JP2004178922A - Negative electrode material and secondary battery using the same - Google Patents

Negative electrode material and secondary battery using the same Download PDF

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Publication number
JP2004178922A
JP2004178922A JP2002342689A JP2002342689A JP2004178922A JP 2004178922 A JP2004178922 A JP 2004178922A JP 2002342689 A JP2002342689 A JP 2002342689A JP 2002342689 A JP2002342689 A JP 2002342689A JP 2004178922 A JP2004178922 A JP 2004178922A
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Japan
Prior art keywords
negative electrode
electrode material
particles
tin
atom
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JP2002342689A
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Japanese (ja)
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JP4385589B2 (en
Inventor
Satoshi Iioi
悟史 飯生
Tsutomu Masuko
努 増子
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Resonac Holdings Corp
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Showa Denko KK
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Priority to JP2002342689A priority Critical patent/JP4385589B2/en
Application filed by Showa Denko KK filed Critical Showa Denko KK
Priority to CNA2003801042406A priority patent/CN1717822A/en
Priority to PCT/JP2003/014997 priority patent/WO2004049473A2/en
Priority to EP10010951.1A priority patent/EP2317592B1/en
Priority to KR1020057008901A priority patent/KR101250329B1/en
Priority to EP03811918.6A priority patent/EP1573835B1/en
Priority to US10/536,443 priority patent/US7674555B2/en
Priority to AU2003302282A priority patent/AU2003302282A1/en
Publication of JP2004178922A publication Critical patent/JP2004178922A/en
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Publication of JP4385589B2 publication Critical patent/JP4385589B2/en
Priority to US12/688,799 priority patent/US8623554B2/en
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    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02EREDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10Energy storage using batteries

Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide an electrode material for a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery with large charging and discharging capacity, excellent charging and discharging cycle characteristics and heavy-current load characteristics (especially, a negative electrode material for a lithium secondary battery), and to provide an electrode and a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery using it. <P>SOLUTION: This negative electrode material comprises a mixture of particles containing a compound containing a silicon atom or/and a tin atom capable of insertion/desorption of a lithium ion and a vapor phase carbon fiber. A manufacturing method for the negative electrode material comprises a process depositing a composition containing a polymer on at least surfaces of a part of particles containing the compound containing a silicon atom or/and a tin atom, a process mixing the vapor phase carbon fiber with the particles, and a process heating the particles containing the compound containing a silicon atom or/and a tin atom on which the composition containing the polymer deposited. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2004,JPO

Description

【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は、充放電容量が大きく、充放電サイクル特性に優れた非水電解質二次電池用の電極材料、及びそれを用いた電極、非水電解質二次電池に関する。特に、リチウム二次電池の負極材、それを用いた負極、リチウム二次電池に関する。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
携帯機器の小型軽量化及び高性能化に伴い、リチウム二次電池の高容量化が求められている。そのため、これまでリチウム二次電池の負極材に使用されてきた黒鉛の理論容量である372mAh/gを超える材料が検討されている。黒鉛に代わる材料としては、より高容量を示すケイ素、錫、アルミニウム、タングステン材料等の非炭素系の負極材料が報告されている。ケイ素相粒子をケイ素を含む固溶体または金属間化合物の相によって被覆され、その一部、若しくは全面が繊維状炭素を含む炭素質で固定されたもの(例えば、特許文献1参照。)、ケイ素化合物と炭素材料との混合物(例えば、特許文献2参照。)が提案されている。
【0003】
【特許文献1】特開2002−8652号公報
【0004】
【特許文献2】特開2000−357515号公報
【0005】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
しかしながら、非炭素系負極材料はリチウムイオンの挿入・脱離(ドープ・脱ドープ)の際に、活物質自身の体積変化が大きく、活物質粒子間に空隙が生じ、容量に有効に使用される部分が減少する。また、体積変化に伴い材料に亀裂を生じ、粒子が微細化し、微細化した材料は、粒子間に空間が生じ、粒子同士の接触による電子伝導網が分断され、電気化学的な反応に関与できない部分が増加し、充放電容量が低下し、さらに内部抵抗が増加する等が考えられる。
【0006】
すなわち、非炭素系負極材料はリチウムイオンの挿入・脱離の際に、活物質自身の体積変化が大きく、繰り返す充放電サイクルによる劣化が著しく大きく、内部抵抗、特に、低温における内部抵抗が大きくなることが課題となっている。
【0007】
特許文献1では、繊維状炭素が炭素質で固定されていて、核がケイ素粒子であるため、充放電サイクルによって微粒子化が起こり、形状が維持できず、粒子同士の接点が維持できず、サイクル特性や不可逆容量などに問題がある。
【0008】
特許文献2では、ケイ素化合物粒子と炭素材料粒子の平均粒径の比を規定することで、より粒径の大きな炭素材料が形成する空隙を粒径の小さなケイ素化合物粒子のリチウムとのドープ・脱ドープの場として利用しているが、充放電サイクルを繰り返すことで電粒子同士の接点が維持できず、サイクル特性や不可逆容量などに問題がある。
【0009】
本発明は、充放電容量が大きく、充放電サイクル特性に優れ、不可逆容量の小さいリチウムイオン二次電池を作成することができる、また、内部抵抗、特に低温における内部抵抗の値が小さなリチウムイオン二次電池を作成することができる。このリチウムイオン二次電池の負極に適した負極材料、および当該負極材料を製造する方法を提供を目的とする。
【0010】
【課題を解決するための手段】
上記課題を解決するためには、負極材料として、リチウムイオンの挿入・脱離が可能なケイ素原子または/及び錫原子を含む化合物を含有する粒子と、気相法炭素繊維との混合物を含むことを具備させることが特徴である。
【0011】
また、ケイ素原子または/及び錫原子を含む化合物を含有する粒子が、その表面を炭素質材料により少なくとも一部被覆してなる粒子であり、該炭素質材料による被覆厚さが、1〜30000nmである粒子であって、該粒子と気相法炭素繊維との混合物を含む負極材料であってもよい。例えば、当該炭素質材料を被覆した粒子を製造するには、重合体を含む組成物をケイ素原子または/及び錫原子を含む化合物を含有する粒子の少なくとも一部の表面に付着させ、該粒子に気相法炭素繊維を混合し、熱処理することで得られる。
【0012】
すなわち本発明は、
1)リチウムイオンの挿入・脱離が可能なケイ素原子または/及び錫原子を含む化合物を含有する粒子と、気相法炭素繊維との混合物を含むことを特徴とする負極材料。
2)ケイ素原子を含む化合物が、一般式MxSi(式中、MはLiを除く元素で、xが0.01以上である。)で表される化合物であることを特徴とする上記1記載の負極材料。
3)一般式MxSiが、MとしてSi、B、C、N、O、S、P、Na、Mg、Al、K、Ca、Ti、V、Cr、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、Mo、Ru、Rh、Pd、Pt、Be、Nb、Nd、Ce、W、Ta、Ag、Au、Cd、Ga、In、SbまたはBaから選ばれるいずれか1種の元素であることを特徴とする上記2記載の負極材料。
4)錫原子を含む化合物が、Sn、錫合金、酸化錫、硫化錫、ハロゲン化錫、錫化物であることを特徴とする上記1〜3のいずれかひとつに記載の負極材料。
5)負極における気相法炭素繊維の含有量が、0.01〜20質量%の範囲である上記1〜4のいずれかひとつに記載の負極材料。
6)気相法炭素繊維が、内部に中空構造を有し、外径2〜1000nm、アスペクト比10〜15000の繊維である上記1〜5のいずれかひとつに記載の負極材料。
7)気相法炭素繊維が、分岐状繊維である上記6に記載の負極材料。
8)ケイ素原子または/及び錫原子を含む化合物を含有する粒子に対して、気相法炭素繊維を0.1〜30質量%混合する上記5または6に記載の負極材料。
9)気相法炭素繊維が、X線回折法による(002)面の平均面間隔d002が0.344nm以下の炭素からなる上記1〜8のいずれかひとつに記載の負極材料。
10)ケイ素原子または/及び錫原子を含む化合物を含有する粒子の平均粒径が、0.3μm〜70μmである上記1〜9のいずれかひとつに記載の負極材料。
11)ケイ素原子または/及び錫原子を含む化合物を含有する粒子が、平均粒径0.1μm以下及び/または平均粒径85μm以上の粒子を実質的に含まない上記10に記載の負極材料。
12)ケイ素原子または/及び錫原子を含む化合物を含有する粒子が、その表面を炭素質材料により少なくとも一部被覆してなる粒子であり、該炭素質材料による被覆厚さが、1〜30000nmである上記1〜11のいずれかひとつに記載の負極材料。
13)炭素質材料が、フェノール樹脂、ポリビニルアルコール樹脂、フラン樹脂、セルロース樹脂、ポリスチレン樹脂、ポリイミド樹脂、エポキシ樹脂からなる群から選択される少なくとも1種を含む重合体を含む組成物からなる上記12に記載の負極材料。
14)重合体を含む組成物が、乾性油またはその脂肪酸及びフェノール樹脂を含む組成物である上記13に記載の負極材料。
15)重合体を含む組成物をケイ素原子または/及び錫原子を含む化合物を含有する粒子の少なくとも一部の表面に付着させる工程、該粒子に気相法炭素繊維を混合する工程、重合体を含む組成物が付着したケイ素原子または/及び錫原子を含む化合物を含有する粒子を熱処理する工程を含む負極材料の製造方法。
16)重合体が、ケイ素原子または/及び錫原子を含む化合物を含有する粒子に接着性を有する重合体を含む上記15に記載の負極材料の製造方法。
17)熱処理する工程が、200℃以上の温度で行う焼成工程である上記15または16に記載の負極材料の製造方法。
18)上記1〜14のいずれかひとつに記載の負極材料と、バインダーを含む電極ペースト。
19)上記18に記載の電極ペーストの成形体である電極。
20)上記19に記載の電極を構成要素とする二次電池。
21)非水電解液及び電解質を用いた二次電池であって、該非水電解液がエチレンカーボネート、ジエチルカーボネート、ジメチルカーボネート、メチルエチルカーボネート及びプロピレンカーボネートからなる群から選ばれる少なくとも1種である上記20に記載の二次電池。
【0013】
【発明の実施の形態】
以下、本発明を詳細に説明する。
【0014】
本発明のリチウムイオンの挿入・脱離が可能なケイ素原子または/及び錫原子を含む化合物とは、単体のケイ素、錫、ケイ素化合物、錫化合物等を示し、例えば、リチウムイオン電池において充電の際に正極からリチウムイオンが放出された後、このリチウムイオンが負極材料を形成する活物質の隙間に挿入し、化合物をつくる。この現象をドープともいう。そして、放電の際に負極材料中のリチウムがリチウムイオンとなって脱離、放出される。この現象を脱ドープともいう。このサイクルを繰り返すことで、電池として利用されている。
【0015】
本発明のリチウムイオンの挿入・脱離が可能なケイ素原子または/及び錫原子を含む化合物を含有する粒子とは、1個のケイ素原子または/及び錫原子を含む化合物を含有する粒子であってもよく、あるいは、各々がケイ素原子または/及び錫原子を含む化合物を含有する粒子が複数個集まって1つの粒子を形成しているものであってもよい。
【0016】
(ケイ素原子または/及び錫原子を含む化合物を含有する粒子)
粒子の形状としては、塊状、鱗片状、球状、繊維状等の粒子形状を有するものでよく、好ましくは球状、塊状がよい。粒子は、ケイ素原子または/及び錫原子を含む化合物のみからなる粒子、または、他の有機化合物、無機化合物と複合されて一体化され、ケイ素原子または/及び錫原子を含む化合物が含まれる粒子とすることができる。
【0017】
粒子の粒度分布は、レーザー回折式粒度分布測定機による中心粒径D50が0.3〜70μm程度であることが好ましい、より好ましくは0.3〜50μmであり、さらに好ましくは0.5〜20μmである。また、0.1μm以下及び/または85μm以上の粒子を実質的に含まない粒度分布がよい。
【0018】
これは粒度が大きいと充放電反応によって微粒子化が生じ、サイクル特性が低下するからである。また、粒度が小さいとリチウムイオンと電気化学的な反応に効率よく関与できない粒子となり、容量、サイクル特性等が低下する。
【0019】
粒度分布を調整するためには公知の粉砕方法、分級方法を利用することができる。粉砕装置としては、具体的にはハンマーミル、ジョークラッシャー、衝突式粉砕器等が挙げられる。また、分級方法には気流分級、篩による分級が可能である。気流分級装置としては例えばターボクライファイヤー、ターボプレックス等が挙げられる。
【0020】
ケイ素原子を含む化合物としては、一般式MxSi(式中、MはLiを除く元素で、xが0.01以上である。)で表される化合物を使用することができる。ここで、
MとしてSi、B、C、N、O、S、P、Na、Mg、Al、K、Ca、Ti、V、Cr、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、Mo、Ru、Rh、Pd、Pt、Be、Nb、Nd、Ce、W、Ta、Ag、Au、Cd、Ga、In、SbまたはBa等が挙げられる。なお、MがSiの場合は、Si単体を示す。また、xについては、0.01以上、好ましくは0.1以上、より好ましくは0.3以上である。
【0021】
例えば、ケイ素とアルカリ土類金属、遷移金属あるいは半金属との合金が使用でき、Be、Ag、Al、Au、Cd、Ga、In、Sb、Znとケイ素との固溶性合金、共融性合金が好ましい。合金の平均粒子径としては、0.3〜70μm、好ましくは0.3〜40μmである。
【0022】
ケイ素と金属の化合物をケイ化物と言うこともあり、その組成は必ずしも原子価を満足しないが、この化合物も使用できる。例えば、CaSi、CaSi、MgSi、BaSi、CuSi、FeSi、FeSi、CoSi、NiSi、NiSi、MnSi、MnSi、MoSi、CrSi、CrSi、TiSi、TiSi、NbSi、NdSi、CeSi、WSi、WSi、TaSi、TaSi、PtSi、VSi、VSi、PdSi、RuSi、RhSi等が用いられる。
さらに、ケイ素原子を含む化合物としては、例えばSiO、SiC、Si等の化合物も使用できる。
【0023】
錫原子を含む化合物としては、Sn、錫合金、酸化錫、硫化錫、ハロゲン化錫、錫化物が使用できる。例えば、SnとZn、Cd、In、Pbとの合金固溶体、SnO、SnO、M SnO(MはSn以外の金属元素を示す。)等の酸化錫、SnS、SnS、M SnS等の硫化錫、SnX、SnX、MSnX(Xはハロゲン原子を示す。)等のハロゲン化錫、MgSn、MgSn、FeSn、FeSn、MoSn、MoSn等の錫化物が挙げられる。
【0024】
(重合体)
本発明の重合体は、ケイ素原子または/及び錫原子を含む化合物を含有する粒子に接着性を有する重合体であることが好ましい。混合、攪拌、溶媒除去、熱処理等の処理において、実質的に剥離が起きない程度に圧縮、曲げ、剥離、衝撃、引っ張り、引き裂き等の力に対して抵抗力を示すものであれば重合体として適用できる。例えば、重合体としては、フェノール樹脂、ポリビニルアルコール樹脂、フラン樹脂、セルロース樹脂、ポリスチレン樹脂、ポリイミド樹脂、エポキシ樹脂からなる群から選択される少なくとも1種がよい。好ましくは、フェノール樹脂、ポリビニルアルコール樹脂である。
【0025】
特に、本発明において、乾性油またはその脂肪酸を混合したフェノール樹脂を用いると緻密な炭素質材料が得られる。これは、フェノール樹脂と乾性油中の不飽和脂結合の部分が化学反応を起こして、いわゆる乾性油変性フェノール樹脂となるが、これが熱処理(または焼成)過程において分解を和らげ、発泡を防ぐことが推測される。また、乾性油は単に二重結合があると言うだけではなく、かなり長いアルキル基とエステル結合を有しており、これらも焼成過程におけるガスの抜け易さ等の面で関与していることが考えられる。
【0026】
フェノール樹脂はフェノール類とアルデヒド類との反応によりつくられ、ノボラック、レゾール等の未変性フェノール樹脂や一部変性されたフェノール樹脂が使用できる。また、必要に応じてニトリルゴム等のゴムをフェノール樹脂に混合して使用できる。フェノール類としては、フェノール、クレゾール、キシレノール、C20以下のアルキル基を有するアルキルフェノール等が挙げられる。
本発明の乾性油またはその脂肪酸を混合したフェノール樹脂には、先にフェノ
ール類と乾性油とを強酸触媒存在下に付加反応させ、その後に塩基性触媒を加えて系を塩基性となしホルマリン付加反応させたもの、またはフェノール類とホルマリンを反応させ、その後に乾性油を加えたものでよい。
【0027】
乾性油は通常知られる桐油、アマニ油、脱水ヒマシ油、大豆油、カシューナッツ油等であり、これらはその脂肪酸であってもよく、薄膜にして空気中に放置すると比較的短時間に固化乾燥する性質を有する植物油である。
【0028】
フェノール樹脂に対する乾性油またはその脂肪酸の割合は、例えば(フェノールとホルマリンの縮合物)100質量部に対し、(乾性油またはその脂肪酸)5〜50質量部が適する。50質量部より多くなると、ケイ素原子または/及び錫原子を含む化合物を含有する粒子に対する接着性が下がる。
【0029】
この重合体をアセトン、エタノール、トルエン等で希釈して粘度を調整すると付着しやすい。
【0030】
付着時の雰囲気としては、大気圧下、加圧下、減圧下のいずれであっても良いが、減圧下で付着させる場合には、炭素粒子と重合体の親和性が向上するので好ましい。
【0031】
ケイ素原子または/及び錫原子を含む化合物を含有する粒子に炭素質材料でその表面に少なくとも一部被覆する場合(全面を被覆する場合も含む)は、被覆層の厚さは1〜30000nm、好ましくは5〜3000nmである。被覆層は均一であっても不均一であってもよく、実質的に被覆状態が保てればよい。
【0032】
(混合方法)
本発明においては、気相法炭素繊維、ケイ素原子または/及び錫原子を含む化合物を含有する粒子を混合し、攪拌処理させることで気相法炭素繊維を分散させることができる。攪拌方法としては特に限定されないが、例えば、リボンミキサー、スクリュー型ニーダー、スパルタンリューザー、レディゲミキサー、プラネタリーミキサー、万能ミキサー等の装置を使用することができる。
【0033】
攪拌処理時の温度及び時間は、粒子に炭素質材料を被覆させない場合は特に限定されないが、気相法炭素繊維が分散されればよい。また、粒子に炭素質材料を被覆させる場合には、粒子及び重合体の成分及び粘度等に応じて適宜選択されるが、通常0℃〜50℃程度、好ましくは10℃〜30℃程度の範囲とする。
あるいは混合物の粘度が混合温度下で500Pa・s以下になるように混合時間及び組成物の溶媒希釈を行う。この場合溶媒としては重合体、ケイ素原子または/及び錫原子を含む化合物との親和性が良好なものであれば使用できるが、アルコール類、ケトン類、芳香族炭化水素、エステル類等が挙げられる。好ましくはメタノール、エタノール、ブタノール、アセトン、メチルエチルケトン、トルエン、酢酸エチル、酢酸ブチル等がよい。
【0034】
攪拌後、溶剤の一部もしくは全部を除去することが好ましい。除去方法は、熱風乾燥、真空乾燥等公知の方法が使用できる。
【0035】
また、乾燥温度は使用した溶媒の沸点、蒸気圧等によるが、具体的には50℃以上、好ましくは100℃以上1000℃以下、さらに好ましくは150℃以上500℃以下である。
【0036】
加熱硬化には公知の加熱装置のほとんどが使用できる。しかし、製造プロセスとしては連続処理が可能なロータリーキルンやベルト式連続炉などが生産性の点で好ましい。
【0037】
例えば、フェノール樹脂添加量は、好ましくは2質量%〜30質量%、さらに好ましくは4質量%〜25質量%、さらに好ましくは6質量%〜18質量%である。
【0038】
粒子に炭素質材料を被覆させた後に、気相法炭素繊維と混合させることが好ましいが、気相法炭素繊維が粒子に固着しなければ同時に粒子、重合体を含む組成物、気相法炭素繊維を混合してもよい。
【0039】
(熱処理条件)
ケイ素原子または/及び錫原子を含む化合物を含有する粒子に重合体を付着させる場合は、粒子中心部までに最高温度が到達していなくてもよく、皮膜の炭素質材料とケイ素原子または/及び錫原子を含む化合物を含有する粒子表面への接着性、皮膜の強度等が実用に達していればよい。
【0040】
熱処理工程において、200℃以上、好ましくは200℃以上3000℃以下、さらに好ましくは200℃以上1200℃以下である。ケイ素原子または/及び錫原子を含む化合物は、200℃以上で一部、炭化ケイ素、酸化ケイ素、酸化錫などを生成してもよい。
熱処理の為の昇温速度については、公知の装置における最速昇温速度及び最低昇温速度の範囲内では特に性能に大きく影響しない。しかし、粉体であるため、成形材等のようにひび割れの問題などがほとんどないため、コスト的な観点からも昇温速度は早いほうがよい。常温から最高到達温度までの到達時間は好ましくは12時間以下、さらに好ましくは6時間以下、特に好ましくは2時間以下である。
【0041】
焼成のための熱処理装置は、アチソン炉、直接通電加熱炉など公知の装置が利用できる。また、これらの装置はコスト的にも有利である。しかし、窒素ガスの存在が粉体の抵抗を低下させたり、酸素による酸化によって炭素質材料の強度が低下することがあるため、好ましくは炉内雰囲気をアルゴン、ヘリウムなどの不活性ガスに保持できるような構造の炉が好ましい。例えば容器自体を真空引き後ガス置換可能なバッチ炉や、管状炉で炉内雰囲気をコントロール可能なバッチ炉あるいは連続炉などである。
【0042】
ケイ素原子または/及び錫原子を含む化合物を含有する粒子は平均粒径で0.3〜70μmがよいが、好ましくは0.3〜50μm、さらに好ましくは0.5〜20μmである。この平均粒径はレーザー回折散乱法で求めることができる。平均粒径が0.3μmより小さいとアスペクト比が大きくなりやすく、比表面積が大きくなりやすい。また、例えば、電池の電極を作製する場合、一般に負極材料をバインダーによりペーストとし、それを塗布する方法が採られている。負極材料の平均粒径が0.3μm未満の場合だと、0.1μmより小さい微粉がかなり含まれていることになり、ペーストの粘度が上がり塗布性も悪くなる。
【0043】
さらに、平均粒径85μm以上のような大きな粒子が混入していると電極表面に凹凸が多くなり、電池に使用されるセパレータを傷つける原因ともなる。例えば、0.1μm以下の粒子及び85μm以上の粒子を実質的に含まないものが好適に使用できる。
【0044】
(気相法炭素繊維)
本発明に使用する気相法炭素繊維(気相成長炭素繊維)は導電性に優れている必要があるので、結晶化度の高いものが望ましい。また、当該炭素材料を電極化し、リチウムイオン二次電池に組み込んだ場合、負極全体に素早く電流を流すことが必要であるので、気相法炭素繊維繊維の結晶成長方向は繊維軸に平行であり、繊維が枝分かれ(分岐状)をしていることが好ましい。また、分岐状繊維であれば炭素粒子間が繊維によって電気的に接合し易くなり、導電性が向上する。
本発明を達成するためには、繊維軸方向に結晶が成長し、繊維が枝分かれをしている気相法炭素繊維が適している。
気相法炭素繊維は、例えば、高温雰囲気下に、触媒となる鉄と共にガス化された有機化合物を吹き込むことで製造することができる。
【0045】
気相法炭素繊維は、生成されたままでも、例えば800〜1500℃で熱処理したものでも、例えば2000〜3000℃で黒鉛化処理がされたものでもいずれも使用可能であるが、生成されたままのものあるいは1500℃程度で熱処理されたものがより好適である。
【0046】
また、本発明の気相法炭素繊維の好ましい形態として、分岐状繊維があるが、分岐部分はその部分を含めて繊維全体が互いに連通した中空構造を有している箇所があってもよい。そのため繊維の円筒部分を構成している炭素層が連続している。中空構造とは炭素層が円筒状に巻いている構造であって、完全な円筒でないもの、部分的な切断箇所を有するもの、積層した2層の炭素層が1層に結合したもの、などを含む。また、円筒の断面は完全な円に限らず楕円や多角化のものを含む。なお、炭素層の結晶性について炭素層の面間隔d002は限定されない。因みに、好ましいものはX線回折法によるd002が0.344nm以下、より好ましくは0.339nm以下、さらに好ましくは0.338nm以下であって、結晶のC軸方向の厚さLcが40nm以下のものである。
【0047】
本発明の気相法炭素繊維は、繊維外径2〜1000nm、アスペクト比10〜15000の炭素繊維であって、好ましくは繊維外径10〜500nm、繊維長1〜100μm(アスペクト比2〜2000)、あるいは繊維外径2〜50nmであって繊維長0.5〜50μm(アスペクト比10〜25000)のものである。
気相炭素繊維製造後、2000℃以上の熱処理を行うことでさらに結晶化度を上げることができ、導電性を増すことができる。また、この場合に於いても、黒鉛化度を促進させる働きのあるホウ素などを熱処理前に添加しておくことが有効である。
【0048】
負極における気相法炭素繊維の含有量が、0.01〜20質量%の範囲がよく、好ましくは0.1〜15質量%、より好ましくは0.5〜10質量%である。含有量が20質量%を超えると電気容量が小さくなり、0.01質量%未満では低温(例えば、―35℃)における内部抵抗の値が大きくなってしまう。
【0049】
ケイ素原子または/及び錫原子を含む化合物を含有する粒子が形成する空隙へ気相法炭素繊維が介入、挿入することで、例えば、気相法炭素繊維自体やケイ素原子または/及び錫原子を含む化合物を含有する粒子と同程度以下の大きさである気相法炭素繊維の絡みによって3次元構造体ができ、その構造体で衝撃を吸収できるクッションボールのような役割で、ケイ素原子または/及び錫原子を含む化合物を含有する粒子の充放電サイクルにおける体積変化を吸収できると考えられる。また、気相法炭素繊維の復元力によって負極活物質の復元力が増し、反発特性が向上すると考えられる。全体として負極の体積変化を抑えることができ、そのことでサイクル特性を向上することができる。
【0050】
本発明の気相法炭素繊維は、繊維表面の凹凸、乱れがあるものが多いが、このためにケイ素原子または/及び錫原子を含む化合物を含有する粒子との密着性が向上し、充放電を繰り返しても負極活物質と導電性補助剤としての役割も兼ねている気相法炭素繊維が解離せず密着している状態を保つことができ、電子伝導性が保持できサイクル特性が向上すると考えられる。
【0051】
また、気相法炭素繊維に含まれる分岐状繊維の割合が多い場合は、効率よくネットワークを形成することができ、高い電子伝導性や熱伝導性を得やすい。また、活物質を包むように分散することができ、負極の強度を高め、粒子間の接触も良好に保てる。
【0052】
また、粒子間に気相法炭素繊維が入ることで、電解液の保液性が大きくなり、低温環境時でもスムーズにリチウムイオンの挿入・脱離が行われる。
【0053】
(容量)
容量は、400mAh/g以上、好ましくは400〜2000mAh/g、さらに好ましくは400〜1000mAh/gが望ましい。容量は大きい方が望ましいが、負極材のSiまたはSn含有量が増えるとSiまたはSnの体積変化に伴い微粒子化が生じ、粒子同士の接点が失われ、サイクル特性が著しく低下する。さらに負極材のSiまたはSn含有量が増えることによって、充電/放電に伴う負極の膨張/収縮が生じて銅板から剥がれ易くなる。
負極材料における粒子に対するケイ素原子または/及び錫原子を含む化合物の割合を1〜20質量%の範囲で容量を400〜600mAh/gとすることで、高容量、高サイクル特性、低内部抵抗性を生かした実用性の高い負極材を完成させることができる。
【0054】
(二次電池の作製)
本発明の炭素材料を用いてリチウム二次電池を作製する場合には公知の方法が使用できる。
【0055】
リチウム電池の電極ではケイ素原子または/及び錫原子を含む化合物を含有する粒子の比表面積は小さい方がよい。本発明のケイ素原子または/及び錫原子を含む化合物を含有する粒子の比表面積(BET法)は3m/g以下である。比表面積が3m/gを超えると粒子の表面活性が高くなり、電解液の分解等によって、クーロン効率が低下する。さらに、電池の容量を高めるためには粒子の充填密度を上げることが重要である。そのためにもできるだけ球状に近いものが好ましい。この粒子の形状をアスペクト比(長軸の長さ/短軸の長さ)で表すとアスペクト比は6以下、好ましくは5以下である。アスペクト比は顕微鏡写真等から求めることができるが、レーザー回折散乱法で算出した平均粒子径Aと電気的検検知法(コールタ・カウンタ法)により算出した平均粒子径Bから粒子を円板と仮定し、この円板の底面直径をA、体積を4/3×(B/2)π=Cとした場合、円板の厚みT=C/(A/2)πで算出できる。従ってアスペクト比はA/Tで得られる。
【0056】
リチウム電池の電極ではケイ素原子または/及び錫原子を含む化合物を含有する粒子の充填性がよい、嵩密度が高い方が単位体積当たりの放電容量は高くなる。
まず、電極作製であるが、通常のように結合材(バインダー)を溶媒で希釈して負極材料と混練し、集電体(基材)に塗布することで作製できる。
【0057】
バインダーについては、ポリフッ化ビニリデンやポリテトラフルオロエチレン等のフッ素系ポリマーや、SBR(スチレンブタジエンラバー)等のゴム系等公知のものが使用できる。溶媒には、各々のバインダーに適した公知のもの、例えばフッ素系ポリマーならトルエン、N−メチルピロリドン等、SBRなら水等、公知のものが使用できる。
【0058】
バインダーの使用量は、負極材料を100質量部とした場合、1〜30質量部が適当であるが、特に3〜20質量部程度が好ましい。
【0059】
負極材料とバインダーとの混錬はリボンミキサー、スクリュー型ニーダー、スパルタンリューザー、レディゲミキサー、プラネタリーミキサー、万能ミキサー等、公知の装置が使用できる。
【0060】
混錬後、集電体に塗布する場合には、公知の方法により実施できるが、例えばドクターブレードやバーコーターなどで塗布後、ロールプレス等で成形する方法等が上げられる。
【0061】
集電体は、銅、アルミニウム、ステンレス、ニッケル及びそれらの合金など公知の材料が使用できる。
【0062】
セパレーターは公知のものが使用できるが、特にポリエチレンやポリプロピレン性の不織布が好ましい。
【0063】
本発明におけるリチウム二次電池における電解液及び電解質は公知の有機電解液、無機固体電解質、高分子固体電解質が使用できる。好ましくは、電気伝導性の観点から有機電解液がよい。
【0064】
有機電解液としては、ジエチルエーテル、ジブチルエーテル、エチレングリコールモノメチルエーテル、エチレングリコールモノエチルエーテル、エチレングリコールモノブチルエーテル、ジエチレングリコールモノメチルエーテル、ジエチレングリコールモノエチルエーテル、ジエチレングリコールモノブチルエーテル、ジエチレングリコールジメチルエーテル、エチレングリコールフェニルエーテル等のエーテル;ホルムアミド、N−メチルホルムアミド、N,N−ジメチルホルムアミド、N−エチルホルムアミド、N,N−ジエチルホルムアミド、N−メチルアセトアミド、N,N−ジメチルアセトアミド、N−エチルアセトアミド、N,N−ジエチルアセトアミド、N,N−ジメチルプロピオンアミド、ヘキサメチルホスホリルアミド等のアミド;ジメチルスルホキシド、スルホラン等の含硫黄化合物;メチルエチルケトン、メチルイソブチルケトン等のジアルキルケトン;エチレンオキシド、プロピレンオキシド、テトラヒドロフラン、2−メトキシテトラヒドロフラン、1,2−ジメトキシエタン、1,3−ジオキソラン等の環状エーテル;エチレンカーボネート、プロピレンカーボネート等のカーボネート;γ−ブチロラクトン;N−メチルピロリドン;アセトニトリル、ニトロメタン等の有機溶媒の溶液が好ましい。さらに、好ましくはエチレンカーボネート、ブチレンカーボネート、ジエチルカーボネート、ジメチルカーボネート、プロピレンカーボネート、ビニレンカーボネート、γ−ブチロラクトン等のエステル類、ジオキソラン、ジエチルエーテル、ジエトキシエタン等のエーテル類、ジメチルスルホキシド、アセトニトリル、テトラヒドロフラン等が上げられ、特に好ましくはエチレンカーボネート、プロピレンカーボネート等のカーボネート系非水溶媒を用いることができる。これらの溶媒は、1種または2種以上の混合を行って使用することができる。
【0065】
これらの溶媒の溶質(電解質)には、リチウム塩が使用される。一般的に知られているリチウム塩にはLiClO、LiBF、LiPF、LiAlCl、LiSbF、LiSCN、LiCl、LiCFSO、LiCFCO、LiN(CFSO等がある。
【0066】
高分子固体電解質としては、ポリエチレンオキサイド誘導体及び該誘導体を含む重合体、ポリプロピレンオキサイド誘導体及び該誘導体を含む重合体、リン酸エステル重合体、ポリカーボネート誘導体及び該誘導体を含む重合体等が挙げられる。
【0067】
本発明における負極材料を使用したリチウム二次電池において、用いられる正極材料はリチウム含有遷移金属酸化物が好ましい。好ましくはTi、V、Cr、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Mo、Wから選ばれる少なくとも1種の遷移金属元素とリチウムとを主として含有する酸化物であって、リチウムと遷移金属のモル比が0.3乃至2.2の化合物である。より好ましくは、V、Cr、Mn、Fe、Co、Niから選ばれる少なくとも1種の遷移金属元素とリチウムとを主として含有する酸化物であって、リチウムと遷移金属のモル比が0.3乃至2.2の化合物である。なお主として存在する遷移金属に対し30モルパーセント未満の範囲でAl、Ga、In、Ge、Sn、Pb、Sb、Bi、Si、P、Bなどを含有していても良い。上記の正極活物質の中で、一般式LixMO(MはCo、Ni、Fe、Mnの少なくとも1種、x=0〜1.2)、またはLiyN(Nは少なくともMnを含む。y=0〜2)で表されるスピネル構造を有する材料の少なくとも1種を用いることが好ましい。
【0068】
さらに、正極活物質はLiyMaD1−a O2(MはCo、Ni、Fe、Mnの少なくとも1種 DはCo、Ni、Fe、Mn、Al、Zn、Cu、Mo、Ag、W、Ga、In、Sn、Pb、Sb、Sr、B、Pの中のM以外の少なくとも1種 y=0〜1.2、a=0.5〜1)を含む材料、またはLiz(NbE1−b )2O4(NはMn EはCo、Ni、Fe、Mn、Al、Zn、Cu、Mo、Ag、W、Ga、In、Sn、Pb、Sb、Sr、B、Pの少なくとも1種、b=1〜0.2 z=0〜2)で表されるスピネル構造を有する材料の少なくとも1種を用いることが特に好ましい。
【0069】
具体的には、LixCoO、LixNiO、LixMnO、LixCoaNi1−a、LixCobV1−b Oz 、LixCobFe1−b、LixMn、LixMncCo2−c、LixMncNi2−c、LixMncV2−c、LixMncFe2−c(ここでx=0.02〜1.2、a=0.1〜0.9、b=0.8〜0.98、c=1.6〜1.96、z=2.01〜2.3)があげられる。最も好ましいリチウム含有遷移金属酸化物としては、LixCoO、LixNiO、LixMnO、LixCoaNi1−a、LixMn、LixCobV1−b Oz(x=0.02〜1.2、a=0.1〜0.9、b=0.9〜0.98、z=2.01〜2.3)があげられる。なおxの値は充放電開始前の値であり、充放電により増減する。
【0070】
正極活物質の平均粒子サイズは特に限定されないが、0.1〜50μmが好ましい。0.5〜30μmの粒子の体積が95%以上であることが好ましい。粒径3μm以下の粒子群の占める体積が全体積の18%以下であり、かつ15μm以上25μm以下の粒子群の占める体積が、全体積の18%以下であることが更に好ましい。比表面積としては特に限定されないが、BET法で0.01〜50m/gが好ましく、特に0.2m /g〜1m /gが好ましい。また正極活物質5gを蒸留水100mlに溶かした時の上澄み液のpHとしては7以上12以下が好ましい。
上記以外の電池構成上必要な部材の選択についてはなんら制約を受けるものではない。
【0071】
【実施例】
以下に本発明について代表的な例を示し、さらに具体的に説明する。なお、これらは説明のための単なる例示であって、本発明はこれらに何等制限されるものではない。
【0072】
(付着用フェノール樹脂作成方法)
付着材には桐油で一部変性したフェノール樹脂を用いた。桐油100質量部とフェノール150質量部、ノニルフェノール150質量部を混合して50℃に保持する。これに0.5質量部の硫酸を加えて攪拌し、徐々に昇温して120℃で1時間保持し、桐油とフェノール類との付加反応を行った。その後温度を60℃以下に下げ。ヘキサメチレンテトラミンを6質量部と37質量%ホルマリン100質量部を加え、90℃で約2時間反応し、その後真空脱水した後、メタノール100質量部、アセトン100質量部を加えて希釈し、粘度20mPa・s(20℃)のワニスを得た。以下、本ワニスをワニスAという。
【0073】
(電池評価方法)
(1)ペースト作成
負極材料1質量部に呉羽化学製KFポリマーL1320(PVDFを12質量%含有したN−メチルピロリドン(NMP)溶液品)0.1質量部を加え、プラネタリーミキサーにて混練し主剤原液とした。
(2)電極作製
主剤原液にNMPを加え、粘度を調整した後、高純度銅箔上でト゛クターフ゛レート゛を用いて250μm厚に塗布した。これを120℃、1hr真空乾燥し、18mmφに打ち抜いた。さらに、打ち抜いた電極を超鋼製プレス板で挟み、プレス圧が電極に対して1×10〜3×10kg/cmとなるようにプレスした。
その後、真空乾燥器で120℃12hr乾燥後し、評価用電極とした。
(3)電池作成
下記の様にして3極セルを作製した。なお以下の操作は露点−80℃以下の乾燥アルゴン雰囲気下で実施した。
ポリプロピレン製のねじ込み式フタ付きのセル(内径約18mm)内において、上記(2)で作製の銅箔付き炭素電極(正極)と金属リチウム泊(負極)をセパレーター(ポリプロピレン製マイクロホ゜−ラスフィルム(セルカ゛−ト゛2400))で挟み込んで積層した。さらにリファレンス用の金属リチウムを同様に積層した。これに電解液を加えて試験用セルとした。
(4)電解液
▲1▼EC系 ;EC(エチレンカーボネート)8質量部及びDEC(ジエチルカーボネート)12質量部の混合品で、電解質としてLiPFを1モル/リットル溶解した。
(5)充放電サイクル試験
電流密度0.2mA/cm(0.1C相当)で定電流低電圧充放電試験を行った。
充電(炭素へのリチウムの挿入)はレストポテンシャルから0.002Vまで0.2mA/cmでCC(コンスタントカレント:定電流)充電を行った。次に0.002VでCV(コンスタントボルト:定電圧)充電に切り替え、電流値が25.4μAに低下した時点で停止させた。
放電(炭素からの放出)は0.2mA/cm(0.1C相当)でCC放電を行い、電圧1.5Vでカットオフした。
【0074】
(実施例1)
ケイ素を粉砕、分級して、平均粒径(D50=20μm)に調整したケイ素粒子(100g)に、ワニスAにエタノールを加えて攪拌し、十分に溶解させた溶液を変成フェノール樹脂固形分がケイ素粒子に対して10質量%となるように加え、プラネタリーミキサーにて30分間混練した。更に2800℃で黒鉛化した気相法炭素繊維(平均繊維径150nm、アスペクト比100)を0.1質量%加えて攪拌、混合した。この混合物を真空乾燥機にて80℃で2時間乾燥し、エタノールを除去した。次にこの混合物を加熱炉にて、この内部を真空置換してアルゴン雰囲気下とした後、アルゴンガスを流しつつ昇温した。2900℃で10分間保持してその後冷却した。室温まで冷却後、得られた熱処理品を目開き63μmの篩により篩分けし、篩下を負極材料サンプルとした。得られた負極材料の電子顕微鏡観察(SEM)を行ったところ、気相法炭素繊維がケイ素粒子周囲に分散している状態が観察できた。このようにして実施例1の負極材料を得た。この試料を単セル式の電池評価装置にかけ、電池評価電解液はEC系を使用した。充放電サイクル試験1サイクル目の容量、50サイクル目の容量を調べた。結果を表1に示す。
【0075】
(実施例2)
気相法炭素繊維の添加量を3質量%とした以外は、実施例1と同様の方法で得た。これら試料を実施例1の試料と同様に単セル式の電池評価装置にかけ、電池評価電解液はEC系を使用した。充放電サイクル試験1サイクル目の容量、50サイクル目の容量を調べた。結果を表1に示す。
【0076】
(実施例3)
気相法炭素繊維の添加量を10質量%とした以外は、実施例1と同様の方法で得た。これら試料を実施例1の試料と同様に単セル式の電池評価装置にかけ、電池評価電解液はEC系を使用した。充放電サイクル試験1サイクル目の容量、50サイクル目の容量を調べた。結果を表1に示す。
【0077】
(実施例4)
ケイ素を炭化ケイ素に、平均粒径(D50=1μm)に調整した以外は実施例1と同様の処理を実施した。得られた負極材料の電子顕微鏡観察(SEM)を行ったところ、気相法炭素繊維が炭化ケイ素粒子周囲に分散している状態が観察できた。このようにして実施例4の負極材料を得た。この試料を単セル式の電池評価装置にかけ、電池評価電解液はEC系を使用した。充放電サイクル試験1サイクル目の容量、50サイクル目の容量を調べた。結果を表1に示す。
【0078】
(実施例5)
平均粒径(D50=20μm)に調整したケイ素粒子に、ケイ素粒子に対して気相法炭素繊維(平均繊維径150nm、アスペクト比100)を0.1質量%加えて攪拌、混合した。この負極材料を単セル式の電池評価装置にかけ、電池評価電解液はEC系を使用した。充放電サイクル試験1サイクル目の容量、50サイクル目の容量を調べた。結果を表1に示す。
【0079】
(比較例1)
平均粒径(D50=20μm)に調整したケイ素粒子を、ケイ素粒子に対して固形分が10質量%になるようにフェノール樹脂(10g)をイソプロピルアルコールに溶解させた溶液に、添加し十分に攪拌した後、溶媒を除去した。その後、気相法炭素繊維を添加することなく、実施例1と同様の方法で熱処理、篩処理を実施し複合粒子を作成した。この試料に、カーボンブラック(1g)を混合し、負極材料を作成した。
【0080】
この負極材料を単セル式の電池評価装置にかけ、電池評価電解液はEC系を使用した。充放電サイクル試験1サイクル目の容量、50サイクル目の容量を調べた。結果を表1に示す。
【0081】
(比較例2)
平均粒径(D50=20μm)に調整したケイ素粒子を、負極材料として単セル式の電池評価装置にかけ、電池評価電解液はEC系を使用した。充放電サイクル試験1サイクル目の容量、50サイクル目の容量を調べた。結果を表1に示す。
【0082】
【表1】

Figure 2004178922
【0083】
表1に示すように50サイクル目の容量は実施例1〜5の方が、比較例1、2よりも高くなっている。また、実施例1〜3の容量を比較すると気相法炭素繊維の添加量が多い試料ほど1サイクル目の容量は僅かに低下するが容量保持率は高くなる。容量保持率(50サイクル目の容量/1サイクル目の容量×100)は、実施例1〜5の方が、比較例1、2よりも大幅に高くなっている。実施例1〜5は、充放電サイクルの際、ケイ素原子または/及び錫原子を含む化合物を含有する粒子同士の接点が保持され、粒子の膨張・収縮が小さいため、高い容量保持率と高容量が得られたものと考えられる。
【0084】
【発明の効果】
▲1▼ケイ素原子または/及び錫原子を含む化合物を含有する粒子と、気相法炭素繊維との混合物を含む負極材料は、気相法炭素繊維を含まない負極材料と比較して、粒子同士の導電経路を確保し、電極の抵抗を下げ、放電電位が上昇する効果がある。
▲2▼また、気相法炭素繊維を混合することで、充電、放電を繰り返しても、粒子同士の接触が十分に保たれ、サイクル特性が向上する効果がある。
▲3▼低温におけるサイクル特性も上記の理由に加え電荷移動がスムーズになることによって向上し、内部抵抗の上昇も抑えられる。[0001]
TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to an electrode material for a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery having a large charge / discharge capacity and excellent charge / discharge cycle characteristics, and an electrode and a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery using the same. In particular, the present invention relates to a negative electrode material for a lithium secondary battery, a negative electrode using the same, and a lithium secondary battery.
[0002]
[Prior art]
As portable devices become smaller and lighter and have higher performance, higher capacity lithium secondary batteries are required. Therefore, materials exceeding the theoretical capacity of 372 mAh / g of graphite, which has been used as a negative electrode material of a lithium secondary battery, have been studied. As a material replacing graphite, non-carbon negative electrode materials such as silicon, tin, aluminum, and tungsten materials which exhibit higher capacity have been reported. Silicon phase particles coated with a solid solution containing silicon or a phase of an intermetallic compound, and a part or the whole thereof is fixed with carbonaceous material containing fibrous carbon (for example, see Patent Document 1), and a silicon compound. A mixture with a carbon material (for example, see Patent Document 2) has been proposed.
[0003]
[Patent Document 1] JP-A-2002-8652
[0004]
[Patent Document 2] JP-A-2000-357515
[0005]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
However, the non-carbon-based negative electrode material has a large change in volume of the active material itself when lithium ions are inserted and desorbed (doped and undoped), voids are generated between the active material particles, and the non-carbon negative electrode material is effectively used for capacity. Part decreases. In addition, cracks occur in the material due to the volume change, the particles become finer, and in the finely divided material, a space is generated between the particles, the electron conduction network is broken by the contact between the particles, and the material cannot participate in an electrochemical reaction. It is considered that the portion increases, the charge / discharge capacity decreases, and the internal resistance further increases.
[0006]
That is, the non-carbon-based negative electrode material has a large change in volume of the active material itself upon insertion / desorption of lithium ions, is significantly deteriorated by repeated charge / discharge cycles, and has a large internal resistance, particularly at low temperatures. That is a challenge.
[0007]
In Patent Document 1, since fibrous carbon is fixed with carbonaceous material and the nucleus is silicon particles, atomization occurs due to charge / discharge cycles, the shape cannot be maintained, the contact between particles cannot be maintained, and the cycle cannot be maintained. There is a problem in characteristics and irreversible capacity.
[0008]
In Patent Document 2, by defining the ratio of the average particle size of the silicon compound particles and the carbon material particles, the voids formed by the carbon material having a larger particle size dope and dedope the silicon compound particles having a smaller particle size with lithium. Although it is used as a doping field, it is not possible to maintain contact between the electro-particles by repeating the charge / discharge cycle, and there is a problem in cycle characteristics, irreversible capacity, and the like.
[0009]
The present invention can produce a lithium ion secondary battery having a large charge / discharge capacity, excellent charge / discharge cycle characteristics, and a small irreversible capacity. The next battery can be created. An object of the present invention is to provide a negative electrode material suitable for the negative electrode of the lithium ion secondary battery and a method for producing the negative electrode material.
[0010]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
In order to solve the above-mentioned problem, as a negative electrode material, a mixture of particles containing a compound containing a silicon atom and / or a tin atom capable of inserting and removing lithium ions and a vapor grown carbon fiber is included. It is characterized by having.
[0011]
Further, particles containing a compound containing a silicon atom or / and a tin atom are particles whose surface is at least partially coated with a carbonaceous material, and the coating thickness of the carbonaceous material is 1 to 30,000 nm. It may be a particle, and a negative electrode material containing a mixture of the particle and a vapor grown carbon fiber. For example, in order to produce particles coated with the carbonaceous material, a composition containing a polymer is attached to at least a part of the surface of particles containing a compound containing a silicon atom or / and a tin atom, and It is obtained by mixing vapor-grown carbon fibers and performing heat treatment.
[0012]
That is, the present invention
1) A negative electrode material comprising a mixture of particles containing a compound containing a silicon atom and / or tin atom capable of inserting and removing lithium ions, and a vapor grown carbon fiber.
2) The compound according to the above 1, wherein the compound containing a silicon atom is a compound represented by the general formula MxSi (wherein M is an element other than Li and x is 0.01 or more). Negative electrode material.
3) When the general formula MxSi is M, Si, B, C, N, O, S, P, Na, Mg, Al, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn , Mo, Ru, Rh, Pd, Pt, Be, Nb, Nd, Ce, W, Ta, Ag, Au, Cd, Ga, In, Sb or Ba. 3. The negative electrode material as described in 2 above.
4) The negative electrode material as described in any one of the above items 1 to 3, wherein the compound containing a tin atom is Sn, a tin alloy, tin oxide, tin sulfide, tin halide, or stannide.
5) The negative electrode material as described in any one of 1 to 4 above, wherein the content of the vapor grown carbon fiber in the negative electrode is in the range of 0.01 to 20% by mass.
6) The negative electrode material as described in any one of 1 to 5 above, wherein the vapor grown carbon fiber is a fiber having a hollow structure inside, an outer diameter of 2 to 1000 nm, and an aspect ratio of 10 to 15,000.
7) The negative electrode material as described in 6 above, wherein the vapor grown carbon fiber is a branched fiber.
8) The negative electrode material as described in 5 or 6 above, wherein a vapor-grown carbon fiber is mixed in an amount of 0.1 to 30% by mass with respect to particles containing a compound containing a silicon atom and / or a tin atom.
9) The average interplanar spacing d of the (002) plane determined by the X-ray diffraction method002The negative electrode material as described in any one of the above items 1 to 8, wherein the negative electrode comprises carbon of 0.344 nm or less.
(10) The negative electrode material as described in any one of (1) to (9) above, wherein the particles containing the compound containing a silicon atom and / or a tin atom have an average particle size of 0.3 μm to 70 μm.
11) The negative electrode material as described in 10 above, wherein the particles containing the compound containing a silicon atom and / or a tin atom substantially do not contain particles having an average particle size of 0.1 μm or less and / or an average particle size of 85 μm or more.
12) Particles containing a compound containing a silicon atom or / and a tin atom are particles whose surface is at least partially coated with a carbonaceous material, and the coating thickness of the carbonaceous material is 1 to 30000 nm. 12. The negative electrode material according to any one of the above 1 to 11.
13) The carbonaceous material according to the above item 12, wherein the carbonaceous material is a composition containing a polymer containing at least one selected from the group consisting of a phenol resin, a polyvinyl alcohol resin, a furan resin, a cellulose resin, a polystyrene resin, a polyimide resin, and an epoxy resin. A negative electrode material according to item 1.
14) The negative electrode material as described in 13 above, wherein the composition containing the polymer is a composition containing a drying oil or its fatty acid and a phenol resin.
15) a step of adhering a composition containing a polymer to at least a part of the surface of particles containing a compound containing a silicon atom and / or a tin atom, a step of mixing vapor-grown carbon fibers with the particles, A method for producing a negative electrode material, comprising a step of heat-treating particles containing a compound containing a silicon atom and / or a tin atom to which a composition containing the compound has adhered.
16) The method for producing a negative electrode material as described in 15 above, wherein the polymer includes a polymer having an adhesive property to particles containing a compound containing a silicon atom and / or a tin atom.
17) The method for producing a negative electrode material according to the above 15 or 16, wherein the step of performing the heat treatment is a firing step performed at a temperature of 200 ° C. or higher.
18) An electrode paste containing the negative electrode material described in any one of 1 to 14 above and a binder.
19) An electrode which is a molded product of the electrode paste described in 18 above.
20) A secondary battery comprising the electrode described in 19 above as a constituent element.
21) A secondary battery using a non-aqueous electrolyte and an electrolyte, wherein the non-aqueous electrolyte is at least one selected from the group consisting of ethylene carbonate, diethyl carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, methyl ethyl carbonate, and propylene carbonate. 20. The secondary battery according to 20.
[0013]
BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in detail.
[0014]
The compound containing a silicon atom and / or a tin atom capable of inserting and removing lithium ions according to the present invention refers to a simple substance of silicon, tin, a silicon compound, a tin compound and the like, for example, when charging in a lithium ion battery. After lithium ions are released from the positive electrode, the lithium ions are inserted into the gaps between the active materials forming the negative electrode material to form a compound. This phenomenon is also called dope. Then, at the time of discharge, lithium in the negative electrode material is desorbed and released as lithium ions. This phenomenon is also called undoping. By repeating this cycle, it is used as a battery.
[0015]
The particles of the present invention containing a compound containing a silicon atom and / or a tin atom capable of inserting and removing lithium ions are particles containing a compound containing one silicon atom and / or a tin atom. Alternatively, a plurality of particles each containing a compound containing a silicon atom and / or a tin atom may be collected to form one particle.
[0016]
(Particles containing a compound containing a silicon atom and / or a tin atom)
The shape of the particles may be a particle shape such as a lump, a scale, a sphere, and a fiber, and preferably a sphere or a lump. Particles are composed of only a compound containing a silicon atom or / and a tin atom, or a particle containing a compound containing a silicon atom or / and a tin atom which is combined with and integrated with another organic compound or an inorganic compound. can do.
[0017]
The particle size distribution of the particles is preferably such that the central particle size D50 measured by a laser diffraction type particle size distribution analyzer is about 0.3 to 70 μm, more preferably 0.3 to 50 μm, and still more preferably 0.5 to 20 μm. It is. Further, a particle size distribution substantially free of particles having a size of 0.1 μm or less and / or 85 μm or more is preferred.
[0018]
This is because if the particle size is large, the charge / discharge reaction causes the formation of fine particles, and the cycle characteristics deteriorate. On the other hand, if the particle size is small, the particles cannot efficiently participate in the electrochemical reaction with lithium ions, and the capacity, cycle characteristics and the like are reduced.
[0019]
In order to adjust the particle size distribution, known pulverizing methods and classification methods can be used. Specific examples of the pulverizing device include a hammer mill, a jaw crusher, and a collision type pulverizer. In addition, air classification and classification using a sieve can be used as the classification method. Examples of the airflow classification device include a turbo clifire, a turboplex, and the like.
[0020]
As the compound containing a silicon atom, a compound represented by the general formula MxSi (where M is an element excluding Li and x is 0.01 or more) can be used. here,
As M, Si, B, C, N, O, S, P, Na, Mg, Al, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Mo, Ru, Rh, Pd, Pt, Be, Nb, Nd, Ce, W, Ta, Ag, Au, Cd, Ga, In, Sb, Ba and the like can be mentioned. When M is Si, it indicates Si alone. Further, x is 0.01 or more, preferably 0.1 or more, and more preferably 0.3 or more.
[0021]
For example, an alloy of silicon and an alkaline earth metal, a transition metal or a metalloid can be used, and a solid solution alloy of Be, Ag, Al, Au, Cd, Ga, In, Sb, Zn and silicon, a eutectic alloy Is preferred. The average particle size of the alloy is 0.3 to 70 μm, preferably 0.3 to 40 μm.
[0022]
The compound of silicon and metal is sometimes called a silicide, and its composition does not always satisfy the valence, but this compound can also be used. For example, CaSi, CaSi2, Mg2Si, BaSi2, Cu5Si, FeSi, FeSi2, CoSi2, Ni2Si, NiSi2, MnSi, MnSi2, MoSi2, CrSi2, Cr3Si, TiSi2, Ti5Si3, NbSi2, NdSi2, CeSi2, WSi2, W5Si3, TaSi2, Ta5Si3, PtSi, V3Si, VSi2, PdSi, RuSi, RhSi and the like are used.
Further, as the compound containing a silicon atom, for example, SiO 22, SiC, Si3N4Can also be used.
[0023]
As the compound containing a tin atom, Sn, a tin alloy, tin oxide, tin sulfide, tin halide, and stannide can be used. For example, an alloy solid solution of Sn and Zn, Cd, In, and Pb, SnO, SnO2, M1 4SnO4(M1Represents a metal element other than Sn. ), SnS, SnS2, M1 2SnS3Such as tin sulfide, SnX2, SnX4, M1SnX4(X represents a halogen atom), such as tin halide, MgSn, Mg2Sn, FeSn, FeSn2, MoSn, MoSn2And the like.
[0024]
(Polymer)
The polymer of the present invention is preferably a polymer having adhesion to particles containing a compound containing a silicon atom and / or a tin atom. In the treatment of mixing, stirring, solvent removal, heat treatment, etc., a polymer that exhibits resistance to forces such as compression, bending, peeling, impact, pulling, and tearing to the extent that peeling does not substantially occur is considered as a polymer. Applicable. For example, the polymer is preferably at least one selected from the group consisting of a phenol resin, a polyvinyl alcohol resin, a furan resin, a cellulose resin, a polystyrene resin, a polyimide resin, and an epoxy resin. Preferably, it is a phenol resin or a polyvinyl alcohol resin.
[0025]
Particularly, in the present invention, a dense carbonaceous material can be obtained by using a drying oil or a phenol resin mixed with its fatty acid. This is because the phenolic resin and the unsaturated fatty bond in the drying oil undergo a chemical reaction, resulting in a so-called drying oil-modified phenolic resin, which reduces the decomposition in the heat treatment (or firing) process and prevents foaming. Guessed. In addition, the drying oil has not only a double bond but also a considerably long alkyl group and an ester bond, which also contribute to ease of gas release during the firing process. Conceivable.
[0026]
The phenol resin is produced by a reaction between phenols and aldehydes, and unmodified phenol resins such as novolak and resol or partially modified phenol resins can be used. If necessary, a rubber such as a nitrile rubber can be used by mixing it with a phenol resin. Examples of the phenols include phenol, cresol, xylenol, and alkylphenol having an alkyl group of C20 or less.
The phenolic resin mixed with the drying oil or the fatty acid of the present invention is first
And a drying oil in the presence of a strong acid catalyst, and then add a basic catalyst to make the system basic and formalin addition reaction, or react phenols with formalin and then dry Oil may be added.
[0027]
Drying oils are commonly known tung oil, linseed oil, dehydrated castor oil, soybean oil, cashew nut oil, etc., which may be fatty acids, which solidify and dry in a relatively short time when left in air as a thin film. It is a vegetable oil with properties.
[0028]
A suitable ratio of the drying oil or the fatty acid thereof to the phenol resin is, for example, 5 to 50 parts by mass of the drying oil or the fatty acid thereof with respect to 100 parts by mass of the condensate of phenol and formalin. When the amount is more than 50 parts by mass, the adhesion to particles containing a compound containing a silicon atom and / or a tin atom decreases.
[0029]
When the viscosity is adjusted by diluting this polymer with acetone, ethanol, toluene or the like, the polymer easily adheres.
[0030]
The atmosphere at the time of attachment may be any of atmospheric pressure, pressurization, and reduced pressure. However, it is preferable to attach under reduced pressure, because the affinity between the carbon particles and the polymer is improved.
[0031]
When particles containing a compound containing a silicon atom or / and a tin atom are at least partially coated on the surface thereof (including the case where the entire surface is coated) with a carbonaceous material, the thickness of the coating layer is preferably 1 to 30,000 nm, preferably Is 5 to 3000 nm. The coating layer may be uniform or non-uniform, as long as the coating state can be substantially maintained.
[0032]
(Mixing method)
In the present invention, the vapor-grown carbon fiber can be dispersed by mixing particles containing a compound containing a silicon atom or / and a tin atom with a vapor-grown carbon fiber, followed by stirring. The stirring method is not particularly limited, and for example, a device such as a ribbon mixer, a screw-type kneader, a Spartan Luiser, a Loedige mixer, a planetary mixer, and a universal mixer can be used.
[0033]
The temperature and time during the stirring treatment are not particularly limited as long as the particles are not coated with the carbonaceous material, but it is sufficient that the vapor grown carbon fibers are dispersed. When the particles are coated with a carbonaceous material, they are appropriately selected according to the components and viscosity of the particles and the polymer, but are usually in the range of about 0 ° C to 50 ° C, preferably about 10 ° C to 30 ° C. And
Alternatively, the mixing time and the solvent dilution of the composition are performed so that the viscosity of the mixture becomes 500 Pa · s or less at the mixing temperature. In this case, the solvent can be used as long as it has a good affinity for a polymer, a compound containing a silicon atom and / or a tin atom, and examples thereof include alcohols, ketones, aromatic hydrocarbons and esters. . Preferred are methanol, ethanol, butanol, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, toluene, ethyl acetate, butyl acetate and the like.
[0034]
After stirring, it is preferable to remove part or all of the solvent. Known methods such as hot air drying and vacuum drying can be used for the removal method.
[0035]
The drying temperature depends on the boiling point, vapor pressure and the like of the solvent used, but is specifically 50 ° C or higher, preferably 100 ° C or higher and 1000 ° C or lower, more preferably 150 ° C or higher and 500 ° C or lower.
[0036]
Most of the known heating devices can be used for heat curing. However, as a manufacturing process, a rotary kiln or a belt type continuous furnace capable of continuous processing is preferable in terms of productivity.
[0037]
For example, the addition amount of the phenol resin is preferably 2% by mass to 30% by mass, more preferably 4% by mass to 25% by mass, and still more preferably 6% by mass to 18% by mass.
[0038]
After coating the particles with the carbonaceous material, it is preferable to mix the particles with the vapor grown carbon fiber, but if the vapor grown carbon fibers do not adhere to the particles, the particles, the composition containing the polymer, and the vapor grown carbon Fibers may be mixed.
[0039]
(Heat treatment conditions)
When a polymer is attached to particles containing a compound containing a silicon atom or / and a tin atom, the maximum temperature does not have to reach the center of the particle, and the carbonaceous material of the film and the silicon atom or / and / or It suffices that the adhesion to the surface of the particle containing the compound containing a tin atom, the strength of the film, and the like reach practical use.
[0040]
In the heat treatment step, the temperature is 200 ° C or higher, preferably 200 ° C or higher and 3000 ° C or lower, more preferably 200 ° C or higher and 1200 ° C or lower. A compound containing a silicon atom and / or a tin atom may partially form silicon carbide, silicon oxide, tin oxide, and the like at 200 ° C. or higher.
Regarding the heating rate for the heat treatment, the performance is not significantly affected particularly within the range of the fastest heating rate and the lowest heating rate in a known apparatus. However, since it is a powder, there is almost no problem of cracking as in the case of a molding material or the like, and therefore, it is better to increase the temperature rising rate from the viewpoint of cost. The arrival time from the room temperature to the maximum temperature is preferably 12 hours or less, more preferably 6 hours or less, and particularly preferably 2 hours or less.
[0041]
As the heat treatment apparatus for firing, a known apparatus such as an Acheson furnace or a direct current heating furnace can be used. These devices are also advantageous in cost. However, since the presence of nitrogen gas may lower the resistance of the powder or reduce the strength of the carbonaceous material due to oxidation by oxygen, the atmosphere in the furnace can be preferably maintained with an inert gas such as argon or helium. A furnace having such a structure is preferred. For example, a batch furnace capable of gas replacement after evacuation of the container itself, a batch furnace or a continuous furnace capable of controlling the atmosphere in a furnace with a tubular furnace, and the like.
[0042]
The average particle diameter of the particles containing the compound containing a silicon atom and / or a tin atom is preferably 0.3 to 70 μm, more preferably 0.3 to 50 μm, and further preferably 0.5 to 20 μm. This average particle size can be determined by a laser diffraction scattering method. If the average particle size is smaller than 0.3 μm, the aspect ratio tends to increase, and the specific surface area tends to increase. In addition, for example, in the case of manufacturing a battery electrode, a method is generally employed in which a paste is formed from a negative electrode material with a binder and the paste is applied. When the average particle diameter of the negative electrode material is less than 0.3 μm, fine powder smaller than 0.1 μm is considerably contained, and the viscosity of the paste increases and the applicability deteriorates.
[0043]
Furthermore, if large particles having an average particle diameter of 85 μm or more are mixed, the surface of the electrode becomes uneven, which may cause damage to the separator used in the battery. For example, those substantially not containing particles of 0.1 μm or less and particles of 85 μm or more can be suitably used.
[0044]
(Vapor-grown carbon fiber)
The vapor-grown carbon fiber (vapor-grown carbon fiber) used in the present invention needs to be excellent in conductivity, and therefore, a fiber having a high degree of crystallinity is desirable. Further, when the carbon material is converted into an electrode and incorporated into a lithium ion secondary battery, it is necessary to quickly supply a current to the entire negative electrode. Therefore, the crystal growth direction of the vapor grown carbon fiber is parallel to the fiber axis. Preferably, the fibers are branched (branched). In the case of branched fibers, the carbon particles are easily electrically connected to each other by the fibers, and the conductivity is improved.
In order to achieve the present invention, a vapor grown carbon fiber in which crystals grow in the fiber axis direction and the fiber is branched is suitable.
Vapor-grown carbon fibers can be produced, for example, by blowing a gasified organic compound together with iron as a catalyst in a high-temperature atmosphere.
[0045]
Vapor-grown carbon fiber can be used as it is, for example, one that has been heat-treated at 800 to 1500 ° C., or one that has been graphitized at, for example, 2000 to 3000 ° C. And those heat-treated at about 1500 ° C. are more preferable.
[0046]
A preferred form of the vapor grown carbon fiber of the present invention is a branched fiber. However, the branched portion may have a hollow structure in which the entire fiber including that portion has a hollow structure. Therefore, the carbon layer constituting the cylindrical portion of the fiber is continuous. A hollow structure is a structure in which a carbon layer is wound in a cylindrical shape, and is not completely cylindrical, has a partially cut portion, and has a structure in which two stacked carbon layers are combined into one layer. Including. The cross section of the cylinder is not limited to a perfect circle, but includes an ellipse and a polygon. In addition, regarding the crystallinity of the carbon layer, the plane distance d of the carbon layer002Is not limited. Incidentally, preferred is d by X-ray diffraction.002Is 0.344 nm or less, more preferably 0.339 nm or less, still more preferably 0.338 nm or less, and the thickness Lc of the crystal in the C-axis direction is 40 nm or less.
[0047]
The vapor grown carbon fiber of the present invention is a carbon fiber having a fiber outer diameter of 2 to 1000 nm and an aspect ratio of 10 to 15000, preferably a fiber outer diameter of 10 to 500 nm and a fiber length of 1 to 100 μm (aspect ratio of 2 to 2000). Alternatively, the fiber has an outer diameter of 2 to 50 nm and a fiber length of 0.5 to 50 μm (aspect ratio: 10 to 25000).
By performing a heat treatment at 2000 ° C. or more after the production of the gas-phase carbon fiber, the crystallinity can be further increased, and the conductivity can be increased. Also in this case, it is effective to add boron or the like having a function of promoting the degree of graphitization before the heat treatment.
[0048]
The content of the vapor grown carbon fiber in the negative electrode is preferably in the range of 0.01 to 20% by mass, preferably 0.1 to 15% by mass, and more preferably 0.5 to 10% by mass. When the content exceeds 20% by mass, the electric capacity decreases, and when the content is less than 0.01% by mass, the value of the internal resistance at a low temperature (for example, −35 ° C.) increases.
[0049]
Vapor-grown carbon fiber intervenes and inserts into voids formed by particles containing a compound containing a silicon atom and / or a tin atom, for example, containing a vapor-grown carbon fiber itself or a silicon atom and / or a tin atom The three-dimensional structure is formed by the entanglement of vapor-grown carbon fibers having a size equal to or smaller than that of the particles containing the compound, and the structure serves as a cushion ball capable of absorbing an impact. It is considered that the volume change in the charge and discharge cycle of the particles containing the compound containing a tin atom can be absorbed. Further, it is considered that the restoring force of the vapor-grown carbon fiber increases the restoring force of the negative electrode active material, and improves the resilience characteristics. As a whole, the change in volume of the negative electrode can be suppressed, and thereby the cycle characteristics can be improved.
[0050]
Many of the vapor grown carbon fibers of the present invention have irregularities and irregularities on the fiber surface. For this reason, the adhesion to particles containing a compound containing a silicon atom or / and a tin atom is improved, and charge / discharge is improved. When the vapor-grown carbon fiber, which also functions as a negative electrode active material and a conductive auxiliary agent, can be maintained in a close contact state without dissociation even if the above is repeated, the electron conductivity can be maintained and the cycle characteristics can be improved. Conceivable.
[0051]
When the proportion of the branched fibers contained in the vapor grown carbon fiber is large, a network can be efficiently formed, and high electron conductivity and high heat conductivity are easily obtained. In addition, the active material can be dispersed so as to wrap the active material, so that the strength of the negative electrode can be increased and good contact between particles can be maintained.
[0052]
In addition, since the vapor-grown carbon fiber is inserted between the particles, the liquid retaining property of the electrolytic solution is increased, so that lithium ions can be smoothly inserted and removed even in a low temperature environment.
[0053]
(capacity)
The capacity is 400 mAh / g or more, preferably 400 to 2000 mAh / g, and more preferably 400 to 1000 mAh / g. It is desirable that the capacity be large. However, when the Si or Sn content of the negative electrode material increases, the volume of Si or Sn changes into fine particles, the contact between the particles is lost, and the cycle characteristics are significantly reduced. Further, when the content of Si or Sn in the negative electrode material increases, the negative electrode expands / contracts due to charging / discharging, and is easily peeled off from the copper plate.
By setting the capacity of the compound containing a silicon atom or / and a tin atom to the particles in the anode material in the range of 1 to 20% by mass to 400 to 600 mAh / g, high capacity, high cycle characteristics, and low internal resistance can be obtained. A highly practical negative electrode material can be completed.
[0054]
(Preparation of secondary battery)
When a lithium secondary battery is manufactured using the carbon material of the present invention, a known method can be used.
[0055]
In an electrode of a lithium battery, the specific surface area of particles containing a compound containing silicon atoms and / or tin atoms is preferably small. The specific surface area (BET method) of the particles containing the compound containing a silicon atom and / or a tin atom of the present invention is 3 m.2/ G or less. Specific surface area is 3m2/ G, the surface activity of the particles increases, and the Coulomb efficiency decreases due to decomposition of the electrolytic solution and the like. Further, it is important to increase the packing density of the particles in order to increase the capacity of the battery. For this reason, a material that is as spherical as possible is preferable. When the shape of the particles is represented by an aspect ratio (length of major axis / length of minor axis), the aspect ratio is 6 or less, preferably 5 or less. The aspect ratio can be determined from a micrograph or the like, but the particle is assumed to be a disk from the average particle size A calculated by the laser diffraction scattering method and the average particle size B calculated by the electric detection method (Coulter counter method). The diameter of the bottom surface of the disk is A, and the volume is 4/3 × (B / 2).3Assuming that π = C, the thickness of the disc T = C / (A / 2)2It can be calculated by π. Therefore, the aspect ratio is obtained by A / T.
[0056]
In an electrode of a lithium battery, the better the filling property of particles containing a compound containing a silicon atom and / or a tin atom, and the higher the bulk density, the higher the discharge capacity per unit volume.
First, an electrode is prepared. The electrode can be prepared by diluting a binder with a solvent, kneading the mixture with a negative electrode material, and applying the diluted mixture to a current collector (base material) as usual.
[0057]
As the binder, known binders such as fluoropolymers such as polyvinylidene fluoride and polytetrafluoroethylene, and rubbers such as SBR (styrene butadiene rubber) can be used. As the solvent, a known solvent suitable for each binder, for example, a known polymer such as toluene and N-methylpyrrolidone in the case of a fluoropolymer and water in the case of SBR can be used.
[0058]
When the amount of the binder is 100 parts by mass of the negative electrode material, 1 to 30 parts by mass is appropriate, but about 3 to 20 parts by mass is particularly preferable.
[0059]
For kneading the negative electrode material and the binder, known devices such as a ribbon mixer, a screw-type kneader, a spartan reducer, a Loedige mixer, a planetary mixer, and a universal mixer can be used.
[0060]
The application to the current collector after kneading can be carried out by a known method. For example, a method of applying by a doctor blade or a bar coater and then molding by a roll press or the like can be used.
[0061]
Known materials such as copper, aluminum, stainless steel, nickel, and alloys thereof can be used for the current collector.
[0062]
Although a known separator can be used, a polyethylene or polypropylene nonwoven fabric is particularly preferable.
[0063]
As the electrolyte and the electrolyte in the lithium secondary battery of the present invention, known organic electrolytes, inorganic solid electrolytes, and polymer solid electrolytes can be used. Preferably, an organic electrolytic solution is good from the viewpoint of electric conductivity.
[0064]
Examples of the organic electrolyte include diethyl ether, dibutyl ether, ethylene glycol monomethyl ether, ethylene glycol monoethyl ether, ethylene glycol monobutyl ether, diethylene glycol monomethyl ether, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, diethylene glycol monobutyl ether, diethylene glycol dimethyl ether, and ethylene glycol phenyl ether. Ether; formamide, N-methylformamide, N, N-dimethylformamide, N-ethylformamide, N, N-diethylformamide, N-methylacetamide, N, N-dimethylacetamide, N-ethylacetamide, N, N-diethyl Acetamide, N, N-dimethylpropionamide, hexamethylphosphorylamide Sulfur-containing compounds such as dimethyl sulfoxide and sulfolane; dialkyl ketones such as methyl ethyl ketone and methyl isobutyl ketone; ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, tetrahydrofuran, 2-methoxytetrahydrofuran, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, 1,3-dioxolane and the like Preferred are solutions of cyclic ethers; carbonates such as ethylene carbonate and propylene carbonate; γ-butyrolactone; N-methylpyrrolidone; and organic solvents such as acetonitrile and nitromethane. Further preferably, ethylene carbonate, butylene carbonate, diethyl carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, propylene carbonate, vinylene carbonate, esters such as γ-butyrolactone, dioxolane, diethyl ether, ethers such as diethoxyethane, dimethyl sulfoxide, acetonitrile, tetrahydrofuran and the like Particularly preferred are carbonate-based non-aqueous solvents such as ethylene carbonate and propylene carbonate. These solvents may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
[0065]
As a solute (electrolyte) of these solvents, a lithium salt is used. Commonly known lithium salts include LiClO4, LiBF4, LiPF6, LiAlCl4, LiSbF6, LiSCN, LiCl, LiCF3SO3, LiCF3CO2, LiN (CF3SO2)2Etc.
[0066]
Examples of the polymer solid electrolyte include a polyethylene oxide derivative and a polymer containing the derivative, a polypropylene oxide derivative and a polymer containing the derivative, a phosphate ester polymer, a polycarbonate derivative, and a polymer containing the derivative.
[0067]
In the lithium secondary battery using the negative electrode material according to the present invention, the positive electrode material used is preferably a lithium-containing transition metal oxide. Preferably, an oxide mainly containing lithium and at least one transition metal element selected from Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Mo, and W, wherein the molar ratio of lithium to the transition metal is 0.3 to 2.2. More preferably, it is an oxide mainly containing lithium and at least one transition metal element selected from V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, and Ni, and the molar ratio of lithium to the transition metal is from 0.3 to 0.3. 2.2. Note that Al, Ga, In, Ge, Sn, Pb, Sb, Bi, Si, P, B, and the like may be contained in a range of less than 30 mol% based on the transition metal that is mainly present. Among the above positive electrode active materials, the general formula LixMO2(M is at least one of Co, Ni, Fe and Mn, x = 0 to 1.2) or LiyN2O4It is preferable to use at least one kind of material having a spinel structure represented by (N contains at least Mn; y = 0 to 2).
[0068]
Further, the positive electrode active material is LiyMaD1-aO2 (M is at least one of Co, Ni, Fe, and Mn D is Co, Ni, Fe, Mn, Al, Zn, Cu, Mo, Ag, W, Ga, In, A material containing at least one kind of Sn, Pb, Sb, Sr, B and P other than M, y = 0 to 1.2, a = 0.5 to 1), or Liz (NbE1-b) 2O4 (N Is Mn E is at least one of Co, Ni, Fe, Mn, Al, Zn, Cu, Mo, Ag, W, Ga, In, Sn, Pb, Sb, Sr, B, and P = 1 to 0. It is particularly preferable to use at least one kind of material having a spinel structure represented by 2z = 0 to 2).
[0069]
Specifically, LixCoO2, LixNiO2, LixMnO2, LixCoaNi1-a  O2, LixCobV1-b  Oz, LixCobFe1-b  O2, LixMn2O4, LixMncCo2-c  O4, LixMncNi2-c  O4, LixMncV2-c  O4, LixMncFe2-c  O4(Where x = 0.02 to 1.2, a = 0.1 to 0.9, b = 0.8 to 0.98, c = 1.6 to 1.96, z = 2.01 to 2 .3). The most preferred lithium-containing transition metal oxide is LixCoO2, LixNiO2, LixMnO2, LixCoaNi1-a  O2, LixMn2O4, LixCobV1-b  Oz (x = 0.02 to 1.2, a = 0.1 to 0.9, b = 0.9 to 0.98, z = 2.01 to 2.3). Note that the value of x is a value before the start of charge and discharge, and increases or decreases due to charge and discharge.
[0070]
The average particle size of the positive electrode active material is not particularly limited, but is preferably 0.1 to 50 μm. It is preferable that the volume of the particles of 0.5 to 30 μm is 95% or more. More preferably, the volume occupied by the particle group having a particle size of 3 μm or less is 18% or less of the total volume, and the volume occupied by the particle group having a particle size of 15 μm or more and 25 μm or less is 18% or less of the total volume. The specific surface area is not particularly limited, but is 0.01 to 50 m by the BET method.2/ G is preferred, especially 0.2 m2  / G-1m2  / G is preferred. The pH of the supernatant obtained when 5 g of the positive electrode active material is dissolved in 100 ml of distilled water is preferably 7 or more and 12 or less.
There is no restriction on the selection of the members necessary for the battery configuration other than the above.
[0071]
【Example】
Hereinafter, the present invention will be described more specifically by showing typical examples. These are merely examples for explanation, and the present invention is not limited to these.
[0072]
(How to make phenolic resin for adhesion)
A phenol resin partially modified with tung oil was used as the adhesive material. 100 parts by mass of tung oil, 150 parts by mass of phenol and 150 parts by mass of nonylphenol are mixed and maintained at 50 ° C. To this, 0.5 parts by mass of sulfuric acid was added, and the mixture was stirred, gradually heated, and kept at 120 ° C. for 1 hour to perform an addition reaction between tung oil and phenols. Then the temperature was lowered to 60 ° C or less. 6 parts by mass of hexamethylenetetramine and 100 parts by mass of 37% by mass formalin were added, reacted at 90 ° C. for about 2 hours, and then dehydrated under vacuum, then diluted by adding 100 parts by mass of methanol and 100 parts by mass of acetone, and having a viscosity of 20 mPa. A varnish of s (20 ° C.) was obtained. Hereinafter, this varnish is referred to as varnish A.
[0073]
(Battery evaluation method)
(1) Paste creation
To 1 part by mass of the negative electrode material was added 0.1 part by mass of KF polymer L1320 manufactured by Kureha Chemical (N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) solution containing 12% by mass of PVDF), and the mixture was kneaded with a planetary mixer to obtain a stock solution of a main agent.
(2) Electrode fabrication
After adjusting the viscosity by adding NMP to the stock solution of the main agent, the solution was applied on a high-purity copper foil to a thickness of 250 μm using a doctor plate. This was vacuum-dried at 120 ° C. for 1 hour and punched into 18 mmφ. Furthermore, the punched electrode was sandwiched between super-steel press plates, and the pressing pressure was 1 × 103~ 3 × 103kg / cm2Pressed to be.
Then, it dried at 120 degreeC for 12 hours with the vacuum dryer, and was used as the electrode for evaluation.
(3) Battery creation
A three-electrode cell was produced as described below. The following operation was performed in a dry argon atmosphere having a dew point of -80 ° C or less.
In a cell (with an inner diameter of about 18 mm) with a screw-type lid made of polypropylene, the carbon electrode with copper foil (positive electrode) and metallic lithium metal (negative electrode) prepared in the above (2) were separated with a separator (polypropylene microporous film (cell car)). -# 2400)). Further, metal lithium for reference was similarly laminated. An electrolyte was added to this to make a test cell.
(4) Electrolyte
{Circle around (1)} EC: a mixture of 8 parts by mass of EC (ethylene carbonate) and 12 parts by mass of DEC (diethyl carbonate).6Was dissolved at 1 mol / liter.
(5) Charge / discharge cycle test
Current density 0.2 mA / cm2(Equivalent to 0.1 C), a constant current low voltage charge / discharge test was performed.
Charging (insertion of lithium into carbon) is 0.2 mA / cm from rest potential to 0.002 V2The battery was charged with CC (constant current: constant current). Next, the voltage was switched to CV (constant volt: constant voltage) charging at 0.002 V, and stopped when the current value dropped to 25.4 μA.
Discharge (emission from carbon) is 0.2 mA / cm2(Corresponding to 0.1 C) to perform CC discharge, and cut off at a voltage of 1.5 V.
[0074]
(Example 1)
Ethanol was added to varnish A and stirred with silicon particles (100 g) adjusted to an average particle size (D50 = 20 μm) by pulverizing and classifying silicon, and a solution obtained by sufficiently dissolving the modified phenol resin solids was converted to silicon. It was added so as to be 10% by mass with respect to the particles, and kneaded with a planetary mixer for 30 minutes. Further, 0.1% by mass of vapor-grown carbon fiber (average fiber diameter 150 nm, aspect ratio 100) graphitized at 2800 ° C. was added and stirred and mixed. This mixture was dried in a vacuum dryer at 80 ° C. for 2 hours to remove ethanol. Next, the mixture was vacuum-substituted in a heating furnace under an argon atmosphere, and then heated while flowing argon gas. It was kept at 2900 ° C. for 10 minutes and then cooled. After cooling to room temperature, the obtained heat-treated product was sieved with a sieve having an opening of 63 μm, and the area under the sieve was used as a negative electrode material sample. When the obtained negative electrode material was observed with an electron microscope (SEM), a state in which vapor-grown carbon fibers were dispersed around the silicon particles could be observed. Thus, a negative electrode material of Example 1 was obtained. This sample was applied to a single-cell battery evaluation device, and an EC-based electrolyte was used as a battery evaluation electrolyte. The capacity at the first cycle and the capacity at the 50th cycle of the charge / discharge cycle test were examined. Table 1 shows the results.
[0075]
(Example 2)
It was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the amount of the vapor grown carbon fiber was changed to 3% by mass. These samples were applied to a single-cell type battery evaluation device in the same manner as the sample of Example 1, and an EC system was used as the electrolyte for battery evaluation. The capacity at the first cycle and the capacity at the 50th cycle of the charge / discharge cycle test were examined. Table 1 shows the results.
[0076]
(Example 3)
It was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the amount of the vapor grown carbon fiber was changed to 10% by mass. These samples were applied to a single-cell type battery evaluation device in the same manner as the sample of Example 1, and an EC system was used as the electrolyte for battery evaluation. The capacity at the first cycle and the capacity at the 50th cycle of the charge / discharge cycle test were examined. Table 1 shows the results.
[0077]
(Example 4)
The same processing as in Example 1 was performed except that silicon was adjusted to silicon carbide and the average particle diameter (D50 = 1 μm). When the obtained negative electrode material was observed by an electron microscope (SEM), a state in which vapor-grown carbon fibers were dispersed around the silicon carbide particles could be observed. Thus, a negative electrode material of Example 4 was obtained. This sample was applied to a single-cell battery evaluation device, and an EC-based electrolyte was used as a battery evaluation electrolyte. The capacity at the first cycle and the capacity at the 50th cycle of the charge / discharge cycle test were examined. Table 1 shows the results.
[0078]
(Example 5)
To the silicon particles adjusted to the average particle diameter (D50 = 20 μm), 0.1% by mass of vapor grown carbon fiber (average fiber diameter 150 nm, aspect ratio 100) was added to the silicon particles, followed by stirring and mixing. This negative electrode material was applied to a single-cell battery evaluation device, and an EC-based electrolyte was used as an electrolyte. The capacity at the first cycle and the capacity at the 50th cycle of the charge / discharge cycle test were examined. Table 1 shows the results.
[0079]
(Comparative Example 1)
The silicon particles adjusted to an average particle diameter (D50 = 20 μm) are added to a solution in which a phenol resin (10 g) is dissolved in isopropyl alcohol so that the solid content is 10% by mass with respect to the silicon particles, and sufficiently stirred. After that, the solvent was removed. Thereafter, heat treatment and sieving were carried out in the same manner as in Example 1 without adding the vapor-grown carbon fiber to produce composite particles. This sample was mixed with carbon black (1 g) to prepare a negative electrode material.
[0080]
This negative electrode material was applied to a single-cell battery evaluation device, and an EC-based electrolyte was used as an electrolyte. The capacity at the first cycle and the capacity at the 50th cycle of the charge / discharge cycle test were examined. Table 1 shows the results.
[0081]
(Comparative Example 2)
Silicon particles adjusted to an average particle size (D50 = 20 μm) were applied to a single-cell battery evaluation device as a negative electrode material, and an EC-based electrolyte was used as a battery evaluation electrolyte. The capacity at the first cycle and the capacity at the 50th cycle of the charge / discharge cycle test were examined. Table 1 shows the results.
[0082]
[Table 1]
Figure 2004178922
[0083]
As shown in Table 1, the capacity in the 50th cycle is higher in Examples 1 to 5 than in Comparative Examples 1 and 2. Also, comparing the capacities of Examples 1 to 3, the larger the amount of the vapor grown carbon fiber added, the lower the capacity in the first cycle, but the higher the capacity retention. The capacity retention ratio (capacity at the 50th cycle / capacity at the first cycle × 100) is much higher in Examples 1 to 5 than in Comparative Examples 1 and 2. In Examples 1 to 5, the contact between the particles containing the compound containing a silicon atom and / or a tin atom is maintained during the charge / discharge cycle, and the expansion and contraction of the particles are small. Is considered to have been obtained.
[0084]
【The invention's effect】
{Circle around (1)} The negative electrode material containing a mixture of particles containing a compound containing a silicon atom and / or a tin atom and a vapor grown carbon fiber has a smaller particle size than a negative electrode material containing no vapor grown carbon fiber. Has the effect of securing the conductive path of the electrode, lowering the resistance of the electrode, and increasing the discharge potential.
{Circle around (2)} By mixing the vapor grown carbon fiber, even if charging and discharging are repeated, the particles are kept in contact with each other sufficiently, and the cycle characteristics are improved.
{Circle around (3)} In addition to the above reasons, the cycle characteristics at low temperatures are also improved by smooth charge transfer, and the increase in internal resistance is suppressed.

Claims (21)

リチウムイオンの挿入・脱離が可能なケイ素原子または/及び錫原子を含む化合物を含有する粒子と、気相法炭素繊維との混合物を含むことを特徴とする負極材料。A negative electrode material comprising a mixture of particles containing a compound containing a silicon atom and / or a tin atom capable of inserting and removing lithium ions, and a vapor grown carbon fiber. ケイ素原子を含む化合物が、一般式MxSi(式中、MはLiを除く元素で、xが0.01以上である。)で表される化合物であることを特徴とする請求項1記載の負極材料。The negative electrode according to claim 1, wherein the compound containing a silicon atom is a compound represented by a general formula MxSi (wherein M is an element other than Li and x is 0.01 or more). material. 一般式MxSiが、MとしてSi、B、C、N、O、S、P、Na、Mg、Al、K、Ca、Ti、V、Cr、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、Mo、Ru、Rh、Pd、Pt、Be、Nb、Nd、Ce、W、Ta、Ag、Au、Cd、Ga、In、SbまたはBaから選ばれるいずれか1種の元素であることを特徴とする請求項2記載の負極材料。When the general formula MxSi is M, Si, B, C, N, O, S, P, Na, Mg, Al, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Mo , Ru, Rh, Pd, Pt, Be, Nb, Nd, Ce, W, Ta, Ag, Au, Cd, Ga, In, Sb or Ba. The negative electrode material according to claim 2. 錫原子を含む化合物が、Sn、錫合金、酸化錫、硫化錫、ハロゲン化錫、錫化物のいずれかであることを特徴とする請求項1〜3のいずれかひとつに記載の負極材料。The negative electrode material according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the compound containing a tin atom is any one of Sn, a tin alloy, tin oxide, tin sulfide, tin halide, and stannide. 負極における気相法炭素繊維の含有量が、0.01〜20質量%の範囲である請求項1〜4のいずれかひとつに記載の負極材料。The negative electrode material according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein a content of the vapor grown carbon fiber in the negative electrode is in a range of 0.01 to 20% by mass. 気相法炭素繊維が、内部に中空構造を有し、外径2〜1000nm、アスペクト比10〜15000の繊維である請求項1〜5のいずれかひとつに記載の負極材料。The negative electrode material according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the vapor grown carbon fiber is a fiber having a hollow structure inside, an outer diameter of 2 to 1000 nm, and an aspect ratio of 10 to 15000. 気相法炭素繊維が、分岐状繊維である請求項6に記載の負極材料。The negative electrode material according to claim 6, wherein the vapor grown carbon fiber is a branched fiber. ケイ素原子または/及び錫原子を含む化合物を含有する粒子に対して、気相法炭素繊維を0.1〜30質量%混合する請求項5または6に記載の負極材料。The negative electrode material according to claim 5, wherein a vapor-grown carbon fiber is mixed in an amount of 0.1 to 30% by mass with respect to particles containing a compound containing a silicon atom and / or a tin atom. 気相法炭素繊維が、X線回折法による(002)面の平均面間隔d002が0.344nm以下の炭素からなる請求項1〜8のいずれかひとつに記載の負極材料。Vapor grown carbon fiber, a negative electrode material according to any one of claims 1 to 8 average spacing d 002 of (002) plane by X-ray diffraction method consists of the following carbon 0.344 nm. ケイ素原子または/及び錫原子を含む化合物を含有する粒子の平均粒径が、0.3μm〜70μmである請求項1〜9のいずれかひとつに記載の負極材料。The negative electrode material according to any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein the particles containing the compound containing a silicon atom and / or a tin atom have an average particle size of 0.3 µm to 70 µm. ケイ素原子または/及び錫原子を含む化合物を含有する粒子が、平均粒径0.1μm以下及び/または平均粒径85μm以上の粒子を実質的に含まない請求項10に記載の負極材料。The negative electrode material according to claim 10, wherein the particles containing the compound containing a silicon atom and / or a tin atom do not substantially include particles having an average particle size of 0.1 µm or less and / or an average particle size of 85 µm or more. ケイ素原子または/及び錫原子を含む化合物を含有する粒子が、その表面を炭素質材料により少なくとも一部被覆してなる粒子であり、該炭素質材料による被覆厚さが、1〜30000nmである請求項1〜11のいずれかひとつに記載の負極材料。Particles containing a compound containing a silicon atom and / or a tin atom are particles whose surface is at least partially coated with a carbonaceous material, and the coating thickness of the carbonaceous material is 1 to 30,000 nm. Item 12. The negative electrode material according to any one of Items 1 to 11. 炭素質材料が、フェノール樹脂、ポリビニルアルコール樹脂、フラン樹脂、セルロース樹脂、ポリスチレン樹脂、ポリイミド樹脂、エポキシ樹脂からなる群から選択される少なくとも1種を含む重合体を含む組成物からなる請求項12に記載の負極材料。The carbonaceous material comprises a composition containing a polymer containing at least one selected from the group consisting of phenolic resins, polyvinyl alcohol resins, furan resins, cellulose resins, polystyrene resins, polyimide resins, and epoxy resins. The negative electrode material as described in the above. 重合体を含む組成物が、乾性油またはその脂肪酸及びフェノール樹脂を含む組成物である請求項13に記載の負極材料。The negative electrode material according to claim 13, wherein the composition containing a polymer is a composition containing a drying oil or a fatty acid thereof and a phenol resin. 重合体を含む組成物をケイ素原子または/及び錫原子を含む化合物を含有する粒子の少なくとも一部の表面に付着させる工程、該粒子に気相法炭素繊維を混合する工程、重合体を含む組成物が付着したケイ素原子または/及び錫原子を含む化合物を含有する粒子を熱処理する工程を含む負極材料の製造方法。A step of attaching a composition containing a polymer to at least a part of the surface of particles containing a compound containing a silicon atom and / or a tin atom, a step of mixing vapor-grown carbon fibers with the particles, and a composition containing a polymer. A method for producing a negative electrode material, comprising a step of heat-treating particles containing a compound containing a silicon atom and / or a tin atom to which a substance is attached. 重合体が、ケイ素原子または/及び錫原子を含む化合物を含有する粒子に接着性を有する重合体を含む請求項15に記載の負極材料の製造方法。The method for producing a negative electrode material according to claim 15, wherein the polymer includes a polymer having an adhesive property to particles containing a compound containing a silicon atom and / or a tin atom. 熱処理する工程が、200℃以上の温度で行う焼成工程である請求項15または16に記載の負極材料の製造方法。The method for producing a negative electrode material according to claim 15, wherein the step of heat-treating is a firing step performed at a temperature of 200 ° C. or higher. 請求項1〜14のいずれかひとつに記載の負極材料と、バインダーを含む電極ペースト。An electrode paste comprising the negative electrode material according to any one of claims 1 to 14 and a binder. 請求項18に記載の電極ペーストの成形体である電極。An electrode which is a molded product of the electrode paste according to claim 18. 請求項19に記載の電極を構成要素とする二次電池。A secondary battery comprising the electrode according to claim 19 as a constituent element. 非水電解液及び電解質を用いた二次電池であって、該非水電解液がエチレンカーボネート、ジエチルカーボネート、ジメチルカーボネート、メチルエチルカーボネート及びプロピレンカーボネートからなる群から選ばれる少なくとも1種である請求項20に記載の二次電池。21. A secondary battery using a non-aqueous electrolyte and an electrolyte, wherein the non-aqueous electrolyte is at least one selected from the group consisting of ethylene carbonate, diethyl carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, methyl ethyl carbonate and propylene carbonate. 2. The secondary battery according to 1.
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