JP2003185762A - Direction based basic wind speed map, method of creating it, method of estimating basic wind speed for each direction, method of creating chart of isogram of physical quantity, and method of estimating physical quantity - Google Patents

Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To read estimates of wind speeds in different directions at a desired point. <P>SOLUTION: The measurements of wind speeds in different directions at each of a plurality of measuring points are statistically processed to determine the basic wind speeds in different directions at each measuring point. Also, simulations or experiments reflecting the influence of geography between the measuring points are conducted to determine virtual measurements of wind speeds in different directions at and between the measuring points. The virtual measurements are corrected to make the basic wind speeds equal to the virtual measurements at all the measuring points so as to determine estimated basic wind speeds in different directions between the measuring points. Using the estimated wind speeds and the basic wind speeds in different directions, adjacent equal values or values belonging to a certain numerical range are connected by lines, whereby isotachs of estimated basic wind speeds in different directions are drawn on a map. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2003,JPO

Description

Detailed Description of the Invention

[0001]

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a technique for estimating a value of a physical quantity such as wind speed at an arbitrary point by using an actual measurement value and a simulation value or an experimental value. More specifically, the present invention is a map which can read the estimated value at a desired point for the wind speed according to the wind direction, a method for creating the map, and a method for estimating the wind speed according to the wind direction at the desired point,
In addition, the present invention relates to a method of creating an isoline map of a physical quantity in which an estimated value of a physical quantity to be measured can be read at a desired point, and a method of estimating a value of a physical quantity to be measured at a desired point.

[0002]

2. Description of the Related Art A main external force acting on a transmission tower or an overhead line that constitutes a transmission line is a wind load, and a wind resistant design is extremely important. As a peculiar point of the power transmission tower and the overhead line compared to other structures such as long bridges, high-rise buildings, and chimneys, consider the coupling behavior of the transmission tower and the overhead line, which have completely different vibration characteristics. It is necessary, the proportion of wind load on the overhead lines is high, the directional characteristics are likely to appear remarkably in terms of strength, and the speed increases such that the ridgeline of the inland mountainous area or the slope near the coast or converge and blow through Often built on terrain, and so on.

[0003] Conventionally, as the standards to be referred to when designing a transmission tower in Japan, technical standards (Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry ordinance) and interpretation regarding electrical equipment, overhead transmission rules (JE
AC6001-1993 (The Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan), and support design standards for power transmission (JEC127-1979 (The Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan)). Table 1 summarizes the features of these standards from the viewpoint of wind resistant design.

[Table 1]

[0004]

However, in the conventional standards shown in Table 1, the design wind speed is uniformly set for all wind directions. That is, for all wind directions, the design standard for electrical equipment is 40 m / s, and the design standard for power transmission supports defines the design wind speed for each administrative division. For this reason, the existing design method is a static design based on the maximum instantaneous wind speed in which the wind loads from multiple wind directions are taken into consideration for the transmission tower, while the wind directions are orthogonal to the overhead lines. As a result, in the case of a transmission tower with a large horizontal angle or when the wind direction of the maximum wind speed actually received by the overhead line is not orthogonal to the overhead line, the margin becomes excessively large and the load bearing capacity of each transmission tower is increased. It is presumed that a difference may occur, and it is necessary to consider rationalization.

The rationalization study needs to be performed from both aspects of wind speed calculation and wind load calculation. When calculating the wind load, structural strength is examined for multiple wind directions, but if the wind speed is uniform in all wind directions, the dominant wind direction is the structure (power transmission tower or overhead line).
It will be determined only by the structural arrangement and shape of. In order to conduct further rationalization study, it is indispensable to set the wind direction characteristics at the construction site, that is, rational setting of wind speed for each wind direction.

[0006] On the other hand, as a recent tendency, the capacity of transmission lines has been increased, and along with this, the size of transmission towers has been increased and the number of mountain areas has been increased, which may cause unexpected damage due to stronger winds than expected. For example, Typhoon No. 19 of 1991 caused major obstacles to power transmission, such as the fall of power transmission towers in the Chugoku, Shikoku, and Kyushu regions.

[0007] From the above, in order to design a safe and rational power transmission and distribution facility, it is necessary to sufficiently examine how strong and possibly the wind may blow from each construction point. desirable. However, in order to obtain the wind speed according to the wind direction that may occur in the future, such as the 50-year or 100-year return period value, data accumulated in the past is statistically processed, so that it is generally observed and accumulated at a meteorological station (meteorological station). It is necessary to use the data obtained. However, since the wind is greatly affected by the topography, the actual wind speed according to the wind direction at the construction site may be significantly different from the data at the nearby meteorological office. Therefore, it is difficult to estimate the wind speed according to the wind direction at any position between the meteorological offices, and in fact, the adoption of the wind speed according to the wind direction does not exist in the technical guidelines in the field of civil engineering and construction (see the following references). : Japan Highway Association Road Bridge Windproof Design Handbook, 1991, Honshu Shikoku Connecting Bridge Public Corporation Honshi Connecting Bridge Windproof Design Standard, 1976
And 1993, Architectural Institute of Japan: Building Load Guidelines / Commentary, 1993), British Standard (Reference: BS810)
0, Part 1, 1986), Australian Standard (references:
In the SAA Loading Code, Part2: Wind loads, 1989), there is only a regulation that can be seen in the form of introducing a coefficient for each wind direction in urban areas where there are many observation data. Moreover, these are applicable only to areas where strong winds are caused by relatively low pressure passage, and are not applicable to hurricane areas.

Therefore, an object of the present invention is to provide a basic wind speed map for each wind direction by which an estimated value of the wind speed for each wind direction can be read, a method for creating the map, and a method for estimating the wind speed for each wind direction at a desired point. To do.

The present invention also relates to a method of creating an isoline map of a physical quantity in which an estimated value of a physical quantity to be measured can be read, and a method of estimating the value of the physical quantity to be measured at a desired point. The purpose is to provide.

[0010]

In order to achieve the above object, the basic wind speed map according to the wind direction according to the first aspect of the present invention is formed by drawing iso wind speed lines of the estimated wind speed according to the wind direction on the map.

Therefore, if a desired point is searched for on the map and the constant wind velocity line at that point is read, the estimated value of the wind speed for each wind direction at that point can be obtained very easily. This can contribute to a safe and rational structure design.

The basic wind speed map for each wind direction can be created by the invention according to claim 2, for example.
The basic wind speed map for each wind direction according to claim 2 statistically processes actual measurement values of wind speeds for each measurement point to obtain the basic wind speed for each measurement point, and at the same time, maps the topography between measurement points. A virtual measurement value of the wind speed for each wind direction between the measurement points is obtained by performing a simulation or experiment that reflects the effect, and virtual measurement is performed so that the basic wind speed for each wind direction matches the virtual measurement value at all measurement points. The estimated basic wind speed for each wind direction between the measurement points is calculated by correcting the values, and the estimated basic wind speed for each wind direction and the basic wind speed for each wind direction are used to connect adjacent equal values or values belonging to a certain numerical range with a line to form an equal wind speed line. I try to draw it on the map.

Therefore, the basic wind speed map for each wind direction can be easily created on the basis of the actual measurement value regarding the wind speed for each wind direction and the appropriate simulation analysis result or experimental result.

In the method for estimating the basic wind speed for each wind direction according to claim 3, the actual measurement value of the wind speed for each wind direction at each of the plurality of measurement points is statistically processed to obtain the basic wind speed for each wind direction, and the basic wind speed for each measurement point is calculated. Perform a simulation or experiment that reflects the influence of the terrain between the measurement points to obtain virtual measurement values of the wind speed for each wind direction between the measurement points and match the basic wind speed for each wind direction with the virtual measurement value at all measurement points. Thus, the virtual measurement value is corrected to estimate the basic wind speed for each wind direction at a desired point between the measurement points.

In this case, it is possible to obtain the estimated value of the basic wind speed for each wind direction, which reflects the influence of the topography, at any position between the measurement points without the need to create the basic wind speed map for each wind direction.

Further, the method of creating the contour map of physical quantity according to claim 4 is to obtain the actual measurement value of the physical quantity to be measured at a plurality of measurement points or statistically process the actual measurement value to obtain a standard for each measurement point. In addition to obtaining the value, a simulation or experiment that reflects the influence of the topography between the measurement points is performed to obtain the virtual measurement value of the physical quantity between the measurement points and the measurement points, and the actual measurement value or the reference value and the virtual value at all measurement points Calculate the estimated physical quantity value between the measurement points by correcting the virtual measured value so that the measured value matches, and use the actual measured value or the reference value and the estimated physical quantity value to make an adjacent equal value or belong to a predetermined numerical range. I connect the values with a line and draw an isoline on the map.

In this case, not only the estimation of the wind speed for each wind direction but also a map for estimating the value at any position between measurement points can be created for all measurable physical quantities. In particular, it is useful for estimating physical quantities that can change significantly under the influence of topography.

Further, the physical quantity estimating method according to claim 5 obtains a reference value for each measurement point by obtaining an actual measurement value of the physical quantity to be measured at a plurality of measurement points or by statistically processing the actual measurement value, Perform a simulation or experiment that reflects the influence of topography between measurement points to obtain virtual measurement values of the physical quantity between the measurement points and the measurement points, and match the actual measurement value or reference value with the virtual measurement value at all measurement points The virtual measurement value is corrected so that the value of the physical quantity at a desired point between the measurement points is estimated.

In this case, it is possible to obtain an estimated value of the physical quantity in which the influence of the topography is reflected at an arbitrary position between the measurement points without making the contour map of the physical quantity.

[0020]

BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION The structure of the present invention will be described below in detail based on the embodiments shown in the drawings.

1 to 14 show an embodiment of a basic wind velocity map for each wind direction and a method for creating the same according to the present invention. This basic wind speed map according to wind direction is formed by drawing iso-velocity lines of estimated wind speed according to wind direction on the map. This basic wind speed map for each wind direction is created, for example, according to the flow shown in FIG. That is, the actual measurement value of the wind speed for each wind direction at each of the plurality of measurement points is statistically processed to obtain the basic wind speed for each wind direction at each measurement point (step 1). In addition, a simulation or experiment that reflects the influence of the topography between the measurement points is performed to obtain virtual measurement values of the wind speed for each wind direction between the measurement points (step 2). Then, the virtual measured values are corrected so that the wind direction-specific basic wind speeds and the virtual measured values match at all the measurement points, and the estimated wind direction-specific basic wind speeds between the measurement points are obtained (step 3). Then, using the basic wind speed for each wind direction and the estimated basic wind speed for each wind direction to connect adjacent equal values or values belonging to a certain numerical range with a line, draw an iso-velocity line of the estimated basic wind speed for each wind direction on the map. (Step 4). As a result, a basic wind speed map for each wind direction is created.

First, step 1 will be described. Here, the basic wind speed is a wind speed set so as to be suitable for the purpose of use (for example, an index for designing a structure). The basic wind speed for each wind direction at each measurement point can be obtained, for example, by presetting a certain standard suitable for the purpose of use and statistically processing the actual measurement value at the measurement point according to the certain standard. In this embodiment, as the basic wind speed for each wind direction,
The reproduction period value (statistically, the maximum wind speed for each wind direction that can occur only once during the reproduction period) is calculated.
However, the statistical processing referred to in the present invention is not limited to obtaining the reproduction period value, and includes, for example, calculation of an average value or maximum value of actual measurement values, and in some cases, an average value or maximum value of actual measurement values. A value or the like may be set as the basic wind speed for each wind direction. Here, the return period is 50 years or 1
The year 00 is common, and in the present embodiment, a 100-year reproduction period value is adopted. The reproduction period value can be obtained by statistical processing using a known or new mathematical method based on the past actual measurement value (which does not necessarily have to be shorter than the reproduction period).

In collecting past actual measurement values,
For example, it is preferable to use data from meteorological offices (meteorological stations) located in various parts of Japan. This is because various observations have been made at each meteorological office, and highly reliable data has been accumulated. Hereinafter, the measurement point in the present embodiment refers to a point where the meteorological office is located. More specifically, in this embodiment, the data shown in Table 2 is used.

[Table 2]

Here, the wind direction of the original data shown in Table 2 is 16 directions. For example, in the present embodiment, the wind direction is 8 directions.
Set to the direction. This is because the strong wind direction that occurs in statistics for several decades has a large contingency, so in order to reduce the occurrence of errors due to contingency, the data of the range up to 22.5 degrees on one side should be provided with a certain width. This is because it is considered preferable to use them for statistical processing. Table 3 shows the classification of wind directions in this case. NNE, ENE, ESE,
SSE, SSW, WSW, WNW and NNW belong to two wind direction sections.

[Table 3]

For example, in this embodiment, as preparation for obtaining the 100-year reproduction period value, first, the maximum annual wind speed for each wind direction at each meteorological station is extracted from the data shown in Table 2. Here, it is possible to correct the wind velocity with the transition of the anemometer.
It is preferable for increasing the reliability of data. For example, in the present embodiment, the wind turbine type self-recording wind anemometer is used as the reference anemometer,
The original data shown in Table 2 or the annual maximum wind speed for each wind direction for each meteorological office extracted from the data shown in Table 2 is corrected by the instrument according to the correction method shown in Table 4.

[Table 4]

Further, since the height of the anemometer and the surface roughness of the surroundings are different for each meteorological office, it is preferable to correct and standardize them in order to further enhance the reliability of the data. For example, in this embodiment, the anemometer altitude is unified to 10 m, and the ground surface roughness is unified to roughness II. For example, it is assumed that there is a gradient wind that is not affected by the friction of the ground surface above a certain height, and that the wind speed is constant above the height and that height is determined by the surface roughness. Then, using Formula 1, for the yearly maximum wind speed for each wind direction of each meteorological office that is extracted from the data shown in Table 2 and for which the above-described instrument correction has been performed, correction that unifies the anemometer altitude to 10 m And the surface roughness is corrected to the roughness II.

[Equation 1] Where: V ₀ : corrected wind speed [m / S] V: observed wind speed [m / S] h: actual anemometer altitude of the meteorological station [m] Z _G : surface roughness around the meteorological station Lower limit altitude [m] Z _{G0 of} gradient wind corresponding to [m] Z _G0 : Lower limit altitude of gradient wind corresponding to the standardized surface roughness [m] α: Exponent α ₀ corresponding to the surface roughness around the meteorological station: It is an index that should correspond to the standardized surface roughness.

Correspondence between the ground surface roughness, the lower limit altitude Z _{G of} gradient wind and the exponent α is in accordance with, for example, the Building Load Guidelines and their explanations of the Architectural Institute of Japan shown in Table 5. In this embodiment, since the standardized surface roughness is II, Z _G0 =
350 m, α ₀ = 0.15.

[Table 5]

The surface roughness is set, for example, for each wind direction and for each year. In order to determine the surface roughness for each year by wind direction according to the condition of the ground surface in the surrounding area, it is preferable to use, for example, a photograph collection of the observation environment data collection of the Meteorological Office. This is because the changes in the observation environment can be known from the photo book. As shown in Table 6, the photo book is in addition to the latest year 1985 (taken around 1985, but for the Osaka District Meteorological Observatory, around 1990),
It is composed of photographs around the meteorological office in the 0th year (photographed around 1980) and in the 1st year 1965 (photographed around 1946).

[Table 6]

The ground surface roughness classification complies with, for example, the building load guideline / commentary of the Japan Institute of Architecture shown in Table 7.

[Table 7]

Further, it is preferable to determine the ground surface roughness by using an intermediate value. For example, the ground surface roughness for every 8 wind directions indicates the roughness of the wind direction, so it is used as it is, NNE, ENE,
For ESE, SSE, SSW, WSW, WNW, NNW, the intervening wind direction uses the intermediate value (average value) of the surface roughness on both sides. As the surface roughness for each year, for example, a value obtained by interpolating each year is used. For example, when the surface roughness of Year 1965 is II and the surface roughness of Year 1950 is III, in order to obtain the surface roughness of 1948, the following formula is used. .

[Equation 2] Surface roughness in 1973 = {Surface roughness in 1965 × (1950 shooting year-target year for which surface roughness is sought) + 1975 surface surface Roughness x (year for which surface roughness is obtained-shooting year in 1965)} / (shooting year in 1975-shooting year in 1965) = {2x
(55-48) + 3 × (48-46)} / (55-4
6) ≈ 2.2

It should be noted that before 1965 and 1960
The surface roughness after 1 year is uniform. The 1940s were taken around 1946, the 1950s around 1955, and the 1960s around 1960 (however, for the Osaka District Meteorological Observatory jurisdiction around 1990). , Reflecting these facts, determine the surface roughness classification according to yearly wind direction.

Using the yearly maximum wind speed for each of the eight wind directions of each meteorological office obtained as described above, the reproduction period value of the annual maximum wind speed is then calculated. For example, in this embodiment, in order to obtain the reproduction period value, Expression 3 is used in accordance with the idea of the extreme value distribution of Gumbel. However, the calculation method of the return period value is not limited to this, and another known or new mathematical method may be used.

[Equation 3] Here, T: Return period (year) V _T : Return period Return period value of annual maximum wind speed in year T [m /
s] _{V AVE:} material life N years of annual maximum wind speed of the average value _{S v:} material life N years of annual maximum wind speed standard deviation of the _{S y:} y _i standard deviation _y AVE: Average value of _{y i} However,

[Equation 4] Is.

Tables 8 to 10 show the calculation results of the 100-year reproduction period values obtained from the above formulas. In addition, "all wind directions" in the same table is the one obtained by extracting the maximum yearly wind speed from the data of all wind directions and calculating it by using Expression 3 and Expression 4, and the basic wind speed map for each wind direction in the present embodiment. It does not have to be used for creation.

[Table 8]

[Table 9]

[Table 10]

Next, step 2 will be described. The simulation or experiment in this embodiment is to analyze the behavior of the airflow in a simulated environment in consideration of the topography. The simulation can be realized by, for example, computer analysis, and the experiment can be realized by, for example, a wind tunnel experiment using a model. For example, in the present embodiment, the computer analysis of the flow is performed based on the equation in which the wind speed and other physical quantities are unknowns.

Here, in fluid analysis, a turbulent flow model (standard κ-ε) using the turbulent flow energy κ and its extinction coefficient ε is used.
(Model) is generally adopted. In this embodiment, an airflow analysis based on this standard κ-ε model is adopted. In addition,
In addition to the standard κ-ε model, various modified types with different characteristics have been proposed (for example, Shih's model (reference: Shih, TH, Zhu, J. and Lumley, JL: A ne.
w Reynolds stress algebraic equation model, Compu
t. Methods Appl. Mech. Eng., Vol.125, 1995, pp.287-
302) etc.), and turbulence models other than the standard κ-ε model may be used as required. It is known that the accuracy and validity of the analysis using each turbulence model are based on experience.

For example, the basic equations used for the air flow analysis of the present embodiment are an incompressible viscous fluid, a motion equation in the case of not considering the influence of buoyancy and temperature, and a mass conservation equation. Here, the standard κ− adopted as the turbulence model of the present embodiment.
In the ε model, a phenomenon occurs in which the boundary layer near the ground surface develops further downwind when the terrain is entirely horizontal. It is thought that this fact correctly represents the phenomenon that the boundary layer develops, but as in the case of typhoons, there is a constant supply of energy from the sky, and the wind speed on flat ground does not depend on the horizontal position. In the case of assuming the same distribution, it is considered appropriate to add the following artificial pressure gradient to suppress the development of the boundary layer. That is,
The inflow direction of the air flow and its flow velocity are x-axis direction and u, the horizontal right-angle direction and its flow velocity are y-axis direction and v, and the vertical direction and its flow velocity are z-axis direction and w.
, U = U _I (z), v at the inflow part of the analysis region
Assuming = 0, w = 0, ∂ / ∂x = 0, and ∂ / ∂y = 0 to be in a steady state, Equation 5 can be obtained from the equation of motion in the x-axis direction.

[Equation 5] Here, p: pressure v _t : kinematic viscosity coefficient z: vertical coordinate.

In order to maintain the vertical distribution shape u = U _I (z) of the input wind speed, this − (1 / ρ) (∂p / ∂x) is considered as the external force f, and Equation 6 is applied in the x-axis direction. It should be added only to the equation of motion.

[Equation 6]

Three-dimensional unsteady airflow simulation code used in this embodiment (developed by Hydraulic Department, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry)
Is for causing a computer to execute the following calculation, for example. That is, all of the basic equations described above are converted into a three-dimensional general curve coordinate system along the terrain, the time-varying term is the Crank-Nicolson method, the advection term of the equation of motion is the third-order upwind method, κ
-The advection term of the ε equation is the first-order upwind method, and all the diffusion terms are the central difference method considering the cross differentiation. After the difference is made by the complete implicit method, the flow velocity is calculated according to the SIMPLE method.
Calculate pressure and κ, ε.

Here, as boundary conditions, for example, κ = ε = 0, τ (shear stress) = − ρv _t ∂u / ∂Z on the ground surface.
Shall hold. It should be noted that τ is given as a friction velocity obtained by the logarithmic law of the flow velocity given the roughness height of the ground surface. Further, for example, the sky and the side surface are free-slip conditions, the flow velocity at the inflow portion is u = U _I (z), v = w = 0, and κ,
ε gives a distribution that fits this flow velocity distribution, and then a horizontal portion with a constant distance is provided. In addition, the outflow section shall have free outflow conditions that prevent backflow. Note that the initial condition is a stationary state, the inflow velocity, κ, and ε are increased for a certain period of time, and calculation is performed until it becomes steady.

As an analysis area, for example, 4 blocks of Japan (Hokkaido, Tohoku, Kanto / Chubu / Hokuriku / Kinki,
It is divided into Chugoku / Shikoku / Kyushu (Table 11 and Figures 6-9).
Air flow simulation from 8 wind directions for each analysis region.

[Table 11]

Here, the standard κ-ε model adopted as the turbulent flow model of the present embodiment is generally applied to a large region of several tens of kilometers or more where meteorological factors such as temperature, pressure and air density cannot be ignored. Is problematic in terms of reproducibility of actual phenomena. However, the airflow analysis in the present embodiment is intended to estimate the basic wind speed for each wind direction between measurement sites in consideration of the influence of topography, and to predict the wind speed distribution over a wide area at the same time as in general airflow analysis. Not meant to be. Measurement location (meteorological office)
Basic wind speed for each wind direction (reproduction period value in this embodiment)
Is not necessarily determined by the same typhoon, but is the result of observation as a result of overlapping topographic effects and meteorological strong wind conditions. Therefore, problems that are of general concern can be ignored, and an area of several 100 km square as shown in Table 11 and FIGS. 6 to 9 can be analyzed.

In the horizontal mesh division, the mesh width is set to, for example, 2 km so that the influence of the terrain on the scale of 10 to 20 km can be reflected. The elevation value of each horizontal mesh point is preferably determined based on, for example, a numerical map issued by the Geographical Survey Institute. In addition, the digital map is provided with elevations at intervals of 50 m, and the elevation is 2
50m around each point of the km mesh
It is more preferable to use the average of the elevation values of 9 points in total including each point of the mesh. In this case, it is possible to prevent the elevation value of each horizontal mesh point from being dragged by the unevenness of the local topography.

The entrance conditions are almost from the sea,
A vertical profile of roughness I is used, and for example, a design wind speed is used as an input condition. In addition, it is preferable that the condition setting of the continuation of land should be individually examined in detail, and for example, a gentle slope should be provided from the sea.

Regarding the surface roughness, for example, it is found from the results of various experiments and studies by the present inventors that it is preferable to set the sea surface roughness I and the land surface to the uniform roughness III. It was However, it is possible to set the sea to the roughness I, the flat land to the roughness II, and the mountainous area to the roughness III.

Further, in determining the mesh division in the vertical direction, in order to prevent the ratio with the horizontal mesh interval from becoming extremely small, the inventors of the present invention conducted various examinations on actual terrain, and found that the horizontal mesh width Is 2 km,
It has been confirmed that it is suitable from the viewpoint of both calculation efficiency and accuracy to set the bottom layer to 100 m from the surface of the earth, raise it to 500 m at equal intervals, and further increase the width in a geometric progression. Below the mesh point of the bottom layer, for example, using Equation 1 and Table 5, interpolating with a power index that matches the ground surface roughness,
The wind speed at any surface height shall be calculated. For example, in this embodiment, the anemometer altitude is set to 1 in step 1.
Since the correction to unify to 0 m and the correction to unify the surface roughness to Roughness II are made, for example, the air flow analysis value at a surface height of 100 m is calculated by using the mathematical formula 1, and the ground surface height is 10 m and the roughness II.
To be used for interpolation. With this method and the case where mesh points are actually provided below the surface height of 100 m,
It has been confirmed that there is almost no difference at a ground surface height of 50 m.

Area divided into four (Hokkaido, Tohoku,
Figure showing an example of south winds (horizontal cross-section wind velocity vector contour map at 100m above ground) of airflow analysis from 8 directions for each of Kanto, Chubu, Hokuriku, Kinki, and Chugoku, Shikoku, Kyushu) 10 to 13 show. The wind velocity distribution, which is the result of the air flow analysis of this embodiment, is 2 k in the horizontal direction.
Although each airflow analysis value (that is, an airflow analysis value at a discrete finite point) at a ground surface height of 10 m at m mesh points is indicated, the mesh may be further subdivided, and interpolation between meshes (for example, linear interpolation). ), And the airflow analysis value at any point including the mesh points and between the mesh points may be obtained.

Next, step 3 will be described. When performing the simulation of step 2, it is arbitrary how much the wind speed level blown from the entrance is set, and the estimated basic wind speed for each wind direction (air flow analysis value) at the measurement point (in this embodiment, the position of the meteorological office) and step 1 There may be a difference with the basic wind speed for each wind direction (100-year reproduction period value in the present embodiment) calculated in step 1 even at the same point. Therefore, the virtual measured value side is corrected so that the basic wind speed for each wind direction matches the virtual measured value at all measurement points. Various mathematical methods can be used as the correction method, and the correction method is not limited to a specific method. For example, in the present embodiment, the correction method is as follows.

First, the airflow analysis results are proportionally increased / decreased and adjusted so that the sum of squares of the differences between the airflow analysis results and the 100-year reproduction period values at all the measurement points is minimized. Next, in order to eliminate the difference between the adjusted airflow analysis result and the 100-year return period value at each measurement point, FIG.
Create a triangular mesh division diagram with nodes at the meteorological office as shown in. Within each triangle, the same area coordinates as in the finite element method are used, and the difference at each node is regarded as a node displacement, and the nodes of the triangle and the analysis value within the triangle are corrected. As a result, at the meteorological office positions, the airflow analysis results are forcibly corrected so as to match the 100-year reproduction period value, and the correction amount is gradually reduced between the meteorological office positions so that the correction amount is 0 at the adjacent meteorological office positions. Correcting operation is performed so that As a result, the 100-year reproduction period value (basic wind speed by wind direction) obtained in step 1 is obtained at the positions of the meteorological office, and the corrected airflow analysis results (basic wind speed by estimated wind direction) are interpolated between the positions of the meteorological office. .
Here, outside the area of the triangular mesh in FIG. 14, basically no correction is required, but in the vicinity of the boundary of the triangular mesh, in order to avoid a step difference in the wind speed value, several kilometers are required. It is preferable to perform an operation such that the wind speed value changes gently in the range of about 10 km.

In step 4, for example, a known or new image processing technique by a computer is used to connect a line between the estimated basic wind speeds by wind direction and the basic wind speeds by wind direction that are adjacent to each other or belong to a certain numerical value range. In this way, the contour of the estimated basic wind speed for each wind direction (iso-velocity line)
Is drawn on the map of Japan to create the basic wind speed map for each wind direction shown in FIGS. 1 to 4 (step 4). 1 to 4 show wind velocity maps for south winds.

At this time, it is preferable that the smoothing operation is performed once or twice on the whole by, for example, a known or new image processing technique by a computer, and then the contour line is drawn. In addition, for areas where land connections are divided for area division (for example, land connections such as China and Kinki, Kanto and Tohoku), it is preferable to perform a smooth continuous operation based on both analysis results. . Further, in order to easily read the wind speed value indicated by each constant wind speed line, it is preferable to additionally write the corresponding wind speed value near each constant wind speed line. Further, in order to make the basic wind speed map for each wind direction easier to see, each iso-wind speed line may be displayed in different colors for each wind speed or each wind speed range.

In the present embodiment, the wind speed data at the position of the meteorological office shown in Table 12 is not used for creating the basic wind speed map for each wind direction for the reason shown in the same table.

[Table 12]

As described above, according to the present invention, it is possible to create a basic wind speed map for each wind direction in which an estimated value at the desired point can be read for the basic wind speed for each wind direction. By using this basic wind speed map by wind direction, for example, by searching for the construction site or planned construction site of the structure on the map and reading the iso-velocity line of that point, the estimated value of the basic wind speed by wind direction at that point can be extremely calculated. Can be easily obtained. This can contribute to a safe and rational structure design. In particular, it is suitable for use in designing power transmission and distribution equipment having strong directional characteristics in terms of strength.

The above-described embodiment is an example of a preferred embodiment of the present invention, but the present invention is not limited to this, and various modifications can be made without departing from the gist of the present invention. For example, the basic wind speed by wind direction is not necessarily limited to the one using the reproduction period value as in the above-described embodiment, and depending on the use of the basic wind speed map by wind direction, for example, the average wind speed in the past certain period or the maximum in the past certain period. The wind speed or the like may be set as the basic wind speed for each wind direction. Further, although the 100-year reproduction period value is used as the reproduction period value in the above embodiment, a 50-year reproduction period value may be used. Further, in the above-described embodiment, the maximum annual wind speed is used to calculate the reproduction period value, but the annual maximum seasonal wind speed may be used. The maximum annual wind speed for each season is as follows: high temperature season (April to November) and low temperature season (1
(February to March) There is an annual maximum wind speed. By using this seasonal maximum annual wind speed, the basic wind speed map by wind direction for high temperature seasons is used for designing for typhoons, and the wind direction for low temperature seasons is used. The different basic wind speed map can be used for designing against snow accretion. In addition, for example, when a simulated value of strong winds is calculated for each wind direction, a detailed study on the possibility that statistically insignificant results may result due to a decrease in the total number of data, and observation values around the government office topography, anemometers, installations, etc. It is also possible to perform a detailed study on the possibility of being affected by conditions and make appropriate corrections if necessary.

Further, the wind velocity map is not limited to each wind direction. For example, the wind velocity of different wind directions on the same map can be changed by changing the line type (dashed line, two-dot chain line, etc.) and line color of the constant wind velocity line for each wind direction. You may draw a map.

In the above-described embodiment, the computer is used to perform the simulation. However, in some cases, for example, a wind tunnel experiment using a model may be used to obtain the virtual measurement value of the wind speed for each wind direction. .

In the above embodiment, 10 to 20k.
A basic wind velocity map was created for each wind direction reflecting m-scale topographic effects. For example, the local wind speed increase rate is separately evaluated in consideration of the influence of local small-scale topography of about 1 km scale to determine the wind direction. The design wind speed may be obtained by reflecting it on the different basic wind speed map, or by multiplying the value read from the wind direction-specific basic wind speed map by the local wind speed increase rate. In this case, it is possible to obtain a more reliable map that takes into consideration the local strong wind that is unique to a specific area due to meteorological factors such as "dashi" and "grated" that blow down the back slope of the mountain. Also, 1
The basic wind speed map by wind direction is not limited to the wind direction-specific basic wind speed map that reflects the topographic effect of 0 to 20 km. For example, the mesh may be further subdivided to create a detailed wind direction-specific basic wind speed map that reflects the detailed topographic effect. .

Further, each measurement point (for example, the position of the meteorological office)
The strongest winds of the year's largest class in the year are not necessarily caused by the same typhoon at all measurement points, and are not always observed at the same time. Therefore,
In order to estimate the maximum wind speed according to the wind direction at any place, the basic wind speed according to the wind direction at a plurality of measurement points is obtained as in the above-described embodiment, and the basic wind speed map according to the wind direction is based on these. It is preferable to create. However, for example, when the basic wind speed by wind direction at each measurement point is calculated based on the data observed at the same time, or when creating a basic wind speed map by wind direction for a narrow area (for example, 10 km square or less) For example, it is not necessary to follow the procedure of obtaining basic wind speeds for different wind directions at multiple measurement points (meteorological office positions), performing airflow analysis, correcting the airflow analysis values, and using the values for interpolation between measurement points. good. For example,
The basic wind speed for each wind direction at at least one measurement point (for example, the position of the meteorological office) is obtained, and the airflow analysis that reflects the topographic effect under the condition that the obtained basic wind speed for each wind direction at the same position as the measurement point is reflected (simulation Or wind tunnel experiment). In this case, without correcting the airflow analysis value, the airflow analysis value itself can be used to estimate the basic wind speed for each wind direction between meteorological offices that reflects the influence of the topography, and to create a basic wind speed map for each wind direction.

Further, for example, the wind over a wide area is affected by the sky and is subjected to the density distribution in the height direction, the temperature distribution, and the Coriolis force. It may be possible to make a comparative examination.

Further, for example, a detailed examination may be conducted on a place where the wind direction is greatly curved due to the terrain. For example, it is possible to take a measure such as excluding from a map the point where the wind direction is bent by 22.5 ° or more at the mesh point of the lowermost layer.

Further, according to the present invention, even if the basic wind velocity map for each wind direction is not created, an arbitrary position between measurement points
It is possible to obtain the estimated value of the basic wind speed for each wind direction, which reflects the effect of topography. In this case, the statistical measurement of the wind speed for each wind direction at each measurement point is performed to obtain the basic wind speed for each wind direction at each measurement point, and the measurement is performed by performing a simulation or experiment that reflects the influence of the topography between the measurement points. Obtain the virtual measurement value of the wind speed by wind direction between the point and the measurement point, correct the virtual measurement value to match the basic wind speed by wind direction and the virtual measurement value at all measurement points,
The basic wind speed for each wind direction at a desired point between the measurement points may be estimated.

Further, the present invention is not limited to the estimation of the wind speed for each wind direction, but can be applied to the creation of a map for estimating the value at any position between measurement points for all measurable physical quantities.
In particular, it is useful for estimating physical quantities that can change significantly under the influence of topography. In this case, the actual measurement value of the physical quantity to be measured at a plurality of measurement points is obtained, or the reference value for each measurement point is obtained by statistically processing the actual measurement value, and a simulation that reflects the influence of the topography between the measurement points or Perform an experiment to obtain virtual measurement values of physical quantities between measurement points and between measurement points, and correct virtual measurement values so that actual measurement values or reference values and virtual measurement values match at all measurement points Obtain the estimated physical quantity value in, and connect the adjacent measured value or a reference value and the estimated physical quantity value with a line that connects the equal value or a value belonging to a predetermined numerical range, and the physical quantity of the physical quantity to be measured on the map. Try to draw contour lines.

In this case, for example, based on the observation values related to environmental problems such as pollutants, pollen, and flying salt, and the appropriate simulation analysis results or experimental results using a simulated model, these distribution prediction maps are prepared. Can be easily created. Here, the reference value refers to, for example, a maximum value, an average value, or a reproduction period value obtained by statistically processing the actual measurement value, but in some cases, the actual measurement value itself may be used without using the reference value. . Further, the terrain referred to in the present invention is not limited to land, and includes terrain on the seabed, riverbed, lakebed, etc., and the present invention can be applied underwater. Furthermore, it is possible to obtain the estimated value of the physical quantity in which the influence of the topography is reflected at an arbitrary position between the measurement points without the need to create the contour map of the physical quantity. In this case, the actual measurement value of the physical quantity to be measured at a plurality of measurement points is obtained, or the reference value for each measurement point is obtained by statistically processing the actual measurement value, and the simulation that reflects the influence of the topography between the measurement points or Perform an experiment to obtain virtual measurement values of the physical quantity between the measurement points and the measurement points, correct the virtual measurement values to match the virtual measurement values with the actual measurement values or reference values at all measurement points, and then measure the measurement points. The value of the physical quantity at a desired point in the interval may be estimated.

[0063]

As is apparent from the above description, according to the wind direction-specific basic wind velocity map of claim 1, by searching for a desired point on the map and reading the iso-velocity line of that point,
The estimated value of the basic wind speed for each wind direction at the point can be obtained very easily. This can contribute to a safe and rational structure design. It is especially useful for designing power transmission and distribution equipment with strong directional characteristics in terms of strength.

Furthermore, according to the method for creating the basic wind speed map for each wind direction, the basic wind speed map for each wind direction can be easily created based on the actual measurement value regarding the wind speed by each wind direction and the appropriate simulation analysis result or experimental result. Can be created.

Further, according to the method for estimating the basic wind speed for each wind direction according to the third aspect, the wind direction for each arbitrary position between the measurement points in which the terrain influence is reflected is created without the creation of the basic wind speed map for each wind direction. An estimate of the basic wind speed can be obtained by calculation.

Further, according to the method for creating a contour map of a physical quantity according to claim 4, not only the estimation of the wind speed by wind direction but also the measurable physical quantity in general, the physical quantity of the physical quantity at any position between the measurement points is measured. You can create a map that estimates the value.
In particular, it is useful for estimating physical quantities that can change significantly under the influence of topography. For example, it is possible to easily create a distribution prediction map for these based on observation values related to environmental problems such as pollutants, pollen, and flying salt, and appropriate simulation analysis results or experimental results.

Further, according to the physical quantity estimating method of the fifth aspect, the estimated value of the physical quantity in which the influence of the topography is reflected at any position between the measurement points without the need to create the contour map of the physical quantity. Can be obtained by calculation.

[Brief description of drawings]

FIG. 1 shows an example of a basic wind velocity map for each wind direction of the present invention,
It is a figure which shows the example (Hokkaido) about a south wind.

FIG. 2 shows an example of a basic wind velocity map for each wind direction of the present invention,
It is a figure which shows the example (Tohoku) about the south wind.

FIG. 3 shows an example of a basic wind velocity map for each wind direction of the present invention,
It is a figure showing an example about the south wind (Kanto, Chubu, Hokuriku, Kinki).

FIG. 4 shows an example of a basic wind velocity map for each wind direction of the present invention,
It is a figure which shows the example (Chugoku, Shikoku, Kyushu) about the south wind.

FIG. 5 is a flowchart showing an example of a method for creating a basic wind speed map for each wind direction of the present invention.

FIG. 6 shows an example of an analysis region (Hokkaido) in the case of performing a simulation that reflects the influence of topography.

FIG. 7 shows an example of an analysis area (Tohoku) in the case of performing a simulation that reflects the influence of topography.

FIG. 8 shows an example of an analysis area (Kanto / Chubu / Hokuriku / Kinki) in the case of performing a simulation that reflects the influence of topography.

FIG. 9 shows an example of analysis areas (Chugoku / Shikoku / Kyushu) when performing a simulation that reflects the influence of topography.

FIG. 10 is a diagram showing an example of a simulation result and showing an example (Hokkaido) regarding south wind.

FIG. 11 is a diagram showing an example of a simulation result and showing an example (Tohoku) regarding a southerly wind.

FIG. 12 is a diagram showing an example of a simulation result, showing an example of a southerly wind (Kanto, Chubu, Hokuriku, Kinki).

FIG. 13 is a diagram showing an example of a simulation result and showing an example (Chugoku / Shikoku / Kyushu) of south wind.

FIG. 14 is a diagram showing an example of an operation for correcting a simulation result for interpolating between measurement points.

Claims (5)

[Claims] 1. A basic wind speed map according to wind direction, characterized in that iso wind speed lines of estimated wind speeds according to wind direction are drawn on a map. 2. A simulation or experiment in which actual measurement values of wind speeds according to wind directions at a plurality of measurement points are statistically processed to obtain basic wind speeds according to wind directions at the measurement points, and the influence of topography between the measurement points is reflected. Performing the above to obtain virtual measurement values of wind speeds according to wind direction between the measurement points and the measurement points, and correcting the virtual measurement values so that the basic wind speeds according to the wind direction and the virtual measurement values at all the measurement points match. Then, the estimated basic wind speed for each wind direction between the measurement points is obtained, and the estimated basic wind speed for each wind direction and the basic wind speed for each wind direction are used to connect adjacent equal values or values belonging to a certain numerical range with a line to map the equal wind speed lines. A method for creating a basic wind speed map by wind direction, which is characterized by being drawn above. 3. A simulation or experiment in which actual measurement values of wind speeds according to wind directions at a plurality of measurement points are statistically processed to obtain basic wind speeds according to wind directions at the measurement points, and the influence of topography between the measurement points is reflected. Performing the above to obtain virtual measurement values of wind speeds according to wind direction between the measurement points and the measurement points, and correcting the virtual measurement values so that the basic wind speeds according to the wind direction and the virtual measurement values at all the measurement points match. Then, the method for estimating the basic wind speed for each wind direction at a desired point between the measurement points is estimated. 4. An actual measurement value of a physical quantity to be measured at a plurality of measurement points is obtained or a reference value for each measurement point is obtained by statistically processing the actual measurement value, and the influence of the topography between the measurement points is calculated. Obtain a virtual measurement value of the physical quantity between the measurement point and the measurement point by performing a reflected simulation or experiment, and match the virtual measurement value with the actual measurement value or the reference value at all the measurement points To obtain the estimated physical quantity value between the measurement points by correcting the virtual measurement value, the actual measurement value or the reference value and the estimated physical quantity value adjacent to the equal value or a value belonging to a predetermined numerical value range. A method for creating a contour map of a physical quantity, which is characterized by drawing contour lines on a map by connecting lines. 5. A reference value for each measurement point is obtained by obtaining an actual measurement value of a physical quantity to be measured at a plurality of measurement points or by statistically processing the actual measurement value, and at the same time, determining the influence of topography between the measurement points. Obtain a virtual measurement value of the physical quantity between the measurement point and the measurement point by performing a reflected simulation or experiment, and match the virtual measurement value with the actual measurement value or the reference value at all the measurement points A method of estimating a physical quantity, comprising: correcting the virtual measurement value to estimate the value of the physical quantity at a desired point between the measurement points.