IE49216B1 - Process for the preparation of unsaturated ethers of phenols - Google Patents
Process for the preparation of unsaturated ethers of phenolsInfo
- Publication number
- IE49216B1 IE49216B1 IE2248/79A IE224879A IE49216B1 IE 49216 B1 IE49216 B1 IE 49216B1 IE 2248/79 A IE2248/79 A IE 2248/79A IE 224879 A IE224879 A IE 224879A IE 49216 B1 IE49216 B1 IE 49216B1
- Authority
- IE
- Ireland
- Prior art keywords
- zone
- process according
- unsaturated
- temperature
- dihydric phenol
- Prior art date
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 40
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title claims description 8
- 150000002170 ethers Chemical class 0.000 title abstract description 6
- 150000002989 phenols Chemical class 0.000 title description 9
- -1 alkenyl halides Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 34
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- YCIMNLLNPGFGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N catechol Chemical compound OC1=CC=CC=C1O YCIMNLLNPGFGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 46
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 26
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 15
- ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phenol Chemical compound OC1=CC=CC=C1 ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 13
- RDOXTESZEPMUJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N anisole Chemical group COC1=CC=CC=C1 RDOXTESZEPMUJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000012074 organic phase Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- NHGXDBSUJJNIRV-UHFFFAOYSA-M tetrabutylammonium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].CCCC[N+](CCCC)(CCCC)CCCC NHGXDBSUJJNIRV-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 11
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 125000001453 quaternary ammonium group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 10
- 150000004714 phosphonium salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 8
- UZKWTJUDCOPSNM-UHFFFAOYSA-N methoxybenzene Substances CCCCOC=C UZKWTJUDCOPSNM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O Ammonium Chemical compound [NH4+] QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 claims description 5
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000008346 aqueous phase Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000008044 alkali metal hydroxides Chemical group 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-] XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000002576 ketones Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- WKBOTKDWSSQWDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Bromine atom Chemical group [Br] WKBOTKDWSSQWDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Carbonate Chemical compound [O-]C([O-])=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 2
- KZBUYRJDOAKODT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine Chemical compound ClCl KZBUYRJDOAKODT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000004945 aromatic hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000007791 liquid phase Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000002825 nitriles Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- HJHUXWBTVVFLQI-UHFFFAOYSA-N tributyl(methyl)azanium Chemical compound CCCC[N+](C)(CCCC)CCCC HJHUXWBTVVFLQI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000002091 cationic group Chemical group 0.000 claims 2
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- SHFJWMWCIHQNCP-UHFFFAOYSA-M hydron;tetrabutylazanium;sulfate Chemical compound OS([O-])(=O)=O.CCCC[N+](CCCC)(CCCC)CCCC SHFJWMWCIHQNCP-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims 1
- 125000005394 methallyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims 1
- VDZOOKBUILJEDG-UHFFFAOYSA-M tetrabutylammonium hydroxide Substances [OH-].CCCC[N+](CCCC)(CCCC)CCCC VDZOOKBUILJEDG-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims 1
- GFVKHYGXCQWRON-UHFFFAOYSA-N tributyl(ethyl)azanium Chemical compound CCCC[N+](CC)(CCCC)CCCC GFVKHYGXCQWRON-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 abstract description 5
- 239000000543 intermediate Substances 0.000 abstract description 3
- 235000019568 aromas Nutrition 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000002304 perfume Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000002917 insecticide Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 39
- OHXAOPZTJOUYKM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-Chloro-2-methylpropene Chemical compound CC(=C)CCl OHXAOPZTJOUYKM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 4
- AAXBKJXGVXNSHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2-methylprop-2-enoxy)phenol Chemical compound CC(=C)COC1=CC=CC=C1O AAXBKJXGVXNSHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Benzene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1 UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Toluene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1 YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- JFDZBHWFFUWGJE-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzonitrile Chemical compound N#CC1=CC=CC=C1 JFDZBHWFFUWGJE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000010908 decantation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 3
- KWOLFJPFCHCOCG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetophenone Chemical compound CC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 KWOLFJPFCHCOCG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- YNQLUTRBYVCPMQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylbenzene Chemical compound CCC1=CC=CC=C1 YNQLUTRBYVCPMQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QIGBRXMKCJKVMJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydroquinone Chemical compound OC1=CC=C(O)C=C1 QIGBRXMKCJKVMJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000003342 alkenyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 150000001450 anions Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-M bisulphate group Chemical group S([O-])(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- MVPPADPHJFYWMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N chlorobenzene Chemical compound ClC1=CC=CC=C1 MVPPADPHJFYWMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- MHDVGSVTJDSBDK-UHFFFAOYSA-N dibenzyl ether Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1COCC1=CC=CC=C1 MHDVGSVTJDSBDK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- USIUVYZYUHIAEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N diphenyl ether Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1OC1=CC=CC=C1 USIUVYZYUHIAEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- XNLICIUVMPYHGG-UHFFFAOYSA-N pentan-2-one Chemical compound CCCC(C)=O XNLICIUVMPYHGG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000003254 radicals Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000004064 recycling Methods 0.000 description 2
- GHMLBKRAJCXXBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N resorcinol Chemical compound OC1=CC=CC(O)=C1 GHMLBKRAJCXXBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000007086 side reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- ABDKAPXRBAPSQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N veratrole Chemical compound COC1=CC=CC=C1OC ABDKAPXRBAPSQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RELMFMZEBKVZJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2,3-trichlorobenzene Chemical class ClC1=CC=CC(Cl)=C1Cl RELMFMZEBKVZJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WSLDOOZREJYCGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-Dichloroethane Chemical compound ClCCCl WSLDOOZREJYCGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DURPTKYDGMDSBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-butoxybutane Chemical compound CCCCOCCCC DURPTKYDGMDSBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- TZYRSLHNPKPEFV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-ethyl-1-butanol Chemical compound CCC(CC)CO TZYRSLHNPKPEFV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000003903 2-propenyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])=C([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-M Bicarbonate Chemical class OC([O-])=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- CPELXLSAUQHCOX-UHFFFAOYSA-M Bromide Chemical compound [Br-] CPELXLSAUQHCOX-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 description 1
- ZAFNJMIOTHYJRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diisopropyl ether Chemical compound CC(C)OC(C)C ZAFNJMIOTHYJRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Fluoride anion Chemical compound [F-] KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 238000010934 O-alkylation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sulfate Chemical compound [O-]S([O-])(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000003668 acetyloxy group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C(=O)O[*] 0.000 description 1
- 238000007792 addition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000288 alkali metal carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000008041 alkali metal carbonates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000001340 alkali metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910001860 alkaline earth metal hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005804 alkylation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001449 anionic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000012300 argon atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000001649 bromium compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000001805 chlorine compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000001907 coumarones Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- POLCUAVZOMRGSN-UHFFFAOYSA-N dipropyl ether Chemical compound CCCOCCC POLCUAVZOMRGSN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012259 ether extract Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 150000004679 hydroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 description 1
- 125000002768 hydroxyalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000012442 inert solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002484 inorganic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910010272 inorganic material Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000000749 insecticidal effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 125000001280 n-hexyl group Chemical group C(CCCCC)* 0.000 description 1
- 150000002891 organic anions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000005702 oxyalkylene group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000004430 oxygen atom Chemical group O* 0.000 description 1
- 150000002938 p-xylenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- DLRJIFUOBPOJNS-UHFFFAOYSA-N phenetole Chemical compound CCOC1=CC=CC=C1 DLRJIFUOBPOJNS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000003884 phenylalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- XYFCBTPGUUZFHI-UHFFFAOYSA-O phosphonium Chemical class [PH4+] XYFCBTPGUUZFHI-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 1
- FVSKHRXBFJPNKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N propionitrile Chemical compound CCC#N FVSKHRXBFJPNKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910021653 sulphate ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001117 sulphuric acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000011149 sulphuric acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C41/00—Preparation of ethers; Preparation of compounds having groups, groups or groups
- C07C41/01—Preparation of ethers
- C07C41/16—Preparation of ethers by reaction of esters of mineral or organic acids with hydroxy or O-metal groups
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
- Measurement Of Radiation (AREA)
- Picture Signal Circuits (AREA)
- Transforming Electric Information Into Light Information (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR7834297A FR2442822A1 (fr) | 1978-11-30 | 1978-11-30 | Procede de preparation d'ethers insatures |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| IE792248L IE792248L (en) | 1980-05-30 |
| IE49216B1 true IE49216B1 (en) | 1985-08-21 |
Family
ID=9215726
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| IE2248/79A IE49216B1 (en) | 1978-11-30 | 1979-11-23 | Process for the preparation of unsaturated ethers of phenols |
Country Status (20)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US4263462A (https=) |
| EP (1) | EP0013250B1 (https=) |
| JP (1) | JPS5576833A (https=) |
| AT (1) | ATE6632T1 (https=) |
| BG (1) | BG32112A3 (https=) |
| BR (1) | BR7907798A (https=) |
| CA (1) | CA1148978A (https=) |
| DD (1) | DD147536A5 (https=) |
| DE (1) | DE2966807D1 (https=) |
| DK (1) | DK171294B1 (https=) |
| ES (1) | ES485895A0 (https=) |
| FR (1) | FR2442822A1 (https=) |
| GB (1) | GB2035322B (https=) |
| IE (1) | IE49216B1 (https=) |
| IL (1) | IL58662A (https=) |
| PL (1) | PL126599B1 (https=) |
| PT (1) | PT70524A (https=) |
| RO (1) | RO79087A (https=) |
| SU (1) | SU934907A3 (https=) |
| YU (1) | YU41353B (https=) |
Families Citing this family (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4465868A (en) * | 1981-07-17 | 1984-08-14 | Otsuka Kagaku Yakuhin Kabushiki Kaisha | Process for preparing o-methallyloxyphenol |
| US4613703A (en) * | 1982-04-05 | 1986-09-23 | The Dow Chemical Company | Process for allylating hydroxyaromatic compounds |
| IT1151718B (it) * | 1982-04-19 | 1986-12-24 | Brichima Spa | Procedimento per la preparazione del 2,3-diidro-2,2-dimetilbenzofuran-7-olo |
| IT1196002B (it) * | 1984-01-20 | 1988-11-10 | Brichima Spa | Procedimento per la sintesi di o-isopropossifenolo |
| WO1988009782A1 (en) * | 1987-06-01 | 1988-12-15 | The Dow Chemical Company | Process for making propargyl ethers of hydroxyaromatic compounds |
| US4982012A (en) * | 1987-12-18 | 1991-01-01 | Fmc Corporation | Two phase process for preparing 2-methallyloxyphenol from catechol |
Family Cites Families (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2378698A (en) * | 1943-05-01 | 1945-06-19 | Goodrich Co B F | Partial ethers of alkenyl substituted polyhydroxybenzenes |
| GB1227144A (https=) * | 1967-04-05 | 1971-04-07 | ||
| US3927118A (en) * | 1973-12-21 | 1975-12-16 | Crown Zellerbach Corp | Process for monoetherification of polyhydric benzenes |
-
1978
- 1978-11-30 FR FR7834297A patent/FR2442822A1/fr active Granted
-
1979
- 1979-11-07 IL IL58662A patent/IL58662A/xx unknown
- 1979-11-07 US US06/092,415 patent/US4263462A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1979-11-13 ES ES485895A patent/ES485895A0/es active Granted
- 1979-11-23 GB GB7940667A patent/GB2035322B/en not_active Expired
- 1979-11-23 IE IE2248/79A patent/IE49216B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1979-11-23 CA CA000340551A patent/CA1148978A/en not_active Expired
- 1979-11-26 YU YU2891/79A patent/YU41353B/xx unknown
- 1979-11-28 DE DE7979420063T patent/DE2966807D1/de not_active Expired
- 1979-11-28 AT AT79420063T patent/ATE6632T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1979-11-28 EP EP79420063A patent/EP0013250B1/fr not_active Expired
- 1979-11-29 RO RO7999393A patent/RO79087A/ro unknown
- 1979-11-29 SU SU792847446A patent/SU934907A3/ru active
- 1979-11-29 PT PT70524A patent/PT70524A/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1979-11-29 PL PL1979219995A patent/PL126599B1/pl unknown
- 1979-11-29 JP JP15493579A patent/JPS5576833A/ja active Granted
- 1979-11-29 DK DK507279A patent/DK171294B1/da not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1979-11-30 DD DD79217283A patent/DD147536A5/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1979-11-30 BR BR7907798A patent/BR7907798A/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1979-11-30 BG BG045757A patent/BG32112A3/xx unknown
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| RO79087A (ro) | 1982-10-26 |
| FR2442822A1 (fr) | 1980-06-27 |
| ATE6632T1 (de) | 1984-03-15 |
| FR2442822B1 (https=) | 1981-06-12 |
| DK507279A (da) | 1980-05-31 |
| EP0013250A1 (fr) | 1980-07-09 |
| YU41353B (en) | 1987-02-28 |
| BG32112A3 (en) | 1982-05-14 |
| PL219995A1 (https=) | 1980-08-25 |
| JPS5576833A (en) | 1980-06-10 |
| GB2035322A (en) | 1980-06-18 |
| IL58662A (en) | 1983-10-31 |
| DK171294B1 (da) | 1996-08-26 |
| EP0013250B1 (fr) | 1984-03-14 |
| ES8100239A1 (es) | 1980-05-16 |
| BR7907798A (pt) | 1980-08-26 |
| GB2035322B (en) | 1983-03-09 |
| DE2966807D1 (en) | 1984-04-19 |
| YU289179A (en) | 1982-08-31 |
| CA1148978A (en) | 1983-06-28 |
| ES485895A0 (es) | 1980-05-16 |
| JPS6223730B2 (https=) | 1987-05-25 |
| IL58662A0 (en) | 1980-02-29 |
| US4263462A (en) | 1981-04-21 |
| PL126599B1 (en) | 1983-08-31 |
| SU934907A3 (ru) | 1982-06-07 |
| IE792248L (en) | 1980-05-30 |
| DD147536A5 (de) | 1981-04-08 |
| PT70524A (fr) | 1979-12-01 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| MM4A | Patent lapsed |