JP3991242B2 - High strength shotcrete - Google Patents

High strength shotcrete Download PDF

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Publication number
JP3991242B2
JP3991242B2 JP17431897A JP17431897A JP3991242B2 JP 3991242 B2 JP3991242 B2 JP 3991242B2 JP 17431897 A JP17431897 A JP 17431897A JP 17431897 A JP17431897 A JP 17431897A JP 3991242 B2 JP3991242 B2 JP 3991242B2
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Prior art keywords
cement
weight
quick setting
setting agent
strength
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JPH1121158A (en
Inventor
隆 栩木
洋二 小川
盛男 山本
渡 結城
直志 園田
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Obayashi Corp
Taiheiyo Cement Corp
Taiheiyo Materials Corp
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Obayashi Corp
Taiheiyo Cement Corp
Taiheiyo Materials Corp
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    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04BLIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B28/00Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements
    • C04B28/02Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements containing hydraulic cements other than calcium sulfates
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04BLIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B40/00Processes, in general, for influencing or modifying the properties of mortars, concrete or artificial stone compositions, e.g. their setting or hardening ability
    • C04B40/0028Aspects relating to the mixing step of the mortar preparation
    • C04B40/0039Premixtures of ingredients
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04BLIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B7/00Hydraulic cements
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04BLIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B2103/00Function or property of ingredients for mortars, concrete or artificial stone
    • C04B2103/10Accelerators; Activators
    • C04B2103/12Set accelerators
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04BLIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B2111/00Mortars, concrete or artificial stone or mixtures to prepare them, characterised by specific function, property or use
    • C04B2111/00034Physico-chemical characteristics of the mixtures
    • C04B2111/00146Sprayable or pumpable mixtures
    • C04B2111/00155Sprayable, i.e. concrete-like, materials able to be shaped by spraying instead of by casting, e.g. gunite

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Curing Cements, Concrete, And Artificial Stone (AREA)

Description

【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は、高強度吹付けコンクリートに関するものであり、さらに詳しくは、実用上十分な流動性を有し、急結剤の添加量が少量であっても良好な急結性を示し、しかも高い初期強度および長期強度を有する高強度吹付けコンクリートに関するものである。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
地山壁面やトンネルなどの施工面に、型枠を用いずにコンクリートを直接吹き付け、施工面を強化する吹付け工法は従来から幅広く行われている。
従来の吹付け工法としては、セメント、細骨材、粗骨材および急結剤をあらかじめ混合し、吹付けノズルに運搬し、吹付け直前にノズルに水を加える方法、すなわち乾式吹付け工法や、セメント、細骨材、粗骨材および水を混練して生コンクリートを製造した後、急結剤をノズル手前で添加する方法、いわゆる湿式吹付け工法等が知られている(例えば特開昭61−92263号公報など)。
【0003】
従来の吹付けコンクリートは、コンクリート強度が材齢28日で25N/mm2程度であるので、例えば施工面が3車線の大断面トンネル等である場合は、吹付けコンクリート層を厚くする必要がある。このため大容量の吹付け装置の開発が必要であり、工期が長期化する恐れもある。また、当然トンネルの掘削量も吹付けコンクリート層の厚さの増大にともない増加し、残土の処理も問題となる。
【0004】
したがって吹付けコンクリートの強度を高めれば、上記問題の解決が期待できる。
しかしながら、吹付けコンクリートを高強度にするためには、通常の普通ポルトランドセメントを用いた場合、水セメント比を低くする必要があり、これによりコンクリートの粘性が著しく高くなるという欠点がある。流動性が低くなることにより、例えば混合機までホンプ圧送が困難になる等、実用上問題がある。また、掘削された大断面の地山のゆるみを早期に抑えるために必要な初期強度が得られないという欠点もある。
【0005】
これらの課題を解決するために、フライアッシュやシリカフューム等の微粉末混和材を普通ポルトランドセメントに添加してポンプ圧送性を改善する方法や、吹き付けたコンクリートが早期に強度発現する特殊な急結剤等が開発されてきている(日本道路公団資料:新しい高強度吹付けコンクリートの開発:平成9年1月)。
【0006】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
しかしながら、フライアッシュやシリカフュームは産業副産物であり、品種銘柄や生産時期によってアルカリ、強熱減量および湿分等の品質が安定せず、流動性増強効果にばらつきが生じる等の品質管理上の問題や、シリカフュームは国内および海外での産出量が少なく、さらに高価であることから利用上の制限が生じるなどの問題がある。
また、高強度化するために微粉末混和材の量がかなり多くなるため、通常の生コンクリート製造において用いられる練混ぜ方法では、コンクリートが十分に均一化されない欠点もある。また現場プラントで吹付けコンクリートを製造する場合においては、微粉末混和材の供給設備等を新たに増設する必要が生じるなど問題が多い。
【0007】
吹付けコンクリートの初期強度の発現性を向上させる特殊な急結剤は、その性能を発揮させるためには添加量を多く必要とする。そのためポンプ圧送されてきたコンクリートと混合部で均一に混ざりきらずに吹き付けられる可能性があり、品質が偏在化する懸念や、急結剤の使用量が多いため急結剤タンクに材料を装填する頻度が多くなり作業の手間がかかることが予想される。このようなことから、均一な高強度吹付けコンクリートを大容量で連続的に吹き付けするには、従来の技術の方法では不向きである。
【0008】
したがって本発明の目的は、実用上十分な流動性を有し、急結剤の添加量が少量であっても良好な急結性を示し、しかも高い初期強度および長期強度を有する高強度吹付けコンクリートを提供することにある。
【0009】
【課題を解決するための手段】
本発明者らは、かかる実情に鑑み鋭意研究を行った結果、特定の組成を有するセメントと、特定の組成を有する急結剤とを組み合わせ、さらにセメント、水、細骨材および粗骨材の単位量をある範囲に特定することにより、上記の課題を解決する高強度吹付けコンクリートが得られることを見出し、本発明を完成することができた。
【0010】
すなわち本発明は、セメント、細骨材、粗骨材、急結剤および分散剤を配合してなる高強度吹付けコンクリートにおいて、
前記セメントの単位量が400〜600kg/m3、水の単位量が175〜220kg/m3、前記細骨材の単位量が700〜1200kg/m3、前記粗骨材の単位量が600〜1100kg/m3であり、セメントとして下記のセメントを用い、前記急結剤として下記の急結剤を用い、且つ前記急結剤を前記セメントに対し、3.04.5重量%の割合で添加することを特徴とする高強度吹付けコンクリートを提供するものである。
セメント:3CaO・SiO2含有量が45〜75重量%、3CaO・Al23含有量が6〜12重量%、硫酸アルカリをNa2O換算で0.4〜0.7重量%、残部が主として2CaO・SiO2、4CaO・Al23・Fe23からなるクリンカー粉末に、不溶性無水石膏を30%以上含む石膏をSO3換算で2.5〜4.0重量%配合してなるブレーン比表面積が3200〜4700cm2/gであるセメント。
急結剤:次の(A)および(B)成分を混合してなるセメント用急硬性促進剤
(A) 1400℃未満の温度で焼成され、CaOが53〜70重量%、Na2Oが5〜20重量%、Al23が20〜40重量%の化学組成を有し、8CaO・Na2O・3Al23を50重量%以上含むNa2O−CaO−Al23系組成物:100重量部
(B) アルミン酸アルカリ、炭酸アルカリ、石灰、石膏および水酸化アルミニウムから選ばれる無機塩類:50〜200重量部
【0011】
【発明の実施の形態】
以下、本発明をさらに詳細に説明する。
まず、本発明の高強度吹付けコンクリートに用いられるセメントについて説明する。
本発明で用いるセメントは、水セメント比(以下W/Cと略記する)が低くても高いコンクリートの流動性を得るために、セメントの構成材料の比率を上記の如く調節したものである。
一般に、流動性の高いコンクリートを得るためには、界面活性剤系の高性能減水剤、高性能AE減水剤やその他の分散剤を添加し、その静電反発力および吸着層の立体障害反発力によってセメント粒子を分散させる方法が用いられている。
しかしながら、これら分散剤等は、セメント構成化合物中の3CaO・Al23(以下C3Aと略記する)および4CaO・Al23・Fe23(以下C4AFと略記する)へ選択的かつ多量に吸着するため、これらを多量に含むセメントに用いても、低W/Cで高流動性を得るのは困難である。一方、市販の急結剤は一般的にアルカリ含有量がセメントよりも高く、このアルカリの影響によってC3Aの水和による強度発現が低下する。この影響は、低W/Cのようにセメントや急結剤に対する水の比率が小さい場合に顕著になる。このため、セメント自体の急結性を高める必要がある。
本発明者らの検討の結果、分散剤の効果が低下せず、しかも水和による十分な強度発現が得られるC3Aの含有率は、クリンカー粉末中6〜12重量%であることが判った。C3Aのクリンカー粉末中での含有率は、好ましくは6〜10重量%であり、とくに好ましくは8〜10重量%である。
【0012】
また、3CaO・SiO2(以下C3Sと略記する)にも、セメント自体の急結性を高める効果が期待されるため、そのクリンカー粉末中の含有率は、45〜75重量%であり、好ましくは50〜75重量%、とくに好ましくは60〜70重量%である。
【0013】
本発明では、クリンカー粉末中に硫酸アルカリがNa2O換算で0.4〜0.7重量%含まれていなければならない。これは次の理由による。
3AおよびC4AFへの分散剤の選択的な吸着は、硫酸塩の影響を受け、セメントペーストの液相中にSO4 2-イオンが存在すると、これと競争吸着を生じ、C3AおよびC4AFへの分散剤の吸着が抑制される。したがって、適量の硫酸塩を添加することにより、C3AおよびC4AFへの分散剤の吸着が抑制されるため、低W/Cでのコンクリートの高流動化が可能となる。
セメント中の硫酸塩には主として2種類あり、クリンカー中に存在するNa2SO4、K2SO4および3K2SO4・Na2SO4等の硫酸アルカリと、粉砕工程中で凝結調整用に添加する硫酸カルシウム(以下石膏と呼ぶ)とがあり、前者は接水直後に溶解してSO4 2-を供給し、後者は比較的に溶解速度が遅い。そして、上記の硫酸アルカリは、コンクリート中の比較的溶解速度の大きいC3AやC4AFと比較しても、なお溶解速度が大きく、セメントが接水した直後で十分に溶解・水和をしていない状態において分散剤との競争吸着を大きく支配する。すなわち、硫酸アルカリが少ないと、セメントペーストの液相中のSO4 2-が少なく、C3AやC4AFへの分散剤の吸着が多くなって流動性が低下する。一方、硫酸アルカリが多すぎると、セメントペーストの液相中のアルカリイオン濃度が高くなりすぎて、静電反発力が消失してしまうため流動性が低下する。したがって、高い流動性が確保できる硫酸アルカリ量には適当な範囲があり、ASTM C−114に規定された水溶性アルカリで示すと、0.4〜0.7重量%(クリンカー粉末中、Na2O換算)となり、好ましくは0.45〜0.65重量%、特に好ましくは0.5〜0.6重量%である。
【0014】
クリンカー粉末中の残部は、主として2Ca0・SiO2(以下、C2Sという)およびC4AFである。
【0015】
本発明では、上記クリンカー粉末に石膏を加える。石膏はクリンカー中のC3AおよびC4AFと比較して溶解速度は小さく、接水直後の分散剤の吸着にはあまり寄与しないが、接水から1〜2分後のC3AおよびC4AFの急激な水和反応を抑制し、C3AおよびC4AFの水和反応生成物への分散剤の吸着を抑制する。添加する石膏は、その形態として無水塩、半水塩および二水塩からなるものが挙げられるが、不溶性無水石膏を30重量%以上含む石膏を添加することが、高い流動性が得られる点で望ましい。一方、添加量が多すぎると、CaSO4・2H2O水和物が析出し、セメント粒子が凝集して流動性が低下してしまう。そのため石膏の添加量としては、SO3換算で2.5〜4.0重量%、好ましくは2.6〜3.8重量%、特に好ましくは2.7〜3.5重量%とすることが高い流動性を得る点で望ましい。
【0016】
また、本発明で使用されるセメントは、ブレーン比表面積が3200〜4700cm2/g、好ましくは3900〜4300cm2/gであるのがよい。
ブレーン比表面積が3200cm2/g未満ではペーストの粘度が低くモルタルと粗骨材が材料分離し、逆に4700cm2/gを超えるとペーストの粘度が著しく増大しコンクリートの流動性が低下し好ましくない。
【0017】
本発明に用いる分散剤は、低いW/Cで塑性粘度が適度に大きい領域で、セメント粒子を分散させてセメントペーストの降伏値を小さくして、流動性を確保することにより、セメントペーストと細骨材またはモルタルと粗骨材の分離を防止しつつ、高流動性を確保する目的で使用するものである。その組成は、セメント粒子を分散させるものならば特に限定されるものではなく、例えば、市販の界面活性剤系の高性能減水剤や、空気巻き込み型の高性能AE減水剤等を使用することができる。
なお、強度発現性は高性能AE減水剤の種類によって異なり、変性リグニン、アルキルアリルスルホン酸塩と活性持続ポリマーからなるナフタレン系の方がポリカルボン酸系より材齢28日までの強度に優れるため、早期に強度を発現させる場合は、ナフタレン系の高性能AE減水剤を使用するのが望ましい。
分散剤の配合割合は、セメントに対して0.01〜3重量%、好ましくは0.1〜2重量%がよい。
【0018】
本発明で用いる急結剤は、上記セメントを用いたコンクリートの凝結・硬化を著しく促進させ、しかも高い初期強度および長期強度発現が期待できるように急結剤の構成材料を上記の如く調整したものである。
急結剤はその主成分で分類すると、アルミン酸アルカリ塩、炭酸アルカリ塩等を主成分とする無機塩系のものと、天然鉱物を主原料とする鉱物系に分類される。鉱物系のものは、一般に主成分であるカルシウムアルミネート(CaO−Al23)によって、エトリンガイトの急激な発生と、セメント中のC3S、C2Sの水和を促進することによって急結性を得る。成分として石膏を含まないものは、カルシウムアルミネート系急結剤であり、石膏成分を含むものはカルシウムサルホアルミネート系急剤として区分され、後者のほうが一般的に長期強度発現性に優れている。
一般に、普通セメントを用いて低W/Cとしたコンクリートの凝結・硬化を促進させて高強度吹付けコンクリートを得ようとした場合、急結剤としては、カルシウムサルホアルミネート系急結剤が推奨されている。この理由は、初期および長期において高い強度を得るためであるが、カルシウムサルホアルミネート系急結剤の場合、初期強度を高めるためにはAl23成分の働きを高めるために多量に使用せざるを得なくなる。したがって、従来の高強度吹付けコンクリートの処方では、急結剤の添加量を少なくすることは困難である。
一方、本発明で用いる急結剤は、CaOが53〜70重量%、Na2Oが5〜20重量%、Al23が20〜40重量%の化学組成を有し、8CaO・Na2O・3Al23(以下C8NA3という)を50重量%以上含むNa2O−CaO−Al23系組成物と、アルミン酸アルカリ、炭酸アルカリ、石灰、石膏および水酸化アルミニウムから選ばれる無機塩類を混合してなるもので、前記組成物100重量部に対し、無機塩類を50〜200重量部が添加される。この本発明で用いる急結剤は、カルシウムアルミネート系急結剤に属し、すでに知られているものである(特開平9−86987号公報)。
本発明においては、セメントを特定の組成にしてセメント自体に高い急結性を持たせ、また特定の急結剤をそこに添加することで、両者の相乗効果が発揮され、急結剤の添加が少量であっても高い初期強度と長期強度発現性が得られることが判った。ここに本発明の一つの特徴がある。
本発明で用いる急結剤の添加量は、セメント自体がもつ高い急結性を促進させつつ長期強度の発現を阻害させない適当な範囲であり、コンクリート中のセメント重量に対して3.0〜4.5重量%である。
【0019】
さらに本発明においては、セメント、水、細骨材および粗骨材の単位量をある範囲に特定することが必要である。すなわち、セメントの単位量が400〜600kg/m3、水の単位量が175〜220kg/m3、細骨材の単位量が700〜1200kg/m3、粗骨材の単位量が600〜1100kg/m3である。
上記範囲により、本発明の効果が一層高まる。
【0020】
上記のように本発明では、特定の組成を有するセメントと、特定の組成を有する急結剤とを組み合わせ、さらにセメント、水、細骨材および粗骨材の単位量をある範囲に特定するしたため、実用上十分な流動性を有し、急結剤の添加量が少量であっても良好な急結性を示し、しかも高い初期強度および長期強度を有する高強度吹付けコンクリートを提供することができる。
【0021】
【実施例】
以下本発明を実施例および比較例によりさらに説明するが、本発明は、これらの例に限定されるものではない。
【0022】
(各種セメントの調製)
クリンカーの構成化合物が異なる6種類のセメントを試製し、それぞれのセメントについてJIS R5201に準じたフロー試験を実施した。各セメントの構成化合物の割合とフロー値の試験結果を表1に示す。
表1中、本発明に必要な組成を有するセメントはP−1である。
【0023】
【表1】

Figure 0003991242
【0024】
(実施例1〜2)
セメントとしては、上記で調製したP−1を用いた。
急結剤としては、カルシウムアルミネート系急結剤(カルシウムアルミネート系、商品名T−ROCK、(株)小野田製)を用いた。この急結剤の組成を表2に示す。
【0025】
【表2】
Figure 0003991242
【0026】
下記表3で示すベースコンクリートおよび急結剤の配合により、吹付けコンクリートを調製し、その初期強度および長期強度を測定した。なお、吹付けの際のコンクリートの温度を、約20℃または約30℃になるようにした。
得られた結果を表4に示す。
吹付けコンクリートの材齢1日(24h)までの初期強度は、土木学会基準JSCE−G561に準じてプルアウト試験により行い、材齢7および28日強度は、作製したコンクリートパネルよりコア供試体(φ45mm、長さ90mm)を切り出して圧縮強度試験を行った。吹付けコンクリートの供試体の作り方およびコアの切り出し方法は、JSCE−F561およびJIS A1107に準じた。
【0027】
また、細骨材としては陸砂、比重2.64、粗粒率2.69を用い、粗骨材としては6号砕石、比重2.66を用い、分散剤としてはポリカルボン酸系高性能AE減水剤を用いた。
【0028】
(比較例1〜2)
セメントとして市販の普通ポルトランドセメントを用い、急結剤としてカルシウムアルミネート系急結剤またはカルシウムサルホアルミネート系急結剤を用いた従来の高強度吹付けコンクリートを使用して、実施例の結果と比較した。なお、比較例に用いた試験データは、平成9年1月に日本道路公団によって公表された資料「新しい高強度吹付けコンクリート開発」から抜粋した。
コンクリートの配合組成および結果をそれぞれ表3および表4に示す。
なお、比較例で用いた細骨材は砕砂、比重2.68であり、粗骨材は砂利(最大寸法8mm)、比重2.61であり、分散剤はカルボン酸系高分子化合物であり、急結剤はカルシウムアルミネート系、商品名デンカナトミックType−5または、カルシウムサルホアルミネート系、商品名デンカナトミックType−10(いずれも電気化学工業(株))である。
【0029】
【表3】
Figure 0003991242
【0030】
【表4】
Figure 0003991242
【0031】
表3より、実施例1および2は、コンクリート温度が20℃前後の通常期から30℃前後の暑中期のいずれにおいても、比較例よりも少ない急結剤添加量で施工面に吹き付けが可能であり、また、表4より、高強度吹付けコンクリートの設計基準強度を十分満足する高い初期強度と長期強度が得られている。
【0032】
【発明の効果】
本発明によれば、特定の組成を有するセメントと、特定の組成を有する急結剤とを組み合わせ、さらにセメント、水、細骨材および粗骨材の単位量をある範囲に特定したため、実用上十分な流動性を有し、急結剤の添加量が少量であっても良好な急結性を示し、しかも高い初期強度および長期強度を有する高強度吹付けコンクリートを提供することができる。[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to high-strength shotcrete. More specifically, the present invention has practically sufficient fluidity, exhibits good quick setting even if the addition amount of the quick setting agent is small, and is high. The present invention relates to high-strength shotcrete having initial strength and long-term strength.
[0002]
[Prior art]
Conventionally, a spraying method has been widely used in which concrete is directly sprayed on a construction surface such as a natural wall surface or a tunnel without using a formwork to strengthen the construction surface.
As a conventional spraying method, cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate and quick setting agent are mixed in advance, transported to the spray nozzle, and water is added to the nozzle immediately before spraying, that is, dry spray method or In addition, a method in which cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate and water are mixed to produce ready-mixed concrete and then a quick setting agent is added in front of the nozzle, a so-called wet spraying method is known (for example, JP-A 61-92263 etc.).
[0003]
Since the conventional shotcrete has a concrete strength of about 25 N / mm 2 at the age of 28 days, for example, when the construction surface is a three-lane large section tunnel, the shotcrete layer needs to be thickened. . For this reason, it is necessary to develop a large-capacity spraying device, and the construction period may be prolonged. Naturally, the amount of tunnel excavation also increases as the thickness of the shotcrete layer increases, and the disposal of the remaining soil becomes a problem.
[0004]
Therefore, if the strength of shotcrete is increased, the solution of the above problem can be expected.
However, in order to increase the strength of shotcrete, when ordinary ordinary Portland cement is used, it is necessary to lower the water-cement ratio, which has the disadvantage that the viscosity of the concrete is significantly increased. Due to the low fluidity, there are practical problems such as difficult pumping to the mixer. In addition, there is a drawback in that the initial strength necessary to quickly suppress the loosening of the excavated large-section ground is not obtained.
[0005]
In order to solve these problems, a method to improve pumpability by adding fine powder admixtures such as fly ash and silica fume to ordinary Portland cement, and a special quick-setting agent that gives early strength to the sprayed concrete Have been developed (Japan Highway Public Corporation document: development of new high-strength shotcrete: January 1997).
[0006]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
However, fly ash and silica fume are industrial by-products, and the quality of alkali, ignition loss, moisture, etc. is not stable depending on the brand name and production period, and there are problems in quality control such as fluctuation in fluidity enhancement effect. Silica fume has problems such as limited production due to its low production in Japan and abroad and its high price.
Further, since the amount of the fine powder admixture is considerably increased in order to increase the strength, the kneading method used in normal raw concrete production also has a drawback that the concrete is not sufficiently uniformized. Further, when shotcrete is produced in a field plant, there are many problems such as the need to newly add a fine powder admixture supply facility and the like.
[0007]
A special quick-setting agent that improves the initial strength of shotcrete requires a large amount of addition in order to exhibit its performance. Therefore, there is a possibility that it will be sprayed without being mixed evenly with the concrete that has been pumped, and there is a concern that the quality will be unevenly distributed, and the frequency of loading the quick setting agent tank due to the large amount of quick setting agent used It is expected that this will increase the amount of work. For this reason, in order to spray uniform high-strength shotcrete concrete continuously in a large volume, it is not suitable for the method of the prior art.
[0008]
Therefore, an object of the present invention is to provide a high strength spray having sufficient fluidity for practical use, showing good quick setting even if the amount of the quick setting agent is small, and having high initial strength and long-term strength. To provide concrete.
[0009]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
As a result of intensive studies in view of such circumstances, the present inventors combined a cement having a specific composition with a quick setting agent having a specific composition, and further made cement, water, fine aggregate, and coarse aggregate. By specifying the unit amount within a certain range, it was found that a high-strength shotcrete that solves the above problems can be obtained, and the present invention has been completed.
[0010]
That is, the present invention is a high-strength shotcrete comprising a cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, quick setting agent and dispersant,
Unit weight 400~600kg / m 3 of the cement, the unit amount of water 175~220kg / m 3, the unit amount of the fine aggregate is 700~1200kg / m 3, the unit amount of the coarse aggregate is 600 1100 kg / m 3 , the following cement is used as a cement, the following quick setting agent is used as the quick setting agent, and the quick setting agent is a ratio of 3.0 to 4.5 % by weight with respect to the cement The present invention provides a high-strength shotcrete characterized by being added in the above.
Cement: 3CaO · SiO 2 content is 45 to 75% by weight, 3CaO · Al 2 O 3 content is 6 to 12% by weight, alkali sulfate is 0.4 to 0.7% by weight in terms of Na2O, and the balance is mainly 2CaO · SiO 2, the 4CaO · Al 2 O 3 · Fe 2 O 3 clinker powder consisting of, the Blaine specific to gypsum containing insoluble anhydrite 30% or more by blending 2.5-4.0 wt% converted to SO 3 Cement having a surface area of 3200-4700 cm 2 / g.
Quick setting agent: Rapid hardening accelerator for cement formed by mixing the following components (A) and (B) (A) Calcinated at a temperature of less than 1400 ° C, CaO is 53 to 70% by weight, Na 2 O is 5 Na 2 O—CaO—Al 2 O 3 composition having a chemical composition of ˜20 wt% and Al 2 O 3 of 20 to 40 wt%, and containing 50 wt% or more of 8CaO · Na 2 O · 3Al 2 O 3 Product: 100 parts by weight (B) Inorganic salts selected from alkali aluminate, alkali carbonate, lime, gypsum and aluminum hydroxide: 50 to 200 parts by weight
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in more detail.
First, the cement used for the high-strength shotcrete of the present invention will be described.
The cement used in the present invention is obtained by adjusting the ratio of the constituent materials of the cement as described above in order to obtain high concrete fluidity even if the water cement ratio (hereinafter abbreviated as W / C) is low.
Generally, in order to obtain concrete with high fluidity, surfactant-based high-performance water reducing agent, high-performance AE water-reducing agent and other dispersing agents are added, and the electrostatic repulsive force and steric hindrance repulsive force of the adsorbing layer are added. A method is used in which cement particles are dispersed.
However, these dispersants and the like are added to 3CaO.Al 2 O 3 (hereinafter abbreviated as C 3 A) and 4CaO.Al 2 O 3 .Fe 2 O 3 (hereinafter abbreviated as C 4 AF) in the cement constituent compounds. Since they are selectively and adsorbed in large quantities, it is difficult to obtain high fluidity at low W / C even if they are used in cement containing these in large quantities. On the other hand, commercially available quick setting agents generally have a higher alkali content than cement, and the strength expression due to the hydration of C 3 A is reduced by the influence of this alkali. This effect becomes prominent when the ratio of water to cement and quick setting agent is small, such as low W / C. For this reason, it is necessary to improve the quick setting property of cement itself.
As a result of the study by the present inventors, it has been found that the content of C 3 A in which the effect of the dispersing agent does not decrease and sufficient strength expression by hydration is obtained is 6 to 12% by weight in the clinker powder. It was. The content of C 3 A in the clinker powder is preferably 6 to 10% by weight, particularly preferably 8 to 10% by weight.
[0012]
Further, since 3CaO · SiO 2 (hereinafter abbreviated as C 3 S) is also expected to have an effect of enhancing the rapid setting of the cement itself, its content in the clinker powder is 45 to 75% by weight, The amount is preferably 50 to 75% by weight, particularly preferably 60 to 70% by weight.
[0013]
In the present invention, the clinker powder must contain alkali sulfate in an amount of 0.4 to 0.7% by weight in terms of Na 2 O. This is due to the following reason.
C 3 A and C 4 selective adsorption of the dispersant to the AF is influenced by sulfate and SO 4 2-ions present in the liquid phase of the cement paste, resulting to as competitive adsorption, C 3 Adsorption of the dispersing agent on A and C 4 AF is suppressed. Therefore, by adding an appropriate amount of sulfate, adsorption of the dispersant to C 3 A and C 4 AF is suppressed, so that high fluidization of the concrete at low W / C becomes possible.
There are mainly two types of sulfates in cement. Alkali sulfates such as Na 2 SO 4 , K 2 SO 4, 3K 2 SO 4 and Na 2 SO 4 present in clinker, and for adjusting the setting in the grinding process There is calcium sulfate to be added (hereinafter referred to as gypsum). The former dissolves immediately after contact with water and supplies SO 4 2- and the latter has a relatively slow dissolution rate. The alkali sulfates described above have a higher dissolution rate than C 3 A and C 4 AF, which have a relatively high dissolution rate in concrete, and are sufficiently dissolved and hydrated immediately after the cement comes into contact with water. In a state where it is not, it largely controls the competitive adsorption with the dispersant. That is, when the alkali sulfate is small, SO 4 2-in the liquid phase of the cement paste is small, C 3 fluidity increasing number adsorption of the dispersant to the A and C 4 AF is decreased. On the other hand, when there is too much alkali sulfate, the alkali ion concentration in the liquid phase of the cement paste becomes too high and the electrostatic repulsion force disappears, so that the fluidity is lowered. Accordingly, there is an appropriate range for the amount of alkali sulfate that can ensure high fluidity, and 0.4 to 0.7% by weight (in the clinker powder, Na 2) when represented by the water-soluble alkali defined in ASTM C-114. O conversion), preferably 0.45 to 0.65% by weight, particularly preferably 0.5 to 0.6% by weight.
[0014]
The balance in the clinker powder is mainly 2Ca0 · SiO 2 (hereinafter referred to as C 2 S) and C 4 AF.
[0015]
In the present invention, gypsum is added to the clinker powder. Gypsum has a lower dissolution rate than C 3 A and C 4 AF in the clinker and does not contribute much to the adsorption of the dispersant immediately after water contact, but C 3 A and C 1 to 2 minutes after water contact. 4 Abrupt hydration reaction of AF is suppressed, and adsorption of the dispersant to the hydration reaction product of C 3 A and C 4 AF is suppressed. Examples of the gypsum to be added include anhydrous salts, hemihydrates and dihydrates. However, the addition of gypsum containing 30% by weight or more of insoluble anhydrous gypsum provides high fluidity. desirable. On the other hand, when the added amount is too large, CaSO 4 · 2H 2 O hydrate is precipitated, flowable cement particles by aggregation decreases. Therefore, the amount of gypsum added is 2.5 to 4.0% by weight in terms of SO 3 , preferably 2.6 to 3.8% by weight, particularly preferably 2.7 to 3.5% by weight. It is desirable in terms of obtaining high fluidity.
[0016]
In addition, the cement used in the present invention has a Blaine specific surface area of 3200 to 4700 cm 2 / g, preferably 3900 to 4300 cm 2 / g.
Blaine specific surface area of 3200 cm 2 / is less than g and the material separated a low viscosity mortar and coarse aggregate pastes, the viscosity of the paste Conversely, if more than 4700cm 2 / g is remarkably increased decreases the fluidity of the concrete undesirable .
[0017]
The dispersant used in the present invention has a low W / C and a moderately large plastic viscosity, disperses the cement particles to reduce the yield value of the cement paste, and ensures fluidity, thereby reducing the fineness of the cement paste. It is used for the purpose of ensuring high fluidity while preventing separation of aggregate or mortar and coarse aggregate. The composition is not particularly limited as long as it disperses the cement particles. For example, a commercially available surfactant-based high-performance water reducing agent, an air entraining-type high-performance AE water reducing agent, or the like may be used. it can.
Strength development depends on the type of high-performance AE water reducing agent, and naphthalene based on modified lignin, alkylallyl sulfonate and active sustained polymer is superior to polycarboxylic acid in strength up to 28 days of age. In order to develop strength at an early stage, it is desirable to use a naphthalene-based high-performance AE water reducing agent.
The blending ratio of the dispersant is 0.01 to 3% by weight, preferably 0.1 to 2% by weight with respect to the cement.
[0018]
The quick setting agent used in the present invention is a material in which the setting material of the quick setting agent is adjusted as described above so that the setting and hardening of the concrete using the cement is remarkably accelerated and high initial strength and long-term strength can be expected. It is.
The quick setting agent is classified into an inorganic salt type mainly composed of alkali aluminate, alkali carbonate and the like, and a mineral type mainly composed of natural minerals. Mineral materials are generally abruptly accelerated by the rapid generation of ettringite and the hydration of C 3 S and C 2 S in cement by calcium aluminate (CaO—Al 2 O 3 ), which is the main component. Get cohesive. Those that do not contain gypsum are calcium aluminate-based quick-setting agents, and those that contain gypsum components are classified as calcium sulfoaluminate-based quick-acting agents, and the latter generally has better long-term strength development. .
Generally, when trying to obtain high-strength shotcrete by accelerating the setting and hardening of concrete with low W / C using ordinary cement, calcium sulfoaluminate-based quick setting agent is recommended. Has been. The reason for this is to obtain high strength in the initial and long-term, but in the case of calcium sulfoaluminate-based quick setting agents, in order to increase the initial strength, use a large amount to increase the function of the Al 2 O 3 component. It must be. Therefore, it is difficult to reduce the addition amount of the quick setting agent in the conventional prescription of high strength shotcrete.
On the other hand, the quick setting agent used in the present invention has a chemical composition of 53 to 70% by weight of CaO, 5 to 20% by weight of Na 2 O, and 20 to 40% by weight of Al 2 O 3 , and 8CaO · Na 2. and O · 3Al 2 O 3 (hereinafter C 8 referred NA 3) the Na 2 O-CaO-Al 2 O 3 based compositions containing 50 wt% or more, an alkali aluminate, alkali carbonate, lime, gypsum and aluminum hydroxide It is formed by mixing selected inorganic salts, and 50 to 200 parts by weight of inorganic salts are added to 100 parts by weight of the composition. The quick setting agent used in the present invention belongs to the calcium aluminate quick setting agent and is already known (Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 9-86987).
In the present invention, the cement itself has a specific composition to give the cement itself a high quick setting property, and by adding a specific quick setting agent there, the synergistic effect of both is exhibited, and the addition of the quick setting agent It was found that high initial strength and long-term strength development can be obtained even in a small amount. This is one feature of the present invention.
The addition amount of quick-setting admixture for use in the present invention are suitable range not inhibiting the expression of long-term strength while promoting high quick-setting property with cement itself, with respect to the cement weight in the concrete 3. 0 to 4.5% by weight.
[0019]
Furthermore, in the present invention, it is necessary to specify unit amounts of cement, water, fine aggregate and coarse aggregate within a certain range. That is, the unit amount of cement 400~600kg / m 3, the unit amount of water 175~220kg / m 3, the unit amount of fine aggregate is 700~1200kg / m 3, the unit amount of coarse aggregate is 600~1100kg / M 3 .
By the said range, the effect of this invention increases further.
[0020]
As described above, in the present invention, a cement having a specific composition and a quick setting agent having a specific composition are combined, and the unit amounts of cement, water, fine aggregate, and coarse aggregate are specified within a certain range. It is possible to provide a high-strength shotcrete that has practically sufficient fluidity, exhibits good quick setting even when the addition amount of the quick setting agent is small, and has high initial strength and long-term strength. it can.
[0021]
【Example】
EXAMPLES Hereinafter, although an Example and a comparative example demonstrate this invention further, this invention is not limited to these examples.
[0022]
(Preparation of various cements)
Six types of cements having different clinker constituent compounds were manufactured, and a flow test according to JIS R5201 was performed on each cement. Table 1 shows the test results of the proportion of constituent compounds of each cement and the flow value.
In Table 1, the cement having the composition necessary for the present invention is P-1.
[0023]
[Table 1]
Figure 0003991242
[0024]
(Examples 1-2)
As the cement, P-1 prepared above was used.
As the quick setting agent, a calcium aluminate type quick setting agent (calcium aluminate type, trade name T-ROCK, manufactured by Onoda Co., Ltd.) was used. The composition of this quick setting agent is shown in Table 2.
[0025]
[Table 2]
Figure 0003991242
[0026]
Shotcrete was prepared by blending the base concrete and the quick setting agent shown in Table 3 below, and the initial strength and long-term strength were measured. In addition, the temperature of the concrete at the time of spraying was made to become about 20 degreeC or about 30 degreeC.
Table 4 shows the obtained results.
The initial strength of shotcrete until 1 day (24 h) was measured by a pull-out test in accordance with the Japan Society of Civil Engineers standard JSCE-G561. , 90 mm in length) was cut out and subjected to a compressive strength test. The method of making the shotcrete specimen and the method of cutting out the core were in accordance with JSCE-F561 and JIS A1107.
[0027]
Also, as fine aggregate, land sand, specific gravity 2.64, coarse particle ratio 2.69, coarse aggregate No. 6 crushed stone, specific gravity 2.66, and polycarboxylic acid-based high performance as dispersant. An AE water reducing agent was used.
[0028]
(Comparative Examples 1-2)
Using conventional ordinary Portland cement as the cement and using conventional high-strength shotcrete with calcium aluminate-based or calcium sulfoaluminate-based rapid setting agent as the setting agent, Compared. In addition, the test data used for the comparative example was excerpted from the document “Development of new high-strength shotcrete” published by the Japan Highway Public Corporation in January 1997.
The concrete composition and results are shown in Table 3 and Table 4, respectively.
The fine aggregate used in the comparative example is crushed sand, specific gravity 2.68, the coarse aggregate is gravel (maximum dimension 8 mm), specific gravity 2.61, and the dispersant is a carboxylic acid polymer compound. The quick setting agent is calcium aluminate type, trade name Denkanatomic Type-5, or calcium sulfoaluminate type, trade name Denkanatomic Type-10 (both are electrochemical industry).
[0029]
[Table 3]
Figure 0003991242
[0030]
[Table 4]
Figure 0003991242
[0031]
From Table 3, Examples 1 and 2 can be sprayed onto the construction surface with a smaller amount of quick-setting agent than in the comparative example in either the normal period where the concrete temperature is around 20 ° C. or the hot season where the concrete temperature is around 30 ° C. Moreover, from Table 4, high initial strength and long-term strength that sufficiently satisfy the design standard strength of high-strength shotcrete are obtained.
[0032]
【The invention's effect】
According to the present invention, a cement having a specific composition and a rapid setting agent having a specific composition are combined, and the unit amounts of cement, water, fine aggregate, and coarse aggregate are specified within a certain range. It is possible to provide a high-strength shotcrete that has sufficient fluidity, exhibits good quick setting even when the addition amount of the quick setting agent is small, and has high initial strength and long-term strength.

Claims (1)

セメント、細骨材、粗骨材、急結剤および分散剤を配合してなる高強度吹付けコンクリートにおいて、
前記セメントの単位量が400〜600kg/m3、水の単位量が175〜220kg/m3、前記細骨材の単位量が700〜1200kg/m3、前記粗骨材の単位量が600〜1100kg/m3であり、セメントとして下記のセメントを用い、前記急結剤として下記の急結剤を用い、且つ前記急結剤を前記セメントに対し、3.04.5重量%の割合で添加することを特徴とする高強度吹付けコンクリート。
セメント:3CaO・SiO2含有量が45〜75重量%、3CaO・Al23含有量が6〜12重量%、硫酸アルカリをNa2O換算で0.4〜0.7重量%、残部が主として2CaO・SiO2、4CaO・Al23・Fe23からなるクリンカー粉末に、不溶性無水石膏を30%以上含む石膏をSO3換算で2.5〜4.0重量%配合してなるブレーン比表面積が3200〜4700cm2/gであるセメント。
急結剤:次の(A)および(B)成分を混合してなるセメント用急硬性促進剤
(A) 1400℃未満の温度で焼成され、CaOが53〜70重量%、Na2Oが5〜20重量%、Al23が20〜40重量%の化学組成を有し、8CaO・Na2O・3Al23を50重量%以上含むNa2O−CaO−Al23系組成物:100重量部
(B) アルミン酸アルカリ、炭酸アルカリ、石灰、石膏および水酸化アルミニウムから選ばれる無機塩類:50〜200重量部
In high-strength shotcrete containing cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, quick setting agent and dispersant,
Unit weight 400~600kg / m 3 of the cement, the unit amount of water 175~220kg / m 3, the unit amount of the fine aggregate is 700~1200kg / m 3, the unit amount of the coarse aggregate is 600 1100 kg / m 3 , the following cement is used as a cement, the following quick setting agent is used as the quick setting agent, and the quick setting agent is a ratio of 3.0 to 4.5 % by weight with respect to the cement High-strength shotcrete characterized by being added in
Cement: 3CaO · SiO 2 content is 45 to 75% by weight, 3CaO · Al 2 O 3 content is 6 to 12% by weight, alkali sulfate is 0.4 to 0.7% by weight in terms of Na 2 O, and the balance is A clinker powder mainly composed of 2CaO · SiO 2 , 4CaO · Al 2 O 3 · Fe 2 O 3 is mixed with 2.5 to 4.0% by weight of gypsum containing 30% or more of insoluble anhydrous gypsum in terms of SO 3. Cement having a brain specific surface area of 3200 to 4700 cm 2 / g.
Quick setting agent: Rapid hardening accelerator for cement formed by mixing the following components (A) and (B) (A) Calcinated at a temperature of less than 1400 ° C, CaO is 53 to 70% by weight, Na 2 O is 5 Na 2 O—CaO—Al 2 O 3 composition having a chemical composition of ˜20 wt% and Al 2 O 3 of 20 to 40 wt%, and containing 50 wt% or more of 8CaO · Na 2 O · 3Al 2 O 3 Product: 100 parts by weight (B) Inorganic salt selected from alkali aluminate, alkali carbonate, lime, gypsum and aluminum hydroxide: 50 to 200 parts by weight
JP17431897A 1997-06-30 1997-06-30 High strength shotcrete Expired - Fee Related JP3991242B2 (en)

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JP17431897A JP3991242B2 (en) 1997-06-30 1997-06-30 High strength shotcrete

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JP3991242B2 true JP3991242B2 (en) 2007-10-17

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JP2002037656A (en) * 2000-07-26 2002-02-06 Taiheiyo Cement Corp Wet spraying concrete
GB0304158D0 (en) * 2003-02-25 2003-03-26 Mbt Holding Ag Admixture
JP3967279B2 (en) 2002-06-17 2007-08-29 コンストラクション リサーチ アンド テクノロジー ゲーエムベーハー Admixture
CN114349383B (en) * 2022-01-27 2023-09-22 长春市北华建材有限公司 Crosslinking reaction composite alkali-free accelerator and preparation method thereof

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