JP2005530862A - Fuel additive - Google Patents

Abstract

An emulsifiable composition comprising an ethoxylated alkylphenol, a fatty acid amide, naphtha and oleic acid. The composition is used to emulsify fuel and water mixtures in internal combustion engines, open flame burners (boilers) or the like. Preferably, the composition contains, by volume, 1 part polyoxyethylene nonylphenol, 2 parts coconut diethanolamide, 2 parts heavy naphtha, and 1 part oleic acid. The invention further extends to a hydrocarbon fuel containing the composition of the invention and a method for producing an emulsion of a hydrocarbon fuel containing the composition and water.

Description

  The present invention relates to fuel. In particular, the present invention relates to an emulsifiable composition, a hydrocarbon fuel, and a method for producing an emulsion of a hydrocarbon fuel and water.

According to the invention, ethoxylated alkylphenols;
Fatty acid amides;
An emulsifiable composition comprising naphtha; and oleic acid is provided.

Ethoxylated alkylphenols are nonionic surfactants represented by the general formula R (OCH ₂ CH ₂ ) _n OH. Here, R represents alkylphenol, and n represents the number of ethoxy groups.

  An example of an ethoxylated alkylphenol is polyoxyethylene (POE) nonylphenol, for example, a product available from ICI under the trade name SYNPERONIC NP. POE (5) or POE (6) nonylphenol (for example, SYNPERONIC NP5 or SYNPERONIC NP6) can be used as a preferred embodiment of the present invention.

  The fatty acid amide may be a fatty acid dialkanolamide. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the fatty acid amide is coconut diethanolamide, such as that available from Albright & Wilson under the trade name EMPILAN2502.

  The naphtha may be heavy naphtha.

  In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the composition may contain polyoxyethylene nonylphenol, coconut diethanolamide and heavy naphtha. Preferably, the composition may contain, by volume, 1 part polyoxyethylene nonylphenol, 2 parts coconut diethanolamide, 2 parts heavy naphtha and 1 part oleic acid.

  The invention further extends to hydrocarbon fuels containing the composition according to the invention.

  The hydrocarbon fuel may be an alcohol-based fuel, gasoline (petrol), diesel fuel, such as low sulfur diesel oil, or a mixture thereof.

  The hydrocarbon fuel can contain up to 40% water by volume. Preferably, the hydrocarbon fuel can contain up to 25% water.

  The hydrocarbon fuel may contain about 1.5% to 2% of the composition by volume.

  According to another aspect of the present invention, a hydrocarbon fuel and water are added to the hydrocarbon fuel by adding ethoxylated alkylphenol, fatty acid amide, naphtha and oleic acid to form a mixture, and then adding water to the mixture. A method of forming an emulsion is provided.

  Preferably, the method includes forming an additive composition containing ethoxylated alkylphenol, fatty acid amide, oleic acid and naphtha, and then adding the additive composition to a hydrocarbon fuel.

  Preferably, a composition containing 1 part polyoxyethylene nonylphenol, 2 parts coconut diethanolamide, 1 part oleic acid and 2 parts heavy naphtha by volume is added to the hydrocarbon fuel to form the mixture.

  The additive components are advantageously mixed in the order of polyoxyethylene nonylphenol, coconut diethanolamide, oleic acid and naphtha to form the composition.

  It is the applicant's benefit that the composition of the present invention provides a relatively cost-effective bulking agent for internal combustion engines, marine boiler applications, ie open flame burners and the like. Is thinking. The components used in the composition are available at a relatively low cost, and can be easily mixed even at low temperatures. By selecting the four components appropriately, it is possible to obtain an effective result even if a large amount of water (typically fuel: water = 3: 1) is added to the fuel by adding a relatively small amount of the mixture. . The applicant of the present application considers that the addition amount of the composition does not need to change much from heavy fuel to light fuel. Applicants believe that it is a further advantage of the present invention that the final blend forms a stable emulsion and that there is no sign of sedimentation during the duration.

  Applicant also believes that the composition provides clean combustion and thus provides an environmentally friendly fuel. Concentrations of nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide are reduced compared to fuels that do not contain the composition. In addition, the oxygen concentration and excess air specified in the exhaust emissions show a significant increase, and a significant reduction in soot or unburned carbon is also observed.

  The Applicant also believes that the fuel according to the present invention extends engine life as a result of lower exhaust gas temperatures.

  It is a further advantage of the present invention that the composition is odorless, non-acidic, non-toxic and therefore not harmful to the skin when attached. Furthermore, since the flash point of the composition is substantially the same as the flash point of the fuel to be mixed, there is no need for compromise in terms of safety in handling and transportation by mixing the composition into the fuel.

  The Applicant also believes that conventional hydrocarbon fuels can be replaced by the above-described compositions as long as the air and fuel flow rates are slightly adjusted to optimize performance.

  Internal combustion engines experience carbon accumulation and other deposits derived from fuel when operating on normal fuel. The Applicant believes that when operating with a fuel containing the composition of the present invention, these are decomposed and discharged. Engine parts, especially fuel pump parts, will not wear out or corrode even after long periods of operation, and older engines will run more smoothly than before.

  In the test in Example 2, the fuel of the present invention requires a slightly lower fuel supply speed than the diesel fuel at a constant rotation speed, and the output increases at that speed. The exhaust temperature also decreases significantly. It is thought that if the same output is set at a low speed and a low operating temperature, the engine life is extended.

  The present applicant also believes that the problem of oil spill disaster can be reduced if the composition is mixed in a large amount of fuel transported by a tanker. Since the composition has emulsifying properties, it seems to reduce the problem of oil film formation in water.

  The invention will now be described with reference to the following non-limiting examples and test examples.

  A batch of an additive composition according to the present invention was prepared containing 1 part polyoxyethylene nonylphenol (SYNPERONIC NP5 or NP6), 2 parts coconut diethanolamide (EMPILAN2502), 1 part oleic acid and 2 parts heavy naphtha. The ingredients were mixed in the order described above. 1.8 liters of the batch composition was added to 71.79 liters (15.792 British gallons) of base hydrocarbon fuel. The base fuel used was No. 1 containing 70% Bunker C oil fuel and 30% diesel fuel by volume. A 70/30 blend of 5 fuel oils. The mixture of the composition and the base fuel was stirred using compressed air and left for about 2 to 5 minutes to obtain a dispersion of the composition and the fuel oil. Thereafter, 23.93 liters (5.264 gallons) of water was added to the mixture. The obtained mixture was stirred for about 2 to 5 minutes using compressed air to obtain the fuel / water emulsion. If necessary, it may be stirred again after 20 minutes. As can be seen from the above volume, the resulting mixture will contain about 25% by volume water and about 1.86% by volume of the composition in the final blend.

  For the following test, a 74.6 KW (100 hp) Scotch marine boiler equipped with a global adjustment type industrial combustion Hev-e-Oil burner was used. The boiler has two sources: No. 1 above (without additives). From the main tank containing the 5 blended fuel and the auxiliary tank containing the fuel prepared according to Example 1 was modified to accept the fuel. The boiler return line pipes were recirculated through the main fuel oil pump and burner bypass valve, respectively. With this modification, the fuel supplied to the boiler can be switched between two sources as needed without considering the return oil. The test was carried out as described in more detail below with the boiler and configuration described above.

Test Example No. 1
The first boiler was placed in the main tank. The fuel was operated at 5 fuel oil until the boiler pressure was about 344 KPa (50 pounds per square inch (psi)). After reaching this pressure, the boiler operation was switched to the fuel prepared according to Example 1 for an initial inspection of the flame. A smooth transition was observed. The outline of the flame is clear. It was thinner and longer than the fuel oil flame of No. 5. The boiler was operated in automatic full adjustment mode. The boiler was much quieter after switching. It was also observed that the vapor pressure rose to about 361.7 Pa (52.5 psi).

Test Example No. 2
The boiler was ignited using the fuel prepared according to Example 1 and the operating temperature was raised to about 361.7 KPa (52.5 psi). No. In order to compare the five fuel oils and the fuel according to Example 1 under the same conditions, the boiler was fixed in the vicinity of the high thermal power position in the manual mode, thereby fixing the positions of all the fuel / air ratio link mechanisms. During this operation, the boiler was not set for optimum efficiency. The combustion test used a combustion analyzer Enerac 2000 for both fuels to measure carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, combustible gas, excess air and oxygen emissions. The results are shown in Table 1 below. The test results showed that the emissions of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and combustible gases were reduced when the fuel according to the present invention was used, although the excess air and oxygen increased.

Test Example No. 3
A steam flow test was performed. In order to perform this test, a flow meter was installed between the water supply pump and the boiler. The boiler was operated with the fuel from Example 1 and an operating pressure of about 379 KPa (55 psi). Vapor capacity was measured randomly and was about 832.6 kg / hr (1834 lb / hr). This value is determined by measuring the amount of water entering the boiler with a flow meter over a period of time, and the relationship between the mass of evaporated water and the gallon accepted by the boiler industry (ie the mass of steam in pounds per hour). (Corresponding to gallon / min of evaporated water).

Test Example No. 4
The steam flow rate by the fuel according to Example 1 is No. Compared to the steam flow with 5 blend oils. The boiler was in manual mode and the flame was fixed in the correct position. According to the results of this test, the fuel from Example 1 vaporized at a rate of 1114.7 kg / hr (2235 lb / hr) based on the evaporation of about 345.4 liters (76 gallons) of water in 17 minutes. No. 5 fuel oil was shown to generate steam at a rate of about 983.8 kg / hr (2167 lb / hr) based on the evaporation of about 295.4 liters (65 gallons) of water in 15 minutes. . The average exhaust stack temperature was about 265.6 ° C. (510 ° F.) in the case of the fuel according to Example 1, In the case of 5 fuel oils, it was measured at about 246.1 ° C. (475 ° F.).

Test Example No. 5
A stability test was conducted to observe the emulsification characteristics of the fuel according to the present invention. The fuel batch according to Example 1 was left for approximately 6 days. The fuel batch prepared according to Example 1 was left for about 6 days and then the boiler was ignited. Clean combustion was observed and there was no sign of fuel separation. An additional 22.7 liters (5 gallons) of Example 1 made in a separate batch was added to the auxiliary tank during this run. During the addition of additional fuel, there were no signs of visual separation and no difference in the burner flame. The boiler was operated until all fuel batches were consumed.

Test Example No. 6
Further exhaust tests were performed by operating the boiler near optimal efficiency. The test was No. Starting with 5 fuel oil batches, the fuel / air ratio was then adjusted and switched to the fuel prepared according to Example 1. The emissions of nitrogen oxides and sulfur oxides were measured using an Enerac 2000 analyzer, and the combustion efficiency was calculated. The results are shown in Table 1 below.

Test Example No. 7
A comparative test was performed to determine the amount of fuel consumed to generate a predetermined amount of steam with both fuels. Both tests were started immediately with the fuel valve open as soon as the water supply pump stopped. The start time was recorded and the water supply reading was also recorded. All tests were conducted using 23.9 liters (5.264 gallons) of fuel. Each sample was weighed in advance. Both tests were completed by closing the fuel valve and recording the subsequent water supply stop time. The water supply pump operates at a predetermined low water level and stops at a predetermined high water level. MacDonnell Miller No. Automatically adjusted by 157 instrument. The test results are shown in Table 2 below.

  The composition was No. A fuel according to the present invention was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that it was mixed with diesel oil instead of the blended fuel oil of No. 5. A series of bench tests with the RICARD P6 diesel fuel test engine, an internal combustion engine, was conducted using the fuel of the present invention. A similar bench test was performed using a diesel fuel control sample. The results of the control sample test and the fuel test of the present invention are shown in Tables 3 and 4.

  This result shows that the output of the fuel of the present invention is increased despite the fuel consumption rate being equal or slightly lower than the control fuel in all rotational speed ranges. The exhaust temperature is also lower in Table 4 than in Table 3. Unburned deposits also tend to be reduced when operated with at least the fuel of the present invention.

  It should be understood that the present invention has found substantial utility as a composition for emulsifying a mixture of fuel and water for use in internal combustion engines, open flame burners (boilers) and the like. However, the present invention is not limited to this application. For example, the present invention may be used for other applications such as a cleaning agent that removes oily deposits from surfaces such as tar-attached roads, concrete, and stone buildings. it can.

Claims (17)

Ethoxylated alkylphenols;
Fatty acid amides;
An emulsifiable composition containing naphtha; and oleic acid.   The composition of claim 1, wherein the ethoxylated alkylphenol is polyoxyethylene (POE) nonylphenol.   The composition according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the fatty acid amide is a fatty acid dialkanolamide.   4. The composition of claim 3, wherein the fatty acid dialkanolamide is coconut diethanolamide.   The composition according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the naphtha is heavy naphtha.   The ethoxylated alkylphenol is polyoxyethylene nonylphenol, the fatty acid amide is coconut diethanolamide, and the naphtha is heavy naphtha, the composition being 1 part polyoxyethylene nonylphenol, 2 parts coconut diethanolamide, The composition of claim 1 containing 2 parts heavy naphtha and 1 part oleic acid.   A hydrocarbon fuel containing the composition according to any one of claims 1 to 6.   The hydrocarbon fuel according to claim 7, containing 40% by volume or less of water.   The hydrocarbon fuel according to claim 8, containing 25% by volume or less of water.   The hydrocarbon fuel according to any one of claims 7 to 9, which contains the emulsifiable composition in a volume of 1.5% to 2%.   Adding an ethoxylated alkylphenol, fatty acid amide, naphtha and oleic acid to a hydrocarbon fuel to produce a mixture, and producing an emulsion of the hydrocarbon fuel and water comprising adding water to the mixture Method.   12. The method of claim 11, comprising generating an additive composition containing the ethoxylated alkylphenol, the fatty acid amide, the oleic acid, and the naphtha and adding the additive composition to the hydrocarbon fuel. the method of.   13. The method of claim 12, wherein the additive composition comprises 1 part polyoxyethylene nonylphenol, 2 parts coconut diethanolamide, 1 part oleic acid, and 2 parts heavy naphtha by volume.   14. The method of claim 12 or 13, wherein each component is mixed in the order of polyoxyethylene nonylphenol, coconut diethanolamide, oleic acid and naphtha to produce the additive mixture.   The composition of claim 1, substantially the same as described herein.   8. A hydrocarbon fuel according to claim 7, substantially the same as described herein.   12. A method of producing an emulsion of a hydrocarbon fuel and water according to claim 11 substantially the same as described herein.