JP2008123866A - 積層型燃料電池およびその製造方法 - Google Patents
積層型燃料電池およびその製造方法 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- JP2008123866A JP2008123866A JP2006307111A JP2006307111A JP2008123866A JP 2008123866 A JP2008123866 A JP 2008123866A JP 2006307111 A JP2006307111 A JP 2006307111A JP 2006307111 A JP2006307111 A JP 2006307111A JP 2008123866 A JP2008123866 A JP 2008123866A
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- catalyst
- layer
- electrode
- electrolyte
- catalyst layer
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/8605—Porous electrodes
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/88—Processes of manufacture
- H01M4/8825—Methods for deposition of the catalytic active composition
- H01M4/8828—Coating with slurry or ink
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/02—Details
- H01M8/0202—Collectors; Separators, e.g. bipolar separators; Interconnectors
- H01M8/023—Porous and characterised by the material
- H01M8/0234—Carbonaceous material
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/02—Details
- H01M8/0202—Collectors; Separators, e.g. bipolar separators; Interconnectors
- H01M8/023—Porous and characterised by the material
- H01M8/0239—Organic resins; Organic polymers
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/02—Details
- H01M8/0202—Collectors; Separators, e.g. bipolar separators; Interconnectors
- H01M8/023—Porous and characterised by the material
- H01M8/0241—Composites
- H01M8/0243—Composites in the form of mixtures
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M8/1016—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes characterised by the electrolyte material
- H01M8/1018—Polymeric electrolyte materials
- H01M8/102—Polymeric electrolyte materials characterised by the chemical structure of the main chain of the ion-conducting polymer
- H01M8/1023—Polymeric electrolyte materials characterised by the chemical structure of the main chain of the ion-conducting polymer having only carbon, e.g. polyarylenes, polystyrenes or polybutadiene-styrenes
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M8/1016—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes characterised by the electrolyte material
- H01M8/1018—Polymeric electrolyte materials
- H01M8/1039—Polymeric electrolyte materials halogenated, e.g. sulfonated polyvinylidene fluorides
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M8/1016—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes characterised by the electrolyte material
- H01M8/1018—Polymeric electrolyte materials
- H01M8/1058—Polymeric electrolyte materials characterised by a porous support having no ion-conducting properties
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M8/1016—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes characterised by the electrolyte material
- H01M8/1018—Polymeric electrolyte materials
- H01M8/1069—Polymeric electrolyte materials characterised by the manufacturing processes
- H01M8/1081—Polymeric electrolyte materials characterised by the manufacturing processes starting from solutions, dispersions or slurries exclusively of polymers
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
- Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Sustainable Energy (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Sustainable Development (AREA)
- Composite Materials (AREA)
- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
- Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
- Fuel Cell (AREA)
- Inert Electrodes (AREA)
Abstract
【解決手段】触媒層付電極の空気透過流量が10000〜12000(ml・mm/cm2/min)の範囲内に調節されている。そのため、その上に電解質溶液を塗布して電解質膜12を設けるに際して、その電解質溶液の触媒層28への浸み込みが好適に抑制されることから、浸み込んだ電解質によって触媒層28および電極30のガス拡散性能が低下し或いは触媒との反応性が低下することが好適に抑制されるので、出力の高い積層型燃料電池が得られる。
【選択図】図4
Description
Claims (6)
- 高分子固体電解質層を備え、且つ、その一面に一対の触媒層の一方および一対のガス拡散電極層の一方が設けられると共にその他面にそれら一対の触媒層の他方およびそれら一対のガス拡散電極層の他方が設けられた積層型燃料電池であって、
前記一方のガス拡散電極層および前記一方の触媒層から成る触媒層付電極層は乾燥状態における膜厚方向の空気透過量が10000〜12000(ml・mm/cm2/min)の範囲内の値を有することを特徴とする積層型燃料電池。 - 高分子固体電解質層を備え、且つ、その一面に一対の触媒層の一方および一対のガス拡散電極層の一方が設けられると共にその他面にそれら一対の触媒層の他方およびそれら一対のガス拡散電極層の他方が設けられた積層型燃料電池を製造する方法であって、
前記一方のガス拡散電極層を構成するための多孔質の導体材料から成る電極基材を用意する電極基材準備工程と、
前記電極基材の一面に乾燥状態における膜厚方向の空気透過量が10000〜12000(ml・mm/cm2/min)の範囲内の値となるように前記一方の触媒層を設けて触媒層付電極基材を形成する触媒層形成工程と、
前記触媒層付電極基材の前記触媒層上に電解質溶液を塗布して前記高分子固体電解質層を形成する電解質層形成工程と
を、含むことを特徴とする積層型燃料電池の製造方法。 - 前記電解質溶液は、600〜1000(mPa・s)の範囲内の粘度を有するものである請求項2の積層型燃料電池の製造方法。
- 前記電解質層形成工程は、塗布した前記電解質溶液に室温で所定時間の乾燥処理を施した後、それよりも高温で硬化させるものである請求項2または請求項3の積層型燃料電池の製造方法。
- 前記触媒層形成工程は、
前記触媒層を構成するための触媒材料が分散した触媒含浸用分散液に前記電極基材を浸してその触媒を含浸させる触媒含浸工程と、
所定の電解質を含む溶液に前記触媒材料が分散した触媒塗布用分散液を触媒が含浸された前記電極基材の一面に塗布して前記一方の触媒層を形成する触媒塗布工程と
を、含むものである請求項2乃至請求項4の何れかの積層型燃料電池の製造方法。 - 前記触媒層形成工程は、
前記触媒層を構成するための触媒材料が所定の電解質を含む溶液に分散した触媒塗布用分散液を前記電極基材の一面に塗布して乾燥処理を施す工程を2回以上繰り返すことによって前記一方の触媒層を形成する触媒塗布工程を含むものである請求項2乃至請求項4の何れかの積層型燃料電池の製造方法。
Priority Applications (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP2006307111A JP4898394B2 (ja) | 2006-11-13 | 2006-11-13 | 積層型燃料電池の製造方法 |
US11/979,614 US20080138683A1 (en) | 2006-11-13 | 2007-11-06 | Laminated layer fuel cell and method for manufacturing the same |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP2006307111A JP4898394B2 (ja) | 2006-11-13 | 2006-11-13 | 積層型燃料電池の製造方法 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
JP2008123866A true JP2008123866A (ja) | 2008-05-29 |
JP4898394B2 JP4898394B2 (ja) | 2012-03-14 |
Family
ID=39498464
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
JP2006307111A Expired - Fee Related JP4898394B2 (ja) | 2006-11-13 | 2006-11-13 | 積層型燃料電池の製造方法 |
Country Status (2)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US20080138683A1 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP4898394B2 (ja) |
Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP2010238534A (ja) * | 2009-03-31 | 2010-10-21 | Honda Motor Co Ltd | 燃料電池用膜電極複合体およびその製造方法 |
WO2012133545A1 (ja) * | 2011-03-31 | 2012-10-04 | 株式会社Eneosセルテック | ガス拡散層、燃料電池用電極、膜電極接合体、及び燃料電池 |
WO2015068745A1 (ja) * | 2013-11-06 | 2015-05-14 | 日本バイリーン株式会社 | ガス拡散電極用基材、ガス拡散電極、膜-電極接合体及び固体高分子形燃料電池 |
Families Citing this family (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2010054270A1 (en) * | 2008-11-07 | 2010-05-14 | Seeo, Inc | Electrodes with solid polymer electrolytes and reduced porosity |
US8999008B2 (en) | 2008-11-07 | 2015-04-07 | Seeo, Inc. | Method of forming an electrode assembly |
KR100980205B1 (ko) | 2008-12-30 | 2010-09-03 | 두산중공업 주식회사 | 용융탄산염 연료전지의 인-시츄 소결용 연료극 강화 시트 제조 방법 |
JP5178677B2 (ja) * | 2009-09-30 | 2013-04-10 | 株式会社日立製作所 | 燃料電池用膜/電極接合体 |
CA2806020A1 (en) * | 2010-07-20 | 2012-01-26 | University Of Houston | Self-heating concrete using carbon nanofiber paper |
US9941523B2 (en) * | 2011-07-18 | 2018-04-10 | Daimler Ag | Bilayer cathode catalyst structure for solid polymer electrolyte fuel cell |
US9829202B2 (en) * | 2012-09-11 | 2017-11-28 | University of Alaska Anchorage | Systems and methods for heating concrete structures |
KR101406969B1 (ko) * | 2013-05-10 | 2014-06-20 | 한국과학기술연구원 | 고체 전해질 염료감응형 태양전지의 제조 방법 및 이에 이용되는 전해질 충진 장치 |
Citations (9)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPH09245801A (ja) * | 1996-03-11 | 1997-09-19 | Tanaka Kikinzoku Kogyo Kk | 高分子固体電解質型燃料電池用電極及びその製造方法 |
JP2001216973A (ja) * | 2000-02-01 | 2001-08-10 | Toray Ind Inc | 電極およびその製造方法並びにそれを用いた燃料電池 |
JP2002246040A (ja) * | 2001-02-21 | 2002-08-30 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | 高分子電解質型燃料電池用膜・電極接合体の製造方法 |
JP2002298860A (ja) * | 2001-01-25 | 2002-10-11 | Toyota Motor Corp | 燃料電池の電極触媒層形成方法 |
JP2003173786A (ja) * | 2001-12-05 | 2003-06-20 | Mitsubishi Electric Corp | 固体高分子型燃料電池用触媒層の形成方法及びその形成装置 |
JP2003203646A (ja) * | 2001-12-27 | 2003-07-18 | Hyundai Motor Co Ltd | 燃料電池用膜−電極−ガスケット接合体の製造方法及びそれを含む燃料電池 |
JP2003317750A (ja) * | 2002-04-24 | 2003-11-07 | Jsr Corp | 積層体の製造方法 |
JP2004311275A (ja) * | 2003-04-09 | 2004-11-04 | Ube Ind Ltd | 触媒層を制御した直接メタノ−ル形燃料電池用電極及びそれを用いた燃料電池 |
JP2005209403A (ja) * | 2004-01-20 | 2005-08-04 | Fuji Electric Holdings Co Ltd | 燃料電池の電極形成方法 |
Family Cites Families (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE3618840A1 (de) * | 1986-06-04 | 1987-12-10 | Basf Ag | Methanol/luft-brennstoffzellen |
JP3712768B2 (ja) * | 1995-01-26 | 2005-11-02 | 松下電器産業株式会社 | 固体高分子型燃料電池の製造法 |
CN1685547A (zh) * | 2002-07-29 | 2005-10-19 | 松下电器产业株式会社 | 燃料电池用膜电极接合体的制造方法 |
CN100379069C (zh) * | 2004-12-21 | 2008-04-02 | 松下电器产业株式会社 | 直接甲醇型燃料电池 |
WO2007112563A1 (en) * | 2006-03-30 | 2007-10-11 | Magpower Systems Inc. | Air diffusion cathodes for fuel cells |
-
2006
- 2006-11-13 JP JP2006307111A patent/JP4898394B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2007
- 2007-11-06 US US11/979,614 patent/US20080138683A1/en not_active Abandoned
Patent Citations (9)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPH09245801A (ja) * | 1996-03-11 | 1997-09-19 | Tanaka Kikinzoku Kogyo Kk | 高分子固体電解質型燃料電池用電極及びその製造方法 |
JP2001216973A (ja) * | 2000-02-01 | 2001-08-10 | Toray Ind Inc | 電極およびその製造方法並びにそれを用いた燃料電池 |
JP2002298860A (ja) * | 2001-01-25 | 2002-10-11 | Toyota Motor Corp | 燃料電池の電極触媒層形成方法 |
JP2002246040A (ja) * | 2001-02-21 | 2002-08-30 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | 高分子電解質型燃料電池用膜・電極接合体の製造方法 |
JP2003173786A (ja) * | 2001-12-05 | 2003-06-20 | Mitsubishi Electric Corp | 固体高分子型燃料電池用触媒層の形成方法及びその形成装置 |
JP2003203646A (ja) * | 2001-12-27 | 2003-07-18 | Hyundai Motor Co Ltd | 燃料電池用膜−電極−ガスケット接合体の製造方法及びそれを含む燃料電池 |
JP2003317750A (ja) * | 2002-04-24 | 2003-11-07 | Jsr Corp | 積層体の製造方法 |
JP2004311275A (ja) * | 2003-04-09 | 2004-11-04 | Ube Ind Ltd | 触媒層を制御した直接メタノ−ル形燃料電池用電極及びそれを用いた燃料電池 |
JP2005209403A (ja) * | 2004-01-20 | 2005-08-04 | Fuji Electric Holdings Co Ltd | 燃料電池の電極形成方法 |
Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP2010238534A (ja) * | 2009-03-31 | 2010-10-21 | Honda Motor Co Ltd | 燃料電池用膜電極複合体およびその製造方法 |
WO2012133545A1 (ja) * | 2011-03-31 | 2012-10-04 | 株式会社Eneosセルテック | ガス拡散層、燃料電池用電極、膜電極接合体、及び燃料電池 |
JP2012216365A (ja) * | 2011-03-31 | 2012-11-08 | Eneos Celltech Co Ltd | ガス拡散層、燃料電池用電極、膜電極接合体、及び燃料電池 |
WO2015068745A1 (ja) * | 2013-11-06 | 2015-05-14 | 日本バイリーン株式会社 | ガス拡散電極用基材、ガス拡散電極、膜-電極接合体及び固体高分子形燃料電池 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US20080138683A1 (en) | 2008-06-12 |
JP4898394B2 (ja) | 2012-03-14 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
JP4898394B2 (ja) | 積層型燃料電池の製造方法 | |
JP6717748B2 (ja) | ガス拡散基材 | |
JP6053251B2 (ja) | 固体高分子形燃料電池ガス拡散層 | |
KR101747456B1 (ko) | 고체 고분자형 연료 전지용 가스 확산층 부재 및 고체 고분자형 연료 전지 | |
JP2008204945A (ja) | ガス拡散電極用基材、ガス拡散電極及びその製造方法、並びに燃料電池 | |
JP5031302B2 (ja) | ガス拡散電極の形成方法 | |
JP5915283B2 (ja) | ガス拡散層およびそれを用いてなる燃料電池 | |
KR101140094B1 (ko) | 가스확산전극, 연료전지, 및 가스확산전극의 제조방법 | |
JP2006339018A (ja) | 燃料電池用ガス拡散層、およびこの製造方法 | |
JP2010153222A (ja) | 柔軟型ガス拡散電極基材および膜−電極接合体 | |
JP2010015908A (ja) | ガス拡散電極用基材、その製造方法、および膜−電極接合体 | |
CA2649903A1 (en) | Methods of making components for electrochemical cells | |
JP2010129309A (ja) | 燃料電池用ガス拡散層及びその製造方法 | |
JP5328407B2 (ja) | 水分管理シート、ガス拡散シート、膜−電極接合体及び固体高分子形燃料電池 | |
KR102563567B1 (ko) | 연료전지용 고분자 전해질막 및 그 제조방법 | |
JP4942362B2 (ja) | 膜−電極接合体及びそれを用いた固体高分子型燃料電池 | |
JP2016181488A (ja) | 燃料電池用電極、燃料電池用膜電極複合体および燃料電池 | |
JP4898568B2 (ja) | 触媒層および膜−電極接合体 | |
JP4866127B2 (ja) | 電極−電解質一体型膜電極接合体およびその製造方法 | |
JP4872202B2 (ja) | 燃料電池及び燃料電池の製造方法 | |
WO2014174973A1 (ja) | ガス拡散電極体、その製造方法ならびにこれを用いる燃料電池用膜電極接合体および燃料電池 | |
JP4572530B2 (ja) | 燃料電池用膜・電極接合体及び燃料電池 | |
JP2004288391A (ja) | 膜−電極接合体の製造方法、膜−電極接合体、及び燃料電池 | |
JP2004273387A (ja) | 膜−電極接合体のガス拡散層の製造方法、膜−電極接合体、及び燃料電池 | |
JP2012074319A (ja) | 水分管理シート、ガス拡散シート、膜−電極接合体及び固体高分子形燃料電池 |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
A621 | Written request for application examination |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A621 Effective date: 20090121 |
|
A977 | Report on retrieval |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A971007 Effective date: 20110809 |
|
A131 | Notification of reasons for refusal |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A131 Effective date: 20110830 |
|
A521 | Request for written amendment filed |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A523 Effective date: 20111020 |
|
TRDD | Decision of grant or rejection written | ||
A01 | Written decision to grant a patent or to grant a registration (utility model) |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A01 Effective date: 20111206 |
|
A01 | Written decision to grant a patent or to grant a registration (utility model) |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A01 |
|
A61 | First payment of annual fees (during grant procedure) |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A61 Effective date: 20111226 |
|
R150 | Certificate of patent or registration of utility model |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R150 |
|
FPAY | Renewal fee payment (event date is renewal date of database) |
Free format text: PAYMENT UNTIL: 20150106 Year of fee payment: 3 |
|
R250 | Receipt of annual fees |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R250 |
|
R250 | Receipt of annual fees |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R250 |
|
R250 | Receipt of annual fees |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R250 |
|
LAPS | Cancellation because of no payment of annual fees |