JP2009071916A - Retainer for cable connection - Google Patents

Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a simple structure of retainer for cable connection, which can surely connect each cable and a sleeve by holding them when connecting, mainly, fellow cables by a sleeve. <P>SOLUTION: The retainer 1 for cable connection includes a narrow sleeve holder 10, which can hold the specified position of the sleeve at a right angle to the direction of its pipe axis; two cable holders 11 and 12, which can hold each cable in roughly parallel with each of the axes of the cable threading holes at both axial ends of a sleeve pipe, and which are arranged on both sides across the sleeve holder; and a coupling mechanism section 13, which couples the sleeve holder and each cable holder with each other in a position where there is no hindrance to plastically transform the sleeve by a special tool. The coupling mechanism section is composed of a sleeve holder arm, a pair of cable holder arms, and a coupling member for connecting them with each other, and a pair of cable holder arms can rotate around or shift in parallel with the sleeve holder arm. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2009,JPO&INPIT

Description

  The present invention relates to a wire connecting holder having a small and simple structure mainly used in a sleeve connecting operation between electric wires.

  In the construction of low-voltage overhead distribution lines, the wires may be connected directly by hot-wire work at the edge of the line, and in that case, wire connection sleeves (hereinafter referred to as compression sleeves, crimp sleeves, etc.) , Simply referred to as a sleeve), and conductors (hereinafter referred to as end conductors), which are exposed by stripping the coating of the end portions of the electric wires, are inserted into the electric wire insertion openings provided at both ends in the tube axis direction. In general, the electric wires are connected to each other through the sleeve by plastically deforming a predetermined position of the sleeve using a dedicated tool such as a crimping tool. For example, when using a compression sleeve to connect wires in a straight line, the operator first inserts the end conductor of one wire into one of the wire insertion openings at both ends in the length direction of the compression sleeve, The sleeve outer circumference near the opening end is compressed once to temporarily connect the two, and then the end conductor of the other wire is inserted into the wire insertion port on the side opposite to the temporarily connected side of the sleeve. Similarly, the outer periphery of the sleeve near the wire insertion port is compressed and temporarily connected using a compression tool. Then, two electric wires are connected by compressing a predetermined position on the outer periphery of the sleeve by a prescribed number of times using the compression tool.

  Since the operation of compressing the sleeve requires a very large operating force, the operator needs to operate the compression tool with both hands. However, this operation is usually performed by one operator, and the end conductors of the electric wires must be held with one hand in a state where they are inserted into the sleeve. The present condition is that the tool is operated and compressed with the other hand and thigh after being sandwiched between. In particular, when the wind is strong, it is necessary to concentrate in order to maintain the state where the end conductors of the electric wires are securely inserted into the sleeve, and this compression work is more difficult.

Further, when compressing a predetermined position of the sleeve using a compression tool, it is necessary to concentrate the force on the operation of the tool, so that the sleeve and the electric wire cannot be sufficiently held with one hand, and the electric wire May fall out of the sleeve, in which case it was necessary to redo the connection. Even if the electric wire does not come off, the end conductor of the electric wire may be connected to the sleeve in a state where the predetermined length is not inserted. In this case, various problems such as poor contact may occur at a later date. There was sex.
JP-A-6-165333 JP-A-10-22039 Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 7-46735

  In view of the above circumstances, the present invention provides a wire connection holder having a simple structure that can grip and hold the core wire and the sleeve securely when the wires are mainly connected to each other in a sleeve. Objective.

  The object of the present invention is, according to the present invention, a wire connection holder used when two electric wires are connected to a sleeve, which is narrow enough to hold a predetermined position of the sleeve perpendicular to the tube axis direction. A sleeve gripping portion, and two wire gripping portions that are disposed on both sides of the sleeve gripping portion and that can grip each of the wires substantially parallel to the axis of the wire insertion opening at both ends of the sleeve tube axial direction, Achieved by a wire connecting holder comprising the sleeve gripping portion and a connecting portion for connecting the wire gripping portions to each other at a position that does not hinder the plastic deformation of the sleeve by a dedicated tool. Is done.

  The electric wire connecting holder of the present invention has a simple structure including a sleeve holding portion, two electric wire holding portions, and a coupling mechanism portion that connects them so as to arrange them in a predetermined positional relationship. Since the sleeve and the two electric wires are respectively held by the holding portion, it is not necessary to hold the electric wire and the sleeve with one hand as in the prior art, so that it is possible to concentrate on the operation of the compression tool, etc. Therefore, it is possible to reliably connect the wires to each other by preventing the connection of the wires from coming off or causing a contact failure.

  Hereinafter, embodiments of the present invention will be described with reference to the accompanying drawings, but the present invention is not limited to the embodiments shown in the following drawings. In the following drawings, the same or common parts are denoted by the same reference numerals, and a duplicate description of these parts will be omitted below.

[Embodiment 1]
FIG. 1 is a front view showing an example of an embodiment of an electric wire connecting holder of the present invention. The electric wire connecting holder 1 shown in this figure includes a sleeve holding portion 10 capable of holding a predetermined position of the sleeve S, two electric wire holding portions 11 and 12, and a mutual arrangement so that these are arranged in a predetermined positional relationship. And a coupling mechanism portion 13 coupled to the. In the following, the connection mechanism part side of each gripping part 10 to 12 is referred to as a “base end side”, and the opposite side is referred to as a “distal end side”.

  As the sleeve S in the present invention, the end conductors C1 and C2 of the electric wires W1 and W2 are respectively inserted into the electric wire insertion openings provided at both ends in the tube axis direction, and predetermined portions (hereinafter referred to as plastic deformation portions) are provided. What can connect two electric wires can be used by carrying out plastic deformation by exclusive tools, such as a compression tool or a crimping tool. Specific examples include a straight-line-compression compression sleeve, a straight-line-compression crimping sleeve, a linear-superposition compression sleeve, and a linear-superposition crimping sleeve. Further, for example, a terminal overlapping sleeve or a closed end connecting terminal for connecting two electric wires having end conductors aligned in the same direction can be used depending on their sizes. Of these, the straight abutting sleeve can be preferably used. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 1, a case will be described in which the wires S are sleeve-connected using a compression sleeve for linear matching as the sleeve S.

(Sleeve gripping part)
The sleeve gripping portion 10 is not particularly limited in its structure and shape as long as it can grip a predetermined position of the sleeve S at right angles to the tube axis direction. A known gripping tool such as a spring-type clip for binding documents may be used. Preferably, when the end conductors C1 and C2 of the electric wires W1 and W2 are inserted into the openings at both ends in the tube axis direction of the sleeve S, the sleeve S can be reliably gripped to the extent that the sleeve S is not displaced.

  As described above, the sleeve gripping portion 10 is arranged in the tube axis direction of the sleeve S in the sleeve gripping portion 10 so as not to interfere with the plastic deformation of the deformable plastic portion Sc by operating a dedicated tool such as a compression tool or a crimping tool. The direction parallel to is narrow. This width varies depending on the type and size of the sleeve S (size of the electric wire to be connected), and cannot be generally stated. However, in the case of a straight matching sleeve, it is usually about 5 to 10 mm.

  The material of the sleeve gripping portion 10 is not particularly limited, and can be formed of a material such as a metal such as iron, copper, aluminum, and stainless steel, or a hard plastic.

  FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating an example of a preferable sleeve gripping portion. In this figure, the sleeve gripping portion 10 includes a fixed gripping piece 20 and a movable gripping piece 21 that is opposed to the fixed gripping piece 20 and includes a knob 22 on the proximal end side. The fixed gripping piece 20 and the movable gripping piece 21 are each provided with a shaft support piece protruding in a direction approaching each other on their facing surfaces, and each shaft support piece is in the length direction of each gripping piece 20, 21. The shafts 23 arranged at right angles and parallel to these width directions (the tube axis direction of the sleeve S) are configured to be supported in common with each other. A torsion coil spring 27 is loosely mounted on the shaft 23, and both ends of the coil spring 27 are accommodated in guide grooves provided on the inner surfaces of the proximal ends of the gripping pieces 20 and 21, respectively (in FIG. 2). Only the guide groove 22a on the movable gripping piece side is shown.) By this torsion coil spring 27, the distal end side of the movable gripping piece 21 is biased in a direction approaching that of the fixed gripping piece 21, and the distal end of the fixed gripping piece 20 and the movable gripping piece 21 is operated by operating the knob 22. The sleeve S can be gripped by opening and closing the side.

  The gripping position of the sleeve gripping portion 10 on the sleeve S is appropriately set in a portion excluding the sleeve S plastic deformation portion Sc using a dedicated tool. For example, in the case where the sleeve S is a straight matching sleeve, the end conductors of the electric wires are respectively inserted from the electric wire insertion openings on both sides in the tube axis direction to substantially the middle, and as shown in FIG. The deformed portion Sc is plastically deformed. Therefore, in this case, the position at which the sleeve gripping part 10 grips is the gripping position by the sleeve gripping part 10 at a substantially intermediate position of the sleeve S. Further, when the sleeve S is an overlapping sleeve, the plastically deformed portion is located approximately in the middle of the sleeve, so that either one of both end portions excluding the region is a gripping position by the sleeve gripping portion 10. .

(Wire gripper)
As long as the wire gripping portions 11 and 12 can grip the wires (W1 and W2 in FIG. 1) substantially parallel to the axis of the wire insertion opening at both ends of the sleeve tube axial direction, It is not limited, A well-known holding tool etc. can be used. Preferably, once each of the electric wire gripping portions 11 and 12 grips the electric wire, it is ensured that the electric wires W1 and W2 are not dropped from the electric wire gripping portions 11 and 12 during the subsequent sleeve connecting operation of the electric wires using a tool. It is preferable to have a structure that can grip the covering of the electric wire. As a specific example of such an electric wire gripping portion, in addition to the one having the same structure, shape and material as the sleeve gripping portion shown in FIG. 2, the electric wires W1, W2 as shown below are gripped, and the electric wires W1, The thing etc. which can send out W2 along the axial direction are mentioned. Note that the two electric wire gripping portions 11 and 12 may have the same structure and shape as each other, or may have different structures and shapes.

  FIG. 3 shows a specific example of the electric wire gripping part different from the structure shown in FIG. The electric wire gripping portion 14 (16) shown in this figure is provided with grooves on the outer periphery, and is mainly composed of grooved rubber rolls 33 and 36 and a guide plate 39 having an arc shape when viewed from the side. The grooved rubber rolls 33 and 36 are formed by attaching a rubber layer having a groove along the circumferential direction to the outer peripheral surface of the one-way clutch / bearing, and rotate in one direction but rotate in the opposite direction. It is supposed not to. Shafts 31 and 32 which are respectively provided upright toward the distal end side of the rectangular parallelepiped base 30 fixed to the distal end of the wire gripping arm 13 (15) toward the distal end side in parallel with each other and provided with flanges 34 and 37 in the middle. These rubber rolls 33 and 36 are fitted to each of them so that their rotational directions are matched, and are further fixed by screwing nuts 35 and 38 from the tip side.

  On the other hand, the guide plate 39 is provided with a support piece 40 erected perpendicularly to the guide plate 39 in the middle of the length direction toward the base end side, and is drilled near the end on the base end side. Bolts 41 are inserted through the formed through holes. The bolt 41 is screwed into a screw hole drilled in the side surface of the base 30, and a coil spring 42 is loosely mounted on a screw portion between the support piece 40 and the base 30. . By screwing the bolt 41 into the screw hole of the base 30, the electric wire W <b> 1 (or W <b> 2) is sandwiched between the grooved rubber rolls 33 and 36 and the guide plate 39. It is gripped more securely. Moreover, it can be sent out toward the wire insertion port of the axial sleeve S.

(Linking mechanism)
The connection mechanism part 13 in this embodiment is comprised from the sleeve holding part arm 15, a pair of electric wire holding part arms 17 and 18, and the connection member 16 which connects these mutually. With this configuration, each of the gripping portions 10 and 12 is placed at a position that does not hinder the plastic deformation of the sleeve S such as a compression tool so that the wire gripping portions 11 and 12 are disposed on both sides of the sleeve gripping portion 10. They are interconnected.

  One end of the sleeve gripping portion arm 15 is fixed to the proximal end side of the sleeve gripping portion 10 by a known method, and extends in a direction perpendicular to the tube axis direction of the sleeve S gripped by the sleeve gripping portion 10. . The shape of the sleeve gripping arm 15 is not particularly limited. In addition to a circle, an ellipse, a substantially circle, a substantially ellipse, a rod-like body or a tubular body having a cross-sectional shape such as a regular polygon such as a square or a triangle. Can be used. The sleeve gripping arm 15 is not particularly limited as long as it is a hard material having the above-described shape, and can be formed of, for example, a metal such as iron, copper, aluminum, or stainless steel, a hard plastic material, or glass.

  One end of each of the two wire gripping portions 11 and 12 is fixed to the base end side by a known method, and a straight line extending in the same direction as the sleeve gripping portion arm 15 (the axial direction of the wire gripped by these). Substantially L-shaped electric wire gripping arm arms 17 and 18 each having a portion 171 and 181 and straight portions 172 and 182 that are bent at right angles to the ends of the portions 171 and 181 and extend toward each other are provided. The pair of electric wire gripping arm 17 and 18 can be formed of a rod-like body or a tubular body having the same cross-sectional shape as the sleeve gripping arm 15. The arms 17 and 18 can be formed of the same material as the sleeve gripping arm 15. Note that the shape of the wire gripping portion arms 17 and 18 is not limited to such a substantially L shape, and a connecting member 16 (described later) provided at the tip of the sleeve gripping portion arm 15 and each of the wire gripping portions 11 and 12. They may be connected linearly or in a zigzag manner. Moreover, the electric wire gripping part arms 17 and 18 may have the same structure and shape as each other, or may have different structures and shapes.

  The connecting member 16 that connects the sleeve gripping arm 15 and the two wire gripping arm arms 17 and 18 to each other has a substantially T-shape. The connecting member 16 can be formed of a known hard or soft material. The connection member 16 and the gripping arm arms 15, 17, and 18 can be fixed by known methods.

[Embodiment 2]
FIG. 4 shows another example of the embodiment of the wire connecting holder of the present invention. The embodiment shown in this figure shows a modification of the wire gripping arm 17 and 18 shown in FIG. 1, and there is essentially no change in other configurations. Straight portions 172a and 182a bent at right angles from the straight portions 171 and 181, respectively, and open end portions into which the straight portions 172 and 182 of the wire gripping arm arms 17 and 18 connected to the connecting member 1 can be inserted. Is provided at one end and the other end is fixed to the connecting member 16 and the outer tube 172b, 182b is a nested structure, and can be configured to be extendable.

  In the present embodiment, the wire gripping arms 17 and 18 are made to be able to expand and contract in parallel with the tube axis direction of the sleeve S gripped by the sleeve gripping portion 10 so that the wire gripping portions 11 and 12 grip the wires. The linear portions 172 and 182 are contracted to bring the electric wires W1 and W2 closer to each other in the axial direction, thereby enabling insertion into the electric wire insertion port.

  In the embodiment shown in FIGS. 1 and 4, the electric wire gripping arm 17, 18 can also be rotatably connected to the connecting member 16. In this case, the wire gripping arm arms 17 and 18 can be rotated around the axis of the linear portions 172 and 182 (172a and 182a) constituting the wire gripping arms 17 and 18 for work other than the work for connecting the sleeves between the wires. The electric wire connecting holder of the present invention can be used.

  As such another operation, for example, an operation of attaching an electric wire fuse in the vicinity of the branch portion of the overhead lead-in wire branched from the low-voltage overhead electric wire path can be cited. This electric wire fuse FH usually has a cylindrical connection in which an insulating cylinder consisting of an inner and outer double cylinder is covered with a protective cap at both ends in the length direction, and the electric wire (lead wire) is connected to the center line through the protective cap. Terminals are arranged opposite to each other, and a fuse element having a low-melting metal piece at the center is stretched between the connection terminals. FIG. 5 is a diagram showing an attached state of the electric wire fuse using the configuration in which the electric wire gripping arm 18 is rotatable in the embodiment shown in FIG. 1. As shown in this figure, the wire gripping portion arm 18 of the wire connecting holder of the present invention is rotated about 180 ° from the position shown in FIG. The grip 12 is also moved to the inverted position. By rotating the wire gripping arm 18 in this way, the connection terminal S provided at one end in the length direction of the wire fuse FH can be gripped by the sleeve gripping portion 10 without the arm 18 being in the way. At the same time, in a state where the electric wire W1 is inserted into the electric wire insertion port of the connection terminal S, the connection terminal S can be connected by plastic deformation with a dedicated tool.

[Embodiment 3]
FIG. 6 shows still another example of the embodiment of the wire connecting holder of the present invention. In the embodiment shown in this figure, a sleeve gripping portion arm 10 is extended on the proximal end side of the sleeve gripping portion 11, and one end is fixed to each of the proximal end sides of the two wire gripping portions 14 and 16. The arms 17 and 18 are extended in the same direction as the extending direction of the sleeve gripping part arm 15. Each of the sleeve gripping part arm 15 and the two electric wire gripping part arms 17 and 18 is a belt-like body having a substantially rectangular cross-sectional shape. The lengths of the arms 15, 17 and 18 may be the same or different, but at least the wire gripping arm arms 17 and 18 are preferably set to the same length as shown in FIG.

  In the middle of the length direction of the sleeve gripping arm 15, two through holes 15 a and 15 b that penetrate in a direction perpendicular to the figure and into which bolts or rivets can be inserted are respectively separated by a predetermined center distance. It is installed. Further, the electric wire gripping arm arms 17 and 18 are provided with bolts, butterfly screws, etc. at a center-to-center distance equivalent to the center-to-center distance of the through holes 15a and 15b in the sleeve gripping arm 15 toward the proximal side in the longitudinal direction. Two screw holes 17a and 17b; 18a and 18b (both of which have substantially the same diameter) are drilled.

  The connecting members 47, 48; 51, 52 are elongated strips having the same shape and size, and through holes having substantially the same diameter as the through holes 15 a, 15 b of the sleeve gripping arm 15 are respectively provided at one end portions thereof. In addition, a through hole having a diameter slightly larger than the screw holes of the wire gripping arm 17 and 18 is formed in the other end.

  As shown in FIG. 6, the connecting members 47 and 48 are connected to the sleeve gripping arm 15 and the wire gripping arm 17 from the back side in the figure, and the connecting members 51 and 52 are on the front side in the figure. To the sleeve gripping arm 15 and the wire gripping arm 18. The connecting members 47 and 48 and the wire gripping arm 17 are connected by screwing the thumbscrews 45 and 46 with the through holes formed in one end of the former being aligned with the latter two screw holes 17a and 17b. Yes. Further, the connecting members 51 and 52 and the wire gripping arm 18 are also connected by performing hole alignment in the same manner as described above and screwing in the thumbscrews 53 and 54. The other end of each of the connecting members 47, 48, 51, 52 and the sleeve gripping arm 15 are formed by aligning the former through holes with through holes 15a, 15b drilled substantially in the middle of the latter, such as bolts and nuts. Fasteners or rivets are used for fastening and connection.

  By connecting the sleeve gripping arm 15 and the wire gripping arm 17, 18 and the connecting members 47, 48, 51, 52 as described above, there are two sets of parallel crank mechanisms that share the sleeve gripping arm 15. When the wing bolts 45, 46, 53, 54 are loosened, the arms 13, 15 can move in the vertical direction toward the figure while maintaining a state parallel to the arm 10. ing.

  When using the wire connection holder 1 of this embodiment to connect the wires to each other and connect the sleeve, the butterfly bolts 45, 46, 53, 54 are adjusted to connect to the length direction of the arms 10, 13, 15. The members 47, 48, 51 and 52 are arranged substantially vertically. As a result, when the sleeve S is gripped by the sleeve gripping portion 11, the end conductors of the respective wires are inserted into or inserted into the wire insertion openings at both ends in the tube axis direction of the sleeve S, and the respective wires W 1 and W 2 are gripped. can do. At this time, if necessary, as shown in FIG. 5, projections 10c and 10c are provided on the front and back surfaces of the arm 10 as a rotation restricting means for restricting the rotation of the connecting members 48 and 52. By projecting each of the connecting members 47 and 48, the tube shaft of the sleeve S that the sleeve gripping portion 10 is ashamed of and the axis of each electric wire gripped by the wire gripping portions 11 and 12 substantially match each other. , 51, 52 can be restricted.

  Further, even when the electric wire is compressed and connected to the connection terminal S of the electric wire fuse FH by loosening the butterfly bolts 45, 46; A holding tool can be suitably used. Moreover, the electric wire connection holder of the present embodiment is compactly folded when not in use, and has excellent portability and storage.

  As described above, the electric wire connecting holder of the present invention includes the sleeve holding portion and the connecting mechanism portion that connects the two electric wire holding portions to each other so as to be arranged in a predetermined positional relationship, and the sleeve holding portion. Since the end conductors of each wire are inserted into the wire insertion port of the sleeve to be gripped, it is not necessary to hold the wire and the sleeve with one hand to plastically deform the sleeve. As a result, it is possible to concentrate on the operation of the compression tool and the like, and it is possible to reliably connect the sleeves between the wires by preventing the connection that causes the wires from coming off from the sleeve or causing poor contact. In addition, the wire connection holder of the present invention can be used for connecting the wire to the wire fuse connection terminal by moving at least one of the two wire gripping portions via the coupling mechanism portion and changing the position thereof. Can be used.

  In addition, as described above, the wire connecting holder of the present invention has a simple structure including the sleeve gripping portion, the two wire gripping portions, and the coupling mechanism portion, and thus can be easily manufactured. By doing so, weight reduction can be achieved.

It is a figure which shows an example of embodiment of the holder for wire connection of this invention. It is a perspective view which shows an example of a sleeve holding part. It is a perspective view which shows an example of an electric wire holding part. It is a figure which shows another example of embodiment of the holder for electric wire connection of this invention. It is a figure which shows another usage method of embodiment shown in FIG. It is a figure which shows another example of embodiment of the holder for wire connection of this invention. It is a figure which shows another usage method of embodiment shown in FIG.

Explanation of symbols

DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 Electric wire connection holder 10 Sleeve holding part 11, 12 Electric wire holding part 13 Connection mechanism part 15 Sleeve holding part arm 15a, 15b Screw hole 15c Protrusion 16 Connecting member 17, 18 Electric wire holding part arm 17a, 17b, 18a, 18b Screw Hole 20 Fixed gripping piece 21 Movable gripping piece 20a, 21a Inner peripheral surface 22 Knob 23 Shaft 24 Torsion coil spring 30 Base 31, 32 Shaft 33, 36 Rubber roll 34, 37 with groove Gutter 39 Guide plate 40 Guide plate support 41 Bolt 42 Coil spring 45, 46, 53, 54 Thumb screw 47, 48, 51, 52 Connecting member C1, C2 End conductor FH Wire fuse S Sleeve (wire fuse connection terminal)
Sc Plastic deformation part (compression part)
W1, W2 electric wire

Claims (4)

  A wire connecting holder used when two electric wires are connected to a sleeve, the sleeve holding portion having a narrow width capable of holding a predetermined position of the sleeve perpendicular to the tube axis direction, and the sleeve holding portion. The two sleeves are disposed on both sides of the sleeve, and the sleeve is plastically deformed by two wire gripping portions capable of gripping the wires substantially in parallel with the axis of the wire insertion opening at both ends of the sleeve tube axial direction, and a dedicated tool. A wire connection holding tool comprising: the sleeve gripping portion and a connection mechanism portion that connects the wire gripping portions to each other at a position where there is no hindrance.   The connection mechanism portion has one end fixed to the sleeve gripping portion, and a sleeve gripping portion arm extending in a direction substantially perpendicular to the length direction of the sleeve gripped by the sleeve, and a connection fixed to the other end. 2. A member, and a pair of wire gripping arm arms each having one end fixed to each of the wire gripping portions and the other end rotatably connected to the sleeve gripping arm via the connecting member. The electric wire connection holder described in 1.   The pair of electric wire gripping part arms are connected to the connecting member, and each of the pair of electric wire gripping part arms has a substantially L-shape configured by an extendable linear part and a linear part extending from the electric wire gripping part. 2. The electric wire connecting holder according to 2.   The coupling mechanism portion has one end fixed to the sleeve gripping portion and extending to a direction substantially perpendicular to the length direction of the sleeve gripped by the sleeve, and one end of each of the wire gripping portions. And a pair of wire gripper arms extending in parallel to the sleeve gripper arm, and two connecting members that connect the sleeve gripper arm and the wire gripper arm respectively. The connection aid according to claim 1, wherein two sets of parallel crank mechanisms that share the sleeve gripping part arm are formed.

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