JP2022522970A - 化学物質の生成における断続的エネルギーの使用 - Google Patents
化学物質の生成における断続的エネルギーの使用 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
Description
本開示は、化学物質の生成における断続的エネルギー源IES(非炭素系および/または再生可能エネルギー源であり得る)の使用に関する。さらに詳細には、本開示は、IESからの電気を利用する化学合成プラントの電化に関する。さらになお詳細には、本開示は、IESを有する化学合成プラントを運転するシステムおよび方法に関する。
化学合成プラントは、様々な化学物質を提供するために利用される。多くの場合、専用の燃料が燃やされるか「燃焼」されて、化学合成のための反応熱、1つもしくは複数のプロセス流を加熱するためのエネルギー、液体を気化させるためのエネルギー(例えば、希釈剤として使用される水を沸騰させる)、作業をするためのエネルギー(例えば、圧縮機またはポンプを駆動する)、または化学合成プラント全体の他のプロセス動作のためのエネルギーが供給される。燃料をこのように燃やすか燃焼させると、環境に有害であり得る排煙が生成され、プロセスのエネルギー効率も低下する。同様に、水蒸気は、化学合成プラント内のプラント全体の熱および/またはエネルギー伝達流体として従来から利用されることが多い。熱および/またはエネルギー伝達に利用される水蒸気は、多くの場合、燃料の燃焼によって生成され、その結果、追加の排煙が生成され、化学合成中にエネルギー効率がさらに低下する。さらに、燃料として燃焼させるための反応物として他の方法で利用され得る材料の使用はまた、所与の量の材料から化学合成プラントで生成される所望の化学生成物の量を減少させる。したがって、エネルギーを供給するために燃やされる燃料、特に化石燃料の量を低減または排除する、化学合成の増強されたシステムおよび方法が必要とされている。望ましくは、そのようなシステムおよび方法はまた、化学合成プラントによるエネルギー効率の増加および/または温室効果ガス(GHG)の排出量などの排出量の減少をもたらす。
本明細書において、少なくとも1つの化学生成物を含むプロセス流を1つまたは複数の反応物から生成するために構成された1つまたは複数の反応器;反応器に導入するための1つまたは複数の反応物のうちの1つまたは複数を含む1つまたは複数の供給流を調製するように構成された供給物調製システム;および/または、プロセス流内の反応副生成物、未反応反応物、またはそれらの組合せから少なくとも1つの化学生成物を分離するように構成された生成物精製システムを備える化学合成プラントであって、1つもしくは複数の反応器、供給物調製システム、生成物精製システム、またはそれらの組合せを介して利用される加熱、冷却、圧縮、またはそれらの組合せに必要な正味エネルギーの大部分(例えば、50%超、60%超、70%超、80%超、90%超または100%超)が断続的エネルギー源(IES)から供給されるように化学合成プラントが構成される、化学合成プラントが開示される。
最初に、1つまたは複数の態様の例示的な実装形態が以下に提供されるが、開示される組成物、方法および/または生成物は、現在知られているか、未だ存在していないかにかかわらず、任意の数の技術を使用して実装され得ることを理解されたい。本開示は、本明細書において図示および説明される例示的な設計および実装形態を含む、以下に図示される例示的な実装形態、図面および技術に決して限定されるべきではなく、それらの均等物の全範囲とともに添付の特許請求の範囲内で変更され得る。
図6は、本開示の一態様の通り電化され実施例1および2に示されるオレフィン合成プロセスVIIの動作パラメータを示す。プロセスVIIはガス分離ユニット260を備え、ガス分離ユニット260は圧力スイング吸着(PSA)ユニットを備えることができる。ガス分離ユニット260は、水素およびメタン含有流244を精製するように構成される。流れ244は、30.1t/hrの流量を有し、48重量%(88mol%)の水素および52重量%(12mol%)のメタンを含む。ガス分離ユニット260(例えば、PSAガス分離ユニット260)は、3MWの電気を消費し、純粋なメタンから本質的になるメタン流247および純粋な水素から本質的になる水素流248の2つの生成物流を生じる。このプロセスVIIを介して、PSA260内で生成された14.3t/hrの量の精製水素を燃料電池270に供給することができ、そこで水素は水流249中の水に、および電気効率45%で電気Eに変換され、253MWの電気の連続生成をもたらす。正味の電気(250MW)は、プロセスVIIに必要な603MWの電気の41%を供給するために使用される。
態様では、実施例1に記載のプロセスVIIは、水素圧縮貯蔵装置280をさらに備え、この装置は、少なくとも1つの圧縮機および貯蔵容器を備え、再生可能電気の利用可能性が比較的低い場合または比較的高価である場合に使用するために、得られた14.3t/hrの精製水素(ライン248Aを介してそこに導入され得る)を圧縮し貯蔵するように構成される。必要に応じて、圧縮および貯蔵された水素は、プロセスVIIによってその時点で生成されている水素(例えば、ライン248内の水素)と組み合わされ得(例えば、ライン248Bを介して)、その両方を燃料電池270を使用して電気に変換することができる。電気生成のために貯蔵された水素を使用する時期は、様々な要因に従って当業者によって決定され得る。1つの可能性として、一部の再生可能電気が日中ベースで利用可能である場合、172トンの水素を収集し、12時間にわたって貯蔵することができる。次の12時間にわたって放出し、プロセスによってなおも生成されている14.3t/hrの水素と組み合わせると、約503MWの電気が12時間連続して利用可能になる。これにより、プロセスの動作に必要な603MWの電気の80%を供給することができる。
図7は、本開示の一態様の通り電化され実施例3および4に示されるアンモニア合成プロセスXIIの動作パラメータを示す。プロセスXIIは、電気圧縮機、電気改質器、および電気リボイラを備える。図7に破線で示すように、パージガス流205’を精製するために圧力スイング吸着(PSA)ガス分離ユニット267をさらに追加する。16.7t/hrの流量では、このパージガス流205’は11重量%の水素を含む。ガス分離ユニット267は2MWの電気を消費し、本質的に純粋な水素の生成物流268をもたらす。得られた1.84t/hrの精製水素は燃料電池270に供給され、そこで水素は電気効率45%で水271および電気272に変換され、33MWの電気の連続生成をもたらす。正味の電気(31MW)は、プロセスXIIに必要な375MWの電気の8.3%を供給するために使用される。
実施例3に記載のプロセスXIIに、パージガス流205’を精製するために圧力スイング吸着(PSA)ガス分離ユニット267をさらに追加する。16.7t/hrの流量では、このパージガス流205’は11重量%の水素を含む。ガス分離ユニット267は2MWの電気を消費し、本質的に純粋な水素の生成物流268をもたらす。得られた1.84t/hrの精製水素は、再生可能電気の利用可能性が比較的低い場合または比較的高価である場合に使用するために、圧縮機C4によって圧縮され、貯蔵容器280に貯蔵される。必要に応じて、貯蔵容器280内に貯蔵された水素は、プロセスによってその時点で生成されている水素と268で組み合わされ、この両方が燃料電池270を使用して電気272に変換される。電気生成のために貯蔵された水素を使用する時期は、様々な要因によって決定される。1つの可能性として、一部の再生可能電気が日中ベースで利用可能である場合、22.1トンの水素を収集し、12時間にわたって貯蔵することができる。次の12時間にわたって放出し、プロセスによってなおも生成されている1.84t/hrの水素とライン268で組み合わせると、約64MWの電気272が12時間連続して利用可能になる。これにより、プロセスXIIの動作に必要な375MWの電気の17%を供給することができる。
図8は、本開示の一態様の通り電化され実施例5および6に示されるメタノール合成プロセスX/XIの動作パラメータを示す。プロセスXは、圧力スイング吸着(PSA)ガス分離ユニット295および燃料電池296を備える。PSA295は、パージガス流205’を精製し、利用可能な3.37t/hの水素の80%を回収するように動作可能である。得られた2.7t/hの精製水素293は燃料電池296に供給され、そこで水素は45%の電気効率で水291および電気296に変換され、48MWの電気の連続生成をもたらす。この電気は、プロセスXに必要な180MWの電気の約27%を供給するために使用される。
図8に破線で示すように、本開示によるプロセスXIは、圧縮機C4および貯蔵容器297を備える。圧力スイング吸着(PSA)ガス分離ユニット295は、パージガス流205’を精製し、利用可能な3.37t/hの水素の80%を回収するように動作可能である。得られた2.7t/hの精製水素293は、再生可能電気の利用可能性が比較的低い場合または比較的高価である場合に使用するために、C4で圧縮され、貯蔵容器297に貯蔵される。必要に応じて、貯蔵された水素293Aは、プロセスXIによってその時点で生成されている水素293と組み合わされ、この両方が燃料電池296を使用して電気に変換される。電気生成のために貯蔵された水素をいつ使用するかは、当業者によって理解されるように、様々な要因によって決定される。1つの可能性として、一部の再生可能電気が日中ベースで利用可能である場合、32.4トンの水素を収集し、C4で圧縮し、12時間にわたって297で貯蔵することができる。次の12時間にわたって放出し、貯蔵された水素流293Aを介して、プロセスIXによってなおも生成されている2.7t/hの水素293と組み合わせると、約96MWの電気が12時間連続して利用可能になり得る。この電気は、プロセスXIの動作に必要な180MWの電気の約53%を供給する。
本開示は、本明細書における教示の利益を有する当業者に明らかな、異なるが同等の方法で変更および実施され得るため、上記で開示された特定の態様は例示に過ぎない。さらに、添付の特許請求の範囲に記載されているもの以外は、本明細書において示されている構造または設計の詳細を限定することを意図するものではない。したがって、上記で開示された特定の例示的な態様は改変または変更されてもよく、そのような変形例はいずれも本開示の範囲および趣旨内にあると考えられることは明らかである。態様の特徴を組み合わせ、統合し、および/または省略することから生じる代替的な態様も、本開示の範囲内である。組成物および方法は、様々な構成要素または工程を「有する(having)」、「含む(comprising)」、「含む(containing)」または「含む(including)」という広範囲な用語で記載されているが、組成物および方法は、様々な構成要素および工程「から本質的になる(consist essentially of)」または「からなる(consist of)」こともできる。請求項の任意の要素に関する用語「任意で」の使用は、その要素が必要とされるか、あるいはその要素が必要とされず、両選択肢が特許請求の範囲内にあることを意味している。
以下は、本開示による非限定的な特定の態様である。
以下は、本開示による非限定的な特定の態様である。
以下は、本開示による非限定的な特定の態様である。
以下は、本開示による非限定的な特定の態様である。
Claims (16)
- 少なくとも1つの化学生成物を含むプロセス流を1つまたは複数の反応物から生成するために構成された、1つまたは複数の反応器;
該反応器に導入するための該1つまたは複数の反応物のうちの1つまたは複数を含む1つまたは複数の供給流を調製するように構成された、供給物調製システム;および
該プロセス流内の反応副生成物、未反応反応物、またはそれらの組合せから該少なくとも1つの化学生成物を分離するように構成された、生成物精製システム
を備える、化学合成プラントであって、
1つもしくは複数の該反応器、該供給物調製システム、該生成物精製システム、またはそれらの組合せを介して利用される加熱、冷却、圧縮、またはそれらの組合せに必要な正味エネルギーの少なくとも50%が断続的エネルギー源(IES)から供給されるように、該化学合成プラントが構成されており、
該プラントが、該加熱、冷却、圧縮、またはそれらの組合せのために少なくとも25MWの平均1日量の電気を消費する、
該化学合成プラント。 - 排煙熱回収セクションを含まない、請求項1記載の化学合成プラント。
- 1つもしくは複数の前記反応物、少なくとも1つの前記化学生成物、または前記方法によって生成された少なくとも1つの中間体を含む少なくとも1つの流れを圧縮するために構成された、1つまたは複数の圧縮機、
後の使用のために該少なくとも1つの圧縮された流れを貯蔵するために構成された、貯蔵装置
をさらに備え、
電気を生成するためまたは機械的仕事を行うために該少なくとも1つの貯蔵された圧縮された流れを膨張させるための装置
をさらに備える、請求項1記載の化学合成プラント。 - 1つもしくは複数の前記反応物、少なくとも1つの前記化学生成物、または前記方法によって生成された少なくとも1つの中間体から選択される少なくとも1つの流れを冷却するために構成された、冷却装置、および
後の使用のために該少なくとも1つの冷却された流れを貯蔵するために構成された、貯蔵装置
をさらに備え、
該少なくとも1つの冷却された流れが極低温液体を含む、
請求項1記載の化学合成プラント。 - 1つもしくは複数の反応器、供給物調製システム、生成物精製システム、またはそれらの組合せが、水素の生成のために構成されており、
化学合成プラントが、生成された水素の少なくとも一部を電気に変換するための燃料電池をさらに備え、
該化学合成プラントが、
断続的電源が利用可能でない場合に、該燃料電池を使用して該生成された水素の少なくとも一部を電気に変換する前に該生成された水素の少なくとも一部を貯蔵するための、水素貯蔵装置
をさらに備え、
該水素貯蔵装置の上流にある圧縮機であって、該水素を貯蔵する前に該水素を圧縮するために構成された圧縮機
をさらに備える、
請求項1記載の化学合成プラント。 - 1つもしくは複数の反応器、供給物調製システム、生成物精製システム、またはそれらの組合せが、水素の生成のために構成されており、化学合成プラントが、水素貯蔵装置と該水素貯蔵装置の上流にある圧縮機とをさらに備え、該圧縮機が、生成された水素の少なくとも一部を貯蔵前に圧縮するために構成されており、該化学合成プラントが、断続的電源が利用可能でない場合に、貯蔵された水素の一部を燃焼させて水蒸気または熱を生成するための燃焼装置をさらに備え、該水蒸気が、反応物または希釈剤として使用される、請求項1記載の化学合成プラント。
- 断続的電源が利用可能である場合に集塊(mass)を増大させることによってエネルギーを貯蔵するための装置をさらに備え、該集塊が、1つもしくは複数の供給物、1つもしくは複数の生成物、または水を含む、請求項1記載の化学合成プラント。
- 短時間の電力損失が、1つまたは複数の耐火物内張り反応器の2分間で約10℃を超える温度低下を引き起こさないように、1つまたは複数の反応器が耐火材料によって内張りされる、請求項1記載の化学合成プラント。
- 短時間の電力損失が、1つまたは複数の耐火物内張り反応器の2分間で約5℃を超える著しい温度低下を引き起こさないように、1つまたは複数の反応器がサーマルマスに熱的に接続されている、請求項1記載の化学合成プラント。
- 短時間の電力損失が、1つまたは複数の耐火物内張り反応器の2分間で約4℃を超える温度低下を引き起こさないように、1つまたは複数の反応器が相変化材料に熱的に接続されている、請求項1記載の化学合成プラント。
- IESが利用可能でない場合に1つまたは複数のプロセス流を加熱するために加熱または過熱された流体として熱を貯蔵するために動作可能な装置をさらに備える、請求項1記載の化学合成プラント。
- エネルギーを貯蔵するために相変化材料の液化を利用するように構成された装置をさらに備える、請求項1記載の化学合成プラント。
- 化学合成プラントの少なくとも1つの装置にバックアップ電力を供給するように構成されたバックアップ電力装置をさらに備え、該バックアップ電力装置が、該プラントの安全な運転停止を確実にするのに十分なエネルギーを供給するように選択されており、該バックアップ電力装置が、圧縮ガス、コンデンサ、超伝導体、熱電池、および/またはフライホイールによって駆動される装置を備える、請求項1記載の化学合成プラント。
- エネルギーの価格および利用可能性に関する情報を受け取るためのシステムをさらに備え、それによって、この情報を利用して、エネルギー使用量、エネルギー貯蔵、およびプラントの運転を最適化することができる、請求項1記載の化学合成プラント。
- IESが利用可能でない場合および/または閾値価格を超える場合に、加圧され貯蔵された酸素および/または窒素が、反応物として利用され得るように、および/または膨張器内の膨張によって電気を生成するために利用され得るように、
酸素および窒素を生成するように構成された空気分離ユニット(ASU)と、
生成された酸素および/または窒素の少なくとも一部を圧力下で貯蔵するために構成された貯蔵装置と、
膨張器と
をさらに備える、請求項1記載の化学合成プラント。 - 反応器に導入するための1つまたは複数の反応物を含む1つまたは複数の供給流を調製する工程;
該反応器内で該1つまたは複数の反応物を反応させて、1つまたは複数の化学生成物を含む生成物流を生成する工程;
該生成物流内の反応副生成物、未反応反応物、またはそれらの組合せから該1つまたは複数の化学生成物を分離する工程;
該未反応反応物および/または反応副生成物のうちの1つまたは複数を再循環させる工程;ならびに
再生可能な断続的エネルギー源(IES)が利用可能である場合、再生可能な断続的エネルギー源(IES)から生成された電気によって、該調製、該反応、該分離、該再循環、またはそれらの組合せのうちの1つまたは複数のために利用される動力供給、圧送、加熱、冷却、圧縮、分離、またはそれらの組合せに必要な正味エネルギーの少なくとも50%を供給する工程
を含む、1つまたは複数の化学生成物を生成する方法であって、
プラントが、該加熱、冷却、圧縮、またはそれらの組合せのために少なくとも25MWの平均1日量の電気を消費する、
該方法。
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