GB2553035A - An attenuated total reflection crystal fabricated from diamond material - Google Patents
An attenuated total reflection crystal fabricated from diamond material Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- GB2553035A GB2553035A GB1710641.0A GB201710641A GB2553035A GB 2553035 A GB2553035 A GB 2553035A GB 201710641 A GB201710641 A GB 201710641A GB 2553035 A GB2553035 A GB 2553035A
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- United Kingdom
- Prior art keywords
- atr
- working surface
- sample
- atr crystal
- inlet
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Links
- 238000005102 attenuated total reflection Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 85
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 71
- 229910003460 diamond Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 31
- 239000010432 diamond Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 31
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 19
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 238000001210 attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 230000003746 surface roughness Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000523 sample Substances 0.000 description 32
- 238000005498 polishing Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000004566 IR spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000003698 laser cutting Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000007514 turning Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000035515 penetration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002093 peripheral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004611 spectroscopical analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/17—Systems in which incident light is modified in accordance with the properties of the material investigated
- G01N21/55—Specular reflectivity
- G01N21/552—Attenuated total reflection
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
- G01J3/00—Spectrometry; Spectrophotometry; Monochromators; Measuring colours
- G01J3/28—Investigating the spectrum
- G01J3/42—Absorption spectrometry; Double beam spectrometry; Flicker spectrometry; Reflection spectrometry
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/17—Systems in which incident light is modified in accordance with the properties of the material investigated
- G01N21/25—Colour; Spectral properties, i.e. comparison of effect of material on the light at two or more different wavelengths or wavelength bands
- G01N21/31—Investigating relative effect of material at wavelengths characteristic of specific elements or molecules, e.g. atomic absorption spectrometry
- G01N21/35—Investigating relative effect of material at wavelengths characteristic of specific elements or molecules, e.g. atomic absorption spectrometry using infrared light
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
- G01J3/00—Spectrometry; Spectrophotometry; Monochromators; Measuring colours
- G01J3/28—Investigating the spectrum
- G01J3/42—Absorption spectrometry; Double beam spectrometry; Flicker spectrometry; Reflection spectrometry
- G01J2003/425—Reflectance
Abstract
An attenuated total reflection (ATR) crystal (10, fig 1) for ATR spectroscopy of a sample is formed of a diamond material and configured to have an inlet surface 32 and an outlet surface 34 for an infrared analysis beam, and a convexly curved working surface 36 for contacting the sample to be analysed (48, fig 4). The IR analysis beam is directed through the inlet surface 32, reflects internally off an inner side of the working surface 36 and passes out of the outlet surface 34. The ATR crystal (10, fig 1) is in the form of a chamfered cylinder 30 comprising two flat chamfered side walls forming the inlet 32 and outlet 34 surfaces, and an end surface of the chamfered cylinder forming the working surface 36, which may be spherically symmetric. The ATR crystal (10, fig 1) may be used with an IR light source (42, fig 4) and detector (46, fig 4) as part of an ATR spectrometer (40, fig 4).
Description
(56) Documents Cited:
EP 0529999 A2 US 6141100 A1
G01J3/42 (2006.01)
EP 0516481 A2 US 20160139047 A1 (71) Applicant(s):
Element Six Technologies Limited Global Innovation Centre, Fermi Avenue, Harwell Oxford, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0QR, United Kingdom (72) Inventor(s):
Joseph Michael Dodson (74) Agent and/or Address for Service:
Element Six (UK) Limited Global Innovation Centre, Fermi Avenue, Harwell Oxford, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0QR, United Kingdom (58) Field of Search:
INT CL G01J, G01N Other: WPI, EPODOC (54) Title of the Invention: An attenuated total reflection crystal fabricated from diamond material
Abstract Title: Attenuated total reflection crystal for infrared spectroscopy with a convexly curved working surface (57) An attenuated total reflection (ATR) crystal (10, fig 1) for ATR spectroscopy of a sample is formed of a diamond material and configured to have an inlet surface 32 and an outlet surface 34 for an infrared analysis beam, and a convexly curved working surface 36 for contacting the sample to be analysed (48, fig 4). The IR analysis beam is directed through the inlet surface 32, reflects internally off an inner side of the working surface 36 and passes out of the outlet surface 34. The ATR crystal (10, fig 1) is in the form of a chamfered cylinder 30 comprising two flat chamfered side walls forming the inlet 32 and outlet 34 surfaces, and an end surface of the chamfered cylinder forming the working surface 36, which may be spherically symmetric. The ATR crystal (10, fig 1) may be used with an IR light source (42, fig 4) and detector (46, fig 4) as part of an ATR spectrometer (40, fig 4).
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AN ATTENUATED TOTAL REFLECTION CRYSTAL FABRICATED FROM DIAMOND MATERIAL
Field
The present invention relates to an attenuated total reflection (ATR) crystal fabricated from diamond material for ATR infrared spectroscopy.
Background
Attenuated total reflection (ATR) spectroscopy is an analysis technique which enables samples to be examined directly in the solid or liquid state. A beam of infrared light is passed through an ATR crystal in such a way that it reflects off an internal surface of the ATR crystal in contact with a sample to be analysed. This reflection forms an evanescent wave which extends into the sample. The penetration depth into the sample is typically between 0.5 and 2 micrometres, with the exact value being determined by the wavelength of light, the angle of incidence, and the indices of refraction for the ATR crystal and the medium being examined. The number of reflections may be varied by varying the angle of incidence and the geometry of the ATR crystal. The infrared beam is then collected by a detector after it exits the ATR crystal.
The evanescent effect requires that the ATR crystal is made of an optical material with a higher refractive index than the sample being studied. In the case of a solid sample, the ATR crystal and the sample are pressed together. An intimate contact between the ATR prism and the sample is desired for best results. The excellent optical and mechanical properties of diamond material make it an ideal material for ATR spectroscopy, particularly when studying very hard solids.
Various geometries of ATR crystals are available. The shape of the ATR crystal will depend on the type of spectrometer and nature of the sample to be analysed. Typical ATR crystal geometries include prisms, truncated prisms, chamfered rectangular blocks, chamfered cylinders and variations thereof. Common features of these geometries include a flat working surface which is pressed against the sample to be analysed and angled or chamfered sides which provide entry and exit surfaces for the infrared analysis beam such that the beam can be directed to the working surface in contact with the samples and then be internally reflected out of the ATR crystal to a detector.
It is an aim of the present invention to provide an improved geometry for a diamond ATR crystal.
Summary of Invention
According to a first aspect of the present invention there is provided an attenuated total reflection (ATR) crystal for ATR spectroscopy of a sample to be analysed, the ATR crystal being formed of a diamond material, and configured to have an inlet surface for an infrared analysis beam, an outlet surface for the infrared analysis beam, and a working surface for contacting the sample to be analysed, wherein the ATR crystal is in the form of a chamfered cylinder comprising two flat chamfered side walls forming the inlet and outlet surfaces, and an end surface of the chamfered cylinder forming the working surface;
the inlet surface, the outlet surface and the working surface being configured such that in use the analysis beam can be directed through the inlet surface to an inner side of the working surface in contact with the sample to be analysed and internally reflected at the inner side of the working surface in contact with the sample to be analysed such that the analysis beam passes out of the ATR crystal through the outlet surface, and wherein the working surface is convexly curved.
According to a second aspect of the present invention there is provided an ATR spectrometer comprising an infrared beam source, an ATR crystal according to the first aspect of the invention, and a detector.
Brief Description of the Drawings
For a better understanding of the present invention and to show how the same may be carried into effect, embodiments of the present invention will now be described by way of example only with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
Figures 1 illustrates a side view of an ATR crystal according to an embodiment of the invention;
Figure 2 illustrates a perspective view of the ATR crystal of Figure 1;
Figure 3 illustrates the steps involved in fabricating the ATR crystal illustrated in Figures 1 and 2;
Figure 4 illustrates the basic components and configuration of an ATR spectrometer comprising an ATR crystal according to an embodiment of the present invention; and
Figures 5(a) to 5(d) illustrate several alternative ATR crystal geometries according to embodiments of the invention.
Detailed Description
Figures 1 and 2 illustrate side and perspective views of a diamond ATR crystal 10 according to an embodiment of the invention. The ATR crystal 10 is configured to have an inlet surface 12 for an infrared analysis beam, an outlet surface 14 for the infrared analysis beam, and a working surface 16 for contacting the sample to be analysed. The inlet surface 12, the outlet surface 14 and the working surface 16 are configured such that in use the analysis beam can be directed through the inlet surface 12 to an inner side of the working surface 16 in contact with the sample to be analysed and internally reflected at the inner side of the working surface 16 in contact with the sample to be analysed such that the analysis beam passes out of the ATR crystal 10 through the outlet surface 14.
A key modification to the diamond ATR crystal is that the working surface has been processed to be curved rather than having a conventional flat configuration. One of the advantages of using diamond for ATR crystals is that diamond is very hard and thus can be pressed against samples to be analysed without being damaged. However, diamond is very rigid and it has been realized that when a flat working surface of a diamond ATR crystal is pressed against a sample to be analysed, a central region of the flat working surface of diamond material may not form an intimate contact with the sample. For example, this may be the case when the sample surface is not precisely flat, has a concave geometry, or otherwise has a more complex geometry which can result in peripheral portions of the diamond working surface contacting the sample in a manner which prohibits a central region of the diamond working surface from intimately contacting the sample. If the region of the diamond working surface which is addressed by an analysis beam is not in intimate contact with the sample then the analysis will not be optimal.
In light of the above, the present invention provides a diamond ATR crystal with a curved working surface. The curved working surface protrudes outwards compared to a flat working surface (i.e. convex) such that a region of the working surface which is to be addressed by an analysis beam can be more reliably placed into intimate contact with a sample. Furthermore, since diamond is extremely hard it can effectively be pressed into the sample material in this curved configuration without significantly deforming or damaging the ATR crystal.
For many applications only a slight convex curvature of the working surface is required to significantly improve the reliability of achieving a good contact between the working surface of the diamond ATR crystal and the sample to be analysed. As such, the working surface may have a relatively large radius of curvature relative to the size of the ATR crystal, e.g. greater than 5 mm, 10 mm, 13 mm, or 15 mm and/or less than 200 mm, 150 mm, 100 mm, 50 mm, 30 mm, or 20 mm and/or within a range formed by any combination of these values. This configuration can be more readily processed into the diamond component when compared with more highly curved surfaces and also can have the advantage of not unduly deforming the sample which is being analysed when the ATR prism is pressed against the sample. The optimal radius of curvature within the aforementioned ranges will depend on the size of the ATR crystal. In practice ATR crystals will usually have a diameter in a range 1 to 5 mm, more usually 2 to 4 mm.
Another way of defining the convexly curved working surface of the ATR crystal is in terms of the depth of the convexly curved working surface, i.e. the depth of the spherical segment defined by the convexly curved working surface. Advantageous, the depth of the segment defined by the convexly curved working surface is at least 2 pm, 5 pm, or 10 pm and/or less than 100 pm, 80 pm, or 70 pm and/or within a range formed by any combination of these values.
The working surface can be a spherically symmetric curved surface. In the arrangement illustrated in Figures 1 and 2, the ATR crystal is in the form of a chamfered cylinder comprising two flat chamfered side walls forming the inlet and outlet surfaces, and an end surface of the chamfered cylinder forming the working surface. In this configuration, the end surface of the chamfered cylinder is processed to form the curved working surface of the ATR crystal.
A further feature of the ATR crystal illustrated in Figures 1 and 2 is a secondary chamfer surrounding the working surface. This secondary chamfer serves to reduce the surface area of the curved working surface thus increasing the pressure for a given force which can improve contact between the curved surface of the ATR crystal and the sample to be analysed.
The inlet surface, the outlet surface, and/or the working surface can be fabricated to have a surface roughness Ra less than 30 nm, 20 nm, 15 nm, 10 nm, 5 nm, 2 nm, or 1 nm. Furthermore, the inlet surface, the outlet surface, and/or the working can be fabricated to a high fidelity, for example highly flat or precisely curved (the working surface being curved). As such, the inlet surface, the outlet surface, and/or the working surface may have a surface irregularity of < 1 fringe @ 632.8 nm as measured relatively to a precisely flat or precisely curved target surface profile. Such characteristics provide good optical performance without deformation or scattering of the analysis beam. Preferably these characteristics of surface roughness and surface irregularity are provided over a majority of the surface area of the respective surfaces, e.g. over at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, or 90% of the surface area of the respective surfaces.
Figure 3 illustrates the basic steps involved in fabricating the ATR crystal illustrated in Figures 1 and 2.
In step 1, a cylindrical piece of diamond material 30 is processed to form two flat chamfered surfaces 32, 34. This may be achieved via laser cutting, mechanical techniques such as lapping and polishing, chemo-mechanical polishing, or any other suitable technique. Advantageously surfaces 32, 34 are highly polished.
In step 2, an end of the cylinder is processed to form the curved working surface 36. Suitable methods for forming a curved surface in diamond material include laser turning and polishing using a polishing cup.
In step 3, the secondary chamfer 38 is formed around the curved working surface 36. This may be done using laser cutting, turning, or polishing.
In principle steps 1 to 3 could be performed in any order.
The diamond material used to fabricate the ATR crystal is preferably single crystal diamond material, more preferably type Ila diamond material, more preferably type Ila synthetic diamond material, and most preferably single crystal chemical vapour deposited (CVD) diamond material.
Figure 4 illustrates the basic components and configuration of an ATR spectrometer 40 comprising an ATR crystal according to an embodiment of the present invention. The ATR spectrometer comprises an infrared beam source 42, an ATR crystal 44, and a detector 46. The components are configured relative to each other such that in use the analysis beam is directed through the inlet surface of the ATR crystal to an inner side of the working surface in contact with a sample 48 to be analysed. The analysis beam is internally reflected at the inner side of the working surface in contact with the sample to be analysed such that the analysis beam passes out of the ATR crystal through the outlet surface to the detector.
Variations on the geometry of the ATR crystal can be envisaged. Figures 5(a) to 5(d) illustrate several alternative ATR crystal geometries according to embodiments of the invention in which: Figure 5(a) illustrates a variant with a different chamfer geometry; Figure 5(b) illustrates a variant in which the secondary chamfer is not provided; Figure 5(c) illustrates a crystal configuration with a pointed base rather than a flat base; and Figure 5(d) illustrates a variant with a rectangular curved surface rather than a spherical curved surface. These represent a non-exhaustive set of alternatives and while this invention has been particularly shown and described with reference to embodiments, it will be understood to those skilled in the art that various changes in form and detail may be made without departing from the scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
Claims (7)
1. An attenuated total reflection (ATR) crystal for ATR spectroscopy of a sample to be analysed, the ATR crystal being formed of a diamond material, and configured to have an inlet surface for an infrared analysis beam, an outlet surface for the infrared analysis beam, and a working surface for contacting the sample to be analysed, wherein the ATR crystal is in the form of a chamfered cylinder comprising two flat chamfered side walls forming the inlet and outlet surfaces, and an end surface of the chamfered cylinder forming the working surface;
the inlet surface, the outlet surface and the working surface being configured such that in use the analysis beam can be directed through the inlet surface to an inner side of the working surface in contact with the sample to be analysed and internally reflected at the inner side of the working surface in contact with the sample to be analysed such that the analysis beam passes out of the ATR crystal through the outlet surface, and characterized in that the working surface is convexly curved.
2. An ATR crystal according to claim 1, wherein the convexly curved working surface defines a segment having a depth in a range 2 to 100 pm.
3. An ATR crystal according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the working surface is spherically symmetric.
4. An ATR crystal according to any one of claims 1 to 3, further comprising a secondary chamfer surrounding the working surface.
5. An ATR crystal according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the inlet surface, the outlet surface, and/or the working surface have a surface roughness Ra less than 30 nm.
6. An ATR crystal according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the inlet surface, the outlet surface, and/or the working surface have a surface irregularity of < 1 fringe @ 632.8 nm.
7. An ATR spectrometer comprising an infrared beam source, an ATR crystal according to any one of claims 1 to 6, and a detector.
Intellectual
Property
Office
GB1710641.0
1-7
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GBGB1611651.9A GB201611651D0 (en) | 2016-07-04 | 2016-07-04 | An attenuated total reflection crystal fabricated from diamond material |
Publications (3)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| GB201710641D0 GB201710641D0 (en) | 2017-08-16 |
| GB2553035A true GB2553035A (en) | 2018-02-21 |
| GB2553035B GB2553035B (en) | 2021-03-10 |
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Family Applications (2)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| GBGB1611651.9A Ceased GB201611651D0 (en) | 2016-07-04 | 2016-07-04 | An attenuated total reflection crystal fabricated from diamond material |
| GB1710641.0A Active GB2553035B (en) | 2016-07-04 | 2017-07-03 | An attenuated total reflection crystal fabricated from diamond material |
Family Applications Before (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| GBGB1611651.9A Ceased GB201611651D0 (en) | 2016-07-04 | 2016-07-04 | An attenuated total reflection crystal fabricated from diamond material |
Country Status (5)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US10852234B2 (en) |
| EP (1) | EP3479100A1 (en) |
| JP (2) | JP7090065B2 (en) |
| GB (2) | GB201611651D0 (en) |
| WO (1) | WO2018007329A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US11460400B2 (en) | 2020-07-07 | 2022-10-04 | Sakura Finetek U.S.A., Inc. | Use of IR spectroscopy to evaluate penetration of reagents into biological specimen |
Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP0516481A2 (en) * | 1991-05-31 | 1992-12-02 | Donald W. Sting | Internal reflectance element with very small sample contacting surface |
| EP0529999A2 (en) * | 1991-08-27 | 1993-03-03 | Donald W. Sting | Radiant energy spectroscopy system |
| US6141100A (en) * | 1997-08-15 | 2000-10-31 | Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc. | Imaging ATR spectrometer |
| US20160139047A1 (en) * | 2013-06-21 | 2016-05-19 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Imaging by attenuated total reflectance (atr) |
Family Cites Families (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CA1273223A (en) | 1985-06-25 | 1990-08-28 | Richard D. Mclachlan | Methods and apparatus for measuring the light absorbance of a fluid medium |
| US5986768A (en) | 1997-10-31 | 1999-11-16 | The United States Of America, As Represented By The Secretary Of Commerce | Intra-cavity total reflection for high sensitivity measurement of optical properties |
| JP2003042952A (en) * | 2001-07-31 | 2003-02-13 | Japan Science & Technology Corp | Infrared molecular vibration analyzer, system for measuring organism data, and method for measuring the organism data |
| JP5142253B2 (en) | 2007-05-29 | 2013-02-13 | 警察庁科学警察研究所長 | Regulated drug discrimination device, regulated drug discrimination method, and regulated drug discrimination program |
| JP5322745B2 (en) | 2009-04-06 | 2013-10-23 | 京楽産業．株式会社 | Pachinko machine |
| JP6129979B2 (en) | 2013-09-20 | 2017-05-17 | 株式会社東芝 | Battery heat dissipation system, battery heat dissipation unit |
| US10197515B2 (en) * | 2014-01-08 | 2019-02-05 | Massachusetts Institute Of Technology | Methods and apparatus for optically detecting magnetic resonance |
-
2016
- 2016-07-04 GB GBGB1611651.9A patent/GB201611651D0/en not_active Ceased
-
2017
- 2017-07-03 US US16/306,623 patent/US10852234B2/en active Active
- 2017-07-03 WO PCT/EP2017/066517 patent/WO2018007329A1/en unknown
- 2017-07-03 GB GB1710641.0A patent/GB2553035B/en active Active
- 2017-07-03 JP JP2019500297A patent/JP7090065B2/en active Active
- 2017-07-03 EP EP17736638.2A patent/EP3479100A1/en active Pending
-
2021
- 2021-02-22 JP JP2021026498A patent/JP2021113809A/en active Pending
Patent Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP0516481A2 (en) * | 1991-05-31 | 1992-12-02 | Donald W. Sting | Internal reflectance element with very small sample contacting surface |
| EP0529999A2 (en) * | 1991-08-27 | 1993-03-03 | Donald W. Sting | Radiant energy spectroscopy system |
| US6141100A (en) * | 1997-08-15 | 2000-10-31 | Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc. | Imaging ATR spectrometer |
| US20160139047A1 (en) * | 2013-06-21 | 2016-05-19 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Imaging by attenuated total reflectance (atr) |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| WO2018007329A1 (en) | 2018-01-11 |
| US10852234B2 (en) | 2020-12-01 |
| GB201611651D0 (en) | 2016-08-17 |
| GB201710641D0 (en) | 2017-08-16 |
| JP2021113809A (en) | 2021-08-05 |
| US20190302020A1 (en) | 2019-10-03 |
| JP7090065B2 (en) | 2022-06-23 |
| GB2553035B (en) | 2021-03-10 |
| JP2019520581A (en) | 2019-07-18 |
| EP3479100A1 (en) | 2019-05-08 |
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