JP2003527594A - Apparatus and method for measuring and correlating fruit properties with visible / near infrared spectra - Google Patents

Abstract

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention includes, for example, 1) surface, subsurface scratches, scars, tanning, punctures, for example, in NH, CH, and OH samples including fruits. Use of 250-1150 nm and spectra to measure or predict one or more parameters such as, for example, brix, firmness, acidity, density, pH, color, external and internal defects and anomalies, 2). Apparatus and method for detecting radiation from a sample illuminated with said spectrum in at least one spectral range, in a preferred embodiment in at least two spectral ranges from 250 to 499 nm and from 500 to 1150 nm, 3) 680n together with spectra from 700nm and above to predict one or more of the above parameters 4) Xanthophyll of about 250-499 nm, and about 500-550 nm, together with the chlorophyll absorption band and 700 nm and higher spectra to predict all of the above parameters. And the use of visible dye regions containing anthocyanins.

Description

Detailed Description of the Invention

FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention generally relates to the use of combined spectra of visible and near-infrared spectra in devices and physical parameters such as, for example, hardness, density and internal and external anomalies. And measuring chemical parameters such as molecules containing OH, N-H and C-H bonds in fruits, and also customer preferences including taste preference and appearance, and harvest variables, The resulting measurements were used to predict the storage and shipping variables, and the fruit quality and ripeness, including Brix, sourness, density, pH, firmness, color and internal and external defects. An apparatus and method for correlating with a degree characteristic. The apparatus and method of the present invention illuminate the interior of a sample, such as a fruit containing apples, and detect and measure spectra of absorbed and scattered light from the sample. Prediction, calibration and classification algorithms are determined for the sample type, and the correlation between the spectra of absorbed and scattered rays and, for example, fruit quality and ripeness characteristics can be known.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Embodiments described herein provide spectroscopic and combined modes of use of visible and near infrared (NIR), fruit quality and particularly high fruit yield fruit quality. It focuses on the main problem of using near infrared for the measurement of molecules containing OH, NH and CH, which are indicators of the quality of the containing samples.

Background of Near-Infrared Spectroscopy: Near-infrared spectroscopy has been used since the 1970s to analyze the composition of low-moisture food products. However, the successful use of near-infrared for the analysis of moist products such as fruits has been in the last 10-15 years. Near-infrared is a vibrational spectroscopy that is particularly sensitive to the presence of molecules containing C-H (carbon-hydrogen) groups, O-H (oxygen-hydrogen) groups, and N-H (nitrogen-hydrogen) groups.
Therefore, components such as sugar and starch (C-H), water, alcohols and acids (O-H), and proteins (N-H) can be quantified in liquids, solids and slurries. Furthermore, analysis of gas (for example, water vapor, ammonia) can also be performed. Near-infrared rays are usually used to measure components present in concentrations of 0.1% or higher, not trace component analysis.

Short-wave near-infrared vs. long-wave near-infrared: Near-infrared has hitherto been identified in the electromagnetic spectrum 11
It has been used in the region of 00 to 2500 nm. However, about 700-1100n
Attention has been focused on the wavelength range of m (short wavelength near infrared rays, that is, SW near infrared rays). The short wavelength near infrared region has many advantages when used for on-line and native bulk component analysis. This region of the near infrared can be conveniently used by low cost, high performance silicon detectors and fiber optics. In addition, high brightness laser
Diodes and low cost light emitting diodes are becoming more and more frequently used at various near infrared wavelength outputs.

The relatively low extinction coefficient (light absorption coefficient) in the short wavelength near infrared region is linearly absorbed by the analyte concentration, allowing the use of long convenient path lengths. The penetration depth of short-wave near-infrared is likewise much deeper than the penetration depth of long-wave near-infrared, allowing better sampling of "bulk" materials. This is especially important if the sample being analyzed is of a non-uniform nature, such as fruit.

Diffuse reflectance sampling versus transmission sampling: Traditional near infrared analysis used diffuse reflectance sampling. This sampling mode is suitable for samples that scatter a lot of light, or where there is no physical capability to use transmission spectroscopy. The diffusely reflected light is light that is incident on the sample, is scattered a plurality of times, and is radiated from the surface in random directions. Part of the light incident on the sample is also absorbed. The depth of penetration of light is highly dependent on the properties of the sample and is often affected by the size of the particles within the sample and the density of the sample. Moreover, the diffuse reflectance has some slope with respect to the plane of the sample and does not provide representative data in the case of samples of very unequal nature such as apples.

Transmission sampling, on the other hand, is commonly used for the analysis of clear solutions, as well as for investigating solid samples. Transmission measurements are usually made with the detector placed diametrically opposite (ie, 180 degrees) with respect to the light source and the sample centered. Alternatively, the detector can be placed closer to the light source (at an angle of 180 degrees or less). Such an arrangement is often required to provide a level of light that can be detected more easily. Most tall fruits produce long sample paths and scatter a lot of light, so unless you use special procedures to improve the signal-to-noise ratio, transmission measurements should be in the short- and near-infrared wavelength range. Only used in.

Near-Infrared Calibration: Near-infrared analysis is difficult to specify spectral lines and spectroscopy is performed on samples that scatter a lot of light, where Beer's law cannot be expected to be followed and is largely empirical. It depends. Therefore, the analyte concentration (or
Statistical calibration techniques are often used to determine if there is a relationship between sample characteristics) and instrument response. A representative set of "training" or calibration samples is needed to elucidate this relationship. These samples should cover the area of chemical and physical properties of all subsequent samples to be checked by instrument.

Calibration starts by obtaining the spectrum of each sample. after,
The component values for all analytes of interest are obtained in terms of accuracy and precision by the best reference method available. It is important to note that the quantitative spectral method developed by the statistical correlation technique does not give better results than the reference method.

After obtaining the data, a computer model is developed that uses statistical calibration techniques to associate the near infrared spectrum with the measured component values or properties. These calibration models are extensible, must be updated periodically, and must be verified by conventional test procedures.

Factors influencing calibration include type and variety of fruits, seasonal and geographical differences, and whether the fruits are fresh or cold stored, or otherwise stored. There are factors. Calibration variables include the particular property being measured or the analyte and concentration or level of property. Correlation within the calibration sample (colinearity) so that the predictive power of the model is not misinterpreted
Must be reduced to a minimum. For example, if one component is high and the other component is always low, or vice versa, there is a correlation between the concentrations of the two components, such as when there is an opposite correlation. , Colinearity occurs.

Application of near-infrared to tall tree fruits and current on-line near-infrared instrumentation:
Research institutions for near-infrared analysis of fruits that grow on tall trees are being established. Near infrared has been used to measure fruit juices, meats and whole fruits. In the case of juice, individual sugars (saccharose, fructose, glucose) and total acidity can be quantified with high correlation (> 0.95) and acceptable error. Individual sugars in whole fruits can be easily measured. Brix in whole fruits is the near-infrared parameter that can be best measured, and can usually be measured at a Brix of ± 0.5 to 1.0. More experimental and recent findings show that firmness and sourness in whole fruits can also be measured.

Only in Japan has a large-scale online near-infrared deployment been carried out to sort fruits. In the case of these instruments, humans had to place / orient the fruit before taking measurements, and earlier types could only measure 3 samples per second. Japanese near infrared devices also can only measure a single row of fruits and appear to be difficult to use with the multiple row sorters used in the United States. Earlier Japanese near infrared devices used reflectance sampling, while modern devices use transmission sampling.

US Pat. No. 4,883,953 to Koasi et al. Discloses a method and apparatus for measuring sugar concentration in a liquid. The measurements are made at two different depths, with weak and strong infrared radiation. The level of sugar contained between these two depths can then be measured. The method and apparatus described above
0-1,150 nm, 1,150-1,300 nm, and 1,300-1,4
The wavelength band of 50 nm is used.

US Pat. No. 5,089,701 to Dal et al., Near infrared (NIR) in the wavelength range of 800 to 1,050 nm, for making measurements of soluble solids in canlomerone.
Are using. It was found that an accurate prediction of soluble solids, due to the thick rind, required a distance of 8 cm or more between the light supply location and the fruit and light collection location.

US Pat. No. 5,324,945 to Iwamoto et al. Also uses near infrared radiation to predict sugar content of tangerines. Iwamoto uses a transmission measurement device that detects light after it passes through a whole sample of fruit at 180 degrees to the angle of incidence of the light. To demonstrate the efficacy of this method, a medium-thick fruit (tangerine) was used. The method relies on modifying the diameter of the fruit by normalizing (splitting) the spectrum at 844 nm. in this case,
The disclosed data show the lowest correlation with sugar content. 914 to 919 nm
It was found that the near-infrared wavelengths within the range had the highest correlation with the sugar content. The second, third and fourth wavelengths added to the multiple regression analysis equation used to correlate the near infrared spectrum with the sugar content were 769-770.
nm, 745 nm, and 785-786 nm.

Within US Pat. No. 5,708,271, Ito et al. Disclose a sugar content measurement device using three different near infrared wavelengths in the range 860-960 nm. The angle between the light supply and the light collection varies between 0 and 180 degrees, and the near infrared radiation that must be detected when the photoelectric detector is installed at an angle of 180 degrees with respect to the irradiation source. We conclude that lower levels are not desirable because they require more complex procedures and equipment. It was found that there was a correlation between near-infrared absorption of muskmelon and watermelon and sugar content when an intermediate angle that provided a stronger near-infrared radiation intensity was detected. With this method, no size modification was necessary.

US Pat. No. 4,883,953 to Coasi et al. Uses relatively long wavelengths of near infrared radiation (ie> 950 nm), while US Pat.
, 701 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,708,271 to Ito, the wavelength of near infrared radiation used is longer than 800 nm and 860 nm, respectively. In the case of U.S. Pat. No. 5,324,945 to Iwamoto, the wavelength of near-infrared irradiation having the highest correlation with the sugar content of mandarin orange when the fruit is measured at the equator part or the peduncle part, respectively. Was 914 nm or 919 nm. All these methods use the near infrared wavelength of light to correlate with the sugar content of whole fruits. Other quality parameters are not measured by these techniques.

The four US patents above are similar to the device and method of the present invention in that they measure sugar content. Two of the above US patents (US Pat. No. 5,089,70)
Nos. 1 and 5,324,945) have near-infrared wavelengths shorter than 850 nm,
US Pat. No. 5,089,701 discloses operation of the present invention in the range of about 800 nm to about 1050 nm. U.S. Pat. No. 5,324,945 discloses 914 nm or 9 as the primary analytical wavelength that correlates with the sugar content of whole fruits.
19nm is raised. Multiple linear regression was performed on the model as follows with continuous wavelengths: 769-770 nm (added second wavelength), 745 nm (added third wavelength), and 785-786 nm (added fourth wavelength). Wavelength) was used to add. In the case of US Pat. No. 5,089,701, the model has a fourth
Of the refractometer used to determine the reference (“real”) Brix value, or by the following 0.1-0.2 Brix,
Only the standard error of prediction (SEP) was reduced.

Other similarities between the method and apparatus of the present invention and the above four US patents include:
Such as the use of multivariate statistical analysis to establish the correlation of near infrared spectral data to sugar content of whole fruits. Also, most methods use data processing techniques such as second derivative transformations and some sort of spectral normalization. All these methods of relating the near infrared spectrum to chemical or physical properties are well known to those skilled in the near infrared spectroscopy.

The above patents and printed materials are described within the information disclosure statement herein by 37 CFR 1.97. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Research groups around the world continue to study the application of near-infrared spectroscopy to fruit bearing tall trees. The devices and processes described herein are indicators of the quality of samples, including fruits, such as apples, cherries, oranges, grapes, potatoes, cereals, and similar other samples using near infrared spectroscopy. -H, N-H
And for non-destructive measurement or prediction of molecules including C-H. The prior art used spectra at 745 nm and longer. This specification is 1
) For example, including and under-surface scratches, scars, sunburns, punctures, watercore, internal browning in and including samples in fruits, eg Brix,
Use of the 250-1150 nm spectrum to measure or predict one or more parameters such as firmness, sourness, density, pH, color, external and internal defects and anomalies, 2) Illuminating and within at least one spectral range, in the preferred embodiment 250-499 nm and 500-115.
Apparatus and method for detecting emitted light from a sample illuminated in said spectrum within at least two spectral ranges of 0 nm, 3) 700 nm to predict one or more of the above parameters Use of a chlorophyll absorption band with a peak at 680 nm, together with spectra of 480 nm and above, and 4) about 250-499 nm together with spectra of chlorophyll and 700 nm and above to predict all of the above parameters. Xanthophyll, and about 5
It relates to the use of the visible dye region, which comprises anthocyanins from 00 to 550 nm.

The prior art has only checked spectra from fruits to predict Brix. In the present invention, a broader spectrum is checked using a combination of visible and near infrared wavelength regions to predict the above properties. The apparatus and method of the present invention solves the problem of optical spectrum detector saturation in a particular spectral region while obtaining data in other regions, especially when checking fruits. That is, a spectrometer including a CCD (charge-coupled device) array or a PDA (photodiode array) detector has 250 to 1150
If you are detecting light in the nm region but you are detecting a spectrum from a fruit,
For example, it saturates in the region of 700-925 nm, or the signal-to-noise ratio becomes poor and cannot be used for accurate measurements in other regions, for example 250-699 nm and larger than 925 nm, and therefore Other information about the above parameters will not be available. Therefore, the present specification discloses that 1) a plurality of spectra can be obtained in one cycle or one measurement operation by detecting one or more spectral regions during one cycle or one measurement operation. Can be measured automatically,
2) Device and method capable of combining one or more detected spectral regions, 3) comparing the combined spectra with a stored calibration algorithm, and 4) predicting the above parameters Is disclosed.

For each example of the method and apparatus of the present invention, one sample provides two or more spectra from different spectral regions. Obtaining such spectra can be accomplished by: 1) serially obtaining data from different spectral regions using one spectrometer with different source intensities or different detector / spectrometer exposure times; Change the voltage input to the lamp,
Or by varying the exposure time to the spectrometer, using different light intensities, to obtain data in parallel to multiple spectrometers, but different exposure times, for example, especially in the processing line. If the sample is moving in, it may cause sampling errors due to looking at different areas on the sample, 3) (if the photodetector with filter uses a shorter exposure time). The same exposure time, multiple spectrometers using constant lamp brightness, including two or more photodetectors, including a photodetector with a neutral density filter. This method uses the same source brightness and has the same exposure time on all spectrometer detectors, resulting in good signal-to-noise ratio for all wavelength intensities, two or more. Supply the spectrum. This method uses at least one filtered photodetector that uses a filtered input 82 on the spectrometer 170 rather than multiple exposure times. Filters include, but are not limited to, neutral density filters, Spectralon, Teflon, opal coated glass, and screens that absorb light at the same intensity within the above range of wavelengths used by the spectrometer. It can be made from any material. The dual brightness method, which uses two different lamp voltages, has proven problematic. This is because the high-intensity spectrum and the low-intensity spectrum cannot be easily combined together due to the difference in slope in the spectrum. Using the double-exposure method, one can obtain the excellent binding spectra needed to predict stiffness and other properties, and also improve the Brix prediction accuracy.

Measurements will be described with the apparatus and process of the present invention, for example, performed on multiple sample types where the sample is an apple. The measurements are unaffected by a particular apple cultivar, using one calibration equation with an error of ± 1-2 pounds and ± 0.5-1.0 brix. The present invention relates to a laboratory, portable and on-line near-infrared analyzer for the simultaneous measurement of multiple quality parameters of samples containing fruits. Depending on the application or the specific characteristics of the prediction or measurement target, various calibration models from universal type to very specific can be used. For example, a calibration may be for one variant, a different geographic location, a remembered v.
It may be specific for fresh fruits and other proofs.

A larger role near-infrared technique is described that serves as a tool for ranking sample qualities, including fruit quality. Non-chemical
The unique function of the near-infrared statistical calibration technique to extract "characteristics" provides the technology for the development of a general near-infrared "quality guide" for fruit bearing high trees.
This general "quality guide" combines all the information that can be extracted from the near infrared spectrum and includes information about brix, sourness, firmness, density, pH, color and external and internal anomalies and defects.

The near infrared wavelength range below 745 nm has not been explored by conventional investigations. In general, devices of the prior art design and / or use provided that longer wavelength regions provided adequate data. Prior art techniques for measuring sugar content in liquids and whole fruits using near infrared spectroscopy use longer irradiation wavelengths. There is no prior art for measuring other important quality parameters such as firmness, sourness, density and pH. In the prior art, consumer taste preferences, sugar, sourness, pH, firmness,
We did not correlate multiple near-infrared measurements of multiple quality parameters such as color and external and internal defects and anomalies.

In the present specification, the wavelength range of 250 to 1150 nm refers to not only the sugar content (brix) in various whole fruits but also the hardness, density, sourness, pH, color and external and internal defects. Can be used for non-destructive measurements. For example, orange density is measured and correlated with quality. For example, frozen broken and dried fruits typically have lower densities and contain less water (ie, more dried material content) than good quality fruits. Near infrared density measurements can be used in sorting / packing lines or in supermarkets to remove poor quality fruit. Information about color pigments and chlorophyll, which is related to maturity and quality, is available from wavelengths of 250 to about 699 nm. C-H, N-H, OH information is available in the wavelength range of about 700-1150 nm, i.e. in the short-wave near-infrared region. Combining the visible and near-infrared regions improves analytical capabilities, especially for predicting chemical, physical and consumer properties of fruits. All these parameters can be determined simultaneously from the combined visible / near infrared spectrum.
Multiple parameters can be combined to obtain a better metric of maturity or quality, a “quality index” from a single parameter.

The absorption of light by whole fruits in the region of about 250-699 nm is about 600-
The overwhelming majority is due to pigments containing chlorophyll (green pigment) that absorb in the 699 nm region. Chlorophyll is composed of numerous chlorophyll-protein complexes. The changes most prominent in anthocyanins (red pigment) and xanthophyll (yellow pigment) within these chlorophyll-protein complexes and within other pigments are associated with ripening and maturation processes. Chlorophyll and pigments are important in determining firmness.

Near-infrared wavelengths of 700-925 nm and longer than these wavelengths can be easily studied with ordinary near-infrared spectrometers, but shorter-infrared wavelengths have been studied until now for the following reasons. There wasn't. 1) For example, InGaAs
Lead salts such as and other detectors did not sense short wavelengths. 2) The light diffraction grating burned at a longer wavelength, and the efficiency was low at a shorter wavelength.
3) The light source provides sufficient energy output to overcome the strong light absorption and scattering of biological (plant and animal) materials in the visible region (250-699 nm),
I didn't have it at a short wavelength.

As used herein, sugar content (also referred to as soluble whole solid of Brix, inversely related to dry material content), firmness, sourness, density, pH,
Visible / Near Infrared (VIS /
The measuring device and method by NIR) spectroscopy will be described. The above devices and methods and devices are capable of measuring one or more properties in apples, grapes, oranges, potatoes and cherries. As used herein, chemical and physical property data are combined to provide consumer properties such as taste, appearance and color; harvest variables such as harvest time; and firmness retention and spoilage. Demonstrate the ability to predict storage variables such as time to.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The invention may be better understood by reading the following detailed description of the preferred and additional embodiments of the invention with reference to the accompanying drawings. Therefore, by doing so, the above and other features and advantages of the invention will be more readily understood.

FIG. 1 is a top view of one embodiment of an apparatus for measuring and correlating fruit characteristics with a combined visible and near infrared spectrum. The above embodiment has a fixed or spring deflection element in contact with a sample having a sample surface, which in this figure is approximately hemispherical in shape and which is holding a holding object, and which is an apple in this figure. A sample holder to prevent movement of the photodetector; a photodetector with a fixed or spring deflection element that holds or holds the photodetector in contact with the sample surface, and located near the sample surface And a light source located between 0 and 90 degrees relative to the photosensor, typically 45 degrees. The light source and photodetector are typically located at right angles to the sample plane. A tungsten / halogen lamp, for example, can be used as the light source. 1 as an option to act as a heat block
One filter or multiple filters, ie bandpass and cut filters, can be placed between the light source and the sample or between the sample and the spectrometer. The light sources, for example, each have a power of up to 1000 watts, but usually have a power of 50 watts, 75 watts or 150 watts,
A CPU-controlled spectrometer, or a 5 watt lamp source from one or more external light sources can be used, but is not limited thereto. The output from the light source, which in this case is a fiber optic sensor, becomes the input to a photodetector, such as a charge coupled device array in the spectrometer. The light source, including the sample holder, photodetector fixture and light source fixture, is mounted on a plate or other fixture. Other fixtures or elements may be used to fix or mount the sample, but these fixtures and elements may be used depending on the device or method used while the measurement is being performed. Only needed to hold the sample in the correct position with respect to the detector.

FIG. 1A is a side sectional view of FIG. FIG. 1B is a side sectional view of FIG. 1, in which the light source fixing element is shown, but the sample is not shown. FIG. 1C is a flow chart showing the method of the present invention. This flow chart is
3 is a schematic diagram of all embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 1D shows a light source for illuminating the sample, in this figure spectrometer 1. ． ． The light collecting channels 1. of the spectra from the sample, which are supplied as inputs to the spectrum measuring device, designated 1.n. ． ． 3 is a flow chart illustrating a method and apparatus comprising n (photodetectors 1 .... n). Spectrometer 1. ． ． n and channel output 1. ． ． n is converted from analog to digital, and for each channel, CP
It becomes an input to U. The CPU is computer program controlled for each step, and in this flow chart, the computer program control activity is shown after the CPU. The output of the computer is also 1. ． ． n, in which case in step 1) each channel 1. ． ． The absorption spectrum for n is calculated and in step 2) the absorption spectrum is calculated for the spectrometer 1. ． ． n into one spectrum covering the entire wavelength range detected from the sample, step 3
In step 4), mathematical pretreatments such as smoothing or box-shaped smoothing or calculation of derivatives are performed, and in step 4) the processed combined spectrum and the sample for which each characteristic is checked. ． ． A comparison is made to the stored calibration spectrum for x, and in step 5) the decision is classified based on the result of step 4), and in step 6) the sample is checked against it. Each characteristic 1. ． ．
The results of the quantification of x are further combined and compared. Absorption is calculated as follows: Once the dark spectrum, the reference spectrum and the sample spectrum have been collected, they are processed in order to calculate an absorption spectrum proportional to concentration according to Barr's law. The dark spectrum, which may include background light / ambient light, is subtracted from both the sample and reference spectra. Then the logarithmic base 10 of the reference spectrum divided by the sample spectrum
Is calculated. This is the absorption spectrum. Note that the dark spectrum and the reference spectrum can be collected periodically, i.e. they do not necessarily have to be collected with each sample spectrum. If the light source and detector are stable and do not fluctuate, then the stored dark and reference spectra can be used. Techniques well known to those skilled in the art are used during the pretreatment, such as binning, smoothing, wavelength percentage display, derivative sampling, spectrum normalization, wavelength subtraction, and the like. Then, to produce an output that exhibits or predicts one or more properties such as, for example, hardness, brix, pH, sourness, density, color and external and internal defects, or sourness of sample 30. , The processed absorption spectrum is compared with a stored calibration algorithm.

FIG. 1E is a flow chart showing a method and apparatus showing a light source as a broadband light source, such as a tungsten halogen lamp for illuminating a sample. At least one, but in the preferred embodiment, a plurality of individual wavelength filtering (bandpass) photoelectric detectors are provided for collecting channels 1. ． ． Spectral detection is performed for n (photoelectric detectors 1 ... n). The management of the detected spectrum is the same as that described in FIG. 1D.

FIG. 1F is a flow chart illustrating a method and apparatus of the present invention showing a light source consisting of individual wavelength light emitting diodes (LEDs) that are sequentially ignited or lit to illuminate a sample. At least one broadband photodetector, and in another embodiment at least one broadband photodetector for each light emitting diode, comprises a light collection channel 1. ． ． n (photoelectric detector 1
． ． ． Perform spectrum detection for n). Figure 1 shows the management of the detected spectra.
It is the same as that described in D. Another light source in this embodiment includes, but is not limited to, the use of a tunable diode laser, a laser diode, and a filter wheel between the light source and the sample or between the sample and the photoelectric detector. .

FIG. 2 includes an optional filter and at least one photodetector, in this figure a plurality of photodetectors close to the sample plane, at least one shown in this figure as one light source. FIG. 6 is a plan view of the top showing two light sources. This figure is
The first photodetector is oriented at approximately 45 degrees to the direction of the light from the light source, and the second photodetector
Shows the orientation of the photodetector with respect to the direction of the light that illuminates the sample surface when the photodetector of FIG. In this case,
The photodetector is located in the same plane as the light from the light source. The output of the photodetector is the input to the spectrometer. The outputs can be combined to provide one input to one spectral measurement / detector, or the inputs can be separately formed to provide individual spectrometers. In case of one measuring device,
An optical shutter can be used, or alternatively, it can be operated to separately provide an optical input in series from each measurement position, thereby providing two spectra from different depths or positions of the sample. To generate.

FIG. 2A is a partial elevational view of FIG. 2 with the sample removed. FIG. 2B shows the orientation of the photodetectors, both when the photodetectors are oriented approximately 45 degrees with respect to the direction of the light from the light source, and an optional filter and located near the sample plane. FIG. 3A is a top plan view showing one light source including a plurality of photodetectors oriented to illuminate a sample. In this case, the photodetector is
Located in the same plane perpendicular to the light from the light source.

FIG. 2C is an elevation view of FIG. 2B. FIG. 2D shows, for example, the form of a bellows or other shield article pointing towards the photodetector so as to shield the photodetector from ambient light and detect the optical spectral output from the sample. FIG. 2C is a portion of FIG. 2C showing the shielding method and apparatus being used.

FIG. 2E is a detailed view of the shield device between the photodetector of FIG. 2 and the sample. In this case, the shield has a bellows shape. A shield structure similar to other shield devices and methods is provided.

FIG. 3 is a top plan view showing another embodiment of the light source and photodetector configuration. In this case, the light source is in communication by an optical fiber from an illumination source, for example a lamp at the spectrometer. The detection of light is performed by optical sensors located at various positions with respect to the light source, such as optical fibers or other transmissive means.

FIG. 3A is a portion of FIG. 3 showing an embodiment. In this case, the light of the light source 120 or the lamp 123 is directed in at least one direction by the optical fiber or the photodetector 80.
The light source 120 or the lamp 123 is provided by the light source fiber located concentrically with the light source.
Sent from. The light source and photodetector may be the same as described in FIG. It is possible to use at least one light source, which in the case of this figure is a plurality of light sources, which may be sequentially light-emitting diodes emitting individual wavelengths, as another light source. In this case, a light emitting diode is used, and as the optical sensor or photodetector, a broadband photodiode detector in the center of the concentrically located light emitting diodes can be used. FIG. 3A shows a light source or lamp (and, alternatively, a light emitting diode) located concentrically around the broadband photodetector, and, alternatively, a broadband photodiode detector 255, which is an implementation of this implementation. Light source of the above embodiment and light source of other embodiments 120 / light emitting diode 2
It should be appreciated that 57 may be used with other devices. These two and other configurations also apply to the filtered photoelectric detector 255 and the broadband lamp 12.
Applies when using the 3 design.

FIG. 3B is a portion of FIG. 3 showing an embodiment. In this case, the photodetector or photodetection fiber surrounds at least one light source or light source fiber. As the light source and the photodetector, those described in FIG. 1 can be used. Other light sources and photodetectors can also be installed. In the case of this figure, the centrally located light source may be a lamp or light from a spectrometer. Detection of light can be accomplished by transmission of an optical fiber that includes an individual broadband filter between the optical fiber and a sample that limits transmission by any one fiber or group of fibers. Alternatively, light source delivery and detection can be done with a bifurcated reflectance probe. The reflectance probe can provide one or more light sources and one or more photodetectors that provide input to one or more spectrometers.

FIG. 4 is a top plan view showing another embodiment of the light source and photodetector configuration. In this case, at least one light source, which in this figure is two light sources, is connected by a fiber optic from an illumination source, for example a lamp at the spectrometer or an external lamp under computer control. There is. The detection of light is, for example,
It is performed by an optical sensor, such as, for example, an optical fiber or other transmissive means, located in various relations to a light source that detects the output from the sample and provides the input to the spectrometer.

FIG. 5 shows a light source and photodetector configured in the sampling head,
FIG. 6 is a top plan view of another embodiment of the present invention in a palm-sized case. In the case of this embodiment, at the sampling head, at least one light source, which may be a tungsten halogen lamp, is located for each wavelength-filtered photoelectric detector. To shield the photodetector from the light source and ambient light, such as the flexible or compressible foam, bellows and other such materials or structures, shown as the ambient shield,
Some method or element is required. In this case, the sampling head is arranged so that the photoelectric detector is concentric with the light source. The light source can be communicated by, for example, an optical fiber from an illumination source such as a lamp in a case or by placing the lamp in a sampling head such as a broadband output lamp. For example, a tungsten halogen lamp is physically located in the center of a concentrically arranged photoelectric detector. The light source can be placed in contact with the sample surface or near the sample surface. Electrical communication is provided between the light source and the photodetector and computer processor. A photodetector performing a spectrometer or spectral measurement function provides an input that is processed by a calibration algorithm stored by the microprocessor to produce an output representative of one or more parameters of the sample. FIG. 1E illustrates the operation of this embodiment. In this case, all the components are housed in the case 250.

FIG. 5A is a side view of FIG. 5, showing the sample located on the sampling head. FIG. 5B is an embodiment of FIG. In this case, the sampling head 260
In the form of a clamp 263 having at least two clamp jaws 266, said two clamp jaws having at least one jaw in at least one jaw 266 structure.
One lamp 123 is received and secured, and at least one photodetector 80 is received and secured in at least one clamp jaw 266 structure such that when clamp 263 is closed, jaw 266 is at least one. Sample 300 positioned to have one lamp 123, and at least one near sample surface 35
Two photodetectors 80 are accommodated. The photodetector 80 is in the form of an optical fiber that transmits the spectrum from the sample to the photodetector 255 with filter 130 or to the spectrometer 170 array. The output 82 is managed as shown in FIG. 1D or 1E.

FIG. 5C is a portion of FIG. 5B of a photoelectric detector 255 array with filter 130.
The spectrum from the sample detected by the optical fiber is integrated to transmit the detected spectrum from the sample such that the fiber is centered on the concentrically arranged photodetector 255 with filter 130, is set up.
The positioning structure 79 fixes and positions the photodetector 80 with respect to the photoelectric detector 255 with the filter 130.

FIG. 5D is a drawing of the embodiment of FIG. In this case, the sampling head 26
0 is in the form of a clamp 263 with at least two clamp jaws 266, said two clamp jaws accommodating and fixing at least one lamp 123 in at least one jaw 266 structure, One clamp jaw 2
A sample 300 in which at least one arc photoelectric detector 90 array is housed and secured within a 66 structure such that jaw 266 is positioned to carry at least one lamp 123 when clamp 263 is closed. , And sample surface 3
It accommodates at least one arc photoelectric detector 90 close to five.
The arc photodetector 90 array is preferably in the form of a photodetector 255 array with a filter 130 and is equidistant from the lamp 123 when the sample 30 is contained. Output 82 is managed as shown in FIG. 1D or 1E.

FIG. 5E is a cross section of the photoelectric detector 255 array of FIG. 5D. FIG. 6 shows a light source and photodetector arrangement in the form of a sampling head,
FIG. 9 is a top plan view of another embodiment of the present invention in a palm-sized case. In this embodiment, at least one light source is located at the sampling head for at least one photodetector. A method or element is needed to shield the light source and the photodetector or photoelectric detector from the light source, for example:
The perimeter shield is installed by flexible or compressible foam, bellows, and other elements that would also provide the shield structure, as illustrated by the structures of FIGS. 2D and 2E. In the case of this figure, the sampling head is arranged such that at least one photodetector or photoelectric detector is centered on a concentrically arranged individual wavelength light emitting diode. In this embodiment, the light emitting diode functions as a light source and is fired or lit sequentially by at least one photodetector or photoelectric detector. FIG. 1F shows the operation of this embodiment. In this case, all the components are built in the case 250.

FIG. 6A shows a perimeter shield, a light emitting diode, and a photoelectric or photodetector fixed by mounting elements within the sampling head.
7 is a cross section of FIG. 6 showing the head. The output from the photodetector and its case are shown.

FIG. 6B is an elevational view showing another embodiment of the present disclosure and the embodiment of FIG. In this case, the sampling head is mounted in the case and the photodetector is mounted in the sampling head by mounting elements. The sampling head contains a sample that is mounted to be illuminated by a light source lamp. This embodiment comprises a case with a cover that acts as a perimeter shield. Further, the structure of the sampling head may be a foam or bellows capable of providing a structure capable of acting as a perimeter shield, compressible, or flexible. The light source input is, for example, from a spectrometer. The output from the photoelectric detector becomes the input to a spectrum measuring instrument such as a spectrometer with a detector.

FIG. 6C is a plan view of the embodiment of FIG. 6B showing a plurality of photodetectors, which in the figure are optical fiber photodetectors. In this figure, one is near the light source and the other is far from the light source.
Two photodetectors are shown. Its purpose is to take into account the difference between the more accurate, far or deep spectral data and the near, or shallow spectral data, for two different path lengths, namely shallow paths. Is to provide the length of and the length of the deep path. This difference allows the method of the present invention to modify the path length to improve concentration or property prediction or sample property prediction.

FIG. 6D is a partial detail view from FIG. 6B showing the light source, the lamp, the light source fixing element, the case, the sampling head, the photodetector located near and far from the light source, the light source input and the photodetector output. is there.

FIG. 6E is an elevational view of the embodiment of the present invention of FIG. In this case, the sampling head structure provides the perimeter shield structure. FIG. 6F is a partial detail view from FIG. 6E showing the photodetector mounted within the perimeter shield of the sampling head located near and far from the light source, the lamp with the lamp input, the photodetector output and the case. Is.

FIG. 7 shows a light source, a photodetector mounted and positioned by bracket elements, a photodetector fixture, and at least one light source and at least one
Of the present invention showing a light source fixation element that is securely fixed or otherwise positioned, including the use of rods, bars and other such bracket mounting elements, etc., suspended from one photodetector. It is a side view which shows other embodiment in a packaging / sorting line. At least one light source is installed to illuminate the sample, which in this figure is an apple. At least one photodetector is installed by the bracket element and the photodetector fixture to detect the optical spectral output from the sample. The sample in this figure is sent by a sample conveyor. Total exposure to at least one light source and at least one photodetector is limited by the nature of the sample being checked and the nature of the embodiment. That is, the sampling time is limited to 5 ms or less depending on the application of the packaging / sorting line for apples. However, it will be appreciated that other sampling times and methods are within the scope of the method of use of the present invention. The at least one photodetector monitoring sample in the figure is for detecting light at about 30 degrees to the direction of the light from the at least one light source. However, it is also possible to install the photodetector on the light source in other ways. The light source and photodetector are installed near the sample. The light source lamp can be supplied with power from the spectrometer or can be externally controlled by the CPU. The photodetector may be a single optical fiber containing the detected optical spectrum, which is the input to a spectrum detector such as a spectrometer. The processing of the detected optical spectrum is the same as the processing described in FIGS. 1C and 1D.

FIG. 7A shows the light source and sample transfer system, bracket fixture, light source fixture, lamp input and spectrometer when the sample is moved and illuminated from the light source towards the photodetector. It is a partial elevation view.

FIG. 7B shows the photodetector and sample transfer system, bracket fixture, photodetector fixture, photodetector output, spectrometer and detection as the sample moves beneath it in the direction of the photodetector. FIG. 8 is a partial elevational view of FIG. 7, showing a container.

FIG. 7C is an elevational view showing at least one photodetector 80 and, as shown, a plurality of photodetectors 80 representing measurements in multiple spectral regions. Filter 1
The photodetector 80 with 30 represents the detection of the spectrum from 700 to 925 nm, the other photodetector 80 is the red dye in the 500 to 699 nm region, and 926-1.
Representing chlorophyll detection in the 150 nm region, another photodetector 80 is 250-4
7 represents the detection of the yellow dye area within the 99 nm area. The two additional photodetectors 80 are
As shown, the sample passes between the lamp 123 and the photodetector 80 and
Figure 4 represents a reference spectrometer 170 from an input spectrometer operating in the 0-499 nm region and the 500-1150 nm region, respectively. If the sample is an apple, the reference channel is also expected to indicate the presence or absence of the sample without detecting a spectrum from the sample. The reference channel information can then be used as an aid in selecting the optimal sample spectrum for use in prediction. A shield can be used between the light source and the photodetector and / or the sample.
As the shield, for example, 1) a light shield such as a curtain is installed from a bracket mount between the light source and the photodetector to reduce the direct exposure of the photodetector to the light source. 2) A light shield can be placed between the light source and the photodetector and sample. In that case, an aperture is formed in the light shield between the light source and the sample to limit the surface reflection from the sample to the photodetector.
3) The light shield provides the function of a filter, such as blocking, blocking and bandpassing heat, between the light source and the sample, reducing the possibility of damage from heat or burning of the sample. be able to. However, the shield is not limited to the above.

FIG. 7D is a partial view from FIG. 7C showing the lamp 123 oriented to illuminate the sample from the side. As shown in the figure, the apple sample is
Irradiated from the fruit side.

FIG. 7E is a partial view from FIG. 7C showing one of the photodetectors 80. FIG. 8 is a side view showing another embodiment of the apparatus of FIG. In the case of this figure, when the sample passes under the light source and is directed in the direction under the photodetector, at least one is provided by the bracket mounting element to separate the at least one light source from the at least one photodetector. Two light shields are installed. A curtain can be used as the light shield, and in the case of FIG. 8, the curtain is made up of two parts, each hanging from a bracket fixture. At least two curtain portions overlap and separate as the sample passes through.

FIG. 8A is a partial view of FIG. 8 showing the light shield and at least one curtain, light source, and sample transfer system when the sample has moved into contact with and is below the light shield. It is a side view. FIG. 8B is a partial elevational view of FIG. 8 showing the light shield, at least one curtain, the photodetector and the sample transfer system when the sample has moved into contact with and is below the light shield. is there.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION The devices and methods disclosed herein are shown in FIGS. 1-8. 1C and 1D
1E and 1F are flow charts that actually illustrate the method of the present invention. FIG. 1C of the flow chart illustrates all embodiments of the present disclosure. FIG. 1D of the flow chart illustrates one or more light sources 120 and multiple channels from the photodetector 50 with the final prediction of sample features. FIG. 1D actually illustrates the method and apparatus of the present disclosure and illustrates a light source 120, which may be a lamp 123 or other light source and may be the interior 36 of the sample 30, such as an optical fiber 80 or a photodetector 25.
Condensing channel 1. ． ． n, in this specification spectrometer 1
． ． ． 1. The photodetector for the spectrum from the sample 30 provided as the input 82 of the spectrum measuring instrument designated as n170. ． ． Illuminate n, etc. In the preferred embodiment, the light source 120 with the lamp 123 is external to the spectrometer and is controlled by the CPU 172 which operates the power 125 to the lamp 123 of the light source 120. Spectrometer 1. ． ． n170 channel output unit 1. ． ．
n is the A / D converter 1. ． ． It is converted from analog to digital by n171 and becomes an input to the CPU 172 for each channel. The CPU 172 is a computer program controlled in each step, and in this flowchart, the CPU 172
Is followed by a computer program controlled activity. The output of the CPU 172 is 1. ． ． n) 1) each channel 1. ． ． n) and 2) the absorption spectrum 174 with the spectrometer 1.n. ． ． Includes the entire wavelength range detected from the sample by n170 1
And 3) a process of mathematical preconditioning 175, eg smoothing or box smoothing or derivative calculation, 4) combining the preconditioned combined spectrum 175 with each channel, eg Brix, hardness, acidity, density, pH,
Each feature inspected in the sample, such as color and internal and external defects and obstacles 1. ． ． Prediction 1 to compare with the saved calibration spectrum or calibration algorithm 177 for x
76 steps, followed by 5) decision or each feature 1. ． ． The results of the quantification of x are further combined and compared, and for example, the determination of defects inside and / or outside of the obstacles 179 and 180, the determination of the color 181, the texture quality index 182, the appearance quality index 183, and other index values. There are steps such as determining and sorting or other decision 184 decisions. The sort or other decision 184 can be, for example, an input process controller that controls the packaging / sort line, or can determine the harvest time, chill-fridge time, and shipping time. The device shown in FIGS. 1-8 is shown in FIGS. 1C, 1D, 1E.
And unlike FIG. 1F, not all of the complete sequence from illumination of sample 30 to determination of expected results is illustrated. For a signal processing diagram,
See indicated figure.

FIG. 1E is a flow chart demonstrating the method and apparatus, sample 30
Light source 120 and sample 30 as a broadband light source such as a halogen lamp for illuminating
Collection channel of spectrum from 1. ． ． n (photoelectric detectors 1. In this embodiment, the light source 120 with the lamp 123 is controlled by the CPU 172 which activates the power 125 to the lamp 123 of the light source 120. The spectrum detected from the sample surface 35 can be communicated to the photoelectric detector 255 by an optical fiber as the photodetector 80. The control of the detected spectrum is
This is as described with reference to FIG. 1D. An alternative method of this embodiment is to use an AOTF (acousto-optic tunable filter) as the spectrum detection device and at least 1
One or more photoelectric detectors 255 may be replaced.

FIG. 1F is a flow chart demonstrating the method and apparatus, sample 30
At least one, but in an embodiment a light source provided by a plurality of discrete wavelength light emitting diodes 257 that can be sequentially ignited or lit by a CPU trigger for power 125 to illuminate, at least one broadband photoelectric detector 255.
, And in other embodiments, the collection channels 1. ． ． n (
Photoelectric detector 1. ． ． Illuminating at least one broadband photodetector 255 of each LED 257 providing n) spectral detection. The control of the detected spectrum is
This is as described with reference to FIG. 1D. An alternative light source for this embodiment is a tunable diode laser located between the light source and the sample or between the sample and the photodetector,
Includes laser diode and filter.

FIGS. 1, 1A and 1B show an embodiment of a non-destructive fruit maturity and quality tester 1 that measures and correlates fruit characteristics with a combination of visible and near-infrared spectra, holding article 12 3 shows a disclosed embodiment showing a sample holder 5 having a fixed or spring biased article 9 that presses against the sample 30 to contact it. The holding article shown in FIG. 1 is illustrated as a sphere essentially sized to receive the sample 30. The sample has a sample surface 35. At least one light source 120 is used near the sample surface 35. The light source 120 comprises at least one lamp 123 and an optional filter 130. Illustrated herein are two light sources 120, each oriented essentially at right angles to the sample surface 35, with the sample 30 about 60 relative to each other.
Illuminate at ~ 90 degrees. Photodetector 80 is illustrated as oriented to detect light from sample surface 35 at about 30-45 degrees to the direction of light projected from either light source 120. The photodetector 80 is arranged by a photodetector fixture 50 having a photodetector fixing or spring biased article 60 that positions, holds and / or straightens the photodetector 80 in contact with the sample surface 35. Illustrated. The monitoring of the light source 120 is illustrated by a photodetector 80, shown oriented towards the output of the lamp 123, the output 82 of this reference photodetector 80 being detected by the reference spectrometer 170. Meter 17
An alternative method of using 0 would be to sequentially measure the reference photodetector 80 and photodetector 80 oriented to the sample surface 35. All photodetectors 80 are fixed to the plate 7 or other housing as in this case by means of photodetector fixings or photodetector fixtures 50 by spring biased articles 60. The fixed article 9 presses the holding article 12 against the sample 30 and also presses the sample against the photodetector 80. The fixed article 9 and the holding article 12 in combination with the photodetector 80 and the photodetector fixed article 60 fix the sample 30 and prevent its movement. Sample 30 is illustrated as an apple in FIG. The light source 120 may be, for example, a tungsten / halogen lamp. Optional one or more filters 130, either individually or in combination, function as heat block, bandpass and / or cutoff filters, between lamp 123 and sample 30, or between sample 30 and photodetector 80. Can be placed at.
The light source 120 may be a lamp 123, for example provided by an external 50 watt, 75 watt or 150 watt lamp light source controlled by the CPU 172. Power 125 may be provided by a power source from spectrometer 170 or an alternative power source. Both the light source and the spectrometer are controlled by the CPU 172 and their operation can be precisely controlled and optimally synchronized using digital input / output (I / O) triggers. The photodetector 80, shown here as a fiber optic sensor, provides a photodetector output 82 that is an input to a spectrometer 170, or other spectral measurement or processing instrument, which may be, for example, a spectrophotometer. At least one, such as a CCD array which may be a CCD array in meter 170
It is detected by a detector 200 such as one photodetector or article.
Sample holder 5, photodetector fixture 50 and photodetector fixture article 60
, And the light source 120 with the light source fixing article 122 are mounted to the plate 7 for experimental purposes, but may be housed and / or mounted in a container, case, cabinet or other commercial fixture, eg Including but not limited to high speed sorting and packing lines, harvesters, trucks, conveyor belts and laboratory and laboratory sample measurements. Other brackets, fixtures or articles can be used to fix or position the sample holder 5, the photodetector 50 and / or the sample 30, relative to the light source 120 and the photodetector 50 during the measurement period. It only requires the equipment or methods used to hold the sample 30 in place and the fixing methods include welding, bolts, screws, adhesives, sheet metal forming, and such items are used for experimental or commercial purposes. To fix for
Other methods may be used.

FIGS. 2, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D and 2E show a light source 120 with a lamp 123 and an optional filter 130, and a plurality of photodetectors 80 in contact with the sample surface 35. 3 shows another embodiment of non-destructive fruit maturity and quality tester 1. An illustration of the relative placement of the photodetector 80 and the sample 30 or sample surface 35 is dictated to shield the photodetector 80 from ambient light, such that the photodetector 80 and the sample surface 35 are in direct contact or, for example, , A bellows, a foamed structure, or other flexible providing a sealed structure or shielding method that ensures that the photodetector 80 is shielded from ambient light and light from the light source 120 and receives light spectrum input only from the sample 30. Or a shielding member 8 constituted by a compressible article or device
It is intended to actually show shielding at 4. Light source 12 for photodetector 80
The 0 arrangement indicates that one photodetector 80 is placed at an angle θ of about 45 degrees with respect to the direction of the light as directed by the light source 120 to illuminate the sample 30.
The second photodetector 80 is at an angle γ of about 180 degrees with respect to the direction of the light as directed by the light source 120 in this figure. Positioning the photodetector 80 at about 180 degrees with respect to the direction of the light as directed by the light source 120 is due to internal obstructions in the sample, such as mitosis, core erosion, internal browning / damage, carbon dioxide. The location may be used to detect damage, and possibly internal lesions within Tasmanian Jonagold apples such as insect damage / invasion. The photodetectors 80 in this figure suggest one or more features to be measured or predicted, and the possible positions of many photodetectors 80 in the arrangement determined by the sample. In this figure,
The photodetector 80 is arranged to detect in the same plane as the light directed from the light source 120. For smaller samples, a 180 degree orientation between the light source 120 and the photodetector 80 is preferred. The larger sample 30 attenuates the light transmission and therefore requires exposure of the photodetector 80 in the vicinity of the light source 120 to ensure exposure to the light spectral output 82 characteristic of the sample 30. The orientation of the light source 120 and the photodetector 80 is sensitive to fruit size, fruit skin and fruit pulp properties. The orientation where sample 30 is an apple is likely to exclude the 180 degree orientation due to the proximity and strength constraints of light source 120 as it is likely to damage or burn the apple skin. However, orange peel has little impact, and without any commercial degradation,
It withstands a light source 120 located near the orange surface with high brightness. In general,
The signal output or photodetector output 82 is affected by the orientation of the light source 120 with respect to the sample 30 and sample surface 35 and the photodetector 80.

2B and 2C show an alternative orientation of photodetector 80, where photodetector 80 is shown.
Are oriented at an angle θ of about 45 degrees with respect to the direction of the light as oriented by the light source 120. This figure actually shows that the two photodetectors 80 are placed approximately 90 degrees apart and are arranged to detect light from approximately the same plane. From these figures it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the placement of one or more light sources and photodetectors will depend on the intended measurement. 2D and 2E show a shielding method or apparatus, such as in the form of a bellows or other shielding 84 article that shields the photodetector from ambient light and allows the photodetector to detect only the optical spectral output from the sample. Indicates. The shield 84 structure can be formed of flexible or flexible rubber, foam or plastic, which conforms to the irregularities of the sample surface and provides a sealing function between the shield material and the sample surface. This then eliminates ambient light from contacting the photodetector. The shield 84 is shown in the form of a bellows in FIGS. 2D and 2E.

FIGS. 1, 2-4, 6, 7 and 8 show a spectrometer 170 (as in FIG. 3), or a case (as in FIGS. 1, 2, 4-8). CPU1
7 shows a light source provided by an external lamp controlled by 72. 1 to 4
In all cases of Figures 6, 7 and 8, a tungsten halogen lamp or equivalent is used, which has a range of approximately 250-1150 nm when operated at a Kelvin absolute filament temperature of 2500-3500 degrees Celsius. Generate a spectrum within. In the invention disclosed herein, the light source may be a broad band lamp, which may be, for example, a halogen lamp or an equivalent that produces a spectrum in the range 250-1150 nm, but is not limited thereto, sample 30, predicted. Other wide band spectral lamps may be used depending on the features used and the embodiments used. The output 82 of the photodetector 80 in these embodiments is generally received by a spectrometer 170 having a detector 200 such as a CCD array.

FIGS. 3, 3A and 3B show another embodiment of the non-destructive fruit maturity and quality tester composite unit 15 of the composite unit 126 with the composite light source / detector 135. The light source and light detection method of this embodiment may include a light source 120, a lamp 123, and a photodetector 80, where the lamp 123 of the light source 123 is an optical fiber from an illumination source such as a lamp of the spectrometer 170. Light detection is provided by a photodetector 80, such as an optical fiber, or other light transmissive method arranged in various relations to the lamp 123, as shown in FIGS. 3A and 3B. . 3A is a cross-section of FIG. 3 showing the combined unit 126, where the combined light source / detector 135 has alternative light sources and light detection, and the light sources shown as multiple light sources are:
It may be a light emitting diode 257 which is sequentially illuminated and emits distinct wavelengths, the light detection being
Broadband photodiode detector 255 in the center of the concentrically arranged LEDs
Good. The composite unit 126 and sample holder 5 may be fixed or such that a spring or other biasing function presses the composite unit 126 and sample holder 5 against the sample, eg, with a bracket or other mounting article,
It is mounted on a plate 7 or other mounting or receiving fixture, case, cabinet, or other equipment suitable for commercial or laboratory purposes, such as a bracket or other mounting article. A light shield 84 can be used between the combined light source / detector 135 and the sample surface 35, as shown in FIGS. 2D and 2E. 3B is a cross-section of FIG. 3 showing an additional embodiment of the composite unit 126, with the centrally located light source 1
The light from the twenty lamps 123, eg, halogen lamps, through the optical fiber is concentric with at least one and a plurality of discrete wavelength photoelectric detectors as illustrated herein. The output of at least one detection fiber or photodetector 80 is the input of a spectrometer 170, or other spectral measurement instrument such as a photoelectric detector 255. A spectrometer 170 having a detector 200 is shown. Alternatively, the light source delivery and detection of the embodiment of FIG. 3B may be performed with a branched reflectance probe, or the reflectance probe may provide one or more light delivery sources and one or more light delivery sources. It will be appreciated that the detector can provide input to one or more spectrometers. 3A shows LEDs 257 concentrically arranged around a broadband photodiode detector 255, the LEDs of this embodiment and the light source 120 of yet another embodiment may be arranged in other arrangements, for example, a photodiode detector. 255 of the detector 8 of yet another embodiment.
It has been recognized that 0 can be 180 degrees opposite the circle of LED 257 and sample 30 can be placed between the LED and photodiode detector 255, eg in the case of a cherry or grape, or LED 257 can be placed in an arc. They can be arranged at equal intervals on the opposite side of the sample 30 from the photoelectric detector 255 by 180 degrees. These two arrangements suggest a positional relationship between the LED 257 (light source 120), the photodiode detector 255 (photodetector 80) and the sample, and further, for example as shown in FIG. A broadband lamp 1
The use of other types of light sources and detectors is also suggested, such as use with 23. In each embodiment, the combination of the particular sample 30 type and the particular features to be expected will result in a light source 120 and a photodetector 80 for the sample 30.
Pattern is determined. Further, the light source used in this specification is a halogen lamp,
Photodetectors, as used herein, including broadband lamps such as LEDs and other light emitting appliances, include fiber optics, photodiode detectors, and other appliances that are sensitive to and capable of detecting light. Please be aware that it includes.

FIG. 4 is a top view showing another embodiment of the non-destructive fruit maturity and quality tester 1, showing the configuration of the light source 120 and the lamp 123 and the photodetector 50, at least one and this figure. Two light sources 120 and a lamp 12 as shown in FIG.
3 is communicated in the vicinity of the sample surface 35 by an optical fiber from an illumination source such as a lamp 123 or other external light source. Light is detected by a photodetector 80 such as an optical fiber.
, Or other light transmission method. In this embodiment, light source 120 and photodetector 80 contact sample surface 35. A photodetector 80 detects the optical spectral output from the sample 30 and provides a photodetector input 170 to a spectral measurement or processing instrument, or a method such as, for example, a spectrometer 170 having a detector 200. For certain samples, the photodetector 80 is inserted into the sample 30 to shield the photodetector 80 from ambient light, such as in harvester-mounted applications or processing plants that process products such as sugar beets or grapes. To execute. Otherwise,
The oblique light material 84 shown in FIGS. 2D and 2E includes a sample 30 and a sample surface,
It is applicable to the interrelationship between the photodetector 80 and the light source 120 and the lamp 123. FIG. 4 shows the relationship of the photodetector output from at least one photodetector 80 forming the input of the spectral measurement or processing instrument. Each of the components of this embodiment may include a plate 7 or other mounting or receiving fixture, case, cabinet,
Alternatively, it will be appreciated that it will be attached to other equipment suitable for commercial or laboratory purposes.

FIG. 5 is a top view of another embodiment of a non-destructive fruit maturity and quality tester 1 in a hand-held case 250, illustrated as a light source 120 and six photodetectors 80 herein. The configuration of at least one photodetector 80 is shown in the form of a sampling head 260. In this embodiment, the sampling head 2
At 60, at least one lamp 123 of the light source 120 is positioned with respect to the photodetector 80 provided by at least one discrete wavelength photoelectric detector 255. Figure 5
Shown is a plurality of individual wavelength photoelectric detectors 255, which fulfill the combined functions of a photodetector 80 and a spectral detector instrument such as a CCD array detector 200. The operation of this embodiment can be seen in FIG. 1E, where all components are housed in case 250. Electronic and computer communication between the sampling head 260 and the computer control circuitry is performed via the electronic signal cable 265 or via infrared or other such transmission method or device. Perimeter shield 262 of sampling head 260 provides a shielding method or apparatus for shielding at least one photoelectric detector 255 and lamp 123 from ambient light, such as shield 84 in FIGS. 2D and 2E. Fulfills the same or similar structural function. 5 and FIG.
The sampling head 260 and perimeter shield 262 shown in A can be formed from a flexible poly foam in which at least one lamp 123 and at least one photoelectric detector 255 are secured with a fixture article. be able to. The material or structure forming the sampling head 260 and the perimeter shield 262 may be flexible or flexible foam in the form of bellows or other shield articles similar to those shown in FIGS. 2D and 2E. Good. Forming the perimeter shield 262 using a flexible polyfoam will allow the sample surface 35 and the perimeter shield 262 to be formed.
The sealing action between serves to seal or prevent at least one photoelectric detector 255 and lamp 123 from being exposed to ambient light. A bellows, case or box containing the sampling head 260 and the sample 30 or the sampling head 260, at least one photoelectric detector 255 and a shield between the interface between the lamp 123, the sample 30 and the sample surface 35 and ambient light. Other shielding devices and methods, such as other such article providing structures, provide sufficient shielding structures. The operation of this embodiment can be seen in FIG. 1E, where all components are housed in case 250.

FIGS. 5 and 5A show that at least one, and in the illustration of FIG. 5, a plurality of photodetectors 255 with individual wavelength filters 130 are arranged concentrically with respect to at least one centrally arranged light source 120. Sampling head 26 arranged so that
Indicates 0. The lamp 123 of the light source 120 is an illumination source, for example, an optical fiber.
It may be in contact with the lamp in the case 250 or, in certain samples 30, such as orange, in contact with or in close proximity to the sample surface 35. Telecommunications and optical communication is carried out between the light source 120, the photoelectric detector 255 and the spectrometer 170 by optical fibers and / or wiring, printed circuits, cables. Photoelectric detector 255 fulfills the functions of a spectrometer or spectrum measurement and provides an input 82 that is processed by a calibration algorithm stored in a microprocessor to produce an output that exhibits one or more parameters of the sample. FIG. 5A shows
FIG. 6 is a side view of FIG. 5, showing the sample placed on the sampling head.

5B, 5C, 5D and 5E show an embodiment of the invention specifically directed to small samples 30 such as grapes and cherries, where the sampling head 260 includes at least two clamping jaws 266. A clamp jaw 263 having at least one jaw 266 structure, at least one lamp 123 having a light source input 125, and at least one light detection in the at least one clamp jaw 266 structure. Receiving and fixing the vessel 80, and thus the jaws 266, when the clamp 263 is closed, receives the placed sample 30 and brings the at least one lamp 123 and at least one photodetector 80 in the vicinity of the sample surface 35. Photodetector 80 is illustrated as an optical fiber that transmits the spectrum from the sample to an array of photoelectric detectors 255 with filter 130 or spectrometer 170. Output 82 is shown in FIGS. 1D and 1E.
It is managed as shown in. FIG. 5B shows a photoelectric detector array 2 with a filter 130.
The photodetector 80 is shown as a fiber transmitting the spectrum from the sample 30 to be displayed at 55, the fiber 80 being housed and arranged to transmit the spectrum detected from the sample 30, so that the fibers 80 are arranged concentrically. It is in the center of the photoelectric detector 255 with the filtered filter 130. The placement structure 79 may be a tube interconnected to center the fiber optic detector 80 in the center of the photodetector array 255, to secure and position the photodetector 80 with respect to the photodetector 255 with filter 130. . A collimating lens 78 is placed between the photodetector 80 fiber and array 255 to ensure that the light from photodetector 80 is at right angles to photodetector array 255 with filter 130. FIG. 5F shows at least one jaw 2
The arc photoelectric detector array 90 received and fixed in 66 is shown, and the photoelectric detectors 255 in the photoelectric detector array 90 are preferably equidistant from the light source 120 or the lamp 123.

6-6F show additional embodiments of non-destructive fruit maturity and quality tester 1. FIG. 6 is a top view showing an additional embodiment of the disclosure in the form of a handheld case 250, showing the configuration of the light source 120 in the form of an LED 257 and the photodetector 80 in the form of a photoelectric detector 255 of the sampling head 260. Shown in form. Within the LED 257 and photodetector 255 configuration, a photodetector 255 without a filter, i.e. a broadband filter, is used, which senses approximately 250-1150 nm. Alternative sources or methods of providing light sources and light detection include, but are not limited to, diode lasers and other light sources that produce discrete wavelength spectra. In this embodiment, at least one LED 257 in sampling head 260
, And a plurality of LEDs 257 are arranged for at least one photoelectric detector 255 as shown in FIG. What is needed is a method or article that shields the LED 257 and photoelectric detector / photodiode detector 255 from ambient light, which is shown in the compressible and flexible foam structure, the shield 84 structure in FIGS. 2D and 2E. As such a bellows, and other such materials, structures or articles. In this figure, the sampling head 260 is arranged such that at least one photoelectric detector / photodiode detector 255 is centered on a concentric array of individual wavelength LEDs 257. In this embodiment, the light emitting diodes 257 fulfill the function of the light source and are ignited or lit sequentially with the spectral output detected by at least one photoelectric detector / photodiode detector 255.
The output 82 of the photoelectric detector 255 is processed as it is actually shown in FIG. 1F.

Photoelectric detector 255 includes both visible and near infrared (ie, about 250-1150).
nm) and responds to a wide range of wavelengths. When each LED 257 is lit, light enters sample 30, interacts with sample 30, exits again and is detected by photoelectric detector 255. Photoelectric detector 255 produces a current proportional to the brightness of the detected light. The current is converted to a voltage, which is digitized using an analog-to-digital converter. The digital signal is then stored in the embedded microcontroller / microprocessor. The microcontroller / microprocessor used in the preferred embodiment is an Intel 8051. However, other microprocessors and other devices and circuits also perform the necessary work. The signal detected by the photoelectric detector 255 in accordance with the ignition of each LED 257 is digitized, converted from analog to digital, and stored. After illuminating each LED 257 and storing the converted signal, the readings stored in the microprocessor are combined to produce the LED 25
Generate a spectrum composed of as many data points as 7. The embedded microprocessor then uses this spectrum in combination with a previously stored calibration algorithm to predict the properties of the sample in question. Next, signal processing proceeds as shown in FIG. FIG. 6A is an elevational cross-section of FIG. 6, for example, a compressible foam or bellows or other such structure, for example, designed for a vacuum pick-up tool that is very similar to a toilet rubber cup originally. However, there is shown a sampling head 260 showing a perimeter shield 262, such as a rubber plunger, which has a gentler curve and is of various sizes, including diameters of 1 mm and greater, and these particular embodiments are shown. Then, a 20 mm rubber plunger was used with a pickup optical fiber that acted as a "handle" coupled to the plunger.
The sample is then sealed in the plunger before measurement. Other devices or methods also provide the necessary sealing structures, as described herein. Also shown are a light emitting diode 257 and a photodetector / photodiode detector 80 fixed in the sampling head 260 by mounting articles. The mounting article is
It consists of bracket articles and other mounting structures recognized by those skilled in the art. Output 82 of photodetector 80, case 25 with processing as shown in FIG. 1F
0 is shown.

6B, 6C and 6D depict additional embodiments of the present disclosure in which sampling head 260 is mounted to case 250 and photodetector 80 is mounted within sampling head 260 by a mounting article. It is attached. The sampling head 260 receives the sample 30 arranged to illuminate the lamp 123 of the light source 120. This embodiment shows the case 250 as having a cover that acts as a perimeter shield 262. Also, the structure of the sampling head 260 may be a compressible or flexible foam, or a bellows that can provide a structure that allows for a perimeter shield 262. Ambient light can be measured even after the sample 30 is in place, but before the lamp 123 of the light source 120 is turned on. This ambient light signal is then stored for subsequent measurements and subtracted accordingly. The light source input power 125 is shown as coming from the spectrometer 170, for example, but may come from a CPU 172 trigger or other external lamp light source and / or power supply. The output 82 from the photodetector / photodiode detector 80 is illustrated and processed as shown in FIG. 1F.

6E and 6F illustrate a disclosed embodiment of placing the lamp 123 within the sampling head 260. Alternatively, the lamp 123 can be placed within the perimeter shield 262 by a mounting article.

Another embodiment of the disclosed packaging / sorting line configuration is illustrated in FIGS. 7, 7A and 7B, where the light source 120 and photodetector 80 are bracket articles 275, photodetector fixtures. 50 and a light source fixed article 122, mounted and arranged, which suspends, secures, and holds at least one light source 120 and at least one photodetector 80, and bars, bars and other such bracket articles 275. It is recognized as a mounting structure that is arranged in other ways, including the use of fixtures and the like. At least one light source 120 is arranged to illuminate the sample 30, which is shown in this figure as an apple. At least 1
One photodetector 80 includes a bracket article 275 and a photodetector fixture 5.
The optical spectrum output of the illuminated sample 30 positioned by 0 is detected.
Sample 30 is conveyed by sample conveyor 295 in this figure. The total exposure to at least one light source 120 and at least one photodetector 80 is determined by the brightness of the light source used and the nature of the sample being interrogated.
For apples, exposure times of 5-10 milliseconds or less are commonly used to measure multiples per apple at line speeds of up to 20 apples per second. The at least one photodetector shown in FIG. 7 separates the photodetector 80 from the light source 120 by about 90 degrees and
Both 0 and the light source 120 are shown to be essentially orthogonal to the sample at the sample plane. However, in each of the embodiments of the present disclosure, the placement of the photodetector 80 and the light source 120 with respect to each other and the sample depends on the sample and the quality characteristics that it is desired to measure. For example, the light source 120 may be arranged so as to be substantially perpendicular to the sample surface 30 in a plane 90 degrees from the plane in which the photodetector 80 is oriented. The light source 120 and the photodetector 80 are arranged near the sample 30. Lamp 1 of light source 120
23 can be powered from the spectrometer 170 or other external light source, as described in the discussion of FIG. The photodetector 80 may be a single optical fiber and the detected light spectrum forms an output 82 to a spectrum detection instrument such as the spectrometer 170 and the detector 200. Processing of the detected optical spectrum is as described and defined in Figure 1C.

Another embodiment directed to a sorting / packing line can be seen in FIGS. 7C, 7D and 7E, which represents at least one photodetector 80 and, as shown, multiple spectral region measurements. A plurality of photodetectors 80 are shown. Photodetector 80 with filter 130
Represents the detection of the spectrum from 700 to 925 nm and another photodetector 80 is 50
Red pigment and chlorophyll in the 0-699 nm range, and 926-1150n
Another photodetector 80 represents the detection of the yellow pigment region in the range of 250-499 nm, representing water, alcohol and physical quality (eg hardness, density) information obtained in the m range. Two additional photodetectors 80 are shown arranged on the opposite side of the light source 120 from the lamps 123, so that the sample passes between the lamps 123 and the photodetectors 80 and the input to the two reference spectrometers 170. , One is 250 to 49
The 9 nm wavelength region is monitored, the other the 500-1150 nm region. If the sample is an apple, it is expected that the reference channel will not detect any additional spectra from the sample, indicating the presence or absence of the sample. The output of the reference channel can be used as a target finder to determine which spectrum from the sample photodetector to retain for use in the prediction. A shield can be used between the lamp 123 of the light source 120 and the photodetector 80 and / or the sample 30, for example, 1) a diagonal 284 as a curtain 285 from the bracket fixture 275 to the lamp of the light source 120. Between the light source 120 and the light detector 80.
Direct exposure of the photodetector 80 to the light source 1 can be prevented.
20 between the lamp 123 and the photodetector 80 and the sample 30, and an opening is formed in the light shield 284 between the lamp 123 of the light source 120 and the sample 30 to detect light from the sample surface 35. And 3) a light shield 284 may provide the function of the filter 130 between the lamp 123 of the light source 120 and the sample surface 35, such as heat block, break and band pass, Sample 3
The possibility of heat or burn damage to zero can be limited, but is not limited to this.

Additional embodiments can be seen in FIGS. 8, 8A and 8B, wherein at least one light shield 284 is positioned by bracket article 275 and sample 30 by sample conveyor 295 of light sources 120 and 123. At least one light source 120 as it is transported underneath it and underneath the photodetector 80.
And lamp 123 is separated from at least one photodetector 80. Shading material 28
4 may be a curtain 285, shown in FIG. 8 as a curtain 285 made up of at least one portion, and as shown in FIG. 8A, made up of two or more portions, each from a bracket article 275. Droop. If there are multiple curtain 285 portions, the individual curtain 285 portions will overlap and separate as the sample 30 passes through.

In this embodiment, as shown in FIG. 8, the sample 30, eg apple, is transported by a packaging / sorting transport system 295. Each sample 30 is a light blocking material 284
The cycle repeats as it moves to, touches, and passes underneath. The packing / sorting transport system 295 has the samples 30 sequentially arranged on the transport system 295, so the spacing between the samples 30 is generally minimal with respect to the size of the samples 30. When the sample 30 advances but is not in contact with the light shield 284, the sample 30 is illuminated by the light source 120 and the photodetector 80 detects only ambient light and is shielded from the light source 120. As the sample 30 contacts and moves underneath the light shield 284, the sample 30 is exposed to the photodetector 80 while continuing to be illuminated by the light source 120, which detects the spectrum from the sample 30. When the sample 30 has passed the light blocking material 284, the photodetector 80 is turned on again by the light source 12.
It is shielded from 0 and detects only ambient light. The light source 120 may be, for example, a halogen lamp or light transmitted by the optics that illuminate the sample 30. The photodetector 80 is, for example, an optical fiber detector and is positioned such that the sample surface 35 is in the vicinity of the photodetector 80 as the sample 30 contacts and passes beneath the light shield 284. The shading material 284 is composed of a flexible or flexible sheet that is opaque to the spectrum to which the photodetector 80 is sensitive, and may be composed of, for example, silicone rubber, mylar, thermoplastic material and other materials. it can. The photodetector 80, the light shield 284, and the light source 120 include the bracket article 27.
5 or mechanically mounted with other mounting devices or methods that are readily recognized by those skilled in the art of measuring in packaging / sorting systems.

An alternative configuration of the embodiment of FIGS. 7 and 8 uses multiple light sources 120, such as, for example, a light source 120 that illuminates the sample 30 from the top, and the second light source 120 pulls the sample 30 from the side. Illuminating or two light sources 120 illuminate the sample 30 from opposite sides, indicating multiple positions that can be used for the light source 120. Multiple photodetectors 80 observe the same or different positions of the sample surface 35 and the output 82 of each photodetector 80 is either sensed by a separate spectrometer or combined to form one output 82. If the plurality of outputs 82 are received by a plurality of spectrometers 170, at least one of the spectrometers 170 will have an installed neutral density filter, at which one of the outputs 82 from the photodetector 80. Parts, for example 50%, are blocked and provide data for a particular spectral range, for example about 700 to about 925 nm. The second spectrometer does not use a filter,
Saturates 925 nm but is about 500-699 nm and about 926-1150 nm
Produces good signal-to-noise (S / N) data. The other output 82 to the filtered input spectrometer 170 allows the particular spectral range to be examined. This method also allows both or multiple spectrometers 170
The same exposure time can be used at, which facilitates parallel control. This is basically a filtered input 82 to the spectrometer 170 rather than a different exposure time.
Is a double exposure approach. Blocking the light to one of the spectrometers 170 produces the same result as shortening the exposure time. The dual intensity approach has proven problematic. This is because the high and low intensity spectra cannot be easily pasted or combined due to the sloping difference in the spectra.
A dual intensity approach may be preferred to predict a particular parameter (eg firmness, density) with a particular sample type (eg preserved fruit or orange). The double exposure approach produces a good composite spectrum, but
Both approaches provide a usable composite spectrum, which is necessary for stiffness and other parameter predictions, and also improves Brix accuracy.

Usually, during calibration, Partial Least Squares (PLS) regression analysis is used to
Regression vectors are generated that relate the IR spectrum to brix, hardness, acidity, density, pH, color and external and internal defects and obstacles. This saved regression vector is called the prediction or calibration algorithm. A spectral pre-processing routine is run on the data prior to regression analysis to improve the signal-to-noise ratio (S / N) and remove spectral effects unrelated to the parameter in question, eg baseline offset and slope change. By trying to mathematically correct the path length and scatter error,
"Normalize" the data. Pre-processing routines typically include "binning", which averages 5 to 10 detector channels for S / N, box or Gaussian smoothing (improving S / N), and derivation, for example. Improve the calculation of functions. The second derivative is used most often, but the first derivative is also used and the fourth derivative is also possible.
Stiffness predictions often use data and no derivatives after binning, smoothing and baseline correction or normalization. For Brix and other chemistries, the transformation of the second derivative is often optimal.

A principal component analysis (PCA) classification algorithm can be used to uniquely distinguish between soft and very hard fruits from moderately hard fruits. Also, immature and mature fruits can be separated and damaged fruits such as high pH or rotten fruits can be identified for sequestration. NIR spectra of whole apples and other fruits in the about 250-1150 nm region also show a correlation with pH and total acidity. The wavelength range of 250 to 699 nm includes color information. For example, xanthophyll and yellow pigments absorb in the 250 to 499 nm range, and red pigment anthocyanin has an absorption band extending in the 500 to 550 nm range, and is particularly firm. Improve classification or prediction performance. As an example, the prediction of how red the cherries are is performed by measuring the anthocyanin absorption at or near 520 nm and applying or comparing to an appropriate prediction or classification algorithm. Immature oranges have a green color and are predicted by measuring the sample spectral output 82 in the chlorophyll absorption region (green pigment) at or near 680 nm and applying the measured output 82 spectrum to an appropriate prediction algorithm. can do. The spectral output from the sample in the 950 to 1150 nm region is
It has additional information on water, alcohol and acids, and protein content.
For example, the water content of the sample is related to firmness in most fruits and water loss occurs during storage. Fruits with a high pH often show hurt, which can also be uniquely identified by the presence of other apples using a classification algorithm.

The disclosures herein apply the applicable prediction algorithms, sugar content, firmness, density, p.
By using certain fruit characteristics such as H, total acidity, color and internal and external defects, non-destructive measuring spectra of scattered and absorbed light, especially within the NIR range of 250-1150 nm for predictive purposes. A method and apparatus. These fruit characteristics are important parameters that determine maturity, such as harvest time, shipping time, storage magnetism and method, and quality, such as sweetness / sourness ratio and firmness or many fruits and Vegetables are crisp. These characteristics are also indicators of consumer preference, expected shelf life, economic value and other characteristics. Defects can also be detected, such as internal browning / breakage, carbon dioxide damage, and in some cases internal damage within Tasmanian Jonagold apples such as insect damage / invasion. The present disclosure provides: 1) the visible absorption region (about 250-699 nm) containing information about pigments and chlorophyll, 2) the wavelength portion of the shortwave NIR (700- 925 nm), and 3) water content and O of alcohols and organic acids such as malic acid, citric acid and tartaric acid.
-Use the region between 926 and 1150 nm, which contains information about the H composition.

Benchtop, handheld, portable, and automatic packaging / sorting embodiments are disclosed. Benchtop embodiments generally include multiple intensity light sources 120, ie, lamps 123 or light sources 1, controlled at multiple voltage or power levels or multiple exposure times.
The greatly facilitated inspection of the sample 30 at 20 distinguishes it from the fast packing / sorting embodiment. The benchtop embodiments discussed herein utilize dual voltage or dual exposure times, or other methods of varying the intensity of the light source 120 used to illuminate the sample 30 to provide a dual intensity light source. Use 120. Alternatively, the photodetector 80 can be operated to provide at least one exposure at the brightness of one lamp 123, for example, the photodetector 80 can be one lamp 123.
Brightness can provide double or multiple exposures. The method of providing double or multiple exposures at one lamp brightness is accomplished as follows. The exposure time of the photodetector 80 can be adjusted by the control of basic computer software. The computer program collects two spectra with different exposure times for each sample 30. The bench-top method places the sample surface 35 in direct physical contact with the device that provides the light source 120, as preferred by the operator, eg, at least one photodetector 80 penetrates the sample surface 35 and the sample You can enter inside. High speed packaging / sorting embodiments generally use sample surface 35
The sample 30 falls within the range of the light source 120 due to the limited delivery, or exposure, of the light source 120 to, resulting in a time limit, typically a few milliseconds. Multiple light sources 120
, And multiple photodetectors 80, such as photoelectric detectors 255 and other photodetectors, are passed or placed multiple times to provide high speed packaging / sorting embodiments,
The sample can be exposed to multiple light source 120 intensities. In handheld embodiments, the orchard operator is generally responsible for this, i.e., when inspecting fruit samples on the facility or tree, from the products delivered for packaging / sorting, and at the central grocery distribution center or individual food products. General store can only sample a limited number of items.

Acquiring data in the wavelength range 250-1150 nm is only possible using multiple intensity or multiple exposure measurements, ie dual intensity or dual exposure as in the preferred embodiment. One spectrometer can be used to cover the 500-1150 nm region, while the second spectrometer is 250-499 n
It is necessary to cover the area of m. The number of different source intensities or exposures required depends on the characteristics of the sample and detector 200. Spectra acquired with the longer detector 200 exposure time, or with the lighter source with higher brightness, can be obtained, for example, from Sony
Some detectors such as ILX 511 or Toshiba 1201 have about 700-925 nm
Saturates the detector pixels of about 500-699 nm and about 926-1150 n
m produces excellent S / N data. Spectra with low brightness or short exposure time are optimized to provide good S / N data at 700-925 nm. For the accurate prediction of firmness of fresh and preserved fruits, the region 700-925 nm and 500-699 nm, eg pigments and chlorophyll, 926
Requires the ~ 1150 nm region. In the region of 250-499 nm, for example, a yellow pigment that absorbs light, known as xanthophyll, has a hardness and brix,
Improves prediction of other parameters such as acidity, pH, color and internal and external defects. The spectral output of sample 30 in the 926-1150 nm region,
There is a high correlation with water content. Preserved fruits have a relatively higher water content and less light scattering than fresh fruits. The chlorophyll and pigment of Sample 30 were predicted by correlation with the spectral output 82 of the sample in the 250-699 nm region, which correlation seems to be most important for prediction of fresh fruit Kadawa and was preserved. The longer wavelength water region is more important for accurate fruit firmness measurements.

Similar to the longer NIR wavelength region, the 700-925 nm region also includes absorption bands from carbon and hydrogen, oxygen and hydrogen, and nitrogen and oxygen bonds, such as (CH, OH, NH). The region between 926 and 1150 nm is most critical when proteins are the key components of the problem. However, for example, the state before germination of grains is 500 to 699.
It can be predicted by examining the sample output spectrum in the nm region.

A preferred embodiment of the device comprises at least one light source 120, for example a sample holder 5 including a sample sorting / packing conveyor 295 and other instruments and methods for placing the sample 30, and at least one light detection. The detector 80, a fiber optic light sensor of the preferred embodiment, detects the spectral output 82 of the sample received by the detector 200, eg, a spectrometric instrument such as a spectrometer 170 with a CCD array, and the thus detected signal. CP with memory
Predict one or more characteristics of the sample by comparing with a calibration algorithm stored by the U172 and stored in CPU172 memory. At least one light source 120 and at least one photodetector 80 are positioned relative to the sample surface 35 to allow detection of the scattering and absorption spectra emanating from the sample. Bracket attachment 27
5. Place the light source 120, photodetector 80 and sample holder 5 using brackets and other recognized placement and mounting fixtures and methods. In a preferred embodiment, the light source 120 and the photosensor or photodetector 80 are arranged to shield 84 the photodetector 80 from direct exposure to the light source 120 and transmit the photodetector 80 from the light source 120 through the sample 30. Limit the detection or exposure of exposed light.
The light source 120 can be fixed to a cone or other cup or shielded container,
This shields the light source 120 from the photodetector 80 while exposing the light source 120 directly to the sample surface. Alternatively, the photodetector 80 may be fixed to a shielded container such as the shield 84 or the surrounding shield 262, thus shielding the photodetector 80 from the light source 80 and transmitted from the light source 80 through the sample 30 to the photodetector 80. The photodetector 80 can be exposed to only the light spectrum. The spectrum detected by photodetector 80, or signal output 82, is directed to at least one spectrometer 170 as an input, or other instrument that is sensitive to the light spectrum and has the capability of receiving it. In the preferred embodiment, more than one spectrometer 170 is used. One spectrometer 170 monitors the sample channel, the output 82 of the photodetector 80, and another spectrometer 170 is the reference,
That is, the channel of the light source 120 is monitored. By turning the lamp 123 on and off between measurements, ambient light correction can be performed on both the photodetector 80 and the light source 120 channel, eg, when the illumination collects a spectrum collected in the absence of light. When on, subtract from spectra collected to stabilize. Alternatively, the light source 120 can be turned on and the ambient light can be physically eliminated using the shield 84 or ambient shield 262, such as a lid or cover or other light tight box.
For a study on the shielding of the photodetector 80 composed of an optical fiber, refer to the photoelectric detector 255.
Also, the use of light sources other than halogen lamps includes, for example, light emitting diode 257.

Another alternative having multiple sampling points, and thus multiple optical detectors 80, as well as a fiber optic sensor, is to focus all or some sampling points as shown in FIG. Then, for example, using the inputs of a bifurcated, trifurcated or other fiber optic spectrometer 170, it is returned to the channel spectrometer 170 of one sample or photodetector 80. Multiplexing, or multiple sample points, or photodetectors 80, enhances the focusing of the sample 30, eg, sampling better represents the sample 30 as a whole, or a spectrometer 170 full of product and conveyor. It is possible to measure multiple points, such as on a belt, and thus for every sample 30 or photodetector 80 channel,
It provides an "average" spectrum used to predict average properties such as Brix.

In a preferred embodiment, more than one spectrometer 170, or at least two spectrometers 170 are used for reference and / or measurement. The spectrometer 170 used for the data collection of the present invention uses a grating that shines at 750 nm and covers 500-1150 nm. Also, where xanthophyll, eg, a yellow pigment, absorbs light, the visible range cover can be expanded to include a spectrometer 170 that operates in the 250-499 nm wavelength range.
The information in the output 82 of the spectrum detected at 1000-1100 nm also includes repetitive information, for example, 500-550 nm for the red pigment anthocyanin is in the 500-550 nm region if no cut-off or long-wave pass filters are used. It has a broad absorption band, which improves classification or prediction performance, especially with regard to stiffness.

The spectrometer 170 used in the preferred embodiment has a charge coupled device (CCD) array detector 200 with 2048 pixels or channels, although other array detectors will be recognized by those skilled in the art. Other photodetectors 80, including 200, other detector 200 sizes for array size, or other methods of detector size characteristics may be used. One of the two spectrometers 170 directly monitors the brightness and wavelength output of the light source 120 and provides a light source reference signal 81, which is primarily due to temperature changes and lamp aging, ambient light and lamp, detector. , And to correct the drift of the electronics. The other spectrometer 17
0 is one or more samples 30 and / or one or more locations on sample 30, for example multiple points on one sample 30, such as an apple, or apple, grape, cherry, or various samples 30 samples
A photodetector 80 signal output 82 is received from one or more photodetectors 80 that sense light output from multiple points on conveyor 295, eg each spectrometer adding a different lane on the packing / sorting lane. It can be measured at 170.
Each photosensor, eg, photodetector 80 (photoelectric detector 255 or other photosensing device or method), in a preferred embodiment, separates samples 30, or different positions on the same sample 30 or group of samples 30. Represent The spectra from all spectrometers 170 are acquired simultaneously in the preferred embodiment. Depending on the type of spectrometer, each spectrometer can perform A / D conversion in parallel or in series (parallel is preferred). The computer then processes the spectrum and produces an output. Current single CPU computers process spectra in series. Dual CPU computers, two computers, or dual signal processing (DSP) hardware can perform spectral processing in parallel and provide output.

In another embodiment, the spectrum from the wavelength range of about 250-1150 nm, ie the near infrared spectrum, is examined from a sample 30, such as fruit containing apples. In this particular experiment, a reflective fiber optic probe was used as the photodetector 80. The spectrophotometer 170 used to collect the data, i.e., sense the spectral output 82 from the photodetector 80, is a DSqualized Development, L
aGrande, Ore. Those skilled in the art will recognize that other spectrometers and spectrophotometers 170 may be used. The spectrophotometer 170 referred to uses a 5 watt halogen light source 120, a fiber optic photosensor to detect the spectrum or output 82 from the sample 30 and provide a photosensor signal input 82 to the spectrometer 170. Other lamps 123 or light sources 120 or even other photosensors or photodetectors 80 may be substituted. In this embodiment, the photodetector signal input 82 to the spectrometer 170 is detected by the charge coupled device / array detector 200. The output from the charge coupled device array is processed as described above. Hardness and Brix were measured using the standard fracture procedure of Magnes Taylor hardness (“piercing test”) and refractive index measurement, respectively.
In this embodiment, the NIR spectrum is detected by the array detector 200, which can record or detect 1024 data points. 1024
Data points are smoothed using a 9-point Gaussian smoother followed by a second derivative transform using a 9-point "gap" size. Partial least squares (PLS) regression was used to correlate the NIR spectra of the second derivative with Brix and stiffness. To ensure that no false correlations occurred, the one-elimination cross-validation method was used to generate the standard error of prediction. In mutual drawing, 1
Build a prediction model using all but one and then predict the Brix and firmness of the removed sample and repeat the process until all samples are predicted. The validation model can then be used to non-destructively predict brix and firmness across unknown fruit samples. This information guides the harvest decision,
Harvest time, which fruits are suitable for refrigeration, whether the fruits are classified as pass or fail characteristics in terms of quality or consumer preference, which fruits are required characteristics such as
Indicates if it should be removed from the sorting / packing operation as it does not meet the hardness, brix, color and other characteristics.

This disclosure of apparatus and method embodiments is directed to simultaneous measurement and use of multiple spectral regions of a sample. In this embodiment, the use of an NIR region comprising a chlorophyll absorption region and a highly absorbing 950 to 1150 OH region may be used, for example, as a dual intensity light source or at least two intensities of light or multiple light detections. This is accomplished by exposing a sample, such as an apple, to a light source of multiple intensities, or exposing the photodetectors 80 at multiple exposure times, such as detecting light from the sample in the photodetector 80, and thus each photodetector 80. By filtering, for example, between the sample 30 and the photodetector 80 or between the output 82 of the photodetector 80 and the input of the spectrometer 170 to filter one or more photodetectors 80. , Sense different spectra. FIG. 1 shows a filtered light source 120 capable of exposing sample 30 to different light intensities. FIG. 2 illustrates the use of multiple photodetectors 80, where different spectral regions can be detected by filtering between sample 30 and photodetectors 80. Multiple individual wavelengths L
FIG. 3A, ED257, illustrates an embodiment of exposing a sample to multiple light intensities. The intensity of the light source 120 is selected to provide the photodetector 80 with a light output that produces optimal S / N data in the desired spectral range. In the first pass, a light source, such as a lower intensity light source, is used to illuminate a sample, such as an apple,
Data for acceptable S / N ratios in the 700-925 nm region are acquired. At wavelengths higher (> 925 nm) or lower (<700 nm), the spectrum becomes noise dominant. Low light levels are not useful. In the second pass, the brighter light source was selected to illuminate the sample and saturate the detector array in the 700-925 nm region, while the red-pigment region of 600-600 nm, 600-6.
Data for acceptable S / N ratios are acquired in the 99 nm chlorophyll region and the 926-1000 nm OH region. The data from each of the two paths comprises a separate data input that is sent to an analog-to-digital converter for computer processing. 2 bench bench units with the same spectrometer and A / D
Acquire one spectrum in sequence. When online, two spectrometers are used, each with its own A / D. In one embodiment, serial,
Use an A / D card external to the computer provided by Ocean Optics. This process provides multiple channels to the data analyzer for the software to analyze. In this embodiment, the Ocean Optics driver (hereinafter referred to as the driver) is MS "C" or Visual Basic.
In response, 1) determine the spectrum detected from the sample or 2) subject the data to a prediction algorithm to produce an output. The computer display control program or software requires the driver to periodically send out the combined spectrum. Digital combining with standard display software then produces an output display representing the total spectral range detected from each sample. There may be multiple spectral data for each sample. For example, spectrum sampling
The protocol determines 50 spectral samples in each of the multiple passes. For example, 50 spectral samples are obtained on the pass where the fruit sample is exposed to the low intensity light source, and 50 individual spectral samples are obtained on the pass where the fruit sample is exposed to the high intensity light source. The total duration of each pass is determined by the speed of the sorting / packing line and can be limited to about 5 ms per sample. However, it is recognized that for all embodiments and sample types, other sampling times and strategies fall within the area of use of the invention disclosed herein. This is because different samples and different embodiments are used. If the sample being processed in the sorting / packing line is an apple, then the space between each successive apple is expected to be small. The space between the apples and the spectra acquired from the front and back of the sample or apple are discarded. As the sample, an apple or other fruit, moves under the photodetector 80, the detected spectral data exits the sample 30 and represents a portion of the sample 30, the exposure point of the sample 30 by the light source 120. And the exit point of the spectrum detected by the photodetector 80.
By mathematical inspection of each spectrum, such as automatic inspection via a computer, this method determines whether the light detected by photodetector 80 is from an apple or between apples on a sorting / packing line sample conveyor 295. You can judge whether it is from a certain empty space. This method uses a spectrometer 17 as the apples pass by.
A leading edge and a trailing disadvantage of the apple can also be detected by a photodetector 80 having an output 82 to zero. From this data, for example, a distinction can be made to select a particular spectral sample, as would be expected from the sample or the central portion of the apple. (Online) mathematical examination of each spectrum is used to determine if it is a good apple spectrum or a line material spectrum. Therefore, for each sample 30 on the sample conveyor 295 of the sorting / packing line, the photodetector 8
The zero-detecting cycle consists of an initial compartment in which the photodetector 80 or pickup fiber is exposed to ambient light only, and a light shield 284 is between the photodetector 80 and the light source 120. That the leading edge or side of the apple begins to appear as the sample 30, for example, a shading material 284 such as a curtain 285, is moved underneath and the photodetector 80 detects the spectral output 82 from the apple. You can Sample 3
As 0 continues to move underneath the shading material 284, the photodetector 80 will output a spectral output 82 from the sample 30 until it moves to the point where the trailing edge or side of the sample 30 is still exposed to the light source 120. Expose. Next, the sample 30 is the light shielding material 284.
And all the light from the light source 120 is blocked between the photodetector 80 and the light source 120. Therefore, the initial spectrum detected by photodetector 80 is that of the leading edge or side of sample 30 as it approaches curtain 285. Sample 30
The initial spectral exposure of the leading edge of the sample to the light source 120 and the mid-spectral measurement until the trailing edge or side of the sample 30 is exposed to the light source 120 are:
, Photodetection to detect the spectrum that best characterizes the optical spectral output 82 from sample 30 as it illuminates, for example, apple, other fruit or other OH, CH or NH material. It includes the measurement when the container 80 or the optical pickup is optimally arranged. In the preferred embodiment, the analog output 82 of the photodetector 80 is converted to digital data with an A / D card to facilitate data processing. The computer program or software tests whether the data passes or is discarded. The pass criterion for each spectral sample 30 is a predetermined spectral feature determined by the expected spectral output 82 of sample 30, for example, if sample 30 is an apple, the criterion is the spectrum expected for an apple. Detecting the incoming 250-1150 nm spectrum. The detection of the space between apples on the sorting / packing line is recognized as not apples. This spectrum acquired at each sample 30 is the input of the prediction algorithm, as shown in the flow chart of Figure 1C. For each sample, the photodetector 80 detects multiple spectra, eg, 50 spectra. A computer program compares each detected individual spectrum with the spectrum expected from a particular sample, discards spectra that do not meet the criteria, and retains the retained spectra, eg, 40-50 samples. Then, the spectrum that is the input of the prediction algorithm is provided. Averaging multiple spectra from the same apple, providing one average spectrum representing multiple points of the apple, as the apple moves by the sensor,
For example, it can be rotated clockwise or counterclockwise with respect to the direction of travel of the sorting line, with counterclockwise motion of the sample giving better measurements and therefore greater coverage of its surface. Become. Once the average absorption spectrum of the sample has been calculated, the spectrum is multiplied by the regression vector (via vector multiplication dot product). The regression vector is obtained from previous calibration work and stored in the computer. There is a separate regression vector for each parameter to predict, eg, stiffness, brix. The result of processing the spectral output 82 by the prediction algorithm determines the predicted characteristics of the sample 30. The characteristics determined on individual samples 30, eg apples or other fruits, respectively, are used to determine the handling or disposal of the sample 30, which is, for example, 1) in the packaging / sorting line, in sorting and packaging decisions. , Using various features, such as color, size, firmness, acidity and taste predicted by Brix, 2) Marking features trigger a method to remove a specific sample 30 from the packing / sorting line can do.

Apple packaging and sorting involves multiple packaging / sorting lights or light sources 1 per line.
20 and photodetector 80 are likely to be used. If the sample 30 is composed of small fruits such as cherries or grapes, there are multiple photosensors with one or more lights and such small sized cherries rather than inspecting each individual cherry or grape. You can audit or inspect a tray of fruit from and collect data from it. For each sample 30, get the data and test
It is judged whether or not the data corresponds to a predetermined standard, data that meets the predetermined standard is selected, and if it does not meet the predetermined standard, it is discarded. The data received by the optical sensor is
They are then combined to form the sampled total spectrum. The total spectrum is then compared to a prediction algorithm to make decisions regarding sample 30, such as sorting / packing decisions. The result of the comparison of the total spectrum with the prediction algorithm provides a number or other output containing information for the computer-directed sorter for end use.

By operating the light source 120, the light is largely scattered and absorbs 250 to 690 nm,
Even with strong absorption in the> 950 nm region, reproducible data with good S / N can be quickly acquired. The preferred embodiment lamp 123 is a 12 volt, 75 watt halogen lamp. However, other light sources that may be used include light emitting diodes, laser diodes, tunable diode lasers, flash lamps, and similar light sources, and other such light sources well known to those skilled in the art. There is a light source, but it is not limited to this. The lamp is held at a standby voltage of 2 volts. When measuring, the lamp is ramped to the desired voltage and a slight delay stabilizes the lamp output 82, then the spectrum is acquired. After data acquisition,
Lower the lamp to the standby voltage. This procedure extends lamp life and prevents sample burning. In high-speed work, the lamp may be on at all times, for example on a high-speed packing / sorting line, or on harvesting equipment, using a light “chopper” or shutter or other equivalent article or method. Light can be delivered to a sample that passes for a predetermined period of time. The operation of the light source is important in extending the lamp life, reducing operating costs, and reducing work interruptions. The voltage of the lamp 123 is raised or lowered to maintain the life of the lamp 123 and reduce the possibility of burning fruits. The standby voltage keeps the filament of the lamp 123 at a high temperature. Ambient / indoor light background measurements are performed to correct for dark spectra that include ambient light. It is stored (as appropriate) and subtracted from the sample and reference so that there is no contribution to the sample spectrum by ambient light that would affect accuracy. Dual intensity illumination is used to 1) improve the accuracy of the data above 925 nm and below 700 nm and 2) normalize the change in optical path length due to scattering. Double exposure time increases the likelihood of data quality improvement for large and small fruits. Using multiple photodetectors 80, each located at a different distance from the sample, results in approximately 250 nm-1150.
There is likely to be an increased ability to improve the quality of the data acquired over each portion of the nm spectrum.

Other steps in determining the predictive algorithm included baseline determination of pH using electrode assumptions and baseline determination of total acidity using end point titration of extracted juice. NIR
The spectra were correlated with reference data (pH and total acidity). Partial least squares (
Methods known to those skilled in the art, such as the PLS) method, are used to determine the correlation between the NIR spectrum and selected parameters such as pH. Once the correlation is established, PLS is used to generate a regression vector from the calibration sample. This regression vector is then used to predict the sample properties by taking the dot product of the sample spectrum and the regression vector. NIR analysis can be performed directly on the juice, producing a very high correlation with Brix, pH and total acidity. A commercially available "immersion probe" is used, which is a common commodity available from optical fiber manufacturers or companies involved in process analysis. P to quantify Brix, firmness, pH and acidity
In addition to using LS, principal component analysis (PCA) was performed on NIR spectral data. PCA differs from PLS in that no reference data is required. PCA
It is possible to classify the hardness and softness of apples and high and low sample pH. This classification algorithm is sufficient to achieve the goal of product separation. Using PCA, low quality fruits can be removed from the batch and the highest quality fruits can be separated and placed in the finest class. Poor quality fruits are often observed to have higher pH levels than good quality fruits.

FIG. 4 illustrates another embodiment of the disclosure, for example, at least one light source 120 transmitted by a transmissive article, such as an optical fiber or other light-transmissive article, a sample 30, having a sample surface 35, At least one light source 120 and at least one light source 120 and at least one illumination detector, at least one illumination detector, and at least one illumination detector near the sample surface. One illumination detector may be placed against the surface by a provided placement article, for example by a spring of the placement article biased against the surface of the sample, the pressure on the sample surface being at least one. Light source 120 or at least one illumination detection The instrument limits the surface features of the sample and / or the characteristics of the measurement process, that is, the surface of the sample is damaged or the measurement process is fast and limits the time available for contacting each separate sample, The pressure can be reduced. Illumination is transmitted to the surface, for example, by a fiber optic or other equivalent method and by at least one instrument or method that measures the illumination detected from the sample. For the purposes of this disclosure, the light source may be a broadband lamp, which may be, for example, a halogen lamp or an equivalent that produces a spectrum in the 250-1150 nm range and has a filament with a Kelvin absolute temperature of 2500-3500 degrees. Without limitation, other broadband spectral lamps may be used, depending on the sample 30, the expected features, and the embodiment used, and the at least one instrument or method for measuring illumination may include at least one input. With at least one spectrometer may include, for example, 1024 linear array detectors, and those skilled in the art will recognize that other such detectors provide comparable detection. And at least one illumination detector is an optical pickup
A fiber, or other equivalent detector including, for example, an optical fiber optical pickup, where at least one illumination detector collects the spectrum received by at least one spectrometer input, and the sample of this embodiment is CH. , NH, OH
, Or from the physical characteristics of hardness, density, color and internal and external defects. The light source 120 may also include multiple illumination fibers. In this embodiment, the plurality of illumination fibers may be arranged such that each of the plurality of illumination fibers is equidistant from an adjacent illumination fiber, and the at least one illumination detector, in this embodiment, is an array of illumination fibers. Can be placed in the center of. In embodiments of this disclosure, the plurality of illumination fibers may be comprised of, for example, 32 illumination fibers, and light source 120 may be, for example, a 5w halogen lamp or other equivalent light source, or, for example, at least two 50. It can be provided by multiple illumination sources provided by at least two light sources, such as a watt light source. The illumination source may consist of, for example, a source having a focused elliptical reflector with a cooling fan.
In this embodiment, the at least one illumination detector may comprise a plurality of photodetectors 80, which are, for example, arranged such that each illumination detector is equidistant from an adjacent photodetector 80 and at least 2 If one arranges two light sources, this can be arranged, for example, at 45 degrees with respect to the illumination detectors in the array of illumination fibers. In additional embodiments of the present disclosure, the plurality of photodetectors 80 can be composed of 22 illumination detectors. Embodiments of the present disclosure can be configured with at least one light source 120 configured with a 5w halogen lamp, where the at least one illumination detector is a single detection fiber and the light source 120 is 30 detection fibers. The sample 30 is placed distally to the sample 30. If the measurement of the sample surface is performed contactlessly, another embodiment is a polarization provided between the light source 120 and the sample, for example by a linear polarization filter or equivalent as will be appreciated by those skilled in the art. A filter may be included and a matching polarization filter is placed between the at least one illumination detector and the sample, for example by a linear polarization filter rotated 90 degrees with respect to the polarization filter between the light source 120 and the sample. Can be provided.

The above-mentioned method is applied to the yellow pigment (250 to 499 nm) and the red pigment (500 to 60 nm).
0 nm) and visible radiation (250-699 nm) selected to unfold the absorption bands of green pigment or chlorophyll (601-699 nm), and NIR (70
0-1150 nm) using both wavelengths with radiation, brix, hardness, pH
, Acidity, density, color and internal and external imperfections, and can be performed using a variety of devices.

While the preferred embodiments of the present disclosure have been illustrated and described, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that many changes and modifications can be made without departing from this disclosure in its broadest aspect. Accordingly, the appended claims are intended to cover all such changes and modifications as fall within the true spirit and scope of the disclosure.

[0110] “Measuring fruit characteristics, filed March 13, 2000, assigned to Ozanich,
From Nonprovisional Patent Application No. 09 / 524,329 entitled "Apparatus and Method for Correlating with Visible / Near Infrared Spectra", a new matter accompanying the CIP co-pending application

Additional Brief Description of the Drawings FIG. 9 shows an additional embodiment of the invention demonstrating at least one photodetector 80 having an output 82 to a spectrometer 170 having a detector 200. It is a side view. A collimating lens 78 is intermediate the at least one detector 80 and the sample 30. Detector 8 arranged to detect light from sample 30
0. A lamp 123 of the light source 120, a case 250 intermediate between the lamp 123 of the light source 120 and the sample 30 carried by the sample conveyor 295. Aperture 310 allows lamp 123 of light source 120 to illuminate sample 30. A minimum optical shutter 300 intermediate the lamp 123 of the light source 120 and the aperture 310. An optical shutter 300 operable by shutter operation means.
Shutter control means 305 for receiving a control signal from the CPU 172 having a shutter operation control output 307. Reference light transmission means 81 including an optical fiber that receives the reference light output from the lamp 123 of the light source 120. Lamp of light source 120 and reference light transmission means 81
Reference light shutter 301 in the middle of. Reference light shutter 301 operable by shutter control means 305. CPU with shutter operation control output 307
Shutter control means 3 of the reference light shutter 301 that receives a control signal from 172
05. Reference light transmission means 81 for providing input to the spectrometer 170. Light source 12
A CPU 172 that provides a lamp power output 125 to zero lamps 123. CPU17
A spectrometer 170 which receives input from a reference light transmission means 81 having an output 82 received as an input to 2. A spectrometer output 82 that can be A / D converted to form an input to CPU 172. A spectrometer 170 that receives input from detector output 82 received as input to CPU 172. As shown in other figures,
Mounting means designated as the lamp 123 of the light source 120, the detector 80, the shutter 300, the shutter control means 305, the reference light transmission means 81, and the case 250.
Input of encoder / pulse generator 330 to CPU 172, which provides sample conveyor 295 operational data. A computer program that operates the CPU 172 with data collection and control functions.

FIG. 10 illustrates the use of a spectrometer sensor to measure fruits and vegetables during operation on the sample conveyor 295. Sample 30 with proximity sensing means 340
Is illustrated. The sample conveyor 295, case 250 and collimating lens 78 are actually shown.

FIG. 10A is a cross-sectional view of FIG. 10 showing proximity sensing means 340 in the form of reflective means. FIG. 11 shows a method of performing a reference measurement of the lamp 123 of the light source 120, which can also obtain brightness and wavelength outputs using the reflection means 360. Reflection control means 3
When performing a reference measurement as output from the CPU 172, as instructed by 08, the reflection means 360 is exposed through the aperture 310, eg, to the case 250.
Can be inserted into. The CPU 172 detects the presence or absence of the sample 30 through the means, and if there is no sample 30, increments by “n” or samples.
The operation of the conveyor 295 causes the control signal of the reflection control means 308 to change to the reflection position means 30.
6, e.g., a rotary solenoid operated by a linear actuator or means, e.g., a mechanism driven by electric, pneumatic, liquid or other power means.

12 and 13 show the mechanical insertion of the reference means 430 at or near the position where the actual sample 30 is normally measured. The insertion is performed by insertion means including, but not limited to, actuator system 400.

14 and 14A show that the lamp 123 of the light source 120 is mounted distal to the sample 30, and the spectrum from the sample 30 is directed by the reflection means 360 and the lens 78 or the reference light transmission means 320, and the aperture 310 is shown. 7 shows a means of reducing the width of the device structure by receiving the spectrum through.

FIGS. 15 and 15A show spectral detection from samples other than discrete increments, such as apples, including, for example, potato chips, with detector 80 receiving the input and photodetector output 82 being the spectrometer. The lamp 123 of the light source 120 illuminates the sample as delivered as the input of the detector 200 of 170. In this figure, lens 130 is shown between sample 30 and detector 80. A single detector 80 is shown in detail with filter 130 and mounting means.

The CPU 172 controlled by the computer program is shown in FIG.
0A, FIG. 11, FIG. 12, FIG. 13, FIG. 14, FIG. 14A, FIG. 15 or FIG. 15A. Such structures will be apparent to those of skill in the art upon reviewing the other drawings presented herein.

(Additional Detailed Description) (Outline of Calibration of Visible / NIR Sensor) Necessary calibration is made in Patent Application No. 09 / 524,329, as follows.
Mentioned in the paragraph identified in the line. In other words, 1/18: 3/17, 22
, 28; 4/2; 8/8; 9/4: 9/14: 12/16; 16/8; 22/5
31/21; 33/19; 39/10; 43/4; 47/1; 52/13. Calibrating the spectrometer maturity and quality sensors involves building an algorithm that correlates the visible and near infrared spectra of individual fruits or vegetables with one or more of the following: Brix (including but not limited to sugar content, or sweetness, or soluble solids content), acidity (total acidity, or sourness, or malic acid content, citric acid content, or tartaric acid content) However, internal disorders or defects such as, but not limited to), pH, hardness (including but not limited to crisp or hardness), mitosis, browning, core erosion, insect infestation and the like. Furthermore, the individual characteristic data collected above can be combined as follows. That is, the ratio of sugar content to acid content is used to determine texture, taste, sweetness /
Better predict sourness and use binding data from two or more of the following: That is, sugar content, acid content, pH, firmness, color, external and internal disorders to better predict texture quality.

(Built-in visible / NIR sensor in packaging, sorting and transport system to synchronize data acquisition with product location and optimize sample data and reference and standardized data collection)

Sensing sample data, including the presence or absence of a sample, is referred to in the paragraph identified on the page / line of the patent as follows. That is, 20/20;
36/8 etc. The use of a spectrometer sensor to measure fruits and vegetables while operating on the sample conveyor 295 system of the sorting and packing warehouse is illustrated in FIGS. 10 and 10A and is performed as follows. Sample 30
The presence or absence of, and the position of the sample 30 with respect to the spectral measurement point is determined using one or more of the following means. 1) A sample 3 provided by an encoder or pulse generator 330 and incorporated into the sample conveyor 295 to detect the movement of the sample conveyor 295, eg, as seen in FIG.
The zero position determining means and / or the sample conveyor 295 position determining means provide one or more electronic or digital signals to the CPU 172, which, under the control of the computer program, initiate the control signals and acquire the spectra. Start and stop. 2) Using a computer program or programmed hardware, such as a digital signal processor, to automatically inspect the spectrum itself to determine if the sample 30 being measured is in the optimal position for the spectrum measurement. . 3) NIR on packaging or sorting lines using proximity sensing means 340, including proximity sensors such as magnetic, inductive, optical, mechanical sensors, also known as object presence sensors such as through-beam or reflective sensors 341. Providing information on the position of the product, ie the orientation or position and / or the size of the sample 30, relative to a sensor, eg photodetector 80, such proximity sensing means 340 and its use are suitable for industrial processed object presence sensing. This is general knowledge for traders. Proximity sensing means 3
40 in front of the NIR sensor, eg detector 80, 1, 2, 3. ． ． Or n units long, for example arranged in the length of a cup or pocket or conveyor belt, and further 1, 2, 3. ． ． Or n empty spaces, eg, cups or pockets or defined lengths of known conveyor belts, which are present in succession, thus indicating a dark spectrum and / or a reference spectrum and / or a standard / calibration sample. You can spend more time running. Using one or more of the above methods, the presence or absence of the sample 30 is determined by the specific sample conveyor 295.
Judge over the defined length of the system. If sample 30 is present,
As the sample 30 passes through the lamp 123 of the light source 120, multiple visible and near infrared spectra are acquired, the photodetector output 82 and the spectrometer 1.
Providing 70 detector 200 inputs, such light collection is provided by a collimating
The light interacted with the sample 30 achieved using the lens 78 and / or other optical transmission means including, for example, an optical fiber, is detected by the detector 20 of the spectrometer 170.
0 can be transmitted. If sample 30 is not present, other reference measurements are performed to improve stability and accuracy of the dark spectrum, reference spectrum (lamp brightness and color output), and standard / calibration samples described above, and the standard / The calibration sample may be an optical fiber or a polymer or an organic material with known repeatable spectral characteristics. The measurements performed in the absence of sample are 1)
Measuring the reference spectrum (brightness and wavelength) of the light source, 2) measuring the dark current of the detector 200 of one or more spectrometers 170, including but not limited to the sample spectrometer 170 and the reference spectrometer 170, and 3)
Includes, but is not limited to, a standard or calibration sample or filter 130 or material.

(To determine the reference light output and obtain the baseline dark current spectrum from the detector,
Acquisition of ramp spectrum. Both the reference spectrum and the dark spectrum are used with the sample spectrum to calculate the absorption spectrum of the product. )

References to standards, baselines and dark spectra can be found on pages /
Mentioned in the paragraph identified in the line. 12/18; 39/10; 52 /
It is 14 mag. A reference measurement taking into account changes in light source brightness or color output is obtained using a reference light transmission means 320, such as a bundle of optical fibers, light pipes or other means for transmitting light. Common end 322 provides input to the reference spectrometer 170, and if one or more branch ends 8 are provided.
1, each is mounted by means so that M of the light from the lamp 123 of the light source 120 enters the reference light transmitting means 320. The optical shutter 300 is arranged between the lamp of each light source 120 and each reference light transmission means 320. The at least one optical shutter 300 can be opened and closed separately by the shutter control means 305, including, for example, driving with linear actuators or rotary solenoids or mechanical or hydraulic devices or all at once.

The lamp 123 of each light source 120 of the system can be measured separately to determine if it is faulty or needs to be replaced based on the stored luminance and wavelength spectrum profiles. The combined luminance from the reference light transmitting means 320 is
Concentration (eg percent Brix or pounds of acidity or firmness)
It is used as a reference spectrum to calculate an absorption (or log1 / R) spectrum that is proportional to

When all the optical shutters 330 of the reference light transmitting means 320 are closed, the dark current (state without light) of the detector 200 of the spectrometer 170 can be measured.
Dark current is primarily affected by temperature and needs to be measured at regular intervals, subtracting the brightness value at each wavelength (or detector) pixel from the reference spectrum obtained with the shutter 330 open.

The dark current of the detector 200 of the sample spectrometer 170 is due to the light of the sample spectrometer, seen between the light source and the sample 30, or between the sample 30 and the detector 80 and detector output 82 herein. An optical shutter 330 located between the collection fiber or between the light collection fiber and the spectrometer 170.
Measurements must be taken regularly even when the is closed. As with the reference measurement, the dark current of the sample spectrometer 170 must be subtracted from the sample spectrum acquired with the shutter 330 open. The spectrometer used to measure the lamp 123 of the light source 120, as well as the spectrometer 170 used to obtain the spectral output 82 of the detector 80, is processed by a computer program controlled CPU 172 along with an algorithm for characterizing the sample 30. It is to be understood that the reference measurement has to be carried out under the condition.

A reference measurement using shutter means is shown in practice in FIG. FIG. 9 is an elevational view showing an additional embodiment of the present invention in which at least one photodetector 80 provides at least one output 82 to at least one spectrometer 170 having at least one detector 200. Demonstrate to have. At least one collimating lens 78 is intermediate the at least one photodetector 80 and the sample 30. At least one photodetector 80 is arranged to detect light from the sample 30. The lamp 123 of at least one light source 120, the shielding means,
In between the lamp 123 of at least one light source 120 and the sample 30 carried by the sample conveyor 295. The at least one aperture 310 of the shielding means allows the lamp 123 of the at least one light source 120 to illuminate the sample 30. It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art of instrument containment that the instrument case or container provides, in all embodiments, a means of mounting the elements of the disclosed invention. It should be appreciated that the case 250 may provide a shielding and mounting means for the present invention. Lamp 1 of at least one light source 120
At least one light interrupting means intermediate 23 and at least one aperture 310. For example, a light interrupting means provided by the light shutter 300 means. At least one optical shutter 300 operated by at least one shutter control means 305, eg a linear actuator or a rotary solenoid, is operated by means and is mechanically driven by eg electric, pneumatic, hydraulic or other power means. Or other shutter means including, for example, a liquid crystal screen operated by the means. At least one shutter control means 305 receiving control signals from at least one CPU 172 having at least one shutter operation control output 307. For example, at least one reference photoelectric transmission means 81 including an optical fiber including a bifurcated optical fiber and receiving a reference light output from the lamp 123 of the at least one light source 120. For example, at least one light source 12 including a shutter 301
At least one reference light interruption means intermediate the zero lamp 123 and the at least one reference light transmission means 81. At least one reference light shutter 301 operable by at least one shutter control means 305, eg a linear actuator or rotary solenoid operated by the means, eg mechanically by electric, pneumatic, hydraulic or other power means. Other shutter means including a liquid crystal screen that is driven or operated by the means, for example. Shutter control means 305 of at least one reference optical shutter 301 receiving control signals from at least one CPU 172 having at least one shutter operation control output 307.
. At least one reference light transmission means 81 providing an input to the detector 200 of at least one spectrometer 170. Lamp 12 of at least one light source 120
At least one CPU providing at least one lamp power output 125
172. At least one spectrometer 170 receiving input from at least one reference light transmission means 81 having at least one output 82 received as input to at least one CPU 172. At least one C after A / D conversion
The output 82 of the spectrometer that can form the input to PU 172. At least one spectrometer 170 receiving input from at least one detector output 82 received as input to at least one CPU 172. Spectrometer output 82 that can be A / D converted to form an input to at least one CPU 172. Lamp 123 of light source 120, detector 80, shutter 30
0, shutter control means 305, reference light transmission means 81, and mounting means for the case 250. Input of encoder / pulse generator 330 to CPU 172, which provides sample conveyor 295 operational data. CPU17 for data collection and control function
A computer program that operates 2.

A reference measurement of the brightness and wavelength output of the lamp 123 of the light source 120 can also be obtained using the reflection means 360, as can be seen in FIG. 11, for example a bend or other reflection or Diffusion material, eg roughened aluminum, gold, Spectr
Including but not limited to alon®, Teflon, frosted glass, steel. The reflection means 360 reflects the light from the lamp 123 of the light source 120 into the spectrometer 1
70 is arranged to reflect to a detector 80 having an output 82 that the detector 200 receives. A collimating lens 78 may be placed between the detector 80 and the light reflected by the reflecting means 360. For example, when the case 250 is used, when the reference measurement is performed as instructed by the reflection control means 308 as an output from the CPU 172, the reflection means 360 may be arranged, for example, by inserting it through the aperture 310. You can The CPU 172 makes the sample 30 through the means.
Presence or absence and sample 30 is not present, an "n" times increment or operation of sample conveyor 295 directs the control signal of reflex control means 308 to, for example, electrical, pneumatic, hydraulic or other power means. Reflective position means 306, such as a linear actuator or a rotary solenoid operated by, for example, being mechanically driven by
To provide. When the reference measurement is ended and the spectrum measurement of the sample 30 is restarted,
The reflection means 360 can be retracted as instructed by the reflection control means 308 as an output from the CPU 172.

The light reflector or diffuser for obtaining the reference spectrum is also shown in FIGS.
As can be seen in the above, the actual sample 30 can be obtained by mechanically inserting the reference means 430 at or near the position where the actual sample 30 is normally measured, which position is determined by the lamp 123 of the light source 120 and the sample. Between the reference light transmission means 320 connected to the detector 200 of the detector 170. The insertion is performed by the insertion means, which upon receipt of control signals or means, such as those recognized by those of ordinary skill in the art, including control signals or means provided by CPU 172, operates actuator 410 to move piston 420 to FIG. Expansion 421 and retraction 42 as seen in FIG.
Includes, but is not limited to, an actuator system 400 capable of generating two. Power is provided, including, for example, electricity, pneumatics, hydraulics and other means, to operate the actuator by power transmission means 440, as will be appreciated by those skilled in the art.

The CPU 172 controlled by the computer program is the CPU 172 shown in FIGS.
0A, not shown in FIG. 11, FIG. 12 or FIG. Such structures will be apparent to those of skill in the art upon reviewing the other drawings presented herein.

Achieve measurement of all products (minimize errors due to local measurement) Use lamps 123 and / or 80 points of detection of two or more light sources 120 to improve measurement of the whole product. . The product can be measured in a rotating or non-rotating state, while rotating measurements generally improve the measurement of the whole product, while non-rotating measurements improve accuracy and reduce the spectral noise introduced by motion. Reduce.

As one fruit or vegetable sample 30 passes the spectrum acquisition point, multiple spectra are acquired, each representing a different measurement location or area on the product.

Optimizing Signal-to-Noise Ratio and Accuracy in Small and Large Size Products To determine the size or weight of individual fruit or vegetable samples 30, 1
One or more means can be used. The means to judge the product size is 1
) Weight or mass determined separately using sensors common in the industry, 2) using color or defect sorter data (eg from a camera or CCD image), 3) other Including but not limited to using other size sensors based on magnetic, inductive, light, light reflection, or multiple ray curtains common in the industry. The relative size of sample 30 is then used to adjust the hardware spectral acquisition parameter or light intensity (by changing the size of aperture 310) to improve the signal-to-noise ratio spectrum with larger sample 30. Prevent light from saturating the detector 80 in the small product sample 30, or both, eg, set the exposure or integration time of the detector 80 to be long for the large product sample 30 and short for the small product sample. You can

(Improving the accuracy of inspection of multiple individual spectra collected from one product,
Remove low quality or "outlier" spectra. Absence spectra are then calculated from the raw data collected for the dark, reference and sample. )

Next, each individual spectrum of the series of spectra acquired for each individual product sample 30 is examined with a computer program or programmed hardware. Low quality spectra are removed from this batch of spectra and the remaining spectra are used for component or property prediction. The retained spectrum of the product is combined with an appropriate reference and dark current measurement to produce an absorption spectrum as follows.

Absorption spectrum = −log ₁₀ [(Sample luminance spectrum−Sample dark current spectrum) / (Reference luminance spectrum−Reference dark current spectrum)] That is, the absorption spectrum is the sample spectrum in which the dark current is corrected and the dark current correction. Is equal to the negative logarithm (base is 10) of the ratio with respect to the reference spectrum.

Next, all the absorption spectra of each product sample 30 are combined to produce an average absorption spectrum of the product sample. This average absorbance spectrum can now be used to calculate the component or property in question based on a previously stored calibration algorithm. Alternatively, each absorbance spectrum is used individually with a previously stored calibration algorithm to calculate multiple results for the ingredient or property in question for each product, then sum all values and use that sum. The average value of the calculated component or characteristic can be determined by dividing by the number of the absorption spectra obtained.

Method of Measuring Importance of Coupling Position of Sample and Product When Visible / NIR Data is Collected at the Same Position as Measured by Laboratory Reference Technique Calibration is performed as follows. 1) Measure the spectrum of product sample 30 and store the absorption spectrum (corrected for reference and dark current), 2) Perform standard laboratory measurements (often destructive) on city sample 30 To do. Note: For the success of the NIR method, the portion of the sample 30 interrogated between the lamp 123 of the light source 120 and the light collection detector, eg, the light detector 80 connected to the detector 200 of the spectrometer 170, is standard. It is important that the part is the same as that measured by the conventional laboratory technique.

With many sample conveyors 295 used throughout the fruit and vegetable sorting and packaging operations, the product can be passed through NIR measurement locations in a rotating or non-rotating state. When collecting absorbance spectra from a product in a rotated state, one usually does not know the exact location of one measurement (one spectrum), and therefore the product (rather than one local spot) for the component or property in question. The whole must be analyzed. When constructing a calibration algorithm in this way (using measurements on rotating products), all remaining spectra for that individual product are averaged to produce an average absorbance spectrum to determine the composition or properties of all products. This one absorption spectrum is assigned.

Since most fruits and vegetables are inhomogeneous and vary in component level depending on location, the product samples that are not rotated, such that each acquired spectrum is from a known physical location of product sample 30. It is preferable to develop a calibration model at 30. The laboratory measurement is then performed on the same product sample 30 from which the spectrum was acquired.
Perform the laboratory measurement in the section. When using this procedure, the entire fruit or vegetable sample 30 can be separated, eg, cut or sliced into smaller sub-portions, prior to laboratory analysis. Each of these smaller sub-parts
Corresponding to NIR data collected at the same location within product sample 30, the time for NIR data acquisition can be adjusted to shorten or lengthen, respectively, in response to measuring small or large product samples 30. In this case, product sample 3
Each sub-portion of 0 has one or more spectra associated with that particular location. The laboratory-determined component or property is then assigned to each spectrum from a particular location.

(Mathematical processing is performed on the absorption spectrum before performing statistical correlation analysis and calibration model building.) The absorption spectrum is preprocessed using bins and a smoothing function. Then, using a partial least squares analysis (or a variation thereof, such as piecewise direct normalization), the processed absorbance spectra are analyzed for brix, acidity, pH, firmness, color, internal or external severity of damage. Correlate with assigned components and characteristic values, such as type and texture quality.

(Method for Minimizing Number of Samples Required for Development of Calibration Model) The following method can be used to minimize the number of required calibration samples. 1) Spectra were collected on all test samples 30, 2) Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was performed on the absorbance spectra before destructive laboratory measurements, 3) then P
Generate a composite score plot (eg, Score 1 vs. Score 2, Score 3 vs. Score 4, etc.) from the CA, and 4) compare the score as a random method or as a group with all groups of the original sample 30. Select a subset of the original samples (eg, 40% of the original number of samples) from the score plot by selecting samples that produce a similar range of values, mean and standard deviation.

Agricultural product sample 30 whose composition may vary, especially according to growth conditions and diversity
Then, the calibration needs to be updated regularly to maintain the accuracy of the measurement. Several methods can be used to minimize the calibration update work. As the fruit or vegetable sample 30 is analyzed in the packaging and sorting warehouse, its visible / near infrared spectrum can be inspected by software to determine if the sample is eligible for a potential calibration update sample 30. A good calibration update sample 30 is
It ranges from low component values to high component values and ranges in the same range as the original sample 30 score values.

[Brief description of drawings]

FIG. 1 is a conceptual diagram illustrating one embodiment of an apparatus for measuring and correlating fruit characteristics with a combined visible and near infrared spectrum.

FIG. 1A is a side sectional view of FIG.

FIG. 1B is a side sectional view of FIG. 1.

FIG. 1C is a flow chart showing the method of the present invention.

FIG. 1D is a flow chart illustrating a method and apparatus that includes a light source that illuminates a sample.

FIG. 1E is a flow chart showing a method and apparatus showing a light source as a broadband light source, such as a tungsten halogen lamp for illuminating a sample.

FIG. 1F is a flow chart illustrating a method and apparatus of the present invention showing a light source consisting of individual wavelength light emitting diodes (LEDs) that are sequentially ignited or lit to illuminate a sample.

FIG. 2 is a top plan view showing a light source including at least one photodetector.

2A is a partial elevational view of FIG. 2 with the sample removed.

FIG. 2B is a top plan view showing one light source.

FIG. 2C is an elevation view of FIG. 2B.

2D is an elevational view of a portion of FIG. 2C showing a shielding method and apparatus in the form of another shield article directed to a photodetector.

2E is an enlarged view showing details of the shield device between the photodetector of FIG. 2 and the sample.

FIG. 3 is a top plan view showing another embodiment of a light source and photodetector arrangement.

3A is a schematic diagram showing a part of FIG. 3. FIG.

FIG. 3B is a schematic diagram showing a part of FIG. 3.

FIG. 4 is a top plan view showing another embodiment of a light source and photodetector arrangement.

FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram showing a light source and a photodetector configured in a sampling head.

5A is a side view showing a sample located on the sampling head of FIG. 5. FIG.

FIG. 5B is a schematic diagram showing the embodiment of FIG. 5.

5C is an enlarged view of a portion of FIG. 5B of the photoelectric detector 255 array with filter 130. FIG.

5D is a schematic diagram illustrating the embodiment of FIG.

5E is a cross-sectional view of the photoelectric detector 255 array of FIG. 5D.

FIG. 6 is a top plan view of another embodiment of the present invention.

6A is a cross-sectional view of FIG. 6 showing the sampling head.

6B is an elevational view of another embodiment of the present disclosure and the embodiment of FIG. 6. FIG.

FIG. 6C is a plan view of the embodiment of FIG. 6B.

6D is a partial detail view from FIG. 6B showing the light source, the lamp, the light source fixing element, the case, the sampling head, the photodetector located near and far from the light source, the light source input and the photodetector output.

6E is an elevational view of the embodiment of the invention of FIG. 6. FIG.

6F is a detailed view of a portion of FIG. 6E.

FIG. 7 is a side view showing another embodiment.

7A is a partial elevational view of FIG. 7. FIG.

FIG. 7B shows the photodetector and sample transfer system, bracket fixture, photodetector fixture, photodetector output, spectrometer and detector as the sample moves beneath it in the direction of the photodetector. FIG. 8 is a partial elevational view of FIG. 7.

FIG. 7C is an elevation view showing a plurality of photodetectors 80.

FIG. 7D: Lamp 1 oriented to illuminate the sample from the side
7 is a partial enlarged view from FIG. 7C showing FIG.

7E is a partially enlarged view from FIG. 7C showing one of the photodetectors 80. FIG.

8 is a side view of another embodiment of the apparatus of FIG. 7.

8A is a partial elevational view of FIG. 8 showing the light shield and at least one curtain, light source, and sample transfer system when the sample has moved into contact with and is below the light shield. .

8B is a partial elevational view of FIG. 8 showing the light shield, at least one curtain, the photodetector and the sample transfer system when the sample has moved into contact with and is located under the light shield.

FIG. 9 is an elevational view showing an additional embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram showing the use of a spectrometer sensor to measure fruits and vegetables during operation on a sample conveyor 295.

10A is a cross-sectional view of FIG. 10 showing proximity sensing means 340 in the form of reflective means.

FIG. 11 is a schematic diagram showing a method of performing a reference measurement of the lamp 123 of the light source 120, which can also obtain brightness and wavelength outputs using the reflecting means 360.

FIG. 12 is a side view showing the operation of mechanically inserting the reference means 430 at or near the position where the actual sample 30 is normally measured.

FIG. 13 is a side view showing the operation of mechanically inserting the reference means 430 at or near the position where the actual sample 30 is normally measured.

FIG. 14: Attach the lamp 123 of the light source 120 to the distal side of the sample 30,
FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram showing means for reducing the width of the device structure by directing the spectrum from the sample 30 with the reflecting means 360 and the lens 78 or the reference light transmitting means 320 and receiving the spectrum via the aperture 310.

FIG. 14A: The lamp 123 of the light source 120 is mounted distal to the sample 30 and the spectrum from the sample 30 is directed by the reflecting means 360 and the lens 78 or the reference light transmitting means 320 and received through the aperture 310. By this, the schematic diagram which shows the means to reduce the width of an apparatus structure.

FIG. 15 is a schematic diagram showing in detail a single detector 80 together with a filter 130 and mounting means.

FIG. 15A is a schematic diagram detailing a single detector 80 with filter 130 and mounting means.

─────────────────────────────────────────────────── ─── Continued front page    (81) Designated countries EP (AT, BE, CH, CY, DE, DK, ES, FI, FR, GB, GR, IE, I T, LU, MC, NL, PT, SE, TR), OA (BF , BJ, CF, CG, CI, CM, GA, GN, GW, ML, MR, NE, SN, TD, TG), AP (GH, G M, KE, LS, MW, MZ, SD, SL, SZ, TZ , UG, ZW), EA (AM, AZ, BY, KG, KZ, MD, RU, TJ, TM), AE, AG, AL, AM, AT, AU, AZ, BA, BB, BG, BR, BY, B Z, CA, CH, CN, CO, CR, CU, CZ, DE , DK, DM, DZ, EE, ES, FI, GB, GD, GE, GH, GM, HR, HU, ID, IL, IN, I S, JP, KE, KG, KP, KR, KZ, LC, LK , LR, LS, LT, LU, LV, MA, MD, MG, MK, MN, MW, MX, MZ, NO, NZ, PL, P T, RO, RU, SD, SE, SG, SI, SK, SL , TJ, TM, TR, TT, TZ, UA, UG, UZ, VN, YU, ZA, ZW (72) Inventor Ozanik, Richard M.             United States 99352 Washington             Richland George Washington             Yeah 3100 number 104 F-term (reference) 2G051 AA05 AB07 AC04 AC21 BA04                       BA06 BA08 BB17 CB05                 2G059 AA01 AA05 BB11 DD12 DD13                       EE01 EE02 EE05 EE12 FF08                       GG02 GG04 GG10 HH01 HH02                       HH06 JJ02 JJ11 JJ17 JJ19                       JJ23 KK01 KK03 KK04 MM09                       MM10 MM14

Claims (64)

[Claims] 1. A. Generating a relational algorithm between the properties of the sample and the absorbed and scattered light from the sample with the interior, B. Irradiating the interior of the sample with a spectrum of a certain frequency; Detecting spectra of absorbed and scattered light from the sample; D. Calculating the property of the sample. 2. A. Generating an algorithm to generate a regression vector relating visible and near infrared spectra to brix, firmness, sourness, density, pH, color and external and internal defects and anomalies; Storing the regression vector in a CPU that includes a memory as a prediction or classification construction algorithm; Irradiating the inside of the sample with a spectrum of 250 to 1150 nm, and D. Inputting the detected spectra of absorbed and scattered light from inside the sample into a spectrometer, E. Converting the detected spectrum from analog to digital, inputting the converted spectrum to a CPU and combining the detected spectra; F. Comparing the combined spectrum with a stored calibration algorithm, G. The method of claim 1, comprising predicting a characteristic of the sample. 3. A. The method of claim 1, wherein the property is a chemical property including sourness, pH and sugar content. 4. A. The method of claim 1, wherein the properties are physical properties including hardness, density, color, appearance and internal and external defects and anomalies. 5. A. The method of claim 1, wherein the characteristic is a consumer characteristic. 6. A. Sampling takes a sample from a group of CH, NH, or OH chemical groups, and B. Irradiating the inside of the sample with a spectrum of a certain frequency including visible light and near infrared light; Brix to the optical spectrum output from the illuminated sample,
Individually generating algorithms for proofreading analysis of firmness, pH and sourness, D. The method according to claim 1, comprising detecting a spectrum of absorbed light and scattered light from the sample with a photodetector. 7. A. Illuminating the interior of the sample with a spectrum of a certain frequency between 250 and 1150 nm; B. Shielding the fiber of the photodetector from the illumination spectrum; C. Measuring a spectrum of chlorophyll at about 680 nm, D. 3. The method of claim 2, comprising correlating properties of Brix, firmness, pH and sourness with the measured spectrum. 8. A. At least one light source, a sample including a sample surface and an interior, an input mechanism for positioning the at least one light source near the sample surface, and B. At least one photodetector and an output mechanism for positioning the at least one photodetector near the sample surface; An apparatus for performing the method of claim 1, comprising at least one mechanism for measuring the illumination detected from the sample. 9. (Amendment before examination) A. The at least one irradiation source is 2
Generate spectra in the region 50-1150 nm, B. The at least one mechanism for measuring the illumination is a spectrometer, the spectrometer having at least one input; The at least one photodetector is an optical pickup fiber, the at least one photodetector collecting a spectrum received by an input of the at least one spectrometer, the spectrometer being at least one spectrometer An output channel, a CPU having at least one CPU input, said at least one CPU input receiving said at least one spectrometer output, at least one computer program, said CPU having at least one Controlled by a computer program, said CPU having at least one CPU output, said at least one computer program having said at least one CPU perform the following steps: 1) at least one respective spectrometer output Chi Channel 1. ． ． Calculation process of absorption spectrum 173 for n, 2) Spectrometer 1. ． ． Step of combining absorbed ray spectrum 174 into one spectrum containing the entire wavelength range detected from said sample by n170, 3) Mathematical pretreatment, eg smoothing or box smoothing or calculating derivative
75 steps are 4) Predicted or predicted 176 for at least one of each spectrometer output channel, said pretreated binding spectrum 175 and, for example, the sample is checked, brix, firmness, sourness, density, pH, color and Each sample characteristic such as external and internal defects and anomalies 1. ． ． Prior to the step of comparing x178 with at least one stored calibration spectrum or at least one calibration algorithm 177, 5) eg internal and external defect or anomaly measurements 179, 180, color measurements 181 , Quality index 1 when eating
82, appearance quality indicator 183, and each characteristic such as a merger of sorts or other decisions 184. ． ． measuring the result of the quantification of x, or the recombination and comparison step, 6)
8. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein the packaging / sorting line performs an input process controller, or a sort or other decision 184 step, such as determining harvest time and shipment time for removal from cold storage. 10. (Amendment before examination) A. Including analog to digital conversion of at least one spectrometer output by at least one A / D converter that is an input to at least one CPU input for at least one spectrometer output channel, said at least one The CPU output has at least one spectrometer output channel 1. ． ． 10. The device according to claim 9, supplied to n. 11. A. The at least one irradiation source is a tungsten halogen lamp and the irradiation is sent to the sample surface by an optical fiber; The at least one photodetector is an optical fiber optical pickup; The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the at least one spectrometer comprises a 1026 linear array detector. 12. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the at least one illumination source is an illumination fiber. 13. A. The at least one illumination source comprises a plurality of illumination fibers, B. 12. The plurality of illuminating fibers, each illuminating fiber being located equidistant from an adjacent illuminating fiber and the at least one photodetector being located in the center of the array of illuminating fibers. apparatus. 14. A. 13. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the plurality of illuminating fibers comprises 32 illuminating fibers. 15. A. The irradiation source is 5 watts of tungsten halogen
13. The device according to claim 12, which is a lamp. 16. A. The plurality of irradiation sources comprises two 50 watt light sources, B. 13. The device of claim 12, wherein the at least one photodetector comprises a plurality of photodetectors. 17. A. 16. The device of claim 15, wherein the plurality of photodetectors are arranged such that each photodetector is equidistant from an adjacent photodetector. 18. A. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein the plurality of photodetectors comprises 22 photodetectors. 19. A. The illumination source comprises an ellipsoidal reflector having a 50 watt bulb including a cooling fan, the plurality of illumination fibers comprising at least one optical fiber for directing the light source to the sample surface; ． 13. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the at least one optical fiber and the at least one photodetector are deflected by a spring with respect to the sample surface, and the pressure due to the spring deflection is limited by the properties of the sample. 20. A. The at least one illumination source is a 5 watt tungsten halogen lamp, the at least one photodetector is an optical fiber, and the illumination source is a sample 180 degrees away from the detection fiber. The device of claim 11 located opposite the surface. 21. A. A polarizing filter is provided between the at least one illumination source and the sample, B. 13. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein a matched polarizing filter is located between the at least one photodetector and the sample. 22. A. 21. The apparatus of claim 20, wherein the polarization filter is a linear polarization filter and the matched polarization filter is a linear polarization filter rotated 90 degrees with respect to the polarization filter. 23. A. At least one light source, a sample including a sample surface and an interior, an input mechanism for positioning the at least one light source near the sample surface, and at least one between the at least one light source and the sample B. one shutter and said at least one light source having a lamp output; B. At least one photodetector, an output mechanism for mounting the at least one photodetector near the sample surface, and at least one between the at least one photodetector and the sample surface A collimating lens and at least one mechanism for measuring illumination detected from the sample surface; At least one reference photodetector facing the lamp output, at least one shutter between the at least one reference photodetector and the at least one lamp output, and illumination detected from the lamp output And at least one mechanism for measuring. 24. A. In order to better predict the quality, taste, sweetness / sourness ratio when eaten, the steps of using the predictive properties of the sample in combination, as described below, and sugar content and acid content In order to more accurately predict the process of using the ratio to amount and the quality when eaten, the following are: sugar content, acid content, pH, firmness, color, external and internal. 3. Using the combined data from two or more of the abnormalities. 25. A. The sample presence sensing means allows
Sensing the sample data, including sensing the presence or absence of the sample carried by the conveyor; sensing the position / location of the sample 30 with respect to the spectral measurement point by sample position sensing means; computer program controlled CPU
Presence and position sensing means having an output for, a computer program controlled CPU to determine if the sample 30 being measured is in an optimal position for spectral measurements, and whether a sample is present The method of claim 2 including a computer program controlled CPU to determine if. 26. A. 26. The method of claim 25, wherein the presence sensing means is proximity sensing means. 27. A. The position sensing means detects movement of the sample conveyor 295 and, under computer program control, sends one or more electronic or digital signals to the CPU 172 which initiates a control signal to start and stop the acquisition of spectra. 27. The method of claim 26, which is a delivering encoder or pulse generator 330. 28. A. 28. The method of claim 27, wherein the computer program controlled CPU determines when to perform a reference test on the light source lamp and the spectrometer performs a reference test on the spectrometer that receives the spectral input from the light source lamp and the detector. 29. A. 29. The method of claim 28, further comprising the step of testing a reference that includes measuring a dark spectrum and / or a reference spectrum and / or a standard / calibration sample. 30. A. A light source achieved by a collimating lens 78, or other optical transmission means, including, for example, an optical fiber for transferring light interacting with the sample 30 to the detector 200 of the information storage medium spectrometer 170. Collection of lamps of lamps; in the absence of sample 30, said dark spectrum, reference spectrum (lamp brightness and lamp), which may be an optical filter or a polymer or organic material with well known and reproducible spectral properties. Other reference measurements are made to improve stability and accuracy such as color output) and standard / calibration samples; in the absence of a sample the following measurements: 1) Reference spectrum of the light source ( Luminance vs. wavelength) 2) Sample spectrometer 170 and reference spectrometer Measuring the dark current (in the absence of light) of the detector 200 of one or more spectrometers 170, including but not limited to 3) standard or calibration samples or filters 130 or materials, 30. The method of claim 29, which makes measurements that are not limited to these. 31. A. A sample presence sensing means for sensing the presence or absence of a sample being carried by a sample conveyor during movement, a sample position sensing means for the position / location of the sample 30 with respect to a spectral measurement point, and a computer program controlled CPU A presence sensing means and a position sensing means having an output to
A computer program controlled CPU for determining whether or not the sample 30 being measured is located at an optimum position for spectrum measurement, and a computer program controlled CPU for determining whether or not a sample is present. The apparatus of claim 8 comprising. 32. A. The sample presence sensing means is a proximity sensing means.
1. The device according to 1. 33. A. A position sensing means detects movement of the sample conveyor 295 and, under computer program control, sends one or more electronic or digital signals to the CPU which initiates control signals to start and stop spectrum acquisition. 33. The apparatus of claim 32, which is a delivering encoder or pulse generator 330. 34. A. 34. The apparatus of claim 33, having computer program controlled timing for performing a reference test of the source lamp, of a spectrometer that performs a reference test of the source lamp, and of a spectrometer that receives spectral input from a detector. 35. A. 35. Apparatus according to claim 34, comprising a reference test comprising measurement of dark spectrum and / or reference spectrum and / or standard / calibration sample. 36. A. Achieved by a collimating lens 78, and / or other optical transmission means, including, for example, an optical fiber for transferring light interacting with the sample 30 to the detector 200 of the information storage medium spectrometer 170. Collecting light from a source lamp; said dark spectrum, reference spectrum (lamp brightness), which may be an optical filter or a polymer or organic material with well known and reproducible spectral characteristics in the absence of sample 30. And color output) and standard / calibration samples, other reference measurements are made to improve stability and accuracy;
That is, 1) measuring the reference spectrum (luminance vs. wavelength) of the light source, 2) detecting 200 of one or more spectrometers 170, including but not limited to sample spectrometer 170 and reference spectrometer 170. Measurement of dark current (without light), 3) Standard or calibration sample or filter 130
36. The apparatus of claim 35, which makes measurements including, but not limited to, materials. 37. A. Light source lamp The process of measuring the output of the reference spectrometer and the output of the spectrometer receiving the sample spectrum input from the detector by the change in the reference measurement in the brightness or color output, and by the reference light transmitting means, the light source lamp From the source to the reference spectrometer with a detector. 38. A. The method according to claim 37, wherein an optical fiber is used as the reference light transmission means. 39. A. 38. The method of claim 37, wherein a light pipe is used as the reference light transmission means. 40. A. 38. The method of claim 37, including the step of providing the reference light transmission means at the light source lamp such that only light from the light source lamp can enter the reference light transmission means. 41. A. 41. The method according to claim 40, comprising the steps of installing at least one shutter between each light source lamp and each reference light transmission means, and opening and closing the at least one optical shutter by shutter control means. 42. A. Measuring each source lamp separately with the reference spectrometer, inputting the output of the reference spectrometer to the computer-controlled CPU, and storing in the CPU the luminance versus wavelength spectral profile of each source lamp. 38. The method of claim 37, comprising storing, comparing the stored luminance versus wavelength spectrum with an output of the reference spectrometer, and determining the state of the light source lamp from the comparison. 43. A. Using the detected spectrum as a reference spectrum to calculate an absorption (or log 1 / R) spectrum that is linear with respect to concentration (eg, Brix or sourness or pounds of firmness, etc.). The method of claim 2 including. 44. A. Closing all optical shutters of the reference light transmission means, enabling measurement of the dark current (in the absence of light) of the detector 200 of the spectrometer 170, and each wavelength (or detector) pixel By the way, the step of measuring the dark current and its brightness, and the measured dark current are measured by the shutter 33.
42. Subtracting from a reference spectrum obtained open. 45. A. An output of the reference spectrometer, a step of measuring a dark current which is the output of the sample spectrometer, a step of shielding the input to the reference spectrometer and the input to the sample spectrometer by a shielding means, Inputting the output of the reference spectrometer and the sample spectrometer to the computer program controlled CPU; subtracting the measured output from the reference spectrometer; and the measured output,
38. Subtracting from the sample spectrometer. 46. A. At least one with at least one detector 200
One spectrometer 170, at least one photodetector 80 having at least one output 82, at least one collimating lens 78 between the at least one photodetector 80 and the sample 30, and the sample. 30. At least one photodetector 80 installed to detect light from 30; at least one light source 120 lamp 123; and light blocking means between the at least one light source 120 lamp 123 and sample 30. And said at least one light source 1
At least one aperture 310 in the light blocking means, at least one light source 120 lamp 123, and at least one aperture 310 for allowing the 20 lamps 123 to illuminate the sample. Receiving a control signal from at least one CPU 172 having at least one light blocking means, at least one light blocking means operable by at least one light blocking control means, and at least one light blocking operation control output; At least one light blocking control means, at least one reference light transmission means for receiving a reference light output from at least one light source 120 lamp 123, said at least one light source 120 lamp 123, and said at least one reference light transmission means At least one reference light between The cross-sectional section, said at least one reference light blocking means can be operated by at least one reference light blocking means control means, at least
Said at least one reference light blocking means for receiving a control signal from at least one CPU 172, which has one reference light blocking operation control output 307; and said at least one for supplying an input to a detector 200 of said at least one spectrometer 170. One reference light transmission means 81 and said at least one CP for providing at least one lamp power output 125 to said at least one light source 120 lamp 123.
U172, said at least one spectrometer 170 receiving input from at least one reference light transmission means 81 having at least one output 82 received as input to said at least one CPU 172, and said at least one
The spectrometer output 82 capable of performing analog / digital conversion to form an input to one CPU 172, and the at least one CPU 17
2 from at least one detector output 82 received as an input to the at least one spectrometer 170 and the at least one CP.
The spectrometer output 82 capable of analog / digital conversion, the light source 120 lamp 123, the detector 80, a light blocking means including a shutter 300, and a shutter control means 305 to form an input to U172. A mounting means for mounting the reference light transmission means 81 and the case 250, and an encoder / pulse generator 330 to the CPU 172 for supplying the sample conveyor 295 movement data.
9. The apparatus according to claim 8, further comprising: a computer program and a control function for operating the CPU 172 when collecting data. 47. A. To measure the brightness versus wavelength output of the light source 120 lamp 123 by a reflection means as a reference measurement, and to reflect the light from the light source lamp to a photodetector having a photodetector output received by a spectrometer detector. 38. The method of claim 37, further comprising: positioning the reflective means 360. 48. A. As a result of an output from the CPU 172 controlling the reflection position means by the reflection position means, according to the reflection control means 308, a step of installing the reflection means at a position where the light is reflected from the light source lamp to the photodetector; When the CPU 172 detects the presence or absence of the sample 30 and performs reference measurement,
As the output from the computer-program-controlled CPU 172, the step of inserting the reflection means according to the reflection control means 308 controlling the reflection-position means, and as the output from the computer-program-controlled CPU 172, the reflection-position means 48. Withdrawing said reflecting means according to reflection controlling means 308 controlling said. 49. The measurement according to claim 8, further comprising: as an output from the CPU 172 controlling the reflection position means, according to the reflection control means 308.
When a reference means is used to detect the presence or absence of the sample 30 by means of the reflection means installed by the reflection position means at the position where the light is reflected from the light source lamp to the photodetector, a computer program control As the output from the CPU 172, the reflection control means 308 controlling the reflection position means 308 controls the reflection position means as an output from the CPU 172 which inserts the reflection means and the computer program controlled CPU 172. Retracting the reflecting means according to the reflecting control means 308. 50. A. The actual sample 30 located between the lamp 123 of the light source 120 and the reference light transmission means 320 connected to the detector 200 of the sample spectrometer 170 is at or near the position measured in the usual way. Then, as shown in FIGS. 12 and 13, by mechanically inserting the reference means 430, the light reflecting or diffusing body for obtaining the reference spectrum can be obtained as well, and the control signal can be received. 12 and 13 as shown in FIG.
Insertion means including, but not limited to, an actuator system 400 capable of actuating an actuator 410 that pushes or 421 pistons 420 and retracts 422, or by means well known to those skilled in the art, including control signals, for example: 9. A device according to claim 8 in which power, including electrical, pneumatic, hydraulic and other means is provided by the power transmission means 440 to operate the actuator, as will be appreciated by those skilled in the art. . 51. A. Illuminating the interior of the sample with at least one light source lamp while the sample is rolling or rotating, wherein the rolling measurement improves overall measurement of the whole product The method according to claim 2, wherein 52. A. Illuminating the interior of the sample with at least one light source lamp while the sample is rolling or rotating, in which case measurements made without rolling the sample improve accuracy, The method of claim 2 wherein the movement reduces spectral noise. 53. A. When the sample 30 passes the spectrum acquisition point,
The method of claim 2, comprising obtaining a plurality of spectra, each spectrum representing a different measurement location or region on the product. 54. A. 1) by measuring the size or weight of the sample with a weight or mass sensor commonly used in the industry, and 2) a color classifier, for example to provide data from an image of a camera or charge coupled device. Or by using a defect classifier, 3) by using other size sensors based on magnetic curtains, inductive curtains, light reflecting curtains or multiple light beam curtains commonly used in other industries, The method of claim 2 including the step of optimizing the signal to noise ratio and accuracy of the small and large samples. 55. A. The relative size of the samples provides an improved signal-to-noise ratio spectrum for large samples 30, for example detector 80
In the case of a small product sample 30, the detector 80 is saturated with light so that the exposure or integration time of the can be set longer for large product samples 30 and shorter for smaller products. 55. The method of claim 54, including the step of adjusting the hardware spectrum acquisition parameters or the amount of light, for example, by changing the size of the aperture 310, to prevent this. 56. A. Improving accuracy by checking multiple individual spectra collected from one sample and low quality or "outliers (o
utlier) "spectra, and calculating said absorption spectra from the raw data collected for the dark, reference and samples, and for each individual sample by a computer program controlled CPU or by programmed hardware. Remove low quality spectra from this batch of spectra using the process of checking each individual spectrum from a series of spectra or batches of spectra obtained for and the remaining spectra for component or characterization predictions And absorption spectrum = −log ₁₀ [(sample luminance spectrum−sample dark current spectrum) / (reference luminance spectrum−reference dark current spectrum)], that is, the absorption spectrum is the dark spectrum. For current correction reference spectrum That the dark current correction sample spectra of the ratio of negative logarithm (
The method of claim 2 further comprising the step of utilizing the base equal to 10) to combine the retained spectrum of the product sample with a suitable reference and dark current measurement. 57. A. Combining all of the absorption spectra of each product sample to produce an intermediate or average absorption spectrum of the product sample, and calculating a component, feature or characteristic of the sample in question based on a previously stored calibration algorithm 57. The method of claim 56, further comprising the step of using this average absorption spectrum to: 58. A. Individual use of each absorption spectrum together with the previously stored calibration algorithm to calculate multiple results for the constituent, feature or characteristic of the sample in question of the individual product sample, and summing all numbers Then, by dividing the resulting total number by the number of absorption spectra used,
57. The method of claim 56, further comprising the step of determining the intermediate or average component, characteristic or property of interest. 59. A. Measuring the sample and link position on the product sample collecting visible / near infrared data at the same position measured by the laboratory reference technique, as follows: 1) product sample Near infrared by measuring 30 spectra, measuring absorption spectra, correcting reference and dark currents and storing the measurements 2) by making standard laboratory measurements on the product sample In order for the method to be successful, a response command signal is sent between the lamp 123 of the light source 120 and a light collecting detector, such as the photodetector 80 connected to the detector 200 of the spectrometer 170. Sample 30 to send
3. The method of claim 2, further comprising the step of adhering that it is important that a portion of said is the same as the portion measured by said standard laboratory technique. 60. A. The steps of moving the sample to the near infrared measurement position including the photodetector by the sample conveyor 295 and the step of selecting whether or not the conveyor 295 is rolled, in which case the rolling causes problems of all the samples. Of the components, characteristics or properties of the, and calibration algorithms (if measured by the rolling product), in order to produce an average absorption spectrum of the individual, if produced in this way. 60. The method of claim 59, further comprising the step of averaging all of the retained spectra for a product and assigning the composition, feature or property of the entire product to this one absorption spectrum. 61. A. The sample conveyor 295 moves the sample to the near-infrared measurement position including the photodetector, the step of not rolling the sample conveyor 295 means, and the same location of the product sample 30 from which the spectrum was taken. , The process of making measurements for the laboratory, the step of deciding whether to subdivide the sample into smaller parts before performing the analysis for the laboratory, and the near-infrared sampling time for small product samples, respectively. Adjusting to shorter or longer times, corresponding to the measurement of large product samples, and associating each aliquot of the product sample 30 with one or more spectra associated with that particular location. And the determined component, characteristic or property of the problem determined by the laboratory method from its specific position. The method of claim 59, further comprising a respective spectral or more steps to be assigned to the spectrum. 62. A. Before performing the statistical correction analysis and calibration model creation, mathematical processing is performed on the absorption spectrum, preprocessing the absorption spectrum by bin and smoothing function, and partial least squares analysis (or piecewise Its modified analysis, such as direct normalization, allows absorption spectra to be measured for brix, sourness, pH
3. The method of claim 2, further comprising the step of associating with said assigned component values and specific values, such as, hardness, color and degree and type of external and internal abnormalities, and taste quality. 63. A. Minimizing the number of samples needed to develop a calibration model, and performing a principal component analysis (PCA) on the absorption spectrum prior to making destructive laboratory measurements. , Principal component analysis (eg,
Generating a resulting score curve from score 1 vs. score 2, score 3 vs. score 4, etc.) and similarity of score values compared to all groups of original sample 30 randomly or as a group 3. The method of claim 2, further comprising selecting a subset of the original samples (e.g., 40% of the original number of samples) from the score curve by selecting samples exhibiting the range, mean and standard deviation. 64. A. In order to maintain the measurement accuracy, calibration update must be performed regularly, calibration update is minimized, and fruit or vegetable samples are stored in the packaging warehouse and sorting warehouse. Analyzing visible / near infrared spectra while being housed in a computer;
Checking by the program control CPU and determining if the sample qualifies as a potential calibration update sample, covering low to high component values, score value of 30 for the original sample 64. The method of claim 63, further comprising selecting a calibration update sample 30 that covers the same range as.