、裸光ファイバ20がフェルール内部に引き込まれることがなく、特性が安定する。   According to the optical connector 31 configured as described above, in the optical connector 31 in which the bare optical fiber 20 from which the coating portion at the tip of the coated optical fiber 19 has been removed is projected from the tip surface 38a of the optical fiber holding hole 37, the bare optical fiber 20 However, since the protruding amount L is set so as not to retreat from the distal end surface 38a of the ferrule 38 in the use state, the bare optical fiber 20 is drawn into the ferrule even if a thermal expansion difference occurs between the ferrule 38 and the optical fiber 19 at a high temperature. The characteristic is stabilized.

そして、特に、フェルール38に被覆除去部61が形成され、裸光ファイバ20の固定されることのない光コネクタ31においては、被覆除去部61にて被覆19bが除去される簡易な接続作業を可能にしつつ、高温時のフェルール38の膨張に伴う裸光ファイバ20のフェルール内部への引き込みを回避できる。   In particular, in the optical connector 31 in which the coating removal portion 61 is formed on the ferrule 38 and the bare optical fiber 20 is not fixed, a simple connection operation in which the coating 19b is removed by the coating removal portion 61 is possible. However, it is possible to avoid the bare optical fiber 20 from being drawn into the ferrule due to the expansion of the ferrule 38 at a high temperature.

また、光コネクタ31の組立方法によれば、位置規制部材71をフェルール38の先端面38aに装着し、ファイバ先端が位置規制部材71の凹部70の底部に衝接するまで被覆付き光ファイバ19を挿入し、被覆付き光ファイバ19を固定用蓋部材45、クランプ部材46により撓み形状に固定した後、位置規制部材71を除外するので、簡易な作業で、裸光ファイバ20を、使用状態において先端面38aより後退しない最適な突出量Lに高精度に設定できる。   Further, according to the method for assembling the optical connector 31, the position regulating member 71 is attached to the distal end surface 38 a of the ferrule 38, and the coated optical fiber 19 is inserted until the fiber distal end abuts against the bottom of the concave portion 70 of the position regulating member 71. Then, after fixing the coated optical fiber 19 in a bent shape by the fixing lid member 45 and the clamp member 46, the position restricting member 71 is excluded. The optimum protrusion amount L that does not retreat from 38a can be set with high accuracy.

本発明に係る光コネクタの第1の実施の形態の縦断面図である。It is a longitudinal cross-sectional view of 1st Embodiment of the optical connector which concerns on this invention. 図1に示した光コネクタの本体部の分解斜視図である。It is a disassembled perspective view of the main-body part of the optical connector shown in FIG. 図1に示したフェルールの拡大図である。It is an enlarged view of the ferrule shown in FIG. 図3に示したフェルールの被覆除去部の構成を示す拡大図である。It is an enlarged view which shows the structure of the coating removal part of the ferrule shown in FIG. 位置規制部材にて裸光ファイバの突出量が設定されるフェルールの断面図である。It is sectional drawing of the ferrule by which the protrusion amount of a bare optical fiber is set with a position control member. スプリングバック量の考慮された位置規制部材にて突出量が設定されるフェルールの断面図である。It is sectional drawing of the ferrule by which protrusion amount is set with the position control member in which the springback amount was considered. 図1に示した光コネクタと被覆付き光ファイバの組立方法の説明図である。It is explanatory drawing of the assembly method of the optical connector and coated optical fiber which were shown in FIG. 適切な突出量に設定されるフェルールの常温時を(a)、高温時を(b)で表した断面図である。It is sectional drawing which represented the time of normal temperature of the ferrule set to a suitable protrusion amount at (a), and the time of high temperature by (b). 従来の光コネクタの断面図である。It is sectional drawing of the conventional optical connector. 突出量が足りない従来の光コネクタにおける常温時を(a)、高温時を(b)で表した要部断面図である。It is principal part sectional drawing which represented the time of normal temperature in the conventional optical connector with insufficient protrusion amount at (a), and high temperature (b). 突出量が過剰な光コネクタにおける接続時を(a)、裸光ファイバ破損時を(b)で表した要部断面の参考図である。It is a reference view of a cross-section of the main part, in which (a) shows a connection with an optical connector with an excessive protrusion and (b) shows a broken bare optical fiber.

符号の説明Explanation of symbols

19 被覆付き光ファイバ
19b 被覆
20 裸光ファイバ
31 光コネクタ
37 光ファイバ保持孔
38 フェルール
38a 先端面
45 固定用蓋部材(固定手段)
53 第1孔部
55 第2孔部
61 被覆除去部
70 凹部
71 位置規制部材
L 突出量
T1 光コネクタ組立時の温度
T2 光コネクタ使用時の最高温度
l フェルールの細径孔部の長さ
α1 フェルールの熱膨張係数
α2 被覆付き光ファイバの熱膨張係数
DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 19 Optical fiber with coating 19b Coating 20 Bare optical fiber 31 Optical connector 37 Optical fiber holding hole 38 Ferrule 38a Tip surface 45 Fixing lid member (fixing means)
53 1st hole 55 2nd hole 61 Cover removal part 70 Recess 71 Position restriction member L Projection amount T1 Temperature when assembling optical connector T2 Maximum temperature when using optical connector l Length of narrow hole of ferrule α1 Ferrule Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of α2 Coated Optical Fiber

Claims (3)

光ファイバ保持孔を形成したフェルールと、被覆付き光ファイバと、前記フェルールの後端面より導出される前記被覆付き光ファイバを所定の撓み形状に固定する固定手段とを備えた光コネクタであって、
前記被覆付き光ファイバの先端の被部が除去された裸光ファイバが、前記光ファイバ保持孔の先端面から突出し
前記光コネクタの使用温度範囲で常に、前記裸ファイバの端面が前記光ファイバ保持孔の先端面より後退しないように、前記裸光ファイバの突出量Lが、前記フェルールの熱膨張係数をα1とし、前記裸光ファイバの熱膨張係数をα2とし、前記裸光ファイバを収容可能にする前記フェルールの細径孔部の長さをlとし、光コネクタ組立時の温度をT1とし、光コネクタ使用時の最高温度T2としたとき、L≧(α1−α2)×(T2−T1)×lに設定されることを特徴とする光コネクタ。
An optical connector comprising a ferrule having an optical fiber holding hole, a coated optical fiber, and a fixing means for fixing the coated optical fiber derived from the rear end surface of the ferrule in a predetermined bending shape,
The bare optical fiber which the covering portion is removed the tip of the coated optical fiber protrudes from the distal end surface of the optical fiber holding hole,
The protruding amount L of the bare optical fiber is such that the thermal expansion coefficient of the ferrule is α1 so that the end face of the bare optical fiber does not always recede from the tip face of the optical fiber holding hole in the operating temperature range of the optical connector. The coefficient of thermal expansion of the bare optical fiber is α2, the length of the small-diameter hole of the ferrule that can accommodate the bare optical fiber is l, the temperature when the optical connector is assembled is T1, and the optical connector is used. An optical connector characterized in that L ≧ (α1−α2) × (T2−T1) × 1 when the maximum temperature T2 is satisfied .
組立時の常温の前記突出量Lは、200μm以下であることを特徴とする請求項記載の光コネクタ。 The projecting amount of the room temperature at the time of assembly L is the optical connector according to claim 1, wherein a is 200μm or less. 前記フェルールが、前記被覆付き光ファイバを収容可能にする第1孔部と、該被覆付き光ファイバの被覆部を除去した裸光ファイバを収容可能にする第2孔部と、前記第1孔部と前記第2孔部との間に形成され前記被覆付き光ファイバの被覆部を除去する被覆除去部とを備えることを特徴とする請求項1または2記載の光コネクタ。   A first hole that allows the ferrule to receive the coated optical fiber; a second hole that allows the bare optical fiber from which the coated optical fiber is removed; and the first hole 3. The optical connector according to claim 1, further comprising: a coating removal portion that is formed between the first hole portion and the second hole portion and removes the coating portion of the coated optical fiber.
JP2008308590A 2008-12-03 2008-12-03 Optical connector and optical connector assembling method Expired - Fee Related JP5108738B2 (en)

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