GB2541374A

GB2541374A - Synergistic insecticidal composition

Info

Publication number: GB2541374A
Application number: GB1514196.3A
Authority: GB
Inventors: Timothy Bristow James
Original assignee: Rotam Agrochem International Co Ltd
Current assignee: Rotam Agrochem International Co Ltd
Priority date: 2015-08-11
Filing date: 2015-08-11
Publication date: 2017-02-22
Anticipated expiration: 2035-08-11
Also published as: BR112017023215A2; BR112017023215B1; GB2541374B; TW201705863A; CN108024538A; GB201514196D0; TWI711377B; AR104697A1; WO2017024889A1

Abstract

A synergistic insecticidal composition comprises component (A), at least one neonicotinoid insecticide, and component (B), at least one avermectin insecticide. There is also provided a method to prevent, control and/or treat insect infestations in plants, plant parts and/or surrounding by applying a combination of component (A), at least one neonicotinoid insecticide, and component (B), at least one avermectin insecticide. The exemplified compositions are imadacloprid in combination with abamectin or emamectin benzoate. The plants treated in the examples include tomatoes, oranges, pummelo, pistachio, cotton, coffee, melon, potatoes, red pepper, soybean and roses. The insects targeted include Spider mites, Leafminers, Asian citrus psyllid, red mites, Stink bugs, thrips, aphids, whiteflies, Pistachio psyllae and moths.

Description

SYNERGISTIC INSECTICIDAL COMPOSITION

The present disclosure relates to a synergistic insecticidal composition comprising two components and to a process for preparing the insecticidal composition. The present disclosure is also related to a method to prevent, control, and/or treat insect infestations in plants, plant parts and/or surroundings by applying thereto the synergistic insecticidal composition.

Insect infestations represent a major threat to economically important agricultural crops. The yield of plants, for example, vegetable, coffee, citrus, fibre, cucurbitaceae, fruit and leguminous plants are adversely impacted by insect attack.

Chemical control is an important way for preventing and controlling pests in agriculture. However, current agents show unsatisfactory effects to certain kinds of pests. Furthermore, many pests have developed resistance to commonly used pesticides due to long term use of the pesticides. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop new methods and pesticides to control these pests. Moreover, the environmental and economic requirements imposed on modern-day insecticides are continually increasing, with regard, for example, to the spectrum of action, toxicity, selectivity, application rate, formation of residues, and favorable preparation procedures. Since there may be problems, for example, with resistances developing to known active compounds, there is a constant need to develop new insecticide agents which in some areas at least have advantages over their known counterparts.

Neonicotinoid insecticides are a well-known class of insecticides with a broad spectrum of insect control. They were developed as insecticides with reduced toxicity compared to previously used organophosphate and carbamates that provide similar broad spectrum control to numerous crop-damaging pests. The neonicotinoids are now a widely used insecticide in the world and are registered in more than 120 countries. Examples of the neonicotinoids include imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, clothianidin, acetamiprid, thiacloprid, dinotefuran, sulfoxaflor and nitenpyram.

Experience with the single active straight formulation insecticides worldwide indicates there is a high risk of development of resistant insect subpopulations. Resistance has been reported worldwide in an increasing number of insects on field crops, fruit, vegetable, and so on. Mixing the neonicotinoid insecticides with other insecticide classes can reduce the selection pressure towards resistance in the target pests.

Avermectin insecticides are isolated from the fermentation of Streptomyces avermitilis, a naturally occurring soil Actinomycete. Avermectins act by stimulating the release of y-aminobutyric acid, an inhibitory neurotransmitter, thus finally activating chloride channels. Examples of avermectins include abamectin and emamectin benzoate.

Enhancements to insecticidal agents and compositions have been achieved to improve the control of insect pests and application practice to target crops as single or mixed pesticides. The judicious use of adopting strip application, spot application on areas with high insect incidence only, and soil application, to avoid direct contact with natural enemies, and the use of selective and non-persistent agents increase environmental safety and lower the incidence of insect resistance. In addition, the adoption of rotational applications of insect control agents with different modes of action contributes to good pest management.

Having an insecticidal composition with a high synergistic action with little or no cross-resistance to existing insecticide agents and with a low environmental impact is desirable. It would be advantageous to provide a composition that is potent in insect attack, able to be prepared as physico compatible formulations that are stable during storage, are safely packable, and may be prepared in a ready-to-use formulation.

Surprisingly, it has now been found that a composition comprising (A) at least one neonicotinoid insecticide and (B) at least one avermectin insecticide exhibits a synergistic activity against a range of insect pests and provides a significantly improved protection for a range of crops and plants. US 6,444,690 relates to insecticidal compositions containing chloronicotinyl insecticides and synergists for insecticides. However, this patent does not disclose any particular synergistic combination of a neonicotinoid insecticide and an avermectin insecticide, and indeed only discloses testing on cabbage leaves.

According to the present invention, there is provided in a first aspect an insecticidal composition comprising as component (A) at least one neonicotinoid insecticide and as component (B) at least one avermectin insecticide.

In a further aspect, the present invention provides a method to control insect infestations in plants, plant parts, and/or their surroundings by applying thereto (A) at least neonicotinoid insecticide and (B) at least one avermectin insecticide.

In a still further aspect, the present invention provides the use of a combination of (A) at least neonicotinoid insecticide and (B) at least one avermectin insecticide in the control of insect infestations in plants, plant parts, and/or their surroundings.

The present invention also provides a process for making a synergistic insecticidal composition comprising combining as component (A) at least one neonicotinoid insecticide and as component (B) at least one avermectin insecticide.

The present invention also provides a plant or plant part treated with (A) at least neonicotinoid insecticide and (B) at least one avermectin insecticide, either before infestation by an insect and/or treated to combat an existing insect infestation. "Plant" as used herein, refers to all plant and plant populations such as desired and undesired wild plants or crop plants. "Plant parts" as used herein, refers to all parts and organs of plants, such as shoots, leaves, needles, stalks, stems, fruit bodies, fruits, seeds, roots, tubers and rhizomes. Harvested materials, and vegetative and generative propagation materials, for example, cuttings, tubers, meristem tissue, rhizomes, offsets, seeds, single and multiple plant cells and any other plant tissue, are also included.

The words “surrounding” or “surroundings” refers to the place or locus at which the plants are growing, the place on which the plant propagation materials of the plants have been sown, or the place on which the plant propagation materials of the plants will be sown. “At least one” designates a number of the respective compounds of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or more, preferably 1,2, or 3. “About,” when used in connection with a numerical amount includes the numerical amount, as well as somewhat below or above the numerical amount, to a deviation of ± 5% of the numerical amount.

It has now surprisingly been found that when applying a combination of component (A), at least one neonicotinoid insecticide, and component (B), at least one avermectin insecticide on the plants, plant parts and/or their surroundings, a particularly effective treatment of and/or protection against insect infestation is obtained. The combination of (A) and (B) exhibits synergy and is effective for the protection and treatment of a wide range of plants and crops, particularly potato, coffee, citrus, melon, red pepper, soybean, tomato, cotton, pistachio. In these crops, an excellent performance in preventing and treating insect infestations may be observed.

The synergistic combination of (A) at least neonicotinoid insecticide and (B) at least one avermectin insecticide is found to be highly active against a wide range of pests, including in particular spider mites, psylla, leafminers, aphids, moths, whiteflies, stink bugs, thrips, asian citrus psyllid, liriomyza leafminers, black fly, broad mite, citrus bud mite, citrus root weevil, citrus rust mite, citrus thrips,

Colorado potato, beetle, flea beetles leafhoppers, mealy bugs, scales, tomato pinworm, tomato psyllid, and tomato russet mite.

The techniques of the present invention also demonstrate reduced application costs, increased crop yield and reduced environmental risk. The present invention also delays the dominance of the resistant strains of pests, has a broader spectrum of activity than comparable known treatments and reduces the risk of the target pests developing resistance.

The present invention may be applied to treat and/or protect a wide range of plant materials in all stages of development. In one advantageous embodiment, the combination of (A) at least neonicotinoid insecticide and (B) at least one avermectin insecticide is applied to the propagation parts of plants and especially the seeds. For example, the seeds may be coated with and/or contain the synergistic composition comprising component (A), at least one neonicotinoid insecticide and component (B), at least one avermectin insecticide.

In the method and use of the present invention, the components (A) and (B) may be applied in any desired sequence, any combination, consecutively or simultaneously. In one preferred embodiment, the (A) at least neonicotinoid insecticide and (B) at least one avermectin insecticide are applied in the form of a composition of the present invention. However, this is not essential and the components (A) and (B) may be employed separately and combined, for example at the locus being treated.

In the composition of the present invention, component (A), at least one neonicotinoid insecticide, may be present in any suitable amount, and is generally present in an amount of at least 1% by weight of the composition, more preferably at least 2% by weight, still more preferably at least 5% by weight, more preferably still at least 10% by weight. The component (A) may be present in an amount of up to 99% by weight of the composition, more preferably up to 95% by weight, still more preferably up to 85% by weight, more preferably still up to 80% by weight. The component (A) may be present in the composition in an amount of from about 1% to about 75% by weight of the composition, preferably from about 20% to about 60% by weight of the composition, more preferably from about 25% to about 40% by weight of the composition.

The one or more neonicotinoid insecticides of component (A) may be any insecticidally active neonicotinoid compound. Such compounds are known in the art and are commercially available. The component (A) is preferably one or more neonicotinoids selected from imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, clothianidin, acetamiprid, thiacloprid, dinotefuran, sulfoxaflor, nitenpyram, and mixtures thereof. Imidacloprid is a particularly preferred neonicotinoid for use in the present invention.

In the composition of the present invention, component (B), at least one avermectin insecticide, may be present in the composition in any suitable amount, and is generally present in an amount of at least 0.2% by weight of the composition, preferably at least 0.5% by weight, more preferably at least 0.75% by weight, still more preferably from 1% by weight. The component (B) may be present in an amount of up to 90% by weight of the composition, more preferably up to 75% by weight, still more preferably up to 65% by weight, more preferably still up to 50% by weight. The component (B) may be present in the composition in an amount of from about 1% to about 50% by weight of the composition, preferably from about 1% to about 20% by weight of the composition, more preferably from about 1% to about 10% by weight of the composition, most preferably from about 1% to about 5% by weight of the composition.

The one or more avermectin insecticides of component (B) may be any insecticidally active avermectin compound. Such compounds are known in the art and are commercially available. The component (B) is preferably one or more avermectins selected from abamectin, emamectin benzoate, and mixtures thereof.

The components (A) and (B) may be present in the composition or applied in any amounts relative to each other, to provide the synergistic effect of the combination. In particular, the weight ratio of the components (A) and (B) employed in the present invention may be in the range of from about 25:1 to about 1:25, preferably from about 20:1 to about 1:20, more preferably from about 15:1 to about 1:15, still more preferably about 12:1 to about 1:12.

It is generally preferable that component (A) is present in excess of component (B), in terms of the weight of the active ingredients. In particular, the weight ratio of component (A) to component (B) employed in the present invention is preferably at least 2:1, more preferably at least 3:1, still more preferably at least 5:1, more preferably still at least 7:1, especially at least 9:1. The weight ratio of component (A) to component (B) is preferably up to 20:1, more preferably up to 15:1, still more preferably up to 12:1. The weight ratio of component (A) to component (B) is preferably from 2:1 to 20:1, more preferably from 3:1 to 18:1, still more preferably from 5:1 to 15:1. In some preferred embodiments, the weight ratio of the components (A) to (B) is from 6:1 to 14:1, preferably from 8:1 to 13:1, more preferably from 9:1 to 12:1, with a weight ratio of about 11:1 being particularly preferred for many treatments.

In the composition of the present invention, the components (A) and (B) together may be present in any suitable amount, and are generally present in a total amount of from about 2% to about 95% by weight of the composition, preferably from about 20% to about 70% by weight of the composition more preferably from about 25% to about 45% by weight of the composition.

The composition of the present invention may comprise one or more auxiliaries, as is known in the art. The auxiliaries employed in the composition will depend upon the type of formulation and/or the manner in which the formulation is to be applied by the end user. Formulations incorporating the composition of the present invention are described hereinafter. Suitable auxiliaries which may be comprised in the composition according to the invention are all customary formulation adjuvants or components, such as extenders, carriers, solvents, surfactants, stabilizers, anti-foaming agents, anti-freezing agents, preservatives, antioxidants, colorants, thickeners, solid adherents and inert fillers. Such auxiliaries are known in the art and are commercially available. Their use in the formulation of the compositions of embodiments of the present invention will be apparent to the person skilled in the art.

The insecticidal composition may further comprise one or more inert fillers. Such inert fillers are known in the art and available commercially. Suitable fillers in a form of a solid include, for example, natural ground minerals, such as kaolins, aluminas, talc, chalk, quartz, attapulgite, montmorillonite, and diatomaceous earth, or synthetic ground minerals, such as highly dispersed silicic acid, aluminum oxide, silicates, and calcium phosphates and calcium hydrogen phosphates. Suitable inert fillers for granules include, for example, crushed and fractionated natural minerals, such as calcite, marble, pumice, sepiolite, and dolomite, or synthetic granules of inorganic and organic ground materials, as well as granules of organic materials, such as sawdust, coconut husks, corn cobs, and tobacco stalks.

The insecticidal composition optionally includes one or more surfactants, which are preferably non-ionic, cationic and/or anionic in nature and surfactant mixtures which have good emulsifying, dispersing and wetting properties, depending on the nature of the active compound to be formulated. Suitable surfactants are known in the art and are commercially available. Suitable anionic surfactants can be both so-called water-soluble soaps and water-soluble synthetic surface-active compounds. Soaps which may be used are the alkali metal, alkaline earth metal or substituted or unsubstituted ammonium salts of higher fatty acids (C10 to C22), for example the sodium or potassium salt of oleic or stearic acid, or of natural fatty acid mixtures.

The surfactant can be an emulsifier, dispersant or wetting agent of ionic or nonionic type. Examples which may be used are salts of polyacrylic acids, salts of lignosulphonic acid, salts of phenylsulphonic or naphthalenesulphonic acids, polycondensates of ethylene oxide with fatty alcohols or with fatty acids or with fatty amines, substituted phenols, especially alkylphenols, sulphosuccinic ester salts, taurine derivatives, especially alkyltaurates, or phosphoric esters of polyethoxylated phenols or alcohols.

The presence of at least one surfactant is generally required when the active compound and/or the inert carrier and/or auxiliary/adjuvant are insoluble in water and the vehicle for the final application of the composition is water.

The insecticidal composition optionally further comprises one or more polymeric stabilizers. Suitable polymeric stabilizers that may be used in the present invention include, but are not limited to, polypropylene, polyisobutylene, polyisoprene, copolymers of monoolefins and diolefins, polyacrylates, polystyrene, polyvinyl acetate, polyurethanes or polyamides. Suitable stabilizers are known in the art and commercially available.

The surfactants and polymeric stabilizers mentioned above are generally believed to impart stability to the composition, in turn allowing the composition to be formulated, stored, transported and applied.

Suitable anti-foam agents include all substances which can normally be used for this purpose in agrochemical compositions. Suitable anti-foam agents are known in the art and are available commercially. Particularly preferred antifoam agents are mixtures of polydimethylsiloxanes and perfluroalkylphosphonic acids, such as the silicone anti-foam agents available from GE or Compton.

Suitable organic solvents are selected from all customary organic solvents which thoroughly dissolve the active compounds employed. Again, suitable organic solvents for the active components (A) and (B) are known in the art. The following may be mentioned as being preferred: N-methyl pyrrolidone, N-octyl pyrrolidone, cyclohexyl-1-pyrrolidone; or SOLVESSO™200, a mixture of paraffinic, isoparaffinic, cycloparaffinic and aromatic hydrocarbons. Suitable solvents are commercially available.

Suitable preservatives include all substances which can normally be used for this purpose in agrochemical compositions of this type and again are well known in the art. Suitable examples that may be mentioned include PREVENTOL® (from Bayer AG) and PROXEL® (from Bayer AG).

Suitable antioxidants are all substances which can normally be used for this purpose in agrochemical compositions, as is known in the art. Preference is given to butylated hydroxytoluene.

Suitable thickeners include all substances which can normally be used for this purpose in agrochemical compositions, for example xanthan gum, polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH), cellulose and its derivatives, clay hydrated silicates, magnesium aluminum silicates or a mixture thereof. Again, such thickeners are known in the art and are available commercially.

The insecticidal composition may further comprise one or more solid adherents. Such adherents are known in the art and available commercially. They include organic adhesives, including tackifiers, such as celluloses or substituted celluloses, natural and synthetic polymers in the form of powders, granules, or lattices, and inorganic adhesives such as gypsum, silica or cement.

In addition, depending upon the formulation, the composition according to the invention may also comprise water.

In some embodiments, the method, use or compositions according to the present invention employ the following combinations of components: (A) imidacloprid and (B) abamectin; or (A) imidacloprid and (B) emamectin benzoate.

According to a preferred embodiment, the method, use or insecticidal composition according to the present invention employs as component (A) imidacloprid and as component (B) abamectin.

Each composition, method or use of the present invention can be used in the agricultural sector and related fields of use for the control of a wide range of insects, for example, but not limited to: • Aphids; Broad mites; Flea beetles; Leafhoppers; Liriomyza leafminers; Spider mites (Tetranychus urticae, Tetranychus evansi); Thrips (Thrips palmi); Tomato pinworms; Tomato Psyllids; Tomato Russet mites; Whiteflies; and Moths (Tuta absoluta) on tomato; • Aphids (Toxoptera citricida); Asian citrus psyllids (Diaphorina citri); Black fly; Broad mites; Citrus bud mites; Citrus leafminers (Phyllocnistis citrella);

Citrus root weevils (larval complex); Citrus rust mites; Citrus thrips; Leafhoppers/Sharpshooters; Leafminers; Mealy bugs; Scales; Two-spotted spider mites (Tetranychus urticae); Whiteflies; Thrips; and Spider mites on citrus; • Aphids (except Black pecan aphid); European red mites (Panonychus ulmi); Two-spotted spider mites; Whiteflies; Pistachio psylla (Agonoscena pistaciae); and Spider mites on pistachio; • Aphids (Aphis gossypii); and Thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) on cotton; • Leafminers (Leucoptera coffeella) on coffee; • Whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci raga B); and leafminers (Liriomyza huidobrensis) on melon; • Aphids (Myzus persicae); and leafminers (Liriomyza huidobrensis) on potato; • Thrips (Thrips palmi) on red pepper; • Stink bugs (Euschistus herns); two-spotted spider mites (Tetranychus urticae); stink bugs (Piezodorus); and mites (Mononychellus planki) on soybean; and • Spider mites (Tetranychus urticae, Tetranychus evansi) on rose.

The method, use and composition of the present invention exhibit surprisingly high effectiveness in controlling insect infestations caused by: • Spider mites (Tetranychus urticae, Tetranychus evansi); Thrips (Thrips palmi); and Moths (Tuta absoluta) on tomato; • Aphids (Toxoptera citricida); Citrus leafminers (Phyllocnistis citrella); Two-spotted spider mites (Tetranychus urticae); and Asian citrus psyllids (.Diaphorina citri) on citrus; • European red mites (Panonychus ulmi); and Pistachio psylla (Agonoscena pistaciae) on pistachio; • Aphids (Aphis gossypii); and Thrips {Frankliniella occidentalis) on cotton; • Leafminers (Leucoptera coffeella) on coffee; • Whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci raga S); and leafminers (Liriomyza huidobrensis) on melon; • Aphids (Myzus persicae); and leafminers (Liriomyza huidobrensis) on potato; • Thrips (Thrips palmi) on red pepper; • Stink bugs (Euschistus herns)] two-spotted spider mites (Tetranychus urticae)] stink bugs (Piezodorus); and mites (Mononychellus planki) on soybean; and • Spider mites (Tetranychus urticae, Tetranychus evansi) on rose.

The composition, method and use according to embodiments of the present invention are suitable for treatment of a wide range of plants and crops, including: cereals (wheat, barley, rye, oats, maize, rice, sorghum, triticale and related crops); fruit, such as pomes, stone fruit and soft fruit, such as apples, grapes, pears, plums, peaches, almonds, pistachio, cherries, and berries, for example strawberries, raspberries and blackberries, bell pepper, red pepper; leguminous plants (beans, lentils, peas, soybeans); oil plants (rape, mustard, sunflowers); cucurbitaceae (marrows, cucumbers, melons); fibre plants (cotton, flax, hemp, jute); citrus, such as calamondin, citrus citron, citrus hybrids (includes chironja, tangelo, tangor), grapefruit, kumquat, lemon, lime, mandarin (tangerine), sour orange, sweet orange, pummelo, and satsuma mandarin; vegetables (spinach, lettuce, asparagus, cabbages, carrots, onions, tomatoes, potatoes, paprika); coffee; as well as ornamentals (flowers, such as rose, shrubs, broad-leaved trees and evergreens, such as conifers).

In certain embodiments, the present invention is applied in the treatment of fruit, cucurbitaceae, citrus fruit, vegetables, coffee, fibre, leguminous plants, ornamentals. In some embodiments, the present invention is applied in the treatment of potato, coffee, citrus, melon, red pepper, soybean, tomato, cotton, pistachio, and flowers.

The combination of component (A) at least one neonicotinoid insecticide and component (B) at least one avermectin insecticide is particularly effective in controlling and preventing infestations of the following: • Spider mites (Tetranychus urticae, Tetranychus evansi); Thrips (Thrips palmi); and Moths (Tuta absoluta) on tomato; • Aphids (Toxoptera citricida); Citrus leafminers (Phyllocnistis citrella)\ Two-spotted spider mites (Tetranychus urticae); and Asian citrus psyllids (.Diaphorina citri) on citrus; • European red mites (Panonychus ulmi); and Pistachio psylla (Agonoscena pistaciae) on pistachio; • Aphids (Aphis gossypii); and Thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) on cotton; • Leafminers (Leucoptera coffeella) on coffee; • Whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci raga B); and leafminers (Liriomyza huidobrensis) on melon; • Aphids (Myzus persicae); and leafminers (Liriomyza huidobrensis) on potato; • Thrips (Thrips palmi) on red pepper; • Stink bugs (Euschistus heros); two-spotted spider mites (Tetranychus urticae); stink bugs (Piezodorus); and mites (Mononychellus planki) on soybean; and • Spider mites (Tetranychus urticae, Tetranychus evansi) on roses.

The present invention may be applied in the treatment of the plants, the plant parts and/or their surroundings.

The present invention is particularly effective in controlling infestations of the following: • Spider mites (Tetranychus urticae, Tetranychus evansi)] and Thrips (Thrips palmi)] and Moths (Tuta absoluta) on tomato; • Aphids (Toxoptera citricida); Citrus leafminers (Phyllocnistis citrella)] Two-spotted spider mites (Tetranychus urticae); and Asian citrus psyllids (.Diaphorina citri) on citrus; • European red mites (Panonychus ulmi); and Pistachio psylla (Agonoscena pistaciae) on pistachio; • Aphids (Aphis gossypii)] and Thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) on cotton; • Leafminers (Leucoptera coffeella) on coffee; • Whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci raga S); and leafminers (Liriomyza huidobrensis) on melon; • Aphids (Myzus persicae)] and leafminers (Liriomyza huidobrensis) on potato; • Thrips (Thrips palmi) on red pepper; • Stink bugs (Euschistus heros)] two-spotted spider mites (Tetranychus urticae)] stink bugs (Piezodorus); and mite (Mononychellus planki) on soybean; and • Spider mites (Tetranychus urticae, Tetranychus evansi) on roses.

As noted above, the treatment by way of the present invention may be applied to the plants, their plant parts and/or their surroundings by applying a synergistic insecticidal composition comprising component (A), at least one neonicotinoid insecticide, and component (B), at least one avermectin insecticide, wherein the weight ratio of the components (A) to (B) as applied is preferably about 11:1.

The present invention is particularly effective in controlling: • Spider mites (Tetranychus urticae, Tetranychus evansi)] Thrips (Thrips palmi); and Moths (Tuta absoluta) on tomato; • Aphids (Toxoptera citricida)] Citrus leafminers (Phyllocnistis citrella); Two-spotted spider mites (Tetranychus urticae); and Asian citrus psyllids {Diaphorina citri) on citrus; • European red mites (Panonychus ulmi); and Pistachio psylla (Agonoscena pistaciae) on pistachio; • Aphids (Aphis gossypii); and Thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) on cotton; • Leafminers (Leucoptera coffeella) on coffee; • Whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci raga B); and leafminers (Liriomyza huidobrensis) on melon; • Aphids (Myzus persicae); and leafminers (Liriomyza huidobrensis) on potato; • Thrips (Thrips palmi) on red pepper; • Stink bugs (Euschistus heros)] two-spotted spider mites (Tetranychus urticae); stink bugs (Piezodorus); and mites (Mononychellus planki) on soybean; and • Spider mites (Tetranychus urticae, Tetranychus evansi) on roses.

As noted above, in one preferred embodiment, the present invention employs as component (A) imidacloprid and as component (B) abamectin. A particularly effective weight ratio of the components (A) and (B) in the composition is about 11:1.

Such combinations of imidacloprid and abamectin are particularly effective in controlling: • Spider mites (Tetranychus urticae, Tetranychus evansi); Thrips (Thrips palmi)] and Moths (Tuta absoluta) on tomato; • Aphids (Toxoptera citricida); Citrus leafminers (Phyllocnistis citrella); Two-spotted spider mites (Tetranychus urticae); and Asian citrus psyllid (Diaphorina citri) on citrus; • European red mites (Panonychus ulmi); and Pistachio psylla (Agonoscena pistaciae) on pistachio; • Aphids (Aphis gossypii); and Thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) on cotton; • Leafminers (Leucoptera coffeella) on coffee; • Whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci raga B); and leafminers (Liriomyza huidobrensis) on melon; • Aphids (Myzus persicae); and leafminers (Liriomyza huidobrensis) on potato; • Thrips (Thrips palmi) on red pepper; • Stink bugs (Euschistus herns)] two-spotted spider mites (Tetranychus urticae)] stink bugs (Piezodorus); and mites (Mononychellus planki) on soybean; and • Spider mites (Tetranychus urticae, Tetranychus evansi) on roses, when applied to the plants, their plant parts, and/or surroundings, by applying a synergistic combination of components (A) imidacloprid and (B) abamectin, preferably in the form of a composition wherein the weight of the component (A) is about 30% by weight of the composition and; wherein the component (B) is about 2.8% by weight of the composition.

The composition comprising as component (A) at least one neonicotinoid insecticide and as component (B) at least one avermectin insecticide is used to control insect infestations in plants and plant parts. The composition comprising components (A) imidacloprid and (B) abamectin may be used to control the following: • Spider mites (Tetranychus urticae, Tetranychus evansi)] Thrips (Thrips pal mi)] and Moths (Tuta absoluta) on tomato; • Aphids (Toxoptera citricida)] Citrus leafminers (Phyllocnistis citrella)] Two-spotted spider mites (Tetranychus urticae)] and Asian citrus psylla (Diaphorina citri) on citrus; • European red mites (Panonychus ulmi)] and Pistachio psylla (Agonoscena pistaciae) on pistachio; • Aphids (Aphis gossypii)] and Thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) on cotton; • Leafminers (Leucoptera coffeella) on coffee; • Whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci raga S); and leafminers (Liriomyza huidobrensis) on melon; • Aphids (Myzus persicae)] and leafminers (Liriomyza huidobrensis) on potato; • Thrips (Thrips palmi) on red pepper; • Stink bugs (Euschistus herns)] two-spotted spider mites (Tetranychus urticae)] stink bugs (Piezodorus); and mites (Mononychellus planki) on soybean; and • Spider mites (Tetranychus urticae, Tetranychus evansi) on rose.

Each of the compositions can be applied to the foliage or fruit of the plant or the plant surroundings.

More particularly, the composition comprising as component (A) at least one neonicotinoid insecticide and as component (B) at least one avermectin insecticide is used to control insect infestations in plants and plant parts. The composition comprising components (A) imidacloprid and (B) abamectin may be used to control: moths (Tuta absoluta) on tomato; European red mites (Panonychus u!mi)\ and pistachio psylla (Agonoscena pistaciae) on pistachio; thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) on cotton; leafminers (Leucoptera coffeella) on coffee; leafminers (Liriomyza huidobrensis) on melon; stink bugs (Euschistus heros); two-spotted spider mites (Tetranychus urticae); and stink bugs (.Piezodorus); and mites (Mononychellus planki) on soybean; and spider mites ('Tetranychus urticae, Tetranychus evansi) on roses.

The composition of the present invention may contain or be mixed with other pesticides, such as fungicides, other insecticides and nematicides, growth factors and fertilizers. Similarly, in the method and use of the present invention, the components (A) and (B) may be employed with other pesticides, such as fungicides, other insecticides and nematicides, growth factors and fertilizers.

The rates of application (use) of the components (A) and (B) in the present invention may vary, for example, according to type of use, type of crop, the specific active compounds in the combination, type of plants, but is such that the active compounds in the combination are applied in an effective amount to provide the desired action (such as insects or pest control). The application rate of the components for a given set of conditions can readily be determined by trials.

The components (A) and (B), and any other pesticides, may be applied and used in pure form, as a solid active compound, for example, in a specific particle size, or preferably together with at least one of the auxiliary or adjuvant components, as is customary in formulation technology, such as extenders, for example solvents or solid carriers, or surface-active compounds (surfactants), as described in more detail above. Generally, the components (A) and (B) are in the form of a formulation composition with one or more of the aforementioned customary formulation auxiliaries.

Examples of formulation types for pre-mix compositions are: a water-soluble concentrate (SL), an emulstifiable concentrate (EC), an emulsion (EW), a micro-emulsion (ME), an oil-based suspension concentrate (OD), a flowable suspension (FS), a water-dispersible granule (WG), a water-soluble granule (SG), a wettable powder (WP), a water soluble powder (SP), a granule (GR), an encapsulated granule (CG), a fine granule (FG), a macrogranule (GG), an aqueous suspo-emulsion (SE), a microencapsulated suspension (CS), a microgranule (MG) or preferably a suspension concentrate (SC).

Using such formulations, either straight (that is undiluted) or diluted with a suitable solvent, especially water, plants, plant parts and/or the surrounding can be treated and protected against insects by spraying, pouring or immersing. Generally, the formulation can be diluted with water at the rate of 10 to 1000 ml_ or 10 to 800 ml_ of the formulation in 100 L of water.

In some embodiments, the composition is a suspension concentrate. For suspension concentrate formulations, the composition can be diluted with water at the rate of 10 to 600 ml_ of the composition in 100 L of water. For a suspension concentrate formulation applied on tomato, the composition can be diluted with water at a concentration of 10 to 150 mL of the composition in 100 L of water, more preferably 10 mL to 90 mL of the the composition in 100 L of water (1000 L per hectare). For a suspension concentrate formulation applied on citrus, the composition can be diluted with water at a concentration of 10 to 150 mL of the composition in 100 L of water, more preferably 10 mL to 50 mL of the composition in 100 L of water (2000 L to 5000 L per hectare). For a suspension concentrate formulation applied on pistachio, the composition can be diluted with water at a concentration of 10 mL to 150 mL of composition in 100 L of water, more preferably 10 mL to 50 mL of the composition in 100 L of water (1000 L per hectare).

For a suspension concentrate formulation applied on potato and melon, the composition can be diluted with water at a concentration of 10 to 800 mL of composition per hectare, preferably from 100 to 600 mL per hectare, most preferably 300 mL per hectare.

For a suspension concentrate formulation applied on coffee and red pepper, the composition can be diluted with water at a concentration of 10 to 800 mL of composition per hectare, preferably from 100 to 400 mL per hectare, most preferably 250 to 300 mL per hectare.

For a suspension concentrate formulation applied on soybean, the composition can be diluted with water at a concentration of 10 to 800 mL of composition per hectare, preferably from 100 to 600 mL per hectare, most preferably 300 to 400 mL per hectare.

For a suspension concentrate formulation applied on flowers, such as roses, the composition can be diluted with water at a concentration of 10 to 800 mL of composition per hectare, preferably from 200 to 700 mL per hectare, most preferably 450 to 650 mL per hectare.

The components (A) and (B) may be applied to the plants, plant parts and or their surrounds at the rate of from about 1 g to about 500 g total active ingredients per hectare, preferably from about 20 g to about 400 g total active ingredients per hectare.

The components (A) and (B) can be applied using any methods known in the art. These methods include coating, spraying, dipping, soaking, injection, and irrigation.

The active components (A) and (B) can be applied to the plants, plant parts and/or their surrounding where control is desired either simultaneously or in succession at short intervals, for example on the same day. The components (A) and (B) may be applied to the plant, one or more parts thereof (such as leaves or seeds), or the surrounding in any order. Each component may be applied just once or a plurality of times. Preferably, each of the components (A) and (B) is applied a plurality of times, in particular from 2 to 5 times, more preferably 2 to 3 times.

The active components (A) and (B) may be applied in any suitable form, as described above. Typically, the active components will be applied as formulations, that is compositions comprising one or more of the active components together with further carriers, surfactants or other application-promoting adjuvants customarily employed in formulation technology.

In the event components (A) and (B) are applied simultaneously in the present invention, they may be applied as a composition containing components (A) and (B), in which case components (A) and (B) can be obtained from a separate formulation source and mixed together (known as a tank-mix, ready-to-apply, spray broth, or slurry), optionally with other pesticides, or components (A) and (B) can be obtained as a single formulation mixture source (known as a premix, concentrate, formulated compound (or product)), and optionally mixed together with other pesticides.

The composition, method and use according to the present invention are distinguished by the fact that they are especially well tolerated by plants and are environmentally friendly.

Embodiments of the present invention will be further described by way of the following examples, which are given by way of illustration and not by way of limitation of the invention.

Percentages are expressed as percentage by weight, unless otherwise stated.

FORMULATION EXAMPLES

In the following formulation examples, Examples 1 to 3 are comparative examples and do not provide embodiments of the present invention.

Example 1 - Imidacloprid (50%) - WG A water-dispersible granule (WG) formulation was prepared having the following composition:

Imidacloprid 500g SUPRALATE® (sodium lauryl sulfate, Witco Inc., 5g

Greenwich) REAX®88B (sodium lignosulfonate, Westvaco Corp) 50g

Corn starch 445g

Example 2 -Abamectin (10%) - EC

An emulsifiable concentrate (EC) was prepared having the following composition:

Abamectin 100g

Tristyrylphenol ethoxylates 50g

Silicone oil 1g N-methylpyrrolidone 300g SOLVESSO™200 Balance to 1000g

Example 3 - Emamectin benzoate (10%) - EC

An emulsifiable concentrate (EC) was prepared having the following composition: 10Og

Emamectin benzoate

Tristyrylphenol ethoxylates 50g

Silicone oil 1g N-methylpyrrolidone 300g SOLVESSO™200 Balance to 1000g

Example 4 - Imidacloprid (30%) + Abamectin (2.8%) - SC

An aqueous suspension concentrate (SC) was prepared having the following composition:

Imidacloprid 300g

Abamectin 28g

Propylene glycol 100g

Tristyrylphenol ethoxylates 10g

Sodium lignosulfonate 20g

Carboxymethylcellulose 20g

Silicone oil (in the form of a 75% emulsion in water) 10g

Xanthan gum 2g NIPACIDE BIT 20 2g

Balance to

Water 1000g

The finely ground imidacloprid and abamectin were intimately mixed with the adjuvants, giving a suspension concentrate from which suspensions of any desired dilution could be obtained by dilution with water.

Example 5 - Imidacloprid (30%) + Emamectin benzoate (2.8%) - SC

Imidacloprid 300g

Emamectin benzoate 28g

Propylene glycol 100g

Tristyrylphenol ethoxylates 10g

Sodium lignosulfonate 20g

Carboxymethylcellulose 20g

Silicone oil (in the form of a 75% emulsion in water) 10g

Xanthan gum 2g NIPACIDE BIT 20 2g

Balance to

Water 1000g

The finely ground imidacloprid and emamectin benzoate were intimately mixed with the auxiliaries, giving a suspension concentrate from which suspensions of any desired dilution could be obtained by dilution with water.

Example 6 - Imidacloprid (20%) + Abamectin (5%) - SC

Imidacloprid 200g

Abamectin 50g

Propylene glycol 100g

Tristyrylphenol ethoxylates 10g

Sodium lignosulfonate 20g

Carboxymethylcellulose 20g

Silicone oil (in the form of a 75% emulsion in water) 10g

Xanthan gum 2g NIPACIDE BIT 20 2g

Balance to

Water 1000g

Example 7 - Imidacloprid (40%) + Emamectin benzoate (1.5%) - SC

Imidacloprid 400g

Emamectin benzoate 15g

Propylene glycol 100g

Tristyrylphenol ethoxylates 10g

Sodium lignosulfonate 20g

Carboxymethylcellulose 20g

Silicone oil (in the form of a 75% emulsion in water) 10g

Xanthan gum 2g NIPACIDE BIT 20 2g

Balance to

Water 1000g

Example 8 - Imidacloprid (50%) + Abamectin (1%) - SC

Imidacloprid 500g

Abamectin 10g

Propylene glycol 100g

Tristyrylphenol ethoxylates 10g

Sodium lignosulfonate 20g

Carboxymethylcellulose 20g

Silicone oil (in the form of a 75% emulsion in water) 10g

Xanthan gum 2g NIPACIDE BIT20 2g

Balance to

Water 1000g

Example 9 - Imidacloprid (30%) + Abamectin (2.8% t - EC

An emulsifiable concentrate (EC) was prepared having the following composition:

Imidacloprid 300g

Abamectin 28g

Tristyrylphenol ethoxylates 50g

Silicone oil 1g N-methylpyrrolidone 300g SOLVESSO™200 Balance to 1000g

Example 10 - Imidacloprid (30%) + Abamectin (2.8%) - WP A wettable powder (WP) was prepared having the following composition:

Imidacloprid 300g

Abamectin 28g

Dispersogen1494 50 g (sodium salt of a cresol-formaldehyde condensation)

Kaolin Balance to 1000g

BIOLOGICAL EXAMPLES A synergistic effect exists with a combination of two active compounds when the activity of a composition comprising both active compounds is greater than the sum of the activities of the two active compounds applied individually. The expected activity for a given combination of two active compounds can be calculated by the so called “Colby equation” (see S.R. Colby, “Calculating Synergistic and Antagonistic Responses of Herbicide Combinations”, Weeds 1967,15, 20-22): whereby: A = the activity percentage of compound A when active compound A is employed at an application rate of m g/ha; B = the activity percentage of compound B when active compound B is employed at an application rate of n g/ha; E = the percentage of estimated activity when compounds A and B are employed together at an application rate of m g/ha and n g/ha; then: E=A+B-(AxB/100).

If the actual activity observed for the combination of compunds A and B is greater than that calculated, then the activity of the combination is superadditive. In other words, synergism is present.

Field Test 1 - Tomato - Spider mites (Tetranvchus urticae)

Spider mites (Tetranychus urticae) were reared in the laboratory. The number of mites was counted, the mites collected and then put on healthy young tomato plants.

Samples of the formulations of each of Examples 1 to 10 were diluted with water and then sprayed on the plants.

The treated plants were held in a greenhouse at 21 to 25°C and 80 % relative atmospheric humidity for 10 days, after which the remaining population of mites was examined and the number of mites remaining was counted. The results are set out in Table A.

Table A

The results in Table A show a synergistic effect of the neonicotinoid insecticide and the avermectin insecticide in the treatment of the target pest infestation.

Field Test 2 - Tomato - Spider mites (Tetranvchus evansi)

Spider mites (Tetranychus evansi) were reared in the laboratory. The number of mites was counted, the mites were collected and then put on healthy young tomato plants.

The treated plants were held in a greenhouse at 21 to 25°C and 80 % relative atmospheric humidity for 10 days, after which the remaining population of mites was examined and the number of mites counted. The results are set out in Table B.

Table B

The results in Table B show a synergistic effect of the neonicotinoid insecticide and the avermectin insecticide in the treatment of the target pest infestation.

Field Test 3 - Tomato - Thrips (Thrips palmi)

Thrips (Thrips palmi) were reared in the laboratory. The number of thrips was counted, the thrips collected and then put on healthy young tomato plants.

Samples of the formulations of Examples 1 to 10 were diluted with water and then sprayed on the plants.

The treated plants were held in a greenhouse at 21 to 25°C and 80 % relative atmospheric humidity for 10 days, after which the remaining population of thrips was examined and the number of thrips remaining was counted. The results are set in Table C.

Table C

The results in Table C show a synergistic effect of the neonicotinoid insecticide and the avermectin insecticide in the treatment of the target pest infestation.

Field Test 4 - Tomato - Moth (Tuta absoluta)

Larvae of moths (Tuta absoluta) were reared in the laboratory. The number of larvae was counted, the larvae collected and then put on healthy young tomato plants.

Samples of the formulations of Examples 1 to 10 were diluted in 100 L of water and then sprayed on the plants. The spray was applied at a volume rate of 1000 L/ha.

The treated plants were held in a greenhouse at 21 to 25°C and 80 % relative atmospheric humidity for 10 days, after which the remaining population of larvae was examined and the number of larvae counted. The results are set ou in Table D.

Table D

The results in Table D show a synergistic effect of the neonicotinoid insecticide and the avermectin insecticide in the treatment of the target pest infestation.

Field Test 5 - Orange - Aphids (Toxoptera citricida)

Aphids (Toxoptera citricida) were reared in the laboratory. The number of aphids was counted, the aphids were collected and then put on healthy young orange plants.

Samples of each of the formulations of Examples 1 to 10 were diluted with 100 L of water and then sprayed on the plants. The spray was applied at a volume rate of 2000 L/ha.

The treated plants were held in a greenhouse at 21 to 25°C and 80 % relative atmospheric humidity for 10 days, after which the remaining population of aphids was examined and the number of aphids remaining was counted. The results are set out in Table E.

Table E

The results in Table E show a synergistic effect of the neonicotinoid insecticide and the avermectin insecticide in the treatment of the target pest infestation.

Field Test 6 - Orange - Citrus leafminer (Phyllocnistis citrella)

Citrus leafminers (Phyllocnistis citrella) were reared in the laboratory. The number of insects was counted, the insects collected and then put on healthy young orange plants.

Samples of the formulations of Examples 1 to 10 were diluted with 100 L of water and then sprayed on the plants. The spray was applied at a volume rate of 2500 L/ha.

The treated plants were held in a greenhouse at 21 to 25°C and 80 % relative atmospheric humidity for 10 days, after which time the remaining population of citrus leafminers was examined and the number of insects remaining was counted. The results are set out in Table F.

Table F:

The results in Table F show a synergistic effect of the neonicotinoid insecticide and the avermectin insecticide in the treatment of the target pest infestation.

Field Test 7 - Pummelo - Two-spotted spider mite (Tetranvchus urticae)

Spider mites (Tetranychus urticae) were reared in the laboratory. The number of mites was counted, the mites were collected and then put on healthy young pummelo plants.

Samples of the formulations of Examples 1 to 10 were diluted with 100 L of water and then sprayed on the plants. The spray was applied at a volume rate of 3000 L/ha.

The treated plants were held in a greenhouse at 21 to 25°C and 80 % relative atmospheric humidity for 10 days, after which the remaining population was examined and the number of mites was counted. The results are set out in Table G.

Table G

The results in Table G show a synergistic effect of the neonicotinoid insecticide and the avermectin insecticide in the treatment of the target pest infestation.

Field Test 8 - Pistachio - European red mite (Panonvchus ulmi)

European red mites (Panonychus ulmi) were reared in the laboratory. The number of mites was counted, the mites were collected and then put on healthy young pistachio plants.

The treated plants were held in a greenhouse at 21 to 25°C and 80 % relative atmospheric humidity for 10 days, after which the remaining population was examined and the number of mites was counted. The results are set out in Table H.

Table Η

The results in Table H show a synergistic effect of the neonicotinoid insecticide and the avermectin insecticide in the treatment of the target pest infestation.

Field Test 9 - Pistachio - Pistachio psylla (Aaonoscena pistaciae)

Pistachio psylla (Agonoscena pistaciae) were reared in the laboratory. The number of insects was counted, the insects were collected and then put on healthy young pistachio plants.

The treated plants were held in a greenhouse at 21 to 25°C and 80 % relative atmospheric humidity for 10 days, after which time the remaining insect population was examined and the number of insects counted. The results are set out in Table I.

Table I:

The results in Table I show a synergistic effect of the neonicotinoid insecticide and the avermectin insecticide in the treatment of the target pest infestation.

Field Test 10 - Cotton - Aphids (Aphis ctossypH)

Aphids (Aphis gossypii) were reared in the laboratory. The number of aphids was counted, the aphids collected and then put on healthy young cotton plants.

The treated plants were held in a greenhouse at 21 to 25°C and 80 % relative atmospheric humidity for 10 days, after which time the remaining population of aphids was examined and the number of aphids counted. The results are set out in Table J.

Table J

The results in Table J show a synergistic effect of the neonicotinoid insecticide and the avermectin insecticide in the treatment of the target pest infestation.

Field Test 11 - Cotton - Thrios (Frankliniella occidentalis)

Thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) were reared in the laboratory. The number of thrips was counted, the thrips were collected and then put on healthy young cotton plants.

The treated plants were held in a greenhouse at 21 to 25°C and 80 % relative atmospheric humidity for 10 days, after which time the remaining population of thrips was examined and the number of thrips was counted. The results are set out in Table K.

Table K

The results in Table K show a synergistic effect of the neonicotinoid insecticide and the avermectin insecticide in the treatment of the target pest infestation.

Field Test 12 - Coffee - Leafminer (Leucoptera coffeella)

Leafminers (Leucoptera coffeella) were reared in the laboratory. The number of insects was counted, the leafminers were collected and then put on healthy young coffee plants.

Samples of the formulations of each of Examples 1 to 10 were diluted and then sprayed on the plants.

The treated plants were held in a greenhouse at 21 to 25 °C and 80 % relative atmospheric humidity for 10 days, after which time the remaining population of leafminers was examined and the number of leafminers was counted. The results are set out in Table L.

Table L

The results in Table L show a synergistic effect of the neonicotinoid insecticide and the avermectin insecticide in the treatment of the target pest infestation.

Field Test 13 - Melon - Whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci raca B)

Whitefly (Bemisia tabaci raga B) were reared in the laboratory. The number of insects was counted, the insects were collected and then put on healthy young melon plants.

The treated plants were held in a greenhouse at 21 to 25°C and 80 % relative atmospheric humidity for 10 days, after which time the remaining insect population was examined and the number of insects was counted. The results are set out in Table M.

Table M

The results in Table M show a synergistic effect of the neonicotinoid insecticide and the avermectin insecticide in the treatment of the target pest infestation.

Field Test 14 - Potato - Aphid (Mvzus oersicae)

Aphids (Myzus persicae) were reared in the laboratory. The number of aphids was counted, the aphids were collected and then put on healthy young potato plants.

Samples of each of the formulations of Examples 1 to 10 were diluted with water and then sprayed on the plants.

The treated plants were held in a greenhouse at 21 to 25°C and 80 % relative atmospheric humidity for 10 days, after which time the remaining aphid population was examined and the number of aphids counted. The results are set out in Table N.

Table N

The results in Table N show a synergistic effect of the neonicotinoid insecticide and the avermectin insecticide in the treatment of the target pest infestation.

Field Test 15 - Red pepper - Thrips (Thrips palmi)

Thrips (Thrips palmi) were reared in the laboratory. The number of thrips was counted, the thrips were collected and then put on healthy young red pepper plants.

Samples of each of the formulations of Examples 1 to 10 were diluted and then sprayed on the plants.

The treated plants were held in a greenhouse at 21 to 25°C and 80 % relative atmospheric humidity for 10 days, after which time the remaining population of thrips was examined and the number of thrips counted. The results are set out in Table 0.

Table 0

The results in Table 0 show a synergistic effect of the neonicotinoid insecticide and the avermectin insecticide in the treatment of the target pest infestation.

Field Test 16 - Soybean - Stink bug (Euschistus herns)

Stink bugs (Euschistus herns) were reared in the laboratory. The number of insects was counted, the insects were collected and then put on healthy young soybean plants.

Samples of the formulation of each of Examples 1 to 10 were diluted and then sprayed on the plants.

The treated plants were held in a greenhouse at 21 to 25°C and 80 % relative atmospheric humidity for 10 days, after which time the remaining insect population was examined and the number of thrips counted. The results are set out in Table P.

Table P

Field Test 17 - Soybean - Two-spotted spider mite (Tetranvchus urticae)

Two-spotted spider mites (Tetranychus urticae) were reared in the laboratory. The number of insects was counted, the insects were collected and then put on healthy young soybean plants.

Samples of the formulations of Examples 1 to 10 were diluted and then sprayed on the plants.

The treated plants were held in a greenhouse at 21 to 25°C and 80 % relative atmospheric humidity for 10 days, after which time the remaining population was examined and the number of insects counted. The results are set out in Table Q.

Table Q

The results in Table Q show a synergistic effect of the neonicotinoid insecticide and the avermectin insecticide in the treatment of the target pest infestation.

Field Test 18 - Soybean - Stink bug (Piezodorus)

Stink bugs (Piezodorus) were reared in the laboratory. The number of insects was counted, the insects were collected and then put on healthy young soybean plants.

The treated plants were held in a greenhouse at 21 to 25°C and 80 % relative atmospheric humidity for 10 days, after which the remaining population was examined and the number of insects counted. The results are set out in Table R.

Table R

The results in Table R show a synergistic effect of the neonicotinoid insecticide and the avermectin insecticide in the treatment of the target pest infestation.

Field Test 19 - Soybean - Mite (Mononvchellus planki)

Mites (Mononychellus planki) were reared in the laboratory. The number of insects was counted, the mites were collected and then put on healthy young soybean plants.

Samples of the formulation of each of Examples 1 to 10 was diluted with water and then sprayed on the plants.

The treated plants were held in a greenhouse at 21 to 25°C and 80 % relative atmospheric humidity for 10 days, after which time the remaining population was examined and the insects remaining were counted. The results are set out in Table S.

Table S

The results in Table S show a synergistic effect of the neonicotinoid insecticide and the avermectin insecticide in the treatment of the target pest infestation.

Field Test 20 - Orange - Asian citrus psyllid (Diaphorina citri)

Asian citrus psylla (Diaphorina citri) were reared in the laboratory. The number of insects was counted, the insects were collected and then put on healthy young orange plants.

The treated plants were held in a greenhouse at 21 to 25°C and 80 % relative atmospheric humidity for 10 days. After this time, the remaining population of Asian citrus psylla was examined and the number counted. The results are set out in Table T.

Table T

The results in Table T show a synergistic effect of the neonicotinoid insecticide and the avermectin insecticide in the treatment of the target pest infestation.

Field Test 21 - Melon - Leafminer (Liriomyza huidobrensis)

Larvae of leafminer (Liriomyza huidobrensis) were reared in the laboratory. The number of larvae was counted, the larvae were collected and then put on healthy young melon plants.

The treated plants were held in a greenhouse at 21 to 25°C and 80 % relative atmospheric humidity for 10 days, after which time the remaining population of larvae was examined and the number of larvae counted. The results are set out in Table U.

Table U

The results in Table U show a synergistic effect of the neonicotinoid insecticide and the avermectin insecticide in the treatment of the target pest infestation.

Field Test 22 - Rose - Spider mites (Tetranvchus urticae)

Spider mites (Tetranychus urticae) were reared in the laboratory. The number of mites was counted, the mites were collected and then put on healthy young rose plants.

The treated plants were held in a greenhouse at 21 to 25°C and 80 % relative atmospheric humidity for 10 days. After this time, the remaining population of mites was examined and the number of mites remaining was counted. The results are set out in Table V.

Table V

The results in Table V show a synergistic effect of the neonicotinoid insecticide and the avermectin insecticide in the treatment of the target pest infestation.

Field Test 23 - Rose - Spider mites (Tetranvchus evansi)

Spider mites (Tetranychus evansi) were reared in the laboratory. The number of mites was counted, the mites were collected and then put on healthy young rose plants.

Samples of the formulation of each of Examples 1 to 10 was diluted and then sprayed on the plants.

The treated plants were held in a greenhouse at 21 to 25°C and 80 % relative atmospheric humidity for 10 days. After this time, the remaining population of mites was examined and the number of mites was counted. The results are set out in Table W.

Table W

The results in Table W show a synergistic effect of the neonicotinoid insecticide and the avermectin insecticide in the treatment of the target pest infestation.

Claims

1. An insecticidal composition comprising components: (A) at least one neonicotinoid insecticide; and (B) at least one avermectin insecticide.

2. The insecticidal composition according to claim 1, wherein the neonicotinoid insecticide is selected from imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, clothianidin, acetamiprid, thiacloprid, dinotefuran, sulfoxaflor and nitenpyram.

3. The insecticidal composition according to claim 2, wherein component (A) comprises imidacloprid.

4. The insecticidal composition according to any preceding claim, wherein the avermectin insecticide is selected from abamectin and emamectin benzoate.

5. The insecticidal composition according to claim 4, wherein component (B) comprises abamectin.

6. The insecticidal composition according to any preceding claim, wherein component (A) is present in an amount of at least 1 % by weight of the composition.

7. The insecticidal composition according to claim 6, wherein component (A) is present in an amount of from about 1 % to about 75 % by weight of the composition.

8. The insecticidal composition according to any preceding claim, wherein component (B) is present in an amount of at least 0.2 % by weight of the composition.

9. The insecticidal composition according to claim 8, wherein component (B) is present in an amount of from about 1 % to about 50 % by weight of the composition.

10. The insecticidal composition according to any preceding claim, wherein the weight ratio of the component (A) to the component (B) is from about 25:1 to about 1:25.

11. The insecticidal composition according to claim 10, wherein component (A) is present in the composition in a weight amount that is greater than the weight amount of component (B).

12. The insecticidal composition according to claim 11, wherein the weight ratio of component (A) to component (B) is at least 5:1.

13. The insecticidal composition according to claim 12, wherein the weight ratio of component (A) to component (B) is from 5:1 to 15:1.

14. The insecticidal composition according to any preceding claim, wherein the components (A) and (B) of the composition are: (A) imidacloprid and (B) abamectin; or (A) imidacloprid and (B) emamectin benzoate.

15. The insecticidal composition according to any preceding claim, wherein the composition is in the form of a water-soluble concentrate (SL), an emulsifiable concentrate (EC), an emulsion (EW), an oil-based suspension concentrate (OD), a flowable suspension (FS), water-dispersible granules (WG), water-soluble granules (SG), a water-dispersible powder (WP), a water soluble powder (SP), granules (GR), encapsulated granules (CG), fine granules (FG), macrogranules (GG), an aqueous suspo-emulsion (SE), a microencapsulated suspension (CS), microgranules (MG) ora suspension concentrate (SC).

16. Use of the combination of (A) at least one neonicotinoid insecticide and (B) at least one avermectin insecticide for preventing, controlling and/or treating insect infestations in plants, plant parts and/or their surroundings.

17. The use according to claim 16, wherein the neonicotinoid insecticide is selected from imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, clothianidin, acetamiprid, thiacloprid, dinotefuran, sulfoxaflor and nitenpyram.

18. The use according to claim 17, wherein component (A) comprises imidacloprid.

19. The use according to any of claims 16 to 18, wherein the avermectin insecticide is selected from abamectin and emamectin benzoate.

20. The use according to claim 19, wherein component (B) comprises abamectin.

21. The use according to any of claims 16 to 20, wherein the weight ratio of the component (A) to the component (B) is from about 25:1 to about 1:25.

22. The use according to claim 21, wherein component (A) is used in a weight amount that is greater than the weight amount of component (B).

23. The use according to claim 22, wherein the weight ratio of component (A) to component (B) is at least 5:1.

24. The use according to claim 23, wherein the weight ratio of component (A) to component (B) is from 5:1 to 15:1.

25. The use according to any of claims 16 to 24, wherein the components (A) and (B) are: (A) imidacloprid and (B) abamectin; or (A) imidacloprid and (B) emamectin benzoate.

26. The use according to any of claims 16 to 25, wherein components (A) and (B) are applied consecutively and/or simultaneously.

27. The use according to any of claims 16 to 26, wherein a composition according to any of claims 1 to 15 is employed.

28. The use according to any of claims 16 to 27, wherein the plants are selected from fruit, cucurbitaceae, citrus fruit, vegetables, coffee, fibre, leguminous plants, and ornamentals.

29. The use according to claim 28, wherein the plants are selected from potato, coffee, citrus, melon, red pepper, soybean, tomato, cotton, pistachio, rose.

30. The use according to any of claims 16 to 29, wherein the insect infestations are caused by: • Aphids; Broad mites; Flea beetles; Leafhoppers; Liriomyza leafminers; Spider mites (Tetranychus urticae, Tetranychus evansi); Thrips (Thrips palmi)] Tomato pinworms; Tomato Psylla; Tomato Russet mites; Whiteflies; or Moths (Tuta absoluta) on tomato; • Aphids (Toxoptera citricida); Asian citrus psylla (Diaphorina citri); Black flies; Broad mites; Citrus bud mites; Citrus leafminers (Phyllocnistis citrella)] Citrus root weevils (larval complex); Citrus rust mites; Citrus thrips; Leafhoppers/Sharpshooters; Leafminers; Mealy bugs; Scales; Two-spotted spider mites (Tetranychus urticae); Whiteflies; Thrips; or Spider mites on citrus; • Aphids (except Black pecan aphid); European red mites (Panonychus ulmi); Two-spotted spider mites; Whiteflies; Pistachio psylla (Agonoscena pistaciae); or Spider mites on pistachio; • Aphids (Aphis gossypii); or Thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) on cotton; • Leafminers (Leucoptera coffeella) on coffee; • Whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci raga 6); or leafminers (Liriomyza huidobrensis) on melon; • Aphids (Myzus persicae); or leafminers (Liriomyza huidobrensis) on potato; • Thrips (Thrips palmi) on red pepper; • Stink bugs (Euschistus herns)] two-spotted spider mites (Tetranychus urticae); stink bugs (Piezodorus); or mites (Mononychellus planki) on soybean; or • Spider mites (Tetranychus urticae, Tetranychus evansi) on roses.

31. A method to control insect infestations in plants, plant parts, and/or their surroundings, the method comprising applying thereto (A) at least neonicotinoid insecticide and (B) at least one avermectin insecticide.

32. The method according to claim 31, wherein the neonicotinoid insecticide is selected from imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, clothianidin, acetamiprid, thiacloprid, dinotefuran, sulfoxaflor and nitenpyram.

33. The method according to claim 32, wherein component (A) comprises imidacloprid.

34. The method according to any of claims 31 to 33, wherein the avermectin insecticide is selected from abamectin and emamectin benzoate.

35. The method according to claim 34, wherein component (B) comprises abamectin.

36. The method according to any of claims 31 to 35, wherein the weight ratio of the component (A) to the component (B) is from about 25:1 to about 1:25.

37. The method according to claim 36, wherein component (A) is used in a weight amount that is greater than the weight amount of component (B).

38. The method according to claim 37, wherein the weight ratio of component (A) to component (B) is at least 5:1.

39. The method according to claim 38, wherein the weight ratio of component (A) to component (B) is from 5:1 to 15:1.

40. The method according to any of claims 31 to 39, wherein the components (A) and (B) are: (A) imidacloprid and (B) abamectin; or (A) imidacloprid and (B) emamectin benzoate.

41. The method according to any of claims 31 to 40, wherein components (A) and (B) are applied consecutively and/or simultaneously.

42. The method according to any of claims 31 to 41, wherein a composition according to any of claims 1 to 15 is employed.

43. The method according to any of claims 31 to 42, wherein the plants are selected from fruit, cucurbitaceae, citrus fruit, vegetables, coffee, fibre, leguminous plants, and ornamentals.

44. The method according to claim 43, wherein the plants are selected from potato, coffee, citrus, melon, red pepper, soybean, tomato, cotton, pistachio, rose.

45. The method according to any of claims 31 to 44, wherein the insect infestations are caused by: • Aphids; Broad mites; Flea beetles; Leafhoppers; Liriomyza leafminers; Spider mites (Tetranychus urticae, Tetranychus evansi)] Thrips (Thrips palmi)] Tomato pinworms; Tomato Psylla; Tomato Russet mites; Whiteflies; or Moths (Tuta absolute) on tomato; • Aphids (Toxoptera citricida)] Asian citrus psylla (Diaphorina citri)] Black flies; Broad mites; Citrus bud mites; Citrus leafminers (Phyllocnistis citrella)] Citrus root weevils (larval complex); Citrus rust mites; Citrus thrips; Leafhoppers/Sharpshooters; Leafminers; Mealy bugs; Scales; Two-spotted spider mites (Tetranychus urticae)] Whiteflies; Thrips; or Spider mites on citrus; • Aphids (except Black pecan aphid); European red mites (Panonychus ulmi)\ Two-spotted spider mites; Whiteflies; Pistachio psylla (Agonoscena pistaciae); or Spider mites on pistachio; • Aphids (Aphis gossypii); or Thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) on cotton; • Leafminers (Leucoptera coffeella) on coffee; • Whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci raga B); or leafminers (Liriomyza huidobrensis) on melon; • Aphids (Myzus persicae); or leafminers (Liriomyza huidobrensis) on potato; • Thrips (Thrips palmi) on red pepper; • Stink bugs (Euschistus herns)] two-spotted spider mites (Tetranychus urticae)] stink bugs (Piezodorus); or mites (Mononychellus planki) on soybean; or • Spider mites (Tetranychus urticae, Tetranychus evansi) on roses.

46. An insecticidal composition substantially as hereinbefore described.

47. The use of a neonicotinoid insecticide and an avermectin insecticide substantially as hereinbefore described.

48. A method of controlling insect infestations substantially as hereinbefore described.