JP4786089B2 - Plant cultivation method by hydroponics - Google Patents
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Description
【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は、特に果菜類の野菜の育成方法に適した養液栽培による植物栽培方法であり、さらには特定の水分保持特性を有する培地を土壌と隔離した栽培用容器、袋等に充填し、水または液肥を自動的に効率よく供給することにより、品質の高い野菜を安定的に生産することを可能にする養液栽培による植物栽培方法である。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
現在、主として普及している養液栽培方式を大別すると、湛液型循環式水耕、NFT、固形培地耕がある。湛液型循環式水耕には、ベッド内に一定量の培養液をたたえておき、これを間欠的・多量に強制循環、あるいは、少量の液を瀑気しながら間欠的に循環、または、各ベッド交互に、多量に交換させる方式などがある。NFTは、緩傾斜をつけたフィルム利用による水路状のベッドに、上方から培養液を少しずつ流下させ、タンクに戻して、液を循環させる方法である。これらの方法は、培地が液相だけで構成され、根の呼吸に必要な酸素は溶存酸素として供給される。根圏が単純で、根圏環境の制御がし易いという特徴を持つため葉菜類を中心とした大規模な植物工場的生産方式に適している。
これに対して、固形培地耕は礫、ロックウール等の培地を用いた養液栽培方式で、培地に固相、液相、気相の三相を有し、最も土耕に近い養液栽培である。用いる培地の種類によって、無機培地耕と有機培地耕に大別され、無機培地耕には礫耕、砂耕、籾殻くん炭耕、バーミキュライト耕、パーライト耕、ロックウール耕があり、有機培地耕はさらに樹皮耕、ヤシ殻耕、ピートモス耕、おがくず耕、籾殻耕など天然有機物を用いるものとポリウレタン耕、ポリフェノール耕、ビニロン耕など有機合成物を用いるものがある。このうち、製鉄時に発生する残渣を用いるロックウール耕が安価で、保水性があり、化学的に不活性で培養液の組成にほとんど影響を与えない培地である等の理由から最も普及しており、施設園芸の重要品目である果菜類、切り花等の栽培に用いられている。
【0003】
近年、消費者が野菜に求める品質は多様化し、色、つや、形等の外観的品質以外に、野菜に含まれる栄養的な成分に対し注目するようになってきている。野菜の内容成分を高める方法としては一般的に水分ストレスを与える処理がある。例えば高糖度トマトを生産する場合、防根シートや、隔離床等により根域を制限し、さらに節水することで植物に極端な水分ストレスを与えることが行われている(農業技術体系;作物栄養V.p32−36、馬西ら;1996、岡田;1994、特開平10−127177号公報、特開平9−107827号公報、特開平8−308406号公報、特開平10−271924号公報)。
【0004】
トマト等で普及が著しいロックウール栽培では野菜の品質向上を目的に行われている栽培方法としては、例えばトマトの糖度を高めるためには、間断給液や高塩類処理等、極端な水分ストレスを与えることが一般的に行われている。しかし、極端な水分ストレスは植物の根に大きな負担を与え、長期栽培が困難であったり、尻腐れ等の障害果が多発するため一般的に収量は減少し不安定となる。
【0005】
本発明者らにより提案された養液栽培方法(特開2001−103857号公報)は、使用する培地の保水性に特徴があり、易効性水分量(−3kPaで保持される水分量〜−100kPaで保持される水分量)を100リットル/m3以上、望ましくは150リットル/m3以上、且つ難効性水分量(−100kPaで保持される水分量〜−1600kPaで保持される水分量)を50リットル/m3以上、望ましくは70リットル/m3以上に調整された培地を用いることにより、植物の蒸散または培地表面からの蒸発によって培地中から水分が奪われた際、培地中の毛管力により急激な乾燥(−100〜−1600kPa)による乾燥害を防ぐことができる。また、枯死まで至らない程度の適度の水分ストレス(水分張力:−30〜−50kPa)を容易に、また安定的に植物に与えることが可能となり、例えば高糖度トマトの生産などが可能となるものである。
【0006】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
固形培地耕で広く使用されているロックウールは、保水量が多く、そのほとんどがpF1.5〜2.0(−3kPa以上−9.8kPa以下)の水分域にほとんど含まれ、pF2.0(−9.8kPa)以上では毛管連絡が切れ、ほとんど水分を保持しない特徴を持つ。したがって、一度乾燥してしまうと、再び灌水しても毛管現象によるマット内の水分の拡散は期待できないため、栽培期間中は常にマット内の水分をあるレベル以上に維持する必要がある。しかし、pF 1.5〜2.0の水分域は植物にとって、養水分吸収が最も行いやすく、そのため、養水分を過剰に吸収し栄養生長過多になりやすく、また、過剰に給液された場合には培地内が過湿となり過湿害を引き起こしやすい。また、果実の糖度を上げるために植物に水分ストレスを与える場合には、培地内水分が培地内の空隙に働く毛管力によって保持される水分域pF2.0〜2.2以上にすることが必要であるが、これらの培地を用いた場合にはpF2.0〜2.2以上では有効水分がないために、植物の水分ストレス域に保つことが難しく、節水処理を行った際には植物に極度の水分ストレスを与えてしまい、トマトの糖度が高まったとしても収量が減少する場合がある(最新養液栽培の手引き;(社)日本施設園芸協会編)。ロックウール以外にもピートモス、パーライト、籾殻くん炭等があるが、いずれも同様な特性を有している。
【0007】
これらを解決する手段として、pF1.8〜2.7の間で良好な保水性を有し、さらに粒子が崩れにくく、従来使用されているロックウール、籾殻くん炭、ピートモス等と比べ制御性よく水、液肥等を施すことができる、潅水ホースが設けられた栽培用容器に硬質な多孔質粒子よりなる培地を装入し液肥混入機を使用して点滴潅水する栽培方法が提案されている(特開平5−176642号公報)。糖度の高いトマトやメロンを栽培する場合には、水分ストレスをかけるために培地内のpF値を高く維持することが必要であり、例えばpF2.4前後を維持する場合には、培地がその水分域に有効水分を保持していることが必要であるとともに、水分センサーを設置し目的とするpF値を維持するように給液制御することが必要となる。その際、植物1個体当たりの培地量や1回当たりの灌水量が重要となる。上記の点滴潅水する栽培方法では特に培地量、灌水量については規定してなく、灌水量によってはpF1.8〜2.4の水分域を大きく変動することが予想され、比較的糖度の高いトマトやメロン等を安定的に生産することは難しい。
【0008】
本発明者らにより提案された前記養液栽培方法では、難有効水分量について規定し、緩衝力の高い培地としているが、難有効水分域での緩衝力は期待できるものの、培地内水分をpF3.2以上の水分域で制御した場合には、植物にとって極めて強い水分ストレスが与えられることになり、例えばトマトでは、高糖度のトマトが収穫できたとしても根の吸収機能、光合成機能等植物の生理機能に大きなダメージを与えることとなり、収量が大幅に減少することが予想される。そのため、実際の生産場面では高糖度によって差別化を目的とした一部の生産者に受け入れられたとしても一般的な技術にはなりにくい。
従って、本発明の目的は、植物が養水分を過剰に吸収し栄養・生殖生長のバランスを崩すことなく、適度な水分条件を維持することが可能であり、また水分ストレス条件を安定的に維持することが可能で、高糖度トマト等、品質の高い果実の収量を極力減らすことなく安定的に栽培することが可能な養液栽培による植物栽培方法を提供することにある。
【0009】
【課題を解決するための手段】
本発明者は、上記した養液栽培による栽培方法を達成することを目的として鋭意研究した結果、従来使用されている培地に比べ、pF2.0以下の有効水分量が適度に少なく、かつpF2.0〜3.2の有効水分量が多い水分保持特性を有する培地を用いること、さらに適当な培地の容量、高さを設定し、水分センサーを用いて給液制御して養液栽培を行うことにより、上記した目的を達成し得ることを見出し本発明を完成させた。
即ち、本発明は、pF1.5〜2.0(−3kPa以上−9.8kPa以下)の水分域における有効水分量が250リットル・m-3以上400リットル・m-3以下であり、pF2.0〜3.2(−9.8kPa以上−155kPa以下)の水分域における有効水分量が30リットル・m-3以上である培地を、周辺土壌から隔離された状態とし、そこに栽培しようとする植物を植え付け、水又は液肥を供給して栽培することを特徴とする養液栽培による植物栽培方法である。
好ましくは、本発明は、上記の栽培方法において、培地の容量が植物一個体当たり4リットル以上6リットル以下であり、設置した際、培地底面から上面までの高さが10cm以上となる植物栽培方法である。
また、好ましくは、本発明は、上記栽培方法において、培地に水分センサーを設置し、灌水開始点をpF1.5以上3.2以下とし、設定したpF値に達した際に給液される植物一個体に対する水又は液肥の給液量が150ミリリットル以上400ミリリットル以下であり、果菜類を栽培する植物栽培方法である。
また、好ましくは、本発明は、上記栽培方法において、培地に水分センサーを設置し、灌水開始点をpF2.4以上3.2以下とし、設定したpF値に達した際に給液される植物一個体に対する水又は液肥の給液量が100ミリリットル以上300ミリリットル以下であり、糖度5%以上のトマト、糖度10%以上のメロン又は糖度6%以上のイチゴを栽培する植物栽培方法である。
また、好ましくは、本発明は、上記栽培方法において、培地が、粒径0.1mm以下の粒子が5容量%以上50容量%以下の浄水場発生土を含む植物栽培方法である。
更に好ましくは、本発明は、上記栽培方法において、培地が、浄水場発生土、バーク堆肥及びピートモスからなる植物栽培方法である。
【0010】
【発明の実施の形態】
本発明では、使用する培地は、pF1.5〜2.0(−3kPa以上−9.8kPa以下)の水分域における有効水分量が250リットル・m-3以上400リットル・m-3以下、望ましくは300リットル・m-3以上350リットル・m-3以下であり、かつpF2.0〜3.2(−9.8kPa以上−50kPa以下)の水分域における有効水分量が30リットル・m-3以上、好ましくは50リットル・m-3以上である水分保持特性を有するものである。
このような水分保持特性を有する培地は、従来、固形培地耕用の培地として使用されているロックウール等に比べ、pF1.5〜2.0(−3kPa以上−9.8kPa以下)における有効水分量が少ないために、過剰な給液によって植物が過剰に養水分を吸収し、植物が栄養生長過多になることが少ない。さらに、厚層多腐植質黒ボク土において,pF2以下の領域でガス拡散低下によって根は阻害されることから(農業技術体系、土壌と根圏 p39〜45)、pF2.0以下に多量の水分を保持するロックウールでは過湿によって生育阻害を引き起こす場合がみられる。また、pF2.0〜3.2の水分域における有効水分量が多いために、給液量の減少によってpF2.0以上になっても、培地内水分が急激に低下することがないため、植物が極端な水分ストレスに曝されることが少ない。例えば、糖度の高いトマト等、高品質野菜を生産するために節水栽培を行うような場合には、ロックウール、籾殻くん炭等を培地として使用して節水を行った場合には、ある程度糖度を高めることが可能であるが、pF2.0以上になると極端に培地内水分が少なくなるために、植物が極端な水分ストレスにさらされる危険性が高く、ある程度糖度を高める効果があるが、収量が極端に低下する危険性がある。一方、本発明で用いる上記培地を使用した場合には、pF2.0以上でも有効水分量が高いために、植物が極端な水分ストレスを受けることなく、安定的に高いpF値の水分域を維持することができ、収量をそれほど落とすことなく、尻腐れ果の発生を極力抑えて、糖度の高いトマトを得ることができる。
【0011】
このような水分保持特性を持った培地は、非有機質系資材と有機質系資材とを適当な割合で混合し、篩い分けし、得られる培地の水分保持特性を、例えば加圧板法(土壌環境分析法、博友社、54〜57頁)により測定することによって得ることができる。即ち、pF1.5〜2.0(−3kPa以上−9.8kPa以下)の範囲及びpF2.0〜3.2(−9.8kPa以上−55kPa以下)の範囲の加圧下において培地に保持される水分量をそれぞれ測定して有効水分量を求め、それぞれの加圧下での有効水分量、即ち、pF1.5〜2.0の水分域における有効水分量が250リットル・m-3以上400リットル・m-3以下、好ましくは300リットル・m-3以上350リットル・m-3以下であり、かつpF2.0〜3.2の水分域における有効水分量が30リットル・m-3以上、好ましくは50リットル・m-3以上である水分保持特性を有する培地を選択することによって得ることができる。
ここで用いる非有機質系資材としては、例えば、浄水場発生土;森林土壌(赤土、黒土、マサ土など)、水田土壌、畑土壌等の一般土壌;ゼオライト、バーミキュライト、パーライト等の無機物;木片、もみがら、食品汚泥等の植物質資材を炭化した炭化物などが挙げられる。これらの非有機質系資材はそれぞれ単独で用いてもよく、これらの2種以上を混合して用いてもよい。有機質系資材としては、例えば、バーク堆肥、ピートモス、ヤシガラ解砕物、もみがらなどが挙げられる。本発明の培地に用いる非有機質系資材の好ましい例としては、浄水場発生土を挙げることができる。浄水場発生土は浄水処理過程で発生する沈積泥土(浄水汚泥)を濃縮脱水した浄水ケーキが望ましい。凝集剤としてポリ塩化アルミニウムや硫酸アルミニウムを添加して沈殿処理され、無石灰処理により脱水されたものが望ましく、また、加圧法あるいは乾熱法によって得られる浄水場発生土が好ましい。更には、浄水場発生土は、目開き6mmの篩を通過し、粒径0.1mm以下の粒子が通常5容量%以上50容量%以下、好ましくは10容量%以上40容量%以下の構成を有するのが望ましい。あるいは、浄水場発生土は、造粒機とロータリーキルンにより造粒されたものが好ましい。
本発明の培地において浄水場発生土を非有機質系資材として用いる場合、浄水場発生土を単独で用いても必要に応じて他の非有機質系資材と組み合わせて用いてもよく、浄水場発生土と必要に応じて他の非有機系資材と共に有機質系資材と適当な割合で混合して本発明の好ましい培地が得られる。
【0012】
他の非有機質系資材である森林土壌(赤土、黒土、マサ土など)、水田土壌、畑土壌等の一般土壌;ゼオライト、バーミキュライト、パーライト等の無機物;木片、もみがら、食品汚泥等の植物質資材を炭化した炭化物などは、通常培地用に用いられるものをそのまま使用することができる。これらの非有機質系資材は、通常粒径が10mm以下、好ましくは6mm以下のものが望ましい。
有機質系資材として用いるバーク堆肥、ピートモス、ヤシガラ解砕物、もみがらなども、通常培地用に用いられるものをそのまま使用することができる。これらの有機質系資材は、通常粒径が10mm以下、好ましくは6mm以下のものが、通常20容量%以上、好ましくは、60容量%以上の構成を有するものが望ましい。
本発明で使用する培地の好ましい組み合わせとしては、例えば、浄水場発生土と、バーク堆肥及びピートモスと、更に必要に応じてヤシガラ解砕物及び/又はもみがらとを用いる組み合わせなどが挙げられる。いずれにせよ、浄水場発生土を非有機質系資材の一つとして用いるのが好ましい。非有機質系資材と有機質系資材との混合割合は、容量比で通常5:95〜70:30であり、好ましくは、30:70〜60:40である。本発明で用いる培地には、通常使用されるリン酸肥料、カリ肥料、窒素肥料を必要に応じて添加してもよく、植物病原菌に拮抗性を有する拮抗微生物を添加してもよく、また培地の物理特性を調整するために必要に応じて土壌改良剤を添加してもよい。
【0013】
本発明で使用する培地は、例えば成形された容器あるいは栽培用袋に詰められて周辺土壌から隔離された状態とされるが、その培地の容量が植物一個体当たり4リットル以上6リットル以下、好ましくは4.5リットル以上5.5リットル以下であることが望ましい。ここで言う培地の容量とは、培地を例えば容器あるいは袋に通常の方法で詰めて、特に圧力などを架けることなく培地自身の重さで調整された時の培地の容量を指す。培地を例えば栽培用の袋や容器に詰めて栽培を行う際には、培地の詰め作業、運搬、設置等に労力を必要とすることから、培地は植物に適したものであることが基本となるが、それ以外に軽量であり、必要容量が少ないことが望ましい。培地容量を植物一個体当たり4リットル以上6リットル以下であることにより、培地が有する物理的緩衝力を失うことなく、設置作業等に支障がない程度まで、培地を軽量化することができる。
【0014】
本発明では培地を周辺土壌から隔離された状態に置くために、例えば成形された容器あるいは栽培用袋に培地を詰めた際、培地底面から上面までの高さが10cm以上であるのが好ましい。この時に培地が占める面積は培地の上記した容量等から自ずと決定される。培地内に含まれる水の多くは重力水によって底面へ移動し、培地内の水分状態は培地の量および高さによって大きく左右される。培地に飽和容水量以上の給液を行った場合には、培地の高さが低いほど、飽水状態である培地の比率が高くなり、植物は過湿により根が酸欠状態となる危険性が高くなる。しかし、培地の高さが10cm以上と高くなれば、培地容積に対し重力水で下方へ移動する水の量が多くなり、すなわち、飽水状態となる培地の比率が少なくなることから、給液量の増減、天候の変化によって過剰な給液が行われた場合には、培地内の水分が直ちに排水され適度な水分域に保つことができ、植物の生育にとって安定した環境が維持できる。
【0015】
本発明では培地に水分センサーを設置し、灌水開始点をpF1.5以上3.2以下、好ましくはpF2.0以上3.0以下とし、植物1個体に対して1回の灌水量を150ミリリットル以上400ミリリットル以下に設定することで果菜類の野菜を好ましく栽培することができる。ここで使用する水分センサーとしては、感知部に素焼き、セラミックを使用し、培地のある時点での保持水分のpF値を測定できるテンシオメーター(土壌肥料用語事典、農文協、60頁)が使用できる。水分センサーの設置場所は植物の根域内であり、通常灌水位置から同心円上に5〜10cmの範囲で、さらに深さが5cm以上15cm以下の範囲であれば何処でもよい。灌水開始点がpF1.5以上3.2以下の範囲で設定され、1回の灌水量を150ミリリットル以上400ミリリットル以下に設定することで果菜類の好ましい栽培が可能となる。生育や収量の調整については設定pF値、灌水量を設定することにより可能である。
上記した栽培方法を実際に実施するには、まず最初に培地へ潅水して水又は液肥を飽水状態で供給し、その後、潅水することなく放置し、pF値が設定した値になった時点で一定量の水又は液肥が潅水により供給され、その後再び放置し、設定されたpF値に再び達した時点で再度潅水され、この工程を繰り返して養液栽培による植物栽培が実施される。
【0016】
本発明では上記と同様、培地に水分センサーを設置し、自動給液によって行う栽培系において、灌水開始点をpF2.4以上3.2以下とし、植物一個体に対して一回の灌水量を100ミリリットル以上300ミリリットル以下にすることにより、糖度の高いトマト、メロン、イチゴの好ましい栽培を可能にする。本発明で用いる培地の特徴として、pF2.0〜3.2の水分域に含まれる有効水分量が従来使用されるロックウール、パーライト、籾殻くん炭等に比べ多いため、水分センサーを用い、pF2.4〜3.2の水分域を調整することが可能であり、さらに灌水開始点に達したときに給液される給液量が一定であるため、設定したpF値を安定的に維持することが可能である。これにより、トマト、メロン、イチゴ等、水分ストレスによって果実内の糖度を高め、品質の向上が図れる果菜類野菜を栽培する場合には、果実内糖度を高める効果があり、さらにpF値の変動が少なく、極端に強い水分ストレスを受ける場合が少ないために、収量の低下や尻腐れ果等の障害果の発生を極力抑えることができる。このような栽培方法によって、高められる糖度として、トマトの場合は5%以上好ましくは6%以上、メロンの場合は10%以上好ましくは12%以上、イチゴの場合は6%以上、好ましくは8%以上である。ここで糖度とはBrix糖度を指し、可溶性固形物の量を表す単位で、その溶液の屈折率と等しい屈折率を持つ、20℃のショ糖溶液の重量%濃度を意味する。
上記した栽培方法で適用できる作物としては、水分ストレスにより品質を向上させることができる植物であれば、トマトの他にメロン、イチゴ、ナス、ピーマン等の果菜類に使用することができる。
【0017】
本発明の養液栽培による植物栽培を実際に実施するには、培地を周辺土壌から隔離された状態とし、そこに栽培しようとする植物を植え付け、水又は液肥を供給して栽培する、通常の養液栽培により行うことができる。例えば、長さ方向が100〜120cmの防水シートで本発明で用いる培地を包含し、栽培床を構成して栽培を行うこともでき、また、防水シート製の容器又は袋に培地を詰めて栽培を行うこともできる。防水シートは水と根を通さない素材のものが好ましく、ポリオレフィン系(ポリエチレン、ポリプロピレン)フィルム、フッ素系フィルム、合成樹脂フィルム、防根シート、生分解性プラスティックフィルム等を使用することができる。また、プラスティック、鉄骨、コンクリート、木材等で、上端が広く開口した固定式栽培床を構成し、これに培地を詰め、栽培床を作成して行うこともできる。こうして設置した栽培床内に点滴及び散水方式の灌水チューブを設置し灌水を行う。灌水を行う際には、水又は通常の植物栽培に用いる培養液等の液肥のいずれを用いてもよい。
【0018】
次に実施例に基づいて本発明を更に詳細に説明するが、本発明はこれらの実施例によって何等制限されるものではない。
【0019】
実施例1
本実施例で用いた培地の組成はピートモス:バーク堆肥:浄水ケーキ=30:25:45%v/vであり、使用した浄水ケーキは目開き6mmの篩いを通過し、その内粒径が0.1mm以下である粒子を約30%v/v含むものであった。この培地は、pF1.5〜2.0の水分域における有効水分量が295リットル・m-3であり、pF2.0〜3.2の水分域における有効水分量が81リットル・m-3の水分保持特性を有していた。
(1)試験方法
上記の本発明培地の保水性について、他の培地と比較調査を行った。調査方法は加圧板法により行い、pF1.5〜3.2までの体積含水率の変化について調査した。比較例としてロックウール粒状面(細粒)と籾殻くん炭を使用した。ロックウール粒状面(細粒)と籾殻くん炭のそれぞれの水分保持特性は、ロックウール粒状面(細粒)の場合pF1.5〜2.0の水分域における有効水分量が612リットル・m-3で、pF2.0〜3.2の水分域における有効水分量が15リットル・m-3であり、籾殻くん炭の場合pF1.5〜2.0の水分域における有効水分量が512リットル・m-3で、pF2.0〜3.2の水分域における有効水分量が25リットル・m-3であった。
【0020】
(2)結果
図1は供試培地のpF値の違いによる体積含水率の変化を示している。ロックウールと籾殻くん炭の体積含水率はpF1.5から急激に低下し、pF2.0〜2.4以上ではほとんど減少がみられなかった。一方、上記の本発明の培地はpF1.5から1.8までに急激に低下したものの、pF1.8以上では緩やかに低下し続けた。
以上から、本発明の培地はpF2.0以下の水分域における有効水分量は他の培地に比べ比較的少ないが、pF2.0以上では有効水分量が他の培地に比べ高いことから、過湿状態に長く維持されることがなく、更に、培地内水分含有量が少なくなる乾燥条件下において、緩やかに水分を供給することが予想され、物理的緩衝力が高いことが明らかとなった。
【0021】
実施例2
栽培用培地の形状を検討する際、給液された水分の移動と水分保持特性と最も関連のある重要な要因として培地の高さがある。本実施例では本発明の培地を栽培用培地として使用する際に、適正な高さを検討した。
(1)試験方法
培地に過剰に給液された場合、植物の根が酸欠状態となるのを避けるためには、気相率が15〜20%以上確保されていることが望ましい。本実験ではまず、本発明の培地の含水率と気相率の関係について求めることとした。さらに、培地の適正な高さを求めるため、次の実験を行った。供試した培地は実施例1と同じものとした。内径の直径が105mmの塩ビ管を用意し、これを長さ5cm間隔で切断したものを積み重ねることにより、高さの異なる円筒形の容器を設定した。これら容器には底部から培地が洩れないよう網を取り付けた後、本発明培地を詰めた。次に水を加え飽和状態とし、深さ2〜3cmの深さまで水を溜めたトレイに培地を詰めた円筒管の容器を設置し24時間放置した。24時間後個々の容器をトレイから取り出し、5cm間隔で分断された塩ビ管をそれぞれ中の培地がこぼれないように取り出し培地の含水率を求めた。処理は円筒管の高さについて、10、15、20、25cmを設定した。培地の組成は実施例1と同様とした。
【0022】
(2)結果
図2は、本発明の培地の含水率と気相率の関係について示している。培地内の気相率は含水率が高まるにつれ低下し、気相率が20%以上維持するためには、含水率が60%以下である必要が認められた。
図3は円筒管を用いて実験を行った培地の高さと含水率の関係について示している。例えば高さ25cmの培地の場合には、その培地での0〜5cm、5〜10cm、10〜15cm、15〜20cm及び20〜25cmの高さにおけるそれぞれの培地の含水率を測定してその測定値を図3のグラフに示した。
すべての処理区について、培地が高くなるに従い、含水率は低下し、培地高さが高さ0〜5cmでは63〜65%であったが、5〜10cmでは60%以下を示した。
以上から、本発明の培地を栽培用培地として使用する場合には、過剰に給液され過湿になるのを回避するために、培地底面から上面までの高さが、10cm以上にすることが望ましい。
【0023】
実施例3
本実施例では、本発明の培地を栽培用として使用する際に適正な培地量を求めることとした。
(1)試験方法
供試植物はトマト“ハウス桃太郎”を用い、本葉6〜7枚に展開した苗を培地を詰めたバッグに植え付け、点滴チューブを配置し給液を行ない、5段果房まで収穫を行った。供試した培地はピートモス:バーク堆肥:浄水ケーキ=30:20:50%v/vとした。浄水ケーキはリン酸吸収係数が高いことから、生育初期のリン酸欠乏を回避する意味で、あらかじめリン酸肥料がケーキ1リットルに対してリン酸分として2000mg相当添加してあるものを使用し、目開き6mmの篩いを通過したものを供試した。リン酸肥料はリンスター30を使用した(リンスターは、リン酸液と苦土石灰など塩基性物質を反応させて製造される。pHは6.0程度,主成分はリン酸一,二石灰,リン酸一,二苦土などであり,ク溶性と水溶性のリン酸と苦土を保証する。微細結晶のため,ク溶性リン酸よりもうすい有機酸に溶ける部分が多い特徴があり,このためリン酸は溶出しやすいので速効性で,肥効の持続性もあり,他の肥料とも配合使用できるので多くの土壌に適する)。この培地は、pF1.5〜2.0の水分域における有効水分量が271リットル・m-3であり、pF2.0〜3.2の水分域における有効水分量が66リットル・m-3の水分保持特性を有していた。
給液の制御方法は、培地内にテンシオメーター(セラミック式水分センサー:藤原製作所製)を感知部が深さ10cmになるように設置し、pF2.6を灌水開始点とし1回の灌水量は灌水量の約10%がバッグ外に排出されるように設定した。培地量の設定は培地を詰める袋の容量を変えることにより株あたり2、3、4、5、6、7、8リットルと設定し、個々の処理について培地高さが15〜20cmの高さになるように形状を調節した。調査はトマトの収穫量、品質の指標としてBrix糖度を測定した。
【0024】
(2)結果
表1は培地容量の違いがトマトの収量、品質および障害果発生率に及ぼす影響について示している。トマトの収量は、培地量の増加に伴い増加し、培地量が2および3リットルでは極端に少なかった。糖度については収量と負の相関にあり、培地量6リットル以上では6.5%以上であるのに対して、7および8リットルでは5.0%以下と低い値となった。ここでBrix糖度とは、可溶性固形物の量を表す単位で、その溶液の屈折率と等しい屈折率を持つ、20℃のショ糖溶液の重量%濃度を意味する。また、尻腐れ発生率については、培地量が少なくなるに従い高くなり、特に2および3リットルでは35%以上と極端に高い値となった。
以上から、果実の品質が高く、安定した収穫を得るためには、本発明培地を1株あたり4リットル以上6リットル以下であることが望ましい。
【0025】
【表1】
【0026】
実施例4
本実施例では実際にトマト、メロン、イチゴを栽培し、栽培期間中における培地内のpF値の変動を調査するとともに、各作物の収量および品質についても調査を行った。
(1)試験方法
供試品種について、トマトは“ハウス桃太郎”、メロンは“アムス”、イチゴは“女峰”とした。定植適期の苗を各供試培地が入った10リットル容の栽培用バッグに2株ずつ定植した。
供試培地組成は、ピートモス:もみ殻堆肥:浄水ケーキ=30:30:40%v/vであり、浄水ケーキは造粒機とロータリーキルンを用いて造粒されたもので、目開き6mmの篩いを通過したものを使用した。
栽培方法について、トマトは1果房当たり4果に調整し5段果房まで栽培を行い、メロンは1株1果とし12〜15節の内、最も良好な側枝を選び着果させた。イチゴについても常法に従い栽培を行った。反復は一区10株とした。灌水方法は点滴方式で行い、培地内にはテンシオメーター(セラミック式水分センサー:藤原製作所製)を感知部が深さ10cmになるように設置し、pF2.6を灌水開始点とし1回の灌水量を200ミリリットルとし自動給液を行った。調査は栽培期間中の培地内pF値の変動をTDR水分計を用いてモニタリングし、植物については収量と品質の指標としてBrix糖度、生理障害である尻腐れ果、奇形果の発生率を調査した。
【0027】
(2)結果
表2はpF1.5〜2.0、2.0〜3.2における有効水分量を表している。pF1.5〜2.0において、本実施例は他の処理区に比べ低く、500リットル・m-3以下であり、pF2.0〜3.2では他の処理区が、10リットル・m-3以下であるのに対し、本実施例では40リットル・m-3以上であった。
図4は栽培期間中における各供試培地のpF値の日変化について示している。本実施例は他の処理区に比べpF値の変動が少なく、設定pF値に近い値で推移した。一方比較例は変動が大きかった。図4のpF値は、供試培地における体積含水率とpF値と関係式を求め、これを元にしてTDR法(農業技術大系、花卉編、第7巻、バラ、509〜512頁)で測定して得られた体積含水率をpF値に換算して得られたものである(TDR法は、電気伝導度を利用し、土壌等の体積含水率を測定する測定器。TDR(Time Domain Reflectometry)水分計を使用すれば,培地にプローブ(ステンレス棒)を埋設することで,培地環境を攪乱することなく継続的な測定が可能になる。このセンサーはプローブ周辺の体積含水率を測定する水分センサーである。したがって,テンシオメーターでは測定できない低含水率の領域まで測定できる)。
表3にはトマトの栽培結果が示されている。トマトでは、本実施例は比較例に比べ収量が若干少なかったものの、Brixは明らかに高く、品質の高いものが得られた。生理傷害の発生率について、本実施例は尻腐れ果が若干発生したが、処理区間では最も少なかった。また、空洞果等を含む奇形果発生率は本実施例においてほとんどみられず、他区に比べて明らかに少なかった。
表4にはメロンの栽培結果が示されている。メロンでは、果実重は実施例が比較例に比べ若干低い値であったが、すべての区において秀品的に問題ない果実が得られた。一方、Brix糖度は実施例が比較例に対して3〜4%高い値となり品質的に高いものが得られた。
表4にはイチゴの栽培結果が示されており、イチゴについても、トマト、メロンと同様の傾向であった。
以上から、本実施例では従来の培地に比べpF値を安定的に保つことが可能であり、その結果、乾湿の変動による植物への負担を極力軽減できるため、Brix値の高い高品質のトマトを収量落とすことなく得られることが明らかとなった。
【0028】
【表2】
【0029】
【表3】
【0030】
【表4】
【0031】
【表5】
【0032】
実施例5
本実施例では、本発明培地をバッグカルチャー用の培地として用いたトマト栽培において、水分センサーを用いて灌水制御した場合に、一回当たりの灌水量の違いが栽培期間中における培地内のpF値の変動および、トマトの収量、品質に及ぼす影響について調査を行った。
(1)試験方法
制御のプログラムを下記に示す。
灌水開始点を設定し、培地に設置した水分センサーが設定した灌水開始点に達したら、信号が電磁弁に発信され、灌水が開始される。その際、給液する量は流量計により制御する。具体的には、パルス信号を発信する流量計を使用し、発信される1パルス当たりの流量を把握すれば、パルス信号をカウンターに送り、カウンター数によって流量を設定し、設定したカウンター数に達した時点で電磁弁が閉まるように信号が送られる。故に、一回当たりの灌水量を変えるには、カウンター数を変えて制御することができる。
灌水方法は点滴方式で行い、培地内にはテンシオメーター(セラミック式水分センサー:藤原製作所製)を感知部が深さ10cmになるように設置し、pF2.6を灌水開始点とした。1回当たりの灌水量は50、100、150、300、450、600ミリリットルとし自動潅水とした。
供試品種はトマト“ハウス桃太郎”とし、子葉展開後、園芸用培養土を詰めたポットに鉢上げし、本葉5〜6枚展開時に個々の供試培地をプラスティック製フィルムシートに包んだ栽培用ベッドに株間が40cmとなるように定植した。供試培地は実施例4と同様に造粒されたものを用い、ピートモスと1:1の割合で混合されたものを用いた。個々の培地量はトマト1株当たり6リットルとなるようにした。1果房当たり4果に調整し5段果房まで栽培した。反復は一区10株とした。
調査は栽培期間中の培地内pF値の変動をモニタリングし、植物については収量と品質の指標としてBrix糖度、生理障害である尻腐れ果、奇形果の発生率を調査した。
【0033】
(2)結果
図5は栽培期間中のpF値の日変化を示している。このpF値は、実施例4と同様に、TDR法で測定して得られた体積含水率をpF値に換算して得られたものである。灌水量が300ミリリットルまでは比較的変動が少なく、設定したpF2.6前後を推移した。一方、450、600ミリリットルでは灌水により急激にpF値が下がり、その後緩やかに上昇した。
表6は各処理区の収量、品質および障害果発生率を示している。収量は50ミリリットルが最も少なく、300ミリリットルまでは灌水量の増加に伴い増加し、450ミリリットル以上では増加はみられなかった。糖度は50ミリリットルが最も高く、灌水量の増加に伴い徐々に低下し450、600ミリリットルでは5.0%以下となった。
障害果の発生率について、尻腐れ果は50ミリリットルで最も多く発生し、灌水量が多くなるに従い減少した。また、空洞果等の奇形果の発生率は灌水量が100から300ミリリットルでは10%以下であり、50、450、600ミリリットルで高い値となった。
以上から、本発明培地を栽培用培地として使用し、水分センサーにより自動灌水制御を行う栽培において、植物1個体に対して1回当たりの灌水量を100ミリリットル以上300ミリリットル以下にすることにより高品質の野菜を安定的に栽培できることが明らかとなった。
【0034】
【表6】
【0035】
実施例6
本実施例では、供試培地に浄水場発生土を使用した際に、浄水場発生土の粒径が培地の有効水分量にどのような影響を及ぼすか調査を行った。
(1)試験方法
供試培地は浄水場発生土とピートモスとバーク堆肥を用い、浄水場発生土:ピートモス:バーク堆肥=50:30:20%v/vの割合で混合した。供試した浄水場発生土は凝集剤を添加して沈殿処理され、加圧脱水により発生したものであり、6mmの篩を全通したものを使用した。処理は浄水場発生土の粒径をさらに調整し、粒径が0.1mm以下である浄水場発生土が全体の浄水場発生土に対して0、5、10、20、30、40、50、60、70%v/vの割合で混合される9処理とした。調査は供試培地の有効水分量を加圧板法により調査した。
(2)結果
結果を表7に示した。表7から明らかな通り、pF1.5〜2.0での有効水分量は浄水場発生土の混合割合が高まるに従い減少し、混合割合が60%、70%では、200リットル・m-3以下となった。pF2.0〜3.2では混合割合が0%で15%と低く、混合割合が高まるに従い徐々に増加した。
【0036】
【表7】
【0037】
実施例7
本実施例では、pF2.0以下の水分域において有効水分量が高いピートモスと、pF2.0以上で有効水分量が高い浄水場発生土の造粒物を用い、これらの混合比を変えることで有効水分量の特性に与える影響を調査し、さらにこれらを栽培用培地としてトマトを栽培し、生育、品質、障害果の発生率に及ぼす影響について調査した。
(1)試験方法
当該造粒物は浄水場発生土を造粒機とロータリーキルンにより公知の方法で造粒されたものを、目開き6mmの篩いを通過したものを使用した。処理はピートモス:造粒物=10:0、8:2、6:4、4:6、2:8、10:0%v/vの割合で作成した。各処理区は表8に示した通りである。調査は加圧板法を用い、供試培地のpF1.5〜2.0、pF2.0〜3.2における有効水分量を調査した。
さらに供試培地を栽培用バッグに詰め、これにトマトを植え付け、給液装置を用いて栽培を行った。培地量は株当たり5リットルとした。給液管理はタイマー制御で行い、給液時間はすべての処理区で同じとし、給液量は個々の処理培地に対して、給液量の約10%が排出されるように行った。培養液は大塚処方を用いた。栽培は5段果房上本葉2枚を残して摘心し、1果房あたり4果で揃えた。
調査はトマトの収量、品質の指標としてBrix糖度、障害果である尻腐れ果、奇形果の発生率を調査した。
【0038】
【表8】
【0039】
(2)結果
各処理区の培地の有効水分量を表9に示した。表9から明らかな通り、pF1.5〜2.0での有効水分量は造粒物の割合が増えるに従い、徐々に低下し、pF2.0〜3.2では増加する傾向がみられた。
栽培試験の結果は表10に示した。表10から明らかな通り、収量は造粒物の割合が増加するに伴い減少し、Brix糖度は逆に増加する傾向が見られた。尻腐れ果発生率は、造粒物の増加に伴い増加し、処理5、6では20%以上となった。奇形果発生率は処理1で高く、その他は極めて低い値であった。
以上から、造粒物の増加に伴い、pF1.5〜2.0の有効水分量が少なくなるため、水分ストレスを受けやすくなり、収量が減少する結果となった。ピートモスのみでは収量が最も高かったものの、糖度が低く、さらに過剰に養水分を吸収するため、奇形果の多発を招いた。このため、ピートモスのようなpF1.5〜2.0の有効水分量が高い培地に対して造粒物を添加することにより、糖度が高い高品質のトマトを得ることができるが、造粒物の割合いが80%以上になると、極端に水が不足しやすくなり、尻腐れ果の多発を招く。故に品質の高いトマトを安定的に得るにはピートモスに対して造粒物が20%以上60%以下であることが望ましい。
【0040】
【表9】
【0041】
【表10】
【0042】
【発明の効果】
以上の結果から、本発明は土壌と隔離された容器あるいは袋を用い、水または液肥を与えることによって植物を育成する栽培系において使用する培地に特徴を有し、従来使用されている資材に比べ、pF2.0以下の有効水分量が適度に少なく、かつpF2.0〜3.2の有効水分量が多い特性を持つことから、植物が養水分を過剰に吸収し栄養・生殖生長のバランスを崩すことなく、適度な水分条件を維持することが可能となる。さらに適当な培地の容量、高さを設定し、水分センサーを用いて給液制御することにより、特に果菜類の栽培をマニュアル化することが可能となり、また、従来の培地素材では制御が不可能な水分ストレス条件を安定的に維持することが可能で、高糖度トマト等、品質の高い果実の収量を極力減らすことなく安定的に栽培することが可能となる。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図1】図1は、各種培地のpF値の違いによる体積含水率の変化を示すグラフである。
【図2】図2は、本発明で用いる培地における含水率と気相率の関係を示すグラフである。
【図3】図3は、本発明で用いる培地の高さの違いが培地の含水率に及ぼす影響を示すグラフである。
【図4】図4は、各種培地のpF値の変化を示すグラフである。
【図5】図5は、各種培地のpF値の変化を示すグラフである。[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention is a plant cultivation method by hydroponics that is particularly suitable for the method of growing vegetables of fruits and vegetables, and further filling a culture container isolated from the soil with a medium having specific water retention characteristics, a bag, It is a plant cultivation method by hydroponics that makes it possible to stably produce high-quality vegetables by automatically and efficiently supplying water or liquid fertilizer.
[0002]
[Prior art]
At present, the hydroponic cultivation methods that are currently widely used are roughly classified into submerged circulation hydroponics, NFT, and solid medium plowing. In the liquid-type circulation hydroponic, a certain amount of culture solution is stored in the bed, and this is intermittently and forcedly circulated in large quantities, or intermittently circulating a small amount of liquid, or There is a method of changing a large amount alternately for each bed. NFT is a method in which a culture solution is gradually dropped from above onto a water channel bed using a film with a gentle slope, and returned to a tank to circulate the solution. In these methods, the medium is composed only of the liquid phase, and oxygen necessary for root respiration is supplied as dissolved oxygen. Since the rhizosphere is simple and the rhizosphere environment is easy to control, it is suitable for a large-scale plant factory production system centering on leafy vegetables.
On the other hand, solid medium cultivation is a nutrient culture method using a medium such as gravel or rock wool, and the medium has three phases: solid phase, liquid phase, and vapor phase, and is the closest to soil culture. It is. Depending on the type of medium used, inorganic medium cultivation and organic medium cultivation are roughly divided into inorganic medium cultivation, including gravel cultivation, sand cultivation, rice husk charcoal cultivation, vermiculite cultivation, perlite cultivation, rock wool cultivation, and organic medium cultivation. Further, there are those using natural organic matter such as bark cultivation, coconut shell cultivation, peat moss cultivation, sawdust cultivation, rice husk cultivation, and those using organic compounds such as polyurethane cultivation, polyphenol cultivation and vinylon cultivation. Among them, rock wool cultivation using residues generated during iron making is the most popular because it is inexpensive, has water retention, is chemically inert and has little influence on the composition of the culture medium, etc. It is used for cultivation of fruit vegetables and cut flowers, which are important items for institutional horticulture.
[0003]
In recent years, the quality demanded of vegetables by consumers has diversified, and attention has been paid to nutritional components contained in vegetables in addition to appearance quality such as color, gloss, and shape. As a method for increasing the content components of vegetables, there is generally a process of applying moisture stress. For example, when producing high-sugar tomatoes, extreme water stress is applied to plants by limiting the root area with root-proof sheets or isolation floors and further saving water (Agricultural Technology System; Crop Nutrition) V. p32-36, Umanishi et al .; 1996, Okada; 1994, JP-A-10-127177, JP-A-9-107827, JP-A-8-308406, JP-A-10-271924).
[0004]
In the cultivation of rock wool, which is very popular with tomatoes, etc., the cultivation method that is carried out for the purpose of improving the quality of vegetables is, for example, in order to increase the sugar content of tomatoes, extreme water stress such as intermittent liquid supply or high salt treatment is applied. Giving is generally done. However, extreme moisture stress imposes a heavy burden on the roots of the plant, making long-term cultivation difficult, and frequent fruit damage such as buttocks, resulting in a decrease in yield and instability.
[0005]
The hydroponic cultivation method proposed by the present inventors (Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2001-103857) is characterized by the water retention of the medium used, and an easy-to-use water content (the amount of water retained at −3 kPa˜− The amount of water retained at 100 kPa) is 100 liters / m Three Or more, preferably 150 liters /
[0006]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
Rock wool widely used in solid medium cultivation has a large amount of water retention, most of which is almost contained in the moisture range of pF1.5-2.0 (-3 kPa or more and -9.8 kPa or less), pF2.0 ( -9.8 kPa) or more, the capillary communication is broken, and there is a feature that hardly retains moisture. Therefore, once dried, the moisture in the mat cannot be expected to diffuse due to capillary action even after irrigation, so that the moisture in the mat must always be maintained above a certain level during the cultivation period. However, the moisture range of pF 1.5 to 2.0 is the easiest for plants to absorb nourishing water, and therefore, excessively absorbs nourishing water and tends to cause excessive vegetative growth. In some cases, the inside of the culture medium becomes excessively humid and causes excessive moisture damage. In addition, when water stress is applied to a plant in order to increase the sugar content of the fruit, it is necessary that the water content in the medium is pF 2.0-2.2 or higher, which is maintained by the capillary force acting on the voids in the medium. However, when these media are used, since there is no effective moisture at pF 2.0 to 2.2 or more, it is difficult to keep the plant in the water stress region. Even if extreme water stress is applied and the sugar content of tomato increases, the yield may decrease (the latest manual for hydroponic culture; edited by Japan Institute for Horticultural Science). Besides rock wool, there are peat moss, pearlite, rice husk charcoal, etc., all of which have similar characteristics.
[0007]
As means for solving these problems, it has good water retention between pF1.8 and 2.7, and particles are not easily broken, and has better controllability compared to rock wool, rice husk charcoal, peat moss and the like that are conventionally used. There has been proposed a cultivation method in which a medium made of hard porous particles is charged into a cultivation container provided with an irrigation hose and can be subjected to drip irrigation using a liquid fertilizer mixing machine, which can be subjected to water, liquid fertilizer, etc. ( JP-A-5-176642). When cultivating tomatoes and melons with a high sugar content, it is necessary to maintain a high pF value in the medium in order to apply water stress. For example, when maintaining a pF value of around 2.4, the medium has its water content. It is necessary to hold effective moisture in the region, and it is necessary to control the liquid supply so as to maintain a target pF value by installing a moisture sensor. At that time, the amount of the medium per plant and the amount of water per time are important. In the above drip irrigation cultivation method, the amount of medium and the amount of irrigation are not stipulated, and depending on the amount of irrigation, the water range of pF1.8 to 2.4 is expected to vary greatly, and tomatoes with a relatively high sugar content It is difficult to produce melon and melon stably.
[0008]
In the above-mentioned hydroponics method proposed by the present inventors, the amount of hardly effective water is defined and a medium having a high buffering power is used, but although the buffering power in the difficultly effective water region can be expected, the water in the medium is set to pF3. When controlled in a water range of 2 or more, extremely strong water stress is given to the plant, for example, in the case of tomato, even if a high sugar content tomato can be harvested, the root absorption function, photosynthesis function, etc. It is expected that the yield will be greatly reduced due to the great damage to the physiological function. Therefore, in the actual production scene, even if it is accepted by some producers for the purpose of differentiation due to high sugar content, it is difficult to become a general technique.
Therefore, an object of the present invention is to maintain an appropriate water condition without causing the plant to absorb excessive moisture and destroy the balance between nutrition and reproduction, and stably maintain the water stress condition. It is possible to provide a plant cultivation method by hydroponics that can be stably cultivated without reducing the yield of high-quality fruits such as high sugar content tomatoes as much as possible.
[0009]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
As a result of earnest research for the purpose of achieving the above-described cultivation method by hydroponics, the present inventor has a moderately low effective water content of pF 2.0 or less and pF2. Use a medium with a water retention characteristic with a large effective water content of 0-3.2, set the appropriate volume and height of the medium, and control the supply using a moisture sensor to perform hydroponics Thus, the inventors have found that the above-described object can be achieved and completed the present invention.
That is, the present invention has an effective water content of 250 liter · m in a water range of pF 1.5 to 2.0 (−3 kPa to −9.8 kPa). -3 More than 400 liters / m -3 The effective water content in the water region of pF 2.0 to 3.2 (-9.8 kPa to -155 kPa) is 30 liters · m. -3 It is a plant cultivation method by hydroponic cultivation characterized in that the above medium is in a state isolated from surrounding soil, a plant to be cultivated is planted, and water or liquid fertilizer is supplied for cultivation.
Preferably, according to the present invention, in the above cultivation method, the volume of the medium is 4 liters or more and 6 liters or less per plant, and when installed, the height from the bottom surface of the medium to the top surface is 10 cm or more. It is.
In addition, preferably, in the above cultivation method, the present invention provides a plant that is supplied with water when a moisture sensor is installed in the medium, the irrigation start point is set to pF1.5 or more and 3.2 or less, and the set pF value is reached. The amount of water or liquid fertilizer supplied to one individual is 150 ml or more and 400 ml or less, and is a plant cultivation method for growing fruit vegetables.
Also preferably, in the above cultivation method according to the present invention, a water sensor is installed in the medium, the irrigation start point is set to pF 2.4 or more and 3.2 or less, and the plant is supplied when the set pF value is reached. This is a plant cultivation method for cultivating tomatoes having a sugar content of 5% or more, melons having a sugar content of 10% or more, or strawberries having a sugar content of 6% or more.
Preferably, the present invention is the plant cultivation method according to the above cultivation method, wherein the medium includes water purification plant generating soil in which particles having a particle size of 0.1 mm or less are 5% by volume or more and 50% by volume or less.
More preferably, the present invention is the above-described cultivation method, wherein the medium is a plant cultivation method comprising water purification plant-generated soil, bark compost and peat moss.
[0010]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
In the present invention, the medium used has an effective water content of 250 liter · m in a water range of pF 1.5 to 2.0 (−3 kPa to −9.8 kPa). -3 More than 400 liters / m -3 Below, desirably 300 liters · m -3 350 liters / m or more -3 And an effective moisture content in a moisture range of pF 2.0 to 3.2 (−9.8 kPa to −50 kPa) is 30 liters · m. -3 Or more, preferably 50 liters · m -3 It has the above moisture retention characteristics.
A medium having such moisture retention characteristics is effective moisture at a pF of 1.5 to 2.0 (-3 kPa or more and -9.8 kPa or less) as compared with rock wool or the like conventionally used as a medium for solid medium cultivation. Since the amount is small, the plant absorbs nourishing water excessively due to the excessive liquid supply, and the plant is rarely excessive in vegetative growth. Furthermore, in the thick layered humus black soil, the roots are inhibited by lowering of gas diffusion in the region below pF2 (Agricultural Technology System, soil and rhizosphere p39-45), so a large amount of water below pF2.0 In rock wool that retains, growth inhibition may be caused by excessive moisture. Moreover, since there is much effective water content in the water | moisture-content area | region of pF2.0-3.2, even if it becomes pF2.0 or more by the reduction | decrease of a liquid supply amount, the water | moisture content in a culture medium does not fall rapidly, A plant Are less exposed to extreme water stress. For example, when water-saving cultivation is used to produce high-quality vegetables such as tomatoes with high sugar content, when water is saved using rock wool, rice husk charcoal, etc. Although it is possible to increase the amount of water in the medium when the pF is 2.0 or more, there is a high risk that the plant will be exposed to extreme water stress, and there is an effect of increasing the sugar content to some extent, but the yield is There is a risk of extreme reduction. On the other hand, when the medium used in the present invention is used, the effective water content is high even at a pF of 2.0 or higher, so that the plant does not receive an extreme water stress and stably maintains a water region with a high pF value. It is possible to obtain a tomato having a high sugar content by suppressing the occurrence of buttocks rot as much as possible without significantly reducing the yield.
[0011]
A medium having such moisture retention characteristics is obtained by mixing non-organic materials and organic materials at an appropriate ratio, and sieving, and measuring the moisture retention characteristics of the obtained medium by, for example, a pressure plate method (soil environmental analysis). Method, Hirotomo, pages 54-57). That is, it is maintained in the medium under pressure in the range of pF 1.5 to 2.0 (-3 kPa or more and −9.8 kPa or less) and pF 2.0 to 3.2 (−9.8 kPa or more and −55 kPa or less). The water content is measured to determine the effective water content. The effective water content under each pressure, that is, the effective water content in the water range of pF 1.5 to 2.0 is 250 liters · m. -3 More than 400 liters / m -3 Or less, preferably 300 liters · m -3 350 liters / m or more -3 The effective water content in the water region of pF 2.0 to 3.2 is 30 liters · m. -3 Or more, preferably 50 liters · m -3 It can be obtained by selecting a medium having the above water retention characteristics.
Non-organic materials used here include, for example, soil generated from water purification plants; general soil such as forest soil (red soil, black soil, masa soil, etc.), paddy soil, field soil; inorganic materials such as zeolite, vermiculite, pearlite; Examples include rice bran and carbonized carbonized vegetable material such as food sludge. These non-organic materials may be used alone or in combination of two or more thereof. Examples of the organic material include bark compost, peat moss, coconut shell crushed material, and rice husk. As a preferable example of the non-organic material used for the culture medium of the present invention, there can be mentioned water purification plant-generated soil. The water generated from the water purification plant is preferably a water purification cake obtained by concentrating and dewatering sedimentary mud generated during the water purification process. It is desirable to add polyaluminum chloride or aluminum sulfate as a flocculant, precipitate it, and dehydrate it by limeless treatment, and a water purification plant soil obtained by a pressure method or a dry heat method is preferable. Furthermore, the water generated from the water purification plant passes through a sieve having an opening of 6 mm, and particles having a particle size of 0.1 mm or less are usually 5% by volume or more and 50% by volume or less, preferably 10% by volume or more and 40% by volume or less. It is desirable to have. Alternatively, the soil generated from the water purification plant is preferably granulated by a granulator and a rotary kiln.
When the water purification plant generated soil is used as the non-organic material in the culture medium of the present invention, the water purification plant generated soil may be used alone or in combination with other non-organic materials as necessary. If necessary, it can be mixed with organic materials together with other non-organic materials at an appropriate ratio to obtain a preferable medium of the present invention.
[0012]
Other non-organic materials such as forest soil (red soil, black soil, masa soil, etc.), paddy soil, field soil, etc .; inorganic materials such as zeolite, vermiculite, pearlite; plant matter such as wood fragments, rice husk, food sludge As the carbonized material obtained by carbonizing the material, those normally used for culture media can be used as they are. These non-organic materials usually have a particle size of 10 mm or less, preferably 6 mm or less.
Bark compost, peat moss, coconut shell crushed material, rice husks, and the like used as organic materials can be used as they are for ordinary culture media. These organic materials usually have a particle size of 10 mm or less, preferably 6 mm or less, and those having a structure of usually 20% by volume or more, preferably 60% by volume or more are desirable.
A preferable combination of the culture media used in the present invention includes, for example, a combination of water purification plant-generated soil, bark compost and peat moss, and further coconut shell crushed material and / or rice husk as required. In any case, it is preferable to use the soil generated from the water purification plant as one of the non-organic materials. The mixing ratio of the non-organic material and the organic material is usually 5:95 to 70:30, preferably 30:70 to 60:40 in terms of volume ratio. In the medium used in the present invention, phosphate fertilizer, potash fertilizer, and nitrogen fertilizer that are usually used may be added as necessary, antagonistic microorganisms having antagonistic properties against phytopathogenic fungi may be added, A soil conditioner may be added as necessary to adjust the physical properties.
[0013]
The medium used in the present invention is, for example, packed in a molded container or a cultivation bag and isolated from the surrounding soil. The volume of the medium is 4 liters to 6 liters per plant, preferably Is preferably 4.5 liters or more and 5.5 liters or less. The volume of the culture medium here refers to the volume of the culture medium when the culture medium is packed in, for example, a container or a bag by a usual method and adjusted with the weight of the culture medium without applying pressure or the like. When cultivating a culture medium packed in a bag or container for cultivation, for example, the culture medium is basically suitable for plants because it requires labor for stuffing, transportation, installation, etc. However, other than that, it is desirable that it is lightweight and requires a small capacity. When the culture medium volume is 4 liters or more and 6 liters or less per plant, the culture medium can be reduced in weight to the extent that it does not hinder the installation work or the like without losing the physical buffering power of the culture medium.
[0014]
In the present invention, in order to place the culture medium in a state isolated from the surrounding soil, for example, when the culture medium is packed in a molded container or a cultivation bag, the height from the bottom surface of the culture medium to the top surface is preferably 10 cm or more. At this time, the area occupied by the medium is naturally determined from the above-described capacity of the medium. Most of the water contained in the medium is moved to the bottom by gravity water, and the moisture state in the medium is greatly influenced by the amount and height of the medium. When the medium is supplied at a rate higher than the saturated water volume, the lower the height of the medium, the higher the percentage of the medium that is saturated, and the risk of plants becoming oxygen deficient due to overhumidity. Becomes higher. However, if the height of the culture medium is as high as 10 cm or more, the amount of water that moves downward with gravity water with respect to the culture medium volume increases, that is, the ratio of the culture medium that becomes saturated is reduced. When excessive liquid supply is performed due to increase / decrease in amount or change in weather, the water in the medium is drained immediately and can be maintained in an appropriate water range, and a stable environment for plant growth can be maintained.
[0015]
In the present invention, a moisture sensor is installed in the culture medium, the irrigation starting point is pF1.5 or more and 3.2 or less, preferably pF2.0 or more and 3.0 or less, and the irrigation amount per one plant is 150 ml. By setting it to 400 milliliters or less, fruits and vegetables can be cultivated preferably. As the moisture sensor used here, a tensiometer (soil fertilizer glossary, Nobunkyo, page 60) that can measure the pF value of retained moisture at a certain point in the culture medium using unglazed ceramics for the sensing part can be used. . The installation location of the moisture sensor is in the root region of the plant, and it may be anywhere as long as it is within a range of 5 to 10 cm on a concentric circle from the irrigation position and a depth of 5 to 15 cm. The irrigation start point is set in the range of pF 1.5 or more and 3.2 or less, and by setting the amount of irrigation once to 150 ml or more and 400 ml or less, fruit vegetables can be preferably cultivated. Growth and yield can be adjusted by setting the set pF value and irrigation amount.
To actually carry out the above cultivation method, first irrigate the medium and supply water or liquid fertilizer in a saturated state, then leave without irrigation, and when the pF value reaches the set value Then, a certain amount of water or liquid fertilizer is supplied by irrigation, then left again, and when it reaches the set pF value again, it is irrigated again, and this process is repeated to carry out plant cultivation by hydroponics.
[0016]
In the present invention, in the same manner as described above, in a cultivation system in which a moisture sensor is installed in the culture medium and automatic feeding is performed, the irrigation start point is set to pF 2.4 or more and 3.2 or less, and the irrigation amount per one plant is set. By making it 100 milliliters or more and 300 milliliters or less, preferred cultivation of tomato, melon, and strawberry with high sugar content is enabled. As a feature of the culture medium used in the present invention, since the effective amount of water contained in the moisture range of pF 2.0 to 3.2 is larger than that of conventionally used rock wool, pearlite, rice husk charcoal, etc., a moisture sensor is used and pF2 It is possible to adjust the moisture range of .4 to 3.2, and the amount of liquid supplied when the irrigation start point is reached is constant, so that the set pF value is stably maintained. It is possible. As a result, when cultivating fruit and vegetable vegetables, such as tomatoes, melons, and strawberries, that increase the sugar content in the fruit by moisture stress and can improve the quality, there is an effect of increasing the sugar content in the fruit, and there is a variation in the pF value. Since there are few cases of extremely strong water stress, it is possible to minimize the occurrence of obstacle fruits such as yield loss and buttocks. The sugar content to be increased by such a cultivation method is 5% or more, preferably 6% or more in the case of tomato, 10% or more, preferably 12% or more in the case of melon, 6% or more, preferably 8% in the case of strawberry. That's it. Here, the sugar content refers to the Brix sugar content, which is a unit representing the amount of soluble solids, and means the weight% concentration of a sucrose solution at 20 ° C. having a refractive index equal to the refractive index of the solution.
As a crop that can be applied by the above cultivation method, any plant that can improve quality by moisture stress can be used for fruit vegetables such as melon, strawberry, eggplant, and pepper as well as tomato.
[0017]
In order to actually carry out plant cultivation by hydroponics of the present invention, the medium is isolated from the surrounding soil, the plant to be cultivated is planted, and water or liquid fertilizer is supplied for cultivation. It can be performed by hydroponics. For example, a culture medium used in the present invention is included in a waterproof sheet having a length direction of 100 to 120 cm, and cultivation can be performed by configuring a cultivation floor, and cultivation is performed by filling a culture medium in a waterproof sheet container or bag. Can also be done. The waterproof sheet is preferably made of a material that does not allow water and roots to pass therethrough, and a polyolefin-based (polyethylene, polypropylene) film, a fluorine-based film, a synthetic resin film, a root-proof sheet, a biodegradable plastic film, or the like can be used. Alternatively, a fixed cultivation bed having a wide upper end may be formed of plastic, steel frame, concrete, wood, and the like. A drip and watering type irrigation tube is installed in the cultivation bed thus installed to perform irrigation. When irrigating, either liquid or liquid fertilizer such as a culture solution used for normal plant cultivation may be used.
[0018]
EXAMPLES Next, although this invention is demonstrated further in detail based on an Example, this invention is not restrict | limited at all by these Examples.
[0019]
Example 1
The composition of the medium used in this example is peat moss: bark compost: water purification cake = 30: 25: 45% v / v, and the water purification cake used passes through a sieve with an opening of 6 mm, and its inner particle size is 0. It contained about 30% v / v of particles that were 1 mm or less. This medium has an effective water content of 295 liter · m in a water range of pF 1.5 to 2.0. -3 The effective moisture content in the moisture range of pF 2.0 to 3.2 is 81 liters · m. -3 Water retention characteristics.
(1) Test method
The water retention of the above-described medium of the present invention was compared with other media. The investigation method was performed by the pressure plate method, and the change in volumetric water content from pF 1.5 to 3.2 was investigated. As a comparative example, rock wool granular surface (fine grain) and rice husk charcoal were used. The water retention characteristics of the rock wool granular surface (fine grain) and rice husk charcoal are 612 liters · m in effective water content in the pF 1.5-2.0 moisture region in the case of the rock wool granular surface (fine grain). -3 Thus, the effective moisture content in the moisture range of pF 2.0 to 3.2 is 15 liters · m. -3 In the case of rice husk charcoal, the effective water content in the water range of pF 1.5 to 2.0 is 512 liters · m. -3 Thus, the effective moisture content in the moisture range of pF 2.0 to 3.2 is 25 liters · m. -3 Met.
[0020]
(2) Results
FIG. 1 shows the change in volumetric water content due to the difference in the pF value of the test medium. The volume moisture content of rock wool and rice husk kun charcoal decreased rapidly from pF1.5, and almost no decrease was observed at pF2.0 to 2.4 or more. On the other hand, the culture medium of the present invention rapidly decreased from pF1.5 to 1.8, but continued to decrease gradually at pF1.8 or higher.
From the above, the medium of the present invention has a relatively low effective water content in the water range of pF 2.0 or less compared to other media, but the p It was not maintained for a long time, and it was expected that water would be supplied slowly under dry conditions where the water content in the medium was reduced, and it was revealed that the physical buffering power was high.
[0021]
Example 2
When examining the shape of the culture medium for cultivation, the height of the medium is an important factor most relevant to the movement of the supplied water and the water retention characteristics. In this example, when the medium of the present invention was used as a cultivation medium, an appropriate height was examined.
(1) Test method
In order to avoid plant roots becoming deficient when the medium is excessively supplied, it is desirable that the gas phase rate is secured to 15 to 20% or more. In this experiment, first, the relationship between the water content of the culture medium of the present invention and the gas phase ratio was determined. Furthermore, the following experiment was performed in order to obtain an appropriate height of the culture medium. The tested medium was the same as in Example 1. Cylindrical containers having different heights were set by preparing polyvinyl chloride tubes having an inner diameter of 105 mm and stacking them cut at intervals of 5 cm in length. These containers were filled with the medium of the present invention after a net was attached so that the medium did not leak from the bottom. Next, water was added to saturate, and a cylindrical tube container filled with a medium was placed on a tray in which water was accumulated to a depth of 2 to 3 cm, and left for 24 hours. After 24 hours, the individual containers were taken out of the tray, and the polyvinyl chloride pipes divided at intervals of 5 cm were taken out so that the medium inside would not spill, and the water content of the medium was determined. Processing was set to 10, 15, 20, and 25 cm for the height of the cylindrical tube. The composition of the medium was the same as in Example 1.
[0022]
(2) Results
FIG. 2 shows the relationship between the water content and the gas phase rate of the medium of the present invention. The gas phase rate in the culture medium decreased as the water content increased, and it was confirmed that the water content needs to be 60% or less in order to maintain the gas phase rate of 20% or more.
FIG. 3 shows the relationship between the height of the culture medium and the water content, which were tested using a cylindrical tube. For example, in the case of a medium having a height of 25 cm, the moisture content of each medium at a height of 0 to 5 cm, 5 to 10 cm, 10 to 15 cm, 15 to 20 cm and 20 to 25 cm in the medium is measured and measured. The values are shown in the graph of FIG.
In all the treatment groups, the water content decreased as the culture medium became higher, and the culture medium height was 63 to 65% when the culture medium height was 0 to 5 cm, but it was 60% or less when 5 to 10 cm.
From the above, when using the culture medium of the present invention as a culture medium for cultivation, the height from the bottom surface to the top surface of the culture medium should be 10 cm or more in order to avoid excessive supply and overhumidity. desirable.
[0023]
Example 3
In this example, when the medium of the present invention was used for cultivation, an appropriate medium amount was determined.
(1) Test method
The tomato plant "House Momotaro" was used, and seedlings that were developed on 6 to 7 true leaves were planted in a bag filled with culture medium. . The tested medium was peat moss: bark compost: purified water cake = 30: 20: 50% v / v. Since the water purification cake has a high phosphoric acid absorption coefficient, in order to avoid deficiency of phosphoric acid at the early stage of growth, a phosphoric acid fertilizer is used in which 2000 mg equivalent of phosphoric acid is added to 1 liter of cake in advance, A sample that passed through a sieve having an opening of 6 mm was used. Phosphoric fertilizer used Linstar 30 (Linster is produced by reacting a phosphoric acid solution with a basic substance such as mashed lime. The pH is about 6.0, and the main components are mono- and di-lime phosphates. , Phosphoric acid one or two bitumen, etc., guarantees both soluble and water-soluble phosphoric acid and bitter soil, because of the fine crystals, it has a feature that there are more parts to dissolve in organic acids than quasi-soluble phosphoric acid, Because of this, phosphoric acid is easy to elute, so it is fast-acting, has long-lasting fertilization, and can be used with other fertilizers, making it suitable for many soils). This medium has an effective water content of 271 liter · m in a water range of pF 1.5 to 2.0. -3 The effective water content in the water range of pF 2.0 to 3.2 is 66 liters · m. -3 Water retention characteristics.
The feeding method is controlled by placing a tensiometer (ceramic moisture sensor: manufactured by Fujiwara Seisakusho) in the culture medium so that the sensing part is 10 cm deep, and using pF2.6 as the starting point for irrigation. Was set so that about 10% of the irrigation amount was discharged out of the bag. The medium volume is set to 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 liters per strain by changing the capacity of the bag in which the medium is packed, and the medium height is set to 15-20 cm for each treatment. The shape was adjusted so that The survey measured Brix sugar content as an index of tomato yield and quality.
[0024]
(2) Results
Table 1 shows the effect of medium volume differences on tomato yield, quality, and rate of damage. Tomato yield increased with increasing medium volume and was extremely low at 2 and 3 liters. The sugar content was negatively correlated with the yield, and it was 6.5% or more when the medium volume was 6 liters or more, whereas it was as low as 5.0% or less at 7 and 8 liters. Here, the Brix sugar content is a unit representing the amount of soluble solids, and means the weight% concentration of a sucrose solution at 20 ° C. having a refractive index equal to the refractive index of the solution. The incidence of buttocks rot increased as the amount of medium decreased, and was particularly high at 35% or more at 2 and 3 liters.
From the above, it is desirable that the culture medium of the present invention is 4 liters or more and 6 liters or less per strain in order to obtain high fruit quality and a stable harvest.
[0025]
[Table 1]
[0026]
Example 4
In this example, tomatoes, melons, and strawberries were actually cultivated, and changes in the pF value in the medium during the cultivation period were investigated, as well as the yield and quality of each crop.
(1) Test method
Regarding the test varieties, “House Momotaro” for tomato, “Amus” for melon, and “Nyoho” for strawberry were used. Two seedlings at a suitable time for planting were planted in a 10-liter cultivation bag containing each test medium.
The composition of the test medium was peat moss: rice husk compost: purified water cake = 30: 30: 40% v / v, and the purified water cake was granulated using a granulator and a rotary kiln, and sieved with an opening of 6 mm. The one that passed through was used.
Regarding the cultivation method, tomatoes were adjusted to 4 fruits per fruit cluster and cultivated to 5 fruit fruit bunches, and melon was one fruit per fruit, and the best side branch was selected from 12 to 15 nodes and allowed to reach fruit. Strawberries were also cultivated according to a conventional method. The repetition was 10 strains in 1 ward. The irrigation method is a drip method, and a tensiometer (ceramic moisture sensor: manufactured by Fujiwara Seisakusho) is installed in the medium so that the sensing part is 10 cm deep, and pF2.6 is used as a starting point for irrigation once. The irrigation amount was 200 ml and automatic liquid supply was performed. The survey monitored changes in the pF value in the medium during the cultivation period using a TDR moisture meter, and for plants, we investigated Brix sugar content, the incidence of rot rot and physiological malformation as an index of yield and quality, and the incidence of malformed fruits. .
[0027]
(2) Results
Table 2 shows the effective water content in pF1.5-2.0 and 2.0-3.2. In pF1.5-2.0, this example is lower than other treatment sections, 500 liter · m -3 The other treatment zones are 10 liters · m at pF 2.0 to 3.2. -3 In contrast to the following, in this embodiment, 40 liters · m -3 That was all.
FIG. 4 shows the daily change of the pF value of each test medium during the cultivation period. In this example, the fluctuation of the pF value was small compared to the other processing sections, and the value was close to the set pF value. On the other hand, the comparative example had a large variation. The pF value in FIG. 4 is obtained by calculating the volumetric water content and the pF value in the test medium and using the TDR method (Agricultural Technology University, Hen, Vol. 7, Rose, pages 509-512). (The TDR method is a measuring instrument for measuring the volumetric water content of soil, etc. using electrical conductivity. TDR (Time Using a Domain Reflectometry moisture meter, a probe (stainless steel rod) can be embedded in the culture medium to enable continuous measurement without disturbing the culture environment.This sensor measures the volumetric water content around the probe. Therefore, it is possible to measure even the low moisture content area that cannot be measured with a tensiometer).
Table 3 shows the cultivation results of tomatoes. In the tomato, although the yield of this example was slightly lower than that of the comparative example, the Brix was clearly high, and a high quality product was obtained. Regarding the occurrence rate of physiological injury, in this example, some buttocks rot occurred, but it was the smallest in the treatment section. Further, the incidence of deformed fruits including hollow fruits was hardly observed in this example, and was clearly lower than that in other districts.
Table 4 shows the cultivation results of melon. In the case of melon, the fruit weight of the example was slightly lower than that of the comparative example, but excellent fruit was obtained in all sections. On the other hand, the Brix sugar content was 3 to 4% higher than the comparative example, and a high quality was obtained.
Table 4 shows the cultivation results of strawberries, and the strawberries also had the same tendency as tomatoes and melons.
From the above, in this example, the pF value can be stably maintained as compared with the conventional medium, and as a result, the burden on the plant due to fluctuations in dry and wet conditions can be reduced as much as possible, so a high-quality tomato with a high Brix value It was clarified that it can be obtained without reducing the yield.
[0028]
[Table 2]
[0029]
[Table 3]
[0030]
[Table 4]
[0031]
[Table 5]
[0032]
Example 5
In this example, in tomato cultivation using the culture medium of the present invention as a culture medium for bag culture, when irrigation is controlled using a moisture sensor, the difference in irrigation amount per time is the pF value in the medium during the cultivation period. And the effects on tomato yield and quality were investigated.
(1) Test method
The control program is shown below.
When the irrigation start point is set and the water sensor installed in the culture medium reaches the set irrigation start point, a signal is transmitted to the electromagnetic valve, and irrigation is started. At that time, the amount of liquid supply is controlled by a flow meter. Specifically, if a flow meter that transmits a pulse signal is used and the flow rate per pulse transmitted is grasped, the pulse signal is sent to the counter, the flow rate is set according to the number of counters, and the set counter number is reached. At that time, a signal is sent to close the solenoid valve. Therefore, in order to change the amount of irrigation per time, it can be controlled by changing the number of counters.
The irrigation method was a drip method, and a tensiometer (ceramic moisture sensor: manufactured by Fujiwara Seisakusho Co., Ltd.) was installed in the medium so that the sensing part had a depth of 10 cm, and pF2.6 was used as the irrigation start point. The amount of irrigation per time was 50, 100, 150, 300, 450, 600 ml, and automatic irrigation was performed.
The test varieties are tomato “House Momotaro”. After cotyledon development, the plants are raised in pots filled with cultivated soil for cultivation, and individual test media are wrapped in plastic film sheets when 5 to 6 true leaves are deployed. The plants were planted on a bed so that the distance between the plants was 40 cm. The test medium used was granulated in the same manner as in Example 4, and was mixed with peat moss at a ratio of 1: 1. The amount of each medium was 6 liters per tomato strain. It adjusted to 4 fruits per fruit bunch and was cultivated to a 5-stage fruit bunch. The repetition was 10 strains in 1 ward.
The survey monitored changes in the pF value in the culture medium during the cultivation period, and the plants were examined for Brix sugar content, assaulty rot, which is a physiological disorder, and the incidence of malformed fruits as indicators of yield and quality.
[0033]
(2) Results
FIG. 5 shows the daily change of the pF value during the cultivation period. This pF value was obtained by converting the volumetric water content obtained by measurement by the TDR method into a pF value, as in Example 4. The irrigation amount was relatively small up to 300 milliliters, and remained around the set pF2.6. On the other hand, at 450 and 600 milliliters, the pF value suddenly decreased due to irrigation and then gradually increased.
Table 6 shows the yield, quality and failure rate of each treatment area. The yield was the smallest at 50 ml, and increased with increasing irrigation up to 300 ml, and no increase was seen at 450 ml or more. The sugar content was highest at 50 milliliters, and gradually decreased with an increase in the amount of irrigation, and it became 5.0% or less at 450 and 600 milliliters.
As for the occurrence rate of obstacle fruits, rot rot fruits occurred most frequently at 50 ml and decreased as the amount of irrigation increased. In addition, the occurrence rate of deformed fruits such as hollow fruits was 10% or less when the irrigation amount was 100 to 300 ml, and was high at 50, 450, and 600 ml.
From the above, in the cultivation in which the culture medium of the present invention is used as a cultivation medium and automatic irrigation control is performed with a moisture sensor, the irrigation amount per one plant is set to 100 ml or more and 300 ml or less for high quality. It has become clear that the vegetables can be cultivated stably.
[0034]
[Table 6]
[0035]
Example 6
In this example, when water purification plant generated soil was used as the test medium, the effect of the particle size of the water purification plant generated soil on the effective water content of the medium was investigated.
(1) Test method
As the test medium, water purification plant generated soil, peat moss and bark compost were used and mixed at a ratio of water purification plant generated soil: peat moss: bark compost = 50: 30: 20% v / v. The tested water purification plant generated soil was precipitated by adding a flocculant and was generated by pressure dehydration, and a 6 mm sieve was used. The treatment further adjusts the particle size of the water purification plant generated soil, and the water purification plant generated soil having a particle size of 0.1 mm or less is 0, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 with respect to the entire water purification plant generated soil. , 60, 70% v / v were mixed in 9 treatments. In the investigation, the effective water content of the test medium was investigated by the pressure plate method.
(2) Results
The results are shown in Table 7. As is clear from Table 7, the effective water content at pF 1.5 to 2.0 decreases as the mixing ratio of the water generated at the water purification plant increases, and when the mixing ratio is 60% and 70%, it is 200 liters / m. -3 It became the following. In pF2.0-3.2, the mixing ratio was as low as 15% at 0%, and gradually increased as the mixing ratio increased.
[0036]
[Table 7]
[0037]
Example 7
In this example, peat moss having a high effective water content in a water region of pF 2.0 or less and a granulated product of water purification plant generated soil having a high effective water content of pF 2.0 or more are used, and the mixing ratio thereof is changed. We investigated the effect on the characteristics of the effective water content, and further cultivated tomatoes using these as the cultivation medium, and investigated the effects on growth, quality, and rate of occurrence of damaged fruits.
(1) Test method
The granulated material was obtained by granulating the water generated at the water purification plant by a known method using a granulator and a rotary kiln and passing through a sieve having an opening of 6 mm. The treatment was made at a ratio of peat moss: granulated product = 10: 0, 8: 2, 6: 4, 4: 6, 2: 8, 10: 0% v / v. Each processing section is as shown in Table 8. The pressure plate method was used for the investigation, and the effective water content of the test medium at pF 1.5 to 2.0 and pF 2.0 to 3.2 was examined.
Further, the test medium was packed in a cultivation bag, planted with tomatoes, and cultivated using a liquid feeder. The amount of medium was 5 liters per strain. The liquid supply management was performed by timer control, the liquid supply time was the same in all the treatment sections, and the liquid supply amount was set such that about 10% of the liquid supply amount was discharged with respect to each processing medium. The Otsuka prescription was used as the culture solution. Cultivation was carried out by leaving two leaves on the upper five-stage fruit bunches, and aligned with four berries per fruit bunches.
The survey examined Brix sugar content as an index of tomato yield and quality, the incidence of rot rot and teratocarpus, which are obstacles.
[0038]
[Table 8]
[0039]
(2) Results
Table 9 shows the effective water content of the medium in each treatment group. As apparent from Table 9, the effective water content at pF 1.5 to 2.0 gradually decreased as the proportion of the granulated product increased, and a tendency to increase at pF 2.0 to 3.2 was observed.
The results of the cultivation test are shown in Table 10. As apparent from Table 10, the yield decreased as the proportion of the granulated product increased, and the Brix sugar content tended to increase conversely. The incidence of buttocks rots increased with the increase in granulated material, and in
From the above, since the effective moisture content of pF1.5-2.0 decreases with the increase of the granulated material, it became easy to receive a water stress and resulted in a decrease in yield. Although the yield was the highest with only peat moss, the sugar content was low, and excessive nutrients were absorbed, leading to frequent malformations. For this reason, it is possible to obtain a high-quality tomato with a high sugar content by adding a granulated product to a medium having a high effective water content of pF 1.5 to 2.0 such as peat moss. If the ratio is 80% or more, water becomes extremely insufficient, resulting in frequent buttocks. Therefore, in order to stably obtain high-quality tomatoes, it is desirable that the granulated product is 20% or more and 60% or less with respect to peat moss.
[0040]
[Table 9]
[0041]
[Table 10]
[0042]
【The invention's effect】
From the above results, the present invention is characterized by the culture medium used in the cultivation system that grows plants by giving water or liquid fertilizer using a container or bag isolated from the soil, compared with the materials conventionally used Because of the reasonably low pF2.0 or less effective water content and pF2.0 to 3.2 effective water content, the plant absorbs excessive water and balances nutrition and reproductive growth. An appropriate moisture condition can be maintained without breaking. In addition, by setting the appropriate volume and height of the medium and controlling the liquid supply using a moisture sensor, it is possible to make manual cultivation of fruits and vegetables, especially impossible with conventional medium materials. Therefore, it is possible to stably maintain a high water stress condition without reducing the yield of high-quality fruits such as high sugar content tomatoes as much as possible.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is a graph showing changes in volumetric water content due to differences in pF values of various media.
FIG. 2 is a graph showing the relationship between the water content and the gas phase rate in the medium used in the present invention.
FIG. 3 is a graph showing the influence of the difference in the height of the medium used in the present invention on the moisture content of the medium.
FIG. 4 is a graph showing changes in pF values of various media.
FIG. 5 is a graph showing changes in pF values of various media.
Claims (6)
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| JP4982823B2 (en) * | 2006-08-18 | 2012-07-25 | 長崎県 | Water management method in fruit cultivation |
| JP2009002083A (en) * | 2007-06-22 | 2009-01-08 | Chubu Electric Power Co Inc | Slope vegetation protection method and slope vegetation protection structure |
| JP5951952B2 (en) * | 2011-10-05 | 2016-07-13 | 東洋ゴム工業株式会社 | Water retention aggregate |
| JP6043975B2 (en) * | 2012-05-11 | 2016-12-14 | ヒノン農業株式会社 | Melon flavor improvement method |
| EP2939525A4 (en) * | 2012-12-28 | 2016-08-17 | Toyo Tire & Rubber Co | ARTIFICIAL SOIL AGGREGATES AND ARTIFICIAL SOIL SUBSTRATE |
| JP2016116484A (en) * | 2014-12-22 | 2016-06-30 | 住友林業株式会社 | Cultivation method using solid culture medium |
| JP6807728B2 (en) * | 2016-12-21 | 2021-01-06 | ヤンマーグリーンシステム株式会社 | Cultivation method and cultivation equipment |
| CN117561944A (en) * | 2023-12-28 | 2024-02-20 | 深业农科装备技术(深圳)有限公司 | Application of a kind of cherry radish |
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| JPS62108132A (en) * | 1985-11-06 | 1987-05-19 | Shinji Kasai | Apparatus for automatic measurement and recording of moisture in soil and material substitutive for soil and for irrigation |
| JPH0724507B2 (en) * | 1986-03-31 | 1995-03-22 | ソニー株式会社 | How the root system is formed |
| JP2528555B2 (en) * | 1991-01-25 | 1996-08-28 | 矢崎総業株式会社 | Irrigation control method and apparatus |
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